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Lupton SJ, Ochoa C, Domesle A, Duverna R. Dietary exposure levels to polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and non- ortho-polychlorinated biphenyls in US meat, poultry and siluriform fish from 2018 to 2019. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:303-312. [PMID: 38270906 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2306924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Daily dietary exposure estimates from beef, pork, chicken, turkey and siluriform fish were calculated using toxic equivalency (TEQ) data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's survey of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) in the domestic meat supply and consumption data. Exposure estimates for the whole population and age groups were based on mean consumption of a commodity and mean or 90th percentile TEQ dioxin levels from the survey. Ratios of the exposure estimates to the U.S. EPA oral reference dose (RfD) of 0.7 pg TEQ/kg bw/day were calculated to determine if domestic meat might contribute materially to consumer exposure. In general, normal consumption of lean beef, pork, chicken and turkey will not cause exposures exceeding the RfD. Non-lean meats will have higher dioxin levels as dioxins accumulate in fat, therefore consumption of non-lean meat might cause higher exposure than compared to lean meat. However, on a mean basis, none of the exposure estimates for non-lean beef, pork, chicken or turkey exceeded the RfD for any of the age groups. For some age groups, especially toddlers, there are commodities such as non-lean beef in the 90th percentile of dioxin TEQs and siluriform fish that might exceed the RfD on occasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Lupton
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fargo, USA
| | - Cristian Ochoa
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, USA
| | - Alexander Domesle
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, USA
| | - Randolph Duverna
- Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, USA
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2
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Lupton SJ, Ochoa C, Domesle A, Duverna R. Survey of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and non- ortho-polychlorinated biphenyls in U.S. meat, poultry, and siluriform fish from 2018-2019: toxic equivalency levels, temporal trends, and implications. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:560-571. [PMID: 35113765 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.2022769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) conducted a survey of domestic animal products including beef fat, pork fat, chicken fat, turkey fat, dairy cow fat, and siluriform fish muscle (i.e. catfish) to determine the current residue levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and non-ortho-polychlorinated biphenyls (no-PCBs). The following types of fat samples were analysed: beef from heifers and steers (referred to as "beef"), pork, chicken, turkey, dairy cow (referred to as "dairy cow"), and siluriform fish muscle, which includes catfish. The survey is conducted every 5 years. Fat samples for each slaughter class and siluriform fillets were collected from U.S. federally inspected slaughter facilities, processed, and analysed for 17 PCDD/Fs and 3 no-PCBs. Toxic equivalency concentrations were calculated using 2005 toxic equivalency factors and summed (sum-TEQ) for all slaughter classes. The sum-TEQs ranged from non-detect (nd) to 16.5 pg TEQ/g lipid. The median sum-TEQs, when nd = ½ LOD, for beef, pork, chicken, turkey, dairy cow, and siluriform fish were 0.48, 0.08, 0.07, 0.21, 0.38, and 0.62 pg TEQ/g lipid (wet weight for siluriform fish), respectively. A comparison of the current and previous surveys typically depicts a significant declining trend depending on the slaughter class (such as chicken and turkey), however, beef and pork fat median values slightly increased and decreased, respectively, but neither were significant compared to the previous survey. The congener patterns for some high concentration beef and pork fat samples suggested that pentachlorophenol treated wood continues to be a likely on-farm dioxin exposure source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Lupton
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Cristian Ochoa
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alexander Domesle
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Randolph Duverna
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Washington, DC, USA
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Saktrakulkla P, Lan T, Hua J, Marek RF, Thorne PS, Hornbuckle KC. Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Food. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11443-11452. [PMID: 32816464 PMCID: PMC7759298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We measured the concentrations of 205 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in 26 food items: beef steak, butter, canned tuna, catfish, cheese, eggs, french fries, fried chicken, ground beef, ground pork, hamburger, hot dog, ice cream, liver, luncheon meat, margarine, meat-free dinner, milk, pizza, poultry, salmon, sausage, shrimp, sliced ham, tilapia, and vegetable oil. Using Diet History Questionnaire II, we calculated the PCB dietary exposure in mothers and children participating in the AESOP Study in East Chicago, Indiana, and Columbus Junction, Iowa. Salmon had the highest concentration followed by canned tuna, but fish is a minor contributor to exposure. Other animal proteins are more important sources of PCB dietary exposure in this study population. Despite the inclusion of few congeners and food types in previous studies, we found evidence of a decline in PCB concentrations over the last 20 years. We also found strong associations of PCB congener distributions with Aroclors in most foods and found manufacturing byproduct PCBs, including PCB11, in tilapia and catfish. The reduction in PCB levels in food indicates that dietary exposure is comparable to PCB inhalation exposures reported for the same study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panithi Saktrakulkla
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Tuo Lan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, and The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jason Hua
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Rachel F Marek
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, and The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Keri C Hornbuckle
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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Rusin M, Dziubanek G, Marchwińska-Wyrwał E, Ćwieląg-Drabek M, Razzaghi M, Piekut A. PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs in locally produced foods as health risk factors in Silesia Province, Poland. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 172:128-135. [PMID: 30708223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dioxins (PCDDs), furans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) emitted into the environment can accumulate in foods and become a significant source of dietary exposure for consumers of these compounds. This study aims to assess the dietary exposure of the residents in a rural area of the Silesia region in southern Poland to PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs. The goal is to estimate cancer and non-cancer health risks due to the consumption of foods of animal origin. The area has relatively higher concentration of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs in the air in comparison to large industrialized cities of the Silesia province. Three popular foods of animal origin, namely free-range chicken meat, free-range chicken eggs, and cow milk produced in the farms were used. The control samples were the same foods from the local grocery stores. Two exposure scenarios were considered: Firstly that residents consumed free-range foods and secondly that the food items were purchased from stores in the study area. In the first scenario, exposure to concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs, and dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) yielded evidence of elevated cancer and non-cancer risks. The hazard quotient (HQ) was 71.3 for non-cancer risk and 7.5 × 10-3 for cancer risk. The health risk from exposure to PCDDs, PCDFs and dl-PCBs in the second scenario was 6.9 × 10-4 and HQ = 0.8, respectively. Implementation of educational activities in the study area is needed to increase the resident's awareness of the risks associated with the emissions of chlorinated persistent organic pollutants to the environment, including aspects such as the main sources of the emission and how to avoid exposure to these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Rusin
- Department of Environmental Health Risk Factors, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Piekarska 18, 42-902 Bytom, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Dziubanek
- Department of Environmental Health Risk Factors, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Piekarska 18, 42-902 Bytom, Poland.
| | - Ewa Marchwińska-Wyrwał
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Piekarska 18, 42-902 Bytom, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Ćwieląg-Drabek
- Department of Environmental Health Risk Factors, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Piekarska 18, 42-902 Bytom, Poland.
| | - Mehdi Razzaghi
- Department of Mathematical and Digital Sciences, Bloomsburg University, 400 E. Second St., Bloomsburg, PA 17815, USA.
| | - Agata Piekut
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Piekarska 18, 42-902 Bytom, Poland.
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Lupton SJ, O'Keefe M, Muñiz-Ortiz JG, Clinch N, Basu P. Survey of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and non-ortho-polychlorinated biphenyls in US meat and poultry, 2012-13: toxic equivalency levels, patterns, temporal trends and implications. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017. [PMID: 28632453 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1340674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) conducts a statistically based survey of the domestic meat supply (beef, pork, chicken and turkey) to determine current levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and non-ortho-polychlorinated biphenyls (no-PCBs) every 5 years. Fat samples for each slaughter class were collected from US federally licensed slaughter facilities. The samples were processed and analysed for 17 PCDD/Fs and three no-PCBs. The sum of PCDD, PCDF and no-PCB toxic equivalencies (sum-TEQ) calculated using 2005 toxic-equivalency factors for all slaughter classes ranged from non-detect (n.d.) to 6.47 pg TEQ g-1 lipid. The median sum-TEQs, when n.d. = 0.5 LOD, for beef, pork, chicken and turkey were 0.66, 0.12, 0.13 and 0.34 pg TEQ g-1 lipid respectively. A comparison of the current survey with the previous three surveys shows a declining trend, with decreasing differences between medians; differences between the median sum-TEQs from 2007-08 and 2012-13 were -10%, -29%, -33% and -25% for beef, pork, chicken and turkey respectively. Several beef samples underwent further characterisation and congener patterns from these beef samples suggested pentachlorophenol treated wood as the likely exposure source. US consumer exposure to these compounds is relatively low and no slaughter class contributed more than 26% to the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) chronic oral reference dose of 0.7 pg TEQ kg-1 bw day-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Lupton
- a Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service , US Department of Agriculture (USDA) , Fargo , ND , USA
| | - Margaret O'Keefe
- b Office of Policy and Program Development, Food Safety and Inspection Service , US Department of Agriculture (USDA) , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Jorge G Muñiz-Ortiz
- c Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service , US Department of Agriculture (USDA) , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Nelson Clinch
- d Office of Data Integration and Food Protection, Food Safety and Inspection Service , US Department of Agriculture (USDA) , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Pat Basu
- c Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service , US Department of Agriculture (USDA) , Washington , DC , USA
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San Martin BV, Pizarro-Aránguiz N, García-Mendoza D, Araya-Jordan C, Maddaleno A, Abad E, Galbán-Malagón CJ. A four-year survey in the farming region of Chile, occurrence and human exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, and dioxin -like polychlorinated biphenyls in different raw meats. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:1278-1286. [PMID: 27387813 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
For the first time in South America, a four-year survey (2011-2014) was conducted to assess the occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) in different raw meats (bovine, pork, ovine, chicken, and turkey) sampled from ten of the fifteen regions of Chile. When expressed as pg World Health Organization Toxic Equivalent (WHO-TEQ2005)g-1 fat, the highest PCDD/F values for each species were 0.54 (bovine-2012), 0.27 (pork-2013), 0.23 (ovine-2011), 0.61 (chickens-2013), and 0.34 (turkey-2012). The highest mean dl-PCBs levels were 0.18 (bovine-2011), 0.05 (pork-2014), 0.13 (ovine-2011), 0.1 (chicken-2014), and 0.21 (turkey-2013). Penta- and tetra-chlorinated congeners dominated PCDD/F WHO-TEQ2005 profiles during the survey, while PCB 126 dominated dl-PCBs profiles. Statistically significant interspecies differences were found. Dietary intake was also estimated, and the highest total PCDD/F and dl-PCBs values, found in poultry meat, were 0.09pgWHO-TEQ2005kg-1bwd-1 (2013) for adults and 0.36pgWHO-TEQ2005kg-1bwd-1 (2013) for children. The concentrations and dietary intakes for the studied compounds in raw meat were below international and national maximum permitted limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- B V San Martin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - N Pizarro-Aránguiz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
| | - D García-Mendoza
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - C Araya-Jordan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - A Maddaleno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - E Abad
- Laboratory of Dioxins, Environmental Chemistry Department, IDÆA (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - C J Galbán-Malagón
- Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, Faculty of Ecology and Natural Resources, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile.
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Barghi M, Choi SD, Kwon HO, Lee YS, Chang YS. Influence of non-detect data-handling on toxic equivalency quantities of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs: A case study of major fish species purchased in Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 214:532-538. [PMID: 27131812 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been known that substitution is not a suitable method to address non-detect (ND) data and can result in significant errors. However, reports of reliable statistical methods for handling ND data of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in fish are rare. This work examines US-EPA's recommended statistical methods and traditional substitution-based methods for handling ND data in PCDD/F and DL-PCB datasets obtained from 240 fish samples. The Kaplan-Meier (KM) method was confirmed as a suitable statistical approach for dealing with our fish datasets. The results of the KM and substitution methods were compared; a significant difference was found in TEQs derived from KM and substitution for PCDD/Fs, suggesting that the handling of ND data is a critical issue for PCDD/Fs. For example, the substitution by ½LOD resulted in 20-25% overestimation of PCDD/F TEQs for fish samples with ND data (60-70%). In conclusion, the use of KM method is preferable for average TEQs, and if the use of KM is not applicable, substitution by zero is preferred. Based on this conclusion, the characteristics of fish contamination by PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in Korea were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Barghi
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea.
| | - Hye-Ok Kwon
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Yun-Se Lee
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
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Ryan JJ, Rawn DFK. Polychlorinated dioxins, furans (PCDD/Fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their trends in Canadian human milk from 1992 to 2005. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 102:76-86. [PMID: 24457050 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
More than 300 samples of human milk were collected from individuals residing in various regions across Canada in the years 1992 to 2005. The milks were taken from the main populated areas east to west in southern Canada as well as from the region of Nunavik in northern Quebec and analysed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The concentrations, expressed in ng kg(-1) milk lipid, show an overall decrease of virtually all compounds examined including 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), World Health Organization 2005 toxic equivalents (WHO2005-TEQ) PCDD/PCDFs, WHO2005-TEQ dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs), and total PCBs. Median values of 2,3,7,8-TCDD changed from about 1.5 ng kg(-1) milk lipid in 1992 to 0.8 ng kg(-1) in 2005 while the median WHO2005-TEQ PCDD/F fell from about 14-7 ng kg(-1) milk lipid in the same period. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in samples from Nunavik, which is in Arctic Quebec, were higher than those observed in milk from southern Quebec although this difference was not large. Over two time periods, milk samples from Hamilton, Ontario showed slightly higher levels of PCBs than Austin, Texas, USA--a North American city of similar size and development but with more than twice the PBDE exposure. When compared with earlier human milk data going back to the early 1980s, this large data set shows a steady decline of human exposure to POPs in Canada by a factor of about four times.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Jake Ryan
- Bureau Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Dorothea F K Rawn
- Bureau Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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9
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Dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls contamination in poultry liver related to food safety – A review. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Dearfield KL, Edwards SR, O'Keefe MM, Abdelmajid NM, Blanchard AJ, Labarre DD, Bennett PA. Dietary estimates of dioxins consumed in U.S. Department of Agriculture-regulated meat and poultry products. J Food Prot 2013; 76:1597-607. [PMID: 23992505 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) examined whether levels of dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) measured in FSIS-regulated meat and poultry products indicate possible concern for U.S. public health based on usual and recommended consumption patterns of meat and poultry for the U.S. population. The FSIS estimated daily dietary exposures and compared them with the reference dose (RfD) established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for potential noncancer risks from 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), assuming that all measured DLCs were represented by the RfD (i.e., not just TCDD alone). The estimates indicate that a typical U.S. adult daily exposure of DLCs from FSIS-regulated products is below the EPA-established RfD. Only children consuming chronic average daily servings of meat or poultry products containing the highest measured levels of DLCs may exceed the RfD. If one follows the recommendations from the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, all expected exposures to DLCs from FSIS-regulated products are estimated to be well below the RfD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry L Dearfield
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, Office of Public Health Science, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250, USA.
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Ryan JJ, Cao XL, Dabeka R. Dioxins, furans and non-ortho-PCBs in Canadian total diet foods 1992–1999 and 1985–1988. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:491-505. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.756988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Huwe JK, Archer JC. Dioxin congener patterns in commercial catfish from the United States and the indication of mineral clays as the potential source. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 30:331-8. [PMID: 23234292 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.745199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Since 1991 the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) has conducted annual surveys of pesticide residues in foods under the Agricultural Marketing Service's Pesticide Data Program (PDP). To assess chemical residues in domestically marketed catfish products, 1479 catfish samples were collected during the 2008-2010 PDPs. A subset of 202 samples was analysed for 17 toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs). The average pattern of the individual PCDD/F congener concentrations in the catfish was rather unique in that it had almost no measurable amounts of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), but all PCDDs were present. This pattern was more dominant in the domestically produced catfish products than in the imported products (China/Taiwan). Comparison of the pattern to known sources of PCDD/Fs showed strong similarities to the pattern of PCDD/Fs found in kaolin clays which have often been used as anti-caking agents in animal feeds. To investigate whether catfish feeds may be the source of the PCDD/Fs found in the catfish, archived catfish feed data from a US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) database were examined. In 61 out of 112 feed samples, the PCDD concentrations were 50 times higher than the PCDF concentrations and resembled the pattern found in the catfish products and in clays mined in the south-eastern United States. Although the source of PCDD/Fs in domestically marketed catfish products cannot be definitively established, mined clay products used in feeds should be considered a likely source and, given the wide concentration range of PCDD/Fs that has been found in clays, a critical control point for PCDD/Fs entrance to the food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Huwe
- USDA, ARS, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND 58102, USA.
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Chobtang J, de Boer IJM, Hoogenboom RLAP, Haasnoot W, Kijlstra A, Meerburg BG. The need and potential of biosensors to detect dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls along the milk, eggs and meat food chain. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2011; 11:11692-716. [PMID: 22247688 PMCID: PMC3252005 DOI: 10.3390/s111211692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) are hazardous toxic, ubiquitous and persistent chemical compounds, which can enter the food chain and accumulate up to higher trophic levels. Their determination requires sophisticated methods, expensive facilities and instruments, well-trained personnel and expensive chemical reagents. Ideally, real-time monitoring using rapid detection methods should be applied to detect possible contamination along the food chain in order to prevent human exposure. Sensor technology may be promising in this respect. This review gives the state of the art for detecting possible contamination with dioxins and DL-PCBs along the food chain of animal-source foods. The main detection methods applied (i.e., high resolution gas-chromatography combined with high resolution mass-spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) and the chemical activated luciferase gene expression method (CALUX bioassay)), each have their limitations. Biosensors for detecting dioxins and related compounds, although still under development, show potential to overcome these limitations. Immunosensors and biomimetic-based biosensors potentially offer increased selectivity and sensitivity for dioxin and DL-PCB detection, while whole cell-based biosensors present interpretable biological results. The main shortcoming of current biosensors, however, is their detection level: this may be insufficient as limits for dioxins and DL-PCBs for food and feedstuffs are in pg per gram level. In addition, these contaminants are normally present in fat, a difficult matrix for biosensor detection. Therefore, simple and efficient extraction and clean-up procedures are required which may enable biosensors to detect dioxins and DL-PCBs contamination along the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeerasak Chobtang
- Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (J.C.); (I.J.M.B.)
- Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; E-Mail: (A.K.)
| | - Imke J. M. de Boer
- Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (J.C.); (I.J.M.B.)
| | - Ron L. A. P. Hoogenboom
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (R.L.A.P.H.); (W.H.)
| | - Willem Haasnoot
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (R.L.A.P.H.); (W.H.)
| | - Aize Kijlstra
- Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; E-Mail: (A.K.)
- Eye Research Institute Maastricht, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Maastricht, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan G. Meerburg
- Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; E-Mail: (A.K.)
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14
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Huwe JK, West M. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in U.S. Meat and poultry from two statistically designed surveys showing trends and levels from 2002 to 2008. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:5428-5434. [PMID: 21491934 DOI: 10.1021/jf2003915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) body burdens in the general U.S. population have been linked to the consumption of red meat and poultry. Exposure estimates have also indicated that meat products are a major contributor to PBDE dietary intake. To establish solid estimates of PBDE concentrations in domestic meat and poultry, samples from two statistically designed surveys of U.S. meat and poultry were analyzed for PBDEs. The two surveys were conducted in 2002-2003 and 2007-2008, between which times the manufacturing of penta-BDE and octa-BDE formulations had ceased in the United States (December 2004). Thus, the data provided an opportunity to observe prevalence and concentration trends that may have occurred during this time frame and to compare the mean PBDE levels among the meat and poultry industries. On the basis of composite samples, the average sum of the seven most prevalent PBDEs (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, and -183) decreased by >60% from 1.95 ng/g lipid in 2002-2003 to 0.72 ng/g lipid in 2007-2008 for meat and poultry. PBDEs measured in individual samples in 2008 showed that beef samples had the lowest PBDE levels followed by hogs and chickens and then by turkeys. The PBDE congener pattern was the same for both surveys and resembled the penta-BDE formulation with BDE-47 and -99 accounting for 30 and 40% of the total, respectively. On the basis of the data from the two surveys, it appears that PBDE levels in U.S. meat and poultry have declined since manufacturing ceased; however, exposure pathways of PBDEs to livestock are still not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice K Huwe
- Biosciences Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States.
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15
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Marin S, Villalba P, Diaz-Ferrero J, Font G, Yusà V. Congener profile, occurrence and estimated dietary intake of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in foods marketed in the Region of Valencia (Spain). CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 82:1253-1261. [PMID: 21216434 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
During 2006-2008, a monitoring program was conducted on 29 target compounds, including PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs, comprising 150 randomly collected individual food samples marketed in the Region of Valencia, Spain, grouped into 8 categories (vegetables, cereals, fats and oils, eggs, milk and dairy products, fish products, meat and meat products and fish oil). For PCDD/Fs, the highest frequency of detection corresponds to 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD, OCDD, 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF; and PCBs 118, 105 and 156 were the more frequent dl-PCBs. The food groups presenting higher contamination, expressed as toxic equivalents (WHO-TEQs), were fish oil (6.38 pg WHO-TEQ g(-1)fat), fish (1.21 pg WHO-TEQ g(-1)w.w.) and milk and dairy products (0.90 pg WHO-TEQ g(-1)fat). Of all analysed samples, only two fish oils presented levels higher than the EU limits for total WHO-TEQ. The average PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs intakes were estimated as 2.86 pg WHO-TEQ kg(-1)b.w.d(-1) and 4.58 pg WHO-TEQ kg(-1)b.w.d(-1), for adults and children, respectively, using the deterministic method for chronic exposure. The main contributors to total intake for adults were fish (59%), milk and dairy products (19%), and fat and oils (9%). The average daily intake for adults (2.86 pg WHO-TEQ kg(-1)b.w.d(-1)) is within range of TDI recommended by the WHO (1-4 pg WHO-TEQ kg(-1)b.w.d(-1)), and slightly above the TWI and PTMI adopted by SCF and JECFA respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marin
- Public Health Research Center (CSISP), 21 Avda Cataluña, 46020 Valencia, Spain
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16
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Willing C, Peich M, Danescu A, Kehlen A, Fowler PA, Hombach-Klonisch S. Estrogen-independent actions of environmentally relevant AhR-agonists in human endometrial epithelial cells. Mol Hum Reprod 2010; 17:115-26. [PMID: 20876610 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaq081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human endometrium is a cyclically regenerating organ under the influence of ovarian steroid hormones. Disturbances in this highly coordinated regulation of endometrial proliferation and differentiation may result in infertility and diseases such as endometriosis and endometrial cancer. Environmental toxins belonging to the group of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are lipophilic xenobiotics, which accumulate in biological systems. PAHs have been implicated in the etiology of uterine pathologies, including infertility, endometriosis and endometrial cancer. However, suitable cellular models of the endometrium are lacking and the molecular mechanism of PAH action in the endometrium is not fully understood. In this study, we have characterized a previously established immortalized human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) endometrial epithelial cell (hTERT-EEC) model as a responsive in vitro cell model to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of selected environmentally relevant PAH in human EECs. We show that dioxin-type PAHs activate the endogenous arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling pathway in hTERT-EEC in a time-, concentration- and congener-specific manner and that the induction of AhR target genes is modulated by estrogen. Strikingly, AhR activation did not interfere with estrogenic actions in these EECs. Independent of their ability to bind to AhR, the PAHs investigated here increased cell migration by hTERT-EEC. Furthermore, we have identified several candidates by proteomic analysis, which are involved in heat shock responses and protein modification and turnover. Our data suggest that AhR-activating environmental pollutants directly alter endometrial cell stress responses and metabolism independent of estrogenic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Willing
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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