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Waki T, Terashita M, Fujita N, Fukuda K, Kato M, Negishi T, Uchida H, Aoki Y, Takahashi S, Nakayama T. Identification of the Genes Coding for Carthamin Synthase, Peroxidase Homologs that Catalyze the Final Enzymatic Step of Red Pigmentation in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1528-1541. [PMID: 34343331 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Carthamin, a dimeric quinochalcone that is sparingly soluble in water, is obtained from the yellow-orange corolla of fully blooming safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) florets. Carthamin is a natural red colorant, which has been used worldwide for more than 4500 years and is the major component of Japanese 'beni' used for dyeing textiles, in cosmetics and as a food colorant. The biosynthetic pathway of carthamin has long remained uncertain. Previously, carthamin was proposed to be derived from precarthamin (PC), a water-soluble quinochalcone, via a single enzymatic process. In this study, we identified the genes coding for the enzyme responsible for the formation of carthamin from PC, termed 'carthamin synthase' (CarS), using enzyme purification and transcriptome analysis. The CarS proteins were purified from the cream-colored corolla of safflower and identified as peroxidase homologs (CtPOD1, CtPOD2 and CtPOD3). The purified enzyme catalyzed the oxidative decarboxylation of PC to produce carthamin using O2, instead of H2O2, as an electron acceptor. In addition, CarS catalyzed the decomposition of carthamin. However, this enzymatic decomposition of carthamin could be circumvented by adsorption of the pigment to cellulose. These CtPOD isozymes were not only expressed in the corolla of the carthamin-producing orange safflower cultivars but were also abundantly expressed in tissues and organs that did not produce carthamin and PC. One CtPOD isozyme, CtPOD2, was localized in the extracellular space. Based on the results obtained, a model for the stable red pigmentation of safflower florets during flower senescence and the traditional 'beni' manufacturing process is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Waki
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aza Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba 6-6-11, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Miho Terashita
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aza Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba 6-6-11, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Naoki Fujita
- Production Technology Laboratory, Production-Logistics Division, Toyo Ink SC Holdings Co., Ltd, 1, Sakae, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-0803, Japan
| | - Keishi Fukuda
- Production Technology Laboratory, Production-Logistics Division, Toyo Ink SC Holdings Co., Ltd, 1, Sakae, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-0803, Japan
| | - Mikiya Kato
- Production Technology Laboratory, Production-Logistics Division, Toyo Ink SC Holdings Co., Ltd, 1, Sakae, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-0803, Japan
| | - Takashi Negishi
- Living & Healthcare Division, ADL Business Unit, TOYOCHEM Co., Ltd, 2-1, Kyobashi 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-8379, Japan
| | - Hiromi Uchida
- Living & Healthcare Division, ADL Business Unit, TOYOCHEM Co., Ltd, 2-1, Kyobashi 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-8379, Japan
| | - Yuichi Aoki
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Seiryo 2-1, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8573, Japan
| | - Seiji Takahashi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aza Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba 6-6-11, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Toru Nakayama
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aza Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba 6-6-11, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
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Suzuki S. Carthamin Synthase Provides New Insight into Traditional 'Beni' Red Pigment Production from Safflowers. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1506-1508. [PMID: 34746959 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Suzuki
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan
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Baerle A, Savcenco A, Tatarov P, Fetea F, Ivanova R, Radu O. Stability limits of a red Carthamin-cellulose complex as a potential food colourant. Food Funct 2021; 12:8037-8043. [PMID: 34279018 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01376a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study covers aspects of stability and colouration of Carthamin- a unique red chalcone extracted from Carthamus tinctorius L. Due to its fast degradation in aqueous solutions even at room temperature, Carthamin has no significant use in the food industry. Therefore, obtaining Carthamin in a stable form is of high interest. Comparing UV-Vis spectra of Carthamin solutions and RGB-data of Carthamin-cellulose complex in the wet state showed a predominant formation of stable Carthamin conformation on the cellulose phase. It was determined that the wet Carthamin-cellulose complex acquires a stable and rich magenta colour in the pH range of 1-5. In aqueous suspensions with pH >6, the Carthamin-cellulose complex gets a purple colour, which is absolutely uncharacteristic for pure Carthamin in an aqueous solution. IR spectra indicate the fixation of Carthamin molecules on the cellulose, which presumably causes hindrance of free internal rotation of Carthamin molecules in the cellulose phase. The reduction of water activity in the cellulosic phase represents an additional stabilizing factor. As a result, the Carthamin-cellulose complex withstands heating up to 70 °C for 15 min in the pH range of 2-5, showing up to 90% of stability. These conditions are typical for the preparation of a wide range of food products. High stability in a food-like environment and magenta colour make the Carthamin-cellulose complex a prospective natural food dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Baerle
- Faculty of Food Technology, Technical University of Moldova, Study Building 5, StudenŢilor Street 9/9, MD-2045, Chişinău, Republic of Moldova.
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Bioactive Substances in Safflower Flowers and Their Applicability in Medicine and Health-Promoting Foods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2021; 2021:6657639. [PMID: 34136564 PMCID: PMC8175185 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6657639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Safflower flowers (Carthamus tinctorius) contain many natural substances with a wide range of economic uses. The most famous dye isolated from flower petals is hydroxysafflor A (HSYA), which has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. This review is aimed at updating the state of knowledge about their applicability in oncology, pulmonology, cardiology, gynecology, dermatology, gastrology, immunology, and suitability in the treatment of obesity and diabetes and its consequences with information published mainly in 2018-2020. They were also effective in treating obesity and diabetes and its consequences. The issues related to the possibilities of using HSYA in the production of health-promoting food were also analyzed.
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Biomimetic synthesis of carthamin, a red pigment in safflower petals, via oxidative decarboxylation. J Heterocycl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Sohtome T, Sato S. Synthetic Study of Carthamin: Biomimetic Synthesis of Carthamin Model
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Peroxidase‐Catalyzed Oxidative Decarboxylation of Its Precursor Model. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuo Sohtome
- Graduate School of Science and EngineeringYamagata University Jonan 4‐3‐16, Yonezawa‐shi Yamagata 992‐8510 Japan
| | - Shingo Sato
- Graduate School of Science and EngineeringYamagata University Jonan 4‐3‐16, Yonezawa‐shi Yamagata 992‐8510 Japan
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An Agronomic Evaluation of New Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Germplasm for Seed and Oil Yields under Mediterranean Climate Conditions. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9080468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Interest in oilseed crops for agro-industrial research and development projects has increased in the Mediterranean area, in recent years. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is of potential interest for agriculture mainly due to fatty acid content variability in the seed oil. The aim of this study was to assess the agronomic performance of 16 new safflower accessions together with safflower variety Montola 2000, used as a reference, in a semi-arid environment. Research was carried out in Sicily (Italy) from 2013–2014. Hierarchical cluster analysis carried out on the fatty acid composition of safflower accessions resulted in their division into four main groups. Linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids were the main fatty acids present in the accessions. Seed yield was 1.11 t ha−1 on average and seed oil content was found to be approximately 35.01% of dry matter on average. Positive and significant relationships between seed/oil yield and other tested traits were found. The carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen content as a percentage of dry matter varied greatly both for the above- and belowground plant parts on average. This study confirms the interest of safflower for both food and non-food applications, offering interesting prospects in semi-arid regions.
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Huang XX, Yan ZY, Liu S, Wang XB, Song SJ. Investigation of chemical constituents of safflower and their tyrosinase inhibitory activity. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2019; 21:248-256. [PMID: 29376407 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2018.1430775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Investigation on bioactive chemical constituents of safflower led to the isolation of 10 compounds from the aqueous extract, including a new alkaloid (1), a new glucopyranoside (2), and 8 known compounds (3-10). The structures of two new compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectral analyses, including 1D, 2D-NMR and HRESIMS. Biological research on the isolates indicated that compounds 3, 4 and 9 remarkably inhibited tyrosinase with IC50 at 0.11, 0.20 and 0.11 mM, respectively, compared with the positive control arbutin (0.26 mM). To investigate the interaction between enzyme and isolated compounds, an in silico docking study was carried out. The research provided valuable experience for phytochemistry and biological investigation on safflower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Huang
- a Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica , Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
- b Chinese People's Liberation Army , Dalian 116021 , China
| | - Zhi-Yang Yan
- a Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica , Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Sen Liu
- a Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica , Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Xiao-Bo Wang
- b Chinese People's Liberation Army , Dalian 116021 , China
| | - Shao-Jiang Song
- a Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica , Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
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Sehl A, Hennig L, Berger S, Siehl HU, Zeller KP, Sicker D. Safflomin A statt Carthamin aus der Färberdistel. CHEM UNSERER ZEIT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ciuz.201700787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dieter Sicker
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig
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Novel Spectroscopic Method for Determination and Quantification of Saffron Adulteration. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0710-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zarshenas MM, Jamshidi S, Zargaran A. Cardiovascular aspects of geriatric medicines in traditional Persian medicine; a review of phytochemistry and pharmacology. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:1182-1189. [PMID: 26964479 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geriatrics are a group of patients over 65 years and with multiple comorbidities and different functional impairments. Apart from decline in body mass, presence of exhaustion and general fatigue, an aged person may also suffer from various disorders. Approximately, around 30% of geriatric subjects have significant cardiovascular ailments. Apart from the intensive management of cardiovascular aspects in elderly, monitoring of the complementary cardiac medicine in those people should be received more attention. PURPOSE There are many management lines for a cardio-geriatric condition in Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM). Accordingly, this paper aimed to deal with those medicaments as well as evidence-based clinical aspects and phytochemistry. METHODS By searching through main pharmaceutical manuscripts of Persian medicine during 10th-18th centuries (A.D.), concurrently, natural medicines for geriatrics and remedies for cardiovascular ailments were derived. On the other side, related phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of those remedies were highlighted. RESULTS In all, 38 cardiovascular and 34 geriatric medicaments were found in those manuscripts. Antihyperlipidemic and cholesterol lowering activities of those medicines were the most reported activities in current medicine. However, other pharmacological reports were related to hypotensive, coagulant, cardio-protective and cardiotonic activities. In regard of the chemical composition, medicaments were mainly of polyphenols and flavonoids and also most of the employed extracts and fractions were yielded from polar or semi-polar solvents. CONCLUSION With reference to these findings, flavonoid-rich medicaments from Persian medicine may be selected as considerable herbs for geriatrics with cardiovascular ailments.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Cardiovascular Diseases/drug therapy
- Flavonoids/pharmacology
- Flavonoids/therapeutic use
- Geriatrics/methods
- History, 15th Century
- History, 16th Century
- History, 17th Century
- History, 18th Century
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- History, Medieval
- Humans
- Iran
- Medicine, Traditional/history
- Phytochemicals/pharmacology
- Phytochemicals/therapeutic use
- Phytotherapy/history
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plant Extracts/therapeutic use
- Plants, Medicinal/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Zarshenas
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Sahar Jamshidi
- Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Arman Zargaran
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Office for the History of Persian Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Mohammadi M, Tavakoli A. Effect of harvest time of spring safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) florets on the production of red and yellow pigments. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2014.0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Mohammadi
- University of Zanjan, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, P.O. Box 313, Zanjan, Iran
| | - A. Tavakoli
- University of Zanjan, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, P.O. Box 313, Zanjan, Iran
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Zhao S, Lu X, Xiao C, Ning Z, Zeng H, Ding X, Zhang Y, Lu C, Liu Y. Diversified bioactivities of four types of naturally occurring quinochalcones. Fitoterapia 2014; 99:7-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Chemical and biological properties of quinochalcone C-glycosides from the florets of Carthamus tinctorius. Molecules 2013; 18:15220-54. [PMID: 24335575 PMCID: PMC6270621 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181215220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinochalcone C-glycosides are regarded as characteristic components that have only been isolated from the florets of Carthamus tinctorius. Recently, quinochalcone C-glycosides were found to have multiple pharmacological activities, which has attracted the attention of many researchers to explore these compounds. This review aims to summarize quinochalcone C-glycosides’ physicochemical properties, chromatographic behavior, spectroscopic characteristics, as well as their biological activities, which will be helpful for further study and development of quinochalcone C-glycosides.
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Wu S, Yue Y, Tian H, Li Z, Li X, He W, Ding H. Carthamus red from Carthamus tinctorius L. exerts antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect against CCl(4)-induced liver damage in rats via the Nrf2 pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 148:570-578. [PMID: 23684718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Carthamus red isolated from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L., a Chinese traditional medicine) is evaluated for antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Carthamus red was isolated from a Na2CO3 extract of safflower and its analysis was carried out by HPLC/MS. Acute toxicity study was determined and the antioxidant activity was investigated using various established in vitro systems. An in vivo study against CCl4-induced liver injury was also conducted and compared with that of silymarin, a known hepatoprotective drug. RESULTS Carthamus red did not show any toxicity and mortality up to 2000mg/kg dose, and it showed strong antioxidant ability in vitro. In the in vivo study, carthamus red treatment lowered the serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP and total protein in liver damage rat models. Meanwhile, Nrf2, GSTα and NQO1 expressions were up-regulated at the protein level by carthamus red intervention. Additionally, the activities of antioxidant enzymes and level of GSH were elevated by carthamus red intervention, while the content of TBARS, which is an oxidative stress marker, was lessened. HE stain analysis showed that the condition of liver damage was mitigated. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that carthamus red may serve as a candidate with strong a hepatoprotective effect and antioxidant activity in liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangchan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, PR China
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Lee YS, Choi CW, Kim JJ, Ganapathi A, Udayakumar R, Kim SC. Determination of mineral content in methanolic safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed extract and its effect on osteoblast markers. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:292-305. [PMID: 19333446 PMCID: PMC2662456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10010292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2008] [Revised: 12/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seeds are used as a folk medicine to enhance bone formation or to prevent osteoporosis in Korea. Therefore, the methanolic extract of safflower seeds (MESS) containing high mineral content, such as calcium (Ca), potassium (K) and phosphorous (P), was evaluated for the role on osteoblast (Ob) markers of Sprague-Dawley rats. In serum of 3 to 11 weeks (wks) old rats, both osteocalcin (OC) content and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (B-ALP) activity increased to their maximum levels in 4–7 wks. Hence, 3 wks old rats were selected for 8 wks oral treatment of MESS, resulted in the significant increase of Ob markers in serum such as OC content (4–8 wks), B-ALP activity (1–2 wks) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) level (1 wk), and the growth parameter such as the length of femur (2–8 wks) and tibia (4 wks). On the basis of Pearson’s correlation coefficient, there were a moderate correlation between OC and B-ALP at 8 wks, a low correlation between OC and IGF-I at 1, 4 and 8 wks, a moderate correlation between OC and femur length at 1, 2 and 8 wks, and a moderate correlations between OC and tibia length at 1 and 8 wks of MESS-treated groups. The result reveals that the changes of OC correlated at low to moderate level with the changes of B-ALP activity, IGF-I content and femur and tibia length in the MESS-treatment period. On the other hand, there were a strong correlation between IGF-I and femur length at 2 wks and moderate correlation between IGF-I and tibia length at 1, 2 and 8 wks of MESS-treated groups. Therefore, the effect of MESS on bone formation likely appears to be mediated by IGF-I at the early stage of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Seok Lee
- Department of Biology & Medicinal Science, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 302-735, Korea. E-Mails:
(Y. L.);
(C. C.);
(J. K.);
(R. U.)
| | - Chang Won Choi
- Department of Biology & Medicinal Science, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 302-735, Korea. E-Mails:
(Y. L.);
(C. C.);
(J. K.);
(R. U.)
| | - Jae Jin Kim
- Department of Biology & Medicinal Science, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 302-735, Korea. E-Mails:
(Y. L.);
(C. C.);
(J. K.);
(R. U.)
| | - Andy Ganapathi
- Department of Biology & Medicinal Science, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 302-735, Korea. E-Mails:
(Y. L.);
(C. C.);
(J. K.);
(R. U.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli 620024, Tamilnadu, India. E-Mail:
| | - Rajangam Udayakumar
- Department of Biology & Medicinal Science, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 302-735, Korea. E-Mails:
(Y. L.);
(C. C.);
(J. K.);
(R. U.)
| | - Sei Chang Kim
- Department of Biology & Medicinal Science, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 302-735, Korea. E-Mails:
(Y. L.);
(C. C.);
(J. K.);
(R. U.)
- * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E -Mail:
; Tel. +82-42-520-5383; Fax: +82-42-520-5380
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Sato K, Sugimoto N, Ohta M, Yamazaki T, Maitani T, Tanamoto K. Structure determination of minor red pigment in carthamus red colorant isolated by preparative LC/MS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 20:1015-22. [PMID: 14668152 DOI: 10.1080/02652030310001615177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Carthamin is a well-known major pigment in carthamus red colourant. When analysed by HPLC on an ODS column, the colorant separated into two distinct reddish pigments, with both components having almost identical photodiode array spectra. LC/MS analysis suggested one of the compounds was carthamin, whilst the other was an unknown minor pigment. The minor pigment was purified and isolated from the colorant by preparative LC/MS collecting the faction based on monitoring the deprotonated molecule [M-H](-) m/z 953 in electrospray negative-ion mode. The structure was elucidated as a hydroxyethyl ether of carthamin, a novel compound, by means of NMR and HR-FAB-MS analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sato
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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Yoon JM, Cho MH, Park JE, Kim YH, Hahn TR, Paik YS. Thermal Stability of the Pigments Hydroxysafflor Yellow A, Safflor Yellow B, and Precarthamin from Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius). J Food Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb08252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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