1
|
Dey A, Ghosh S. Investigation of the vesicle-to-micelle transition of 11-amino undecanoic acid derived sulphonamide and a comprehensive study of its interaction with protein. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127282. [PMID: 37827413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
In the present manuscript, an amphiphile sulphonamide based surfactant benzenesulphonyl-11-amino sodium undecanoate (BASU) is designed and synthesized. The surface activity of the amphiphile in the solutions is studied at neutral pH so that the resulting amphiphile self-organizes and transfers from large unilamellar vesicles to small micelles from dilute to concentrated solutions. During the aggregate transitions, the common surfactants tend to form the small aggregate at low concentrations; but BASU shows the large vesicle structure at low concentration of ~3 mM and converts into the small micelle at ~9 mM. Therefore, different techniques have been used, such as, tensiometry, conductometry, fluorimetry and DLS and some microscopic characterization, e.g., confocal fluorescence microscopy to reveal the aggregate assembly and transition mechanism. The isothermal titration calorimetry is used for quantitative measurement of thermodynamic properties of self-assembly formation and the process is found spontaneous and entropically favorable. The permeability of the vesicle membrane bilayer is explored by a kinetic study. Effects of salt and cholesterol on the aggregate of respective amphiphile are also investigated. The interaction of surfactant with both human and bovine serum albumin is analyzed through UV-visible and fluorescence techniques to draw a comparative study. Antibacterial activity is tested by both spectral and zone inhibition methods and its application for mixed amphiphiles (e.g., BASU/CTAB) is found. Therefore, according to the ability of formation of unilamellar vesicles (ULV) and its stability, permeability and antibacterial activity, the amphiphile can have potential applications in the medicinal field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apensu Dey
- Centre for Surface Science, Physical Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Soumen Ghosh
- Centre for Surface Science, Physical Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bouzina A, Bouone YO, Sekiou O, Aissaoui M, Ouk TS, Djemel A, Mansouri R, Ibrahim-Ouali M, Bouslama Z, Aouf NE. In vitro antitumor activity, molecular dynamics simulation, DFT study, ADME prediction, and Eg5 binding of enastron analogues. RSC Adv 2023; 13:19567-19584. [PMID: 37388149 PMCID: PMC10301704 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02904b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to evaluate a series of molecules based on cyclosulfamide as potential anticancer agents. Additionally, the study aims to analyze the obtained results through in silico studies; by conducting experiments and utilizing theoretical methods. In this context, we investigated the cytotoxic activity of enastron analogues on three human cell lines PRI (lymphoblastic cell line) derived from B-cell lymphoma. JURKAT (ATCC TIB-152) acute T cell leukaemia and K562 (ATCC CLL-243) is a chronic myelogenous leukaemia. Most of the tested compounds showed good inhibitory activity compared with the reference ligand (chlorambucil). The 5a derivative demonstrated the strongest effect against all cancer cells used. Furthermore, molecular docking simulations of the Eg5-enastron analogue complex revealed that studied molecules have the ability to inhibit the Eg5 enzyme, as evidenced by their calculated docking score. Following the promising results from the molecular docking study, the complex Eg5-4a underwent a 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation using Desmond. During the simulation, the receptor-ligand pairing demonstrated substantial stability after the initial 70 ns. In addition, we used DFT calculations to analyze the electronic and geometric characteristics of the studied compounds. The HOMO and LUMO band gap energies, and the molecular electrostatic potential surface were also deducted for the stable structure of each compound. Also, we studied the prediction of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of the compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdeslem Bouzina
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Sciences Faculty, Badji Mokhtar Annaba University Box 12 23000 Annaba Algeria
| | - Yousra Ouafa Bouone
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Sciences Faculty, Badji Mokhtar Annaba University Box 12 23000 Annaba Algeria
| | - Omar Sekiou
- Environmental Research Center (CRE) 23000 Annaba Algeria
| | - Mohamed Aissaoui
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Sciences Faculty, Badji Mokhtar Annaba University Box 12 23000 Annaba Algeria
| | - Tan-Sothea Ouk
- Laboratoire Peirene, EA7500 Université de Limoges 123 Avenue Albert Thomas 87000 Limoges Cedex France
| | - Abdelhak Djemel
- Research Unit in Medicinal Plants, URPM 3000 Laghouat Algeria
- Research Center of Biotechnology, CRBt 25000 Constantine Algeria
| | | | | | - Zihad Bouslama
- Environmental Research Center (CRE) 23000 Annaba Algeria
| | - Nour-Eddine Aouf
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Sciences Faculty, Badji Mokhtar Annaba University Box 12 23000 Annaba Algeria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bouzina A, Berredjem M, Belhani B, Bouacida S, Marminon C, Le Borgne M, Bouaziz Z, Aissaoui M. Microwave-accelerated multicomponent synthesis and X-ray characterization of novel benzothiadiazinone dioxide derivatives, analogues of Monastrol. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-020-04378-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
4
|
Bulut H, Hattori SI, Aoki-Ogata H, Hayashi H, Das D, Aoki M, Davis DA, Rao KV, Nyalapatla PR, Ghosh AK, Mitsuya H. Single atom changes in newly synthesized HIV protease inhibitors reveal structural basis for extreme affinity, high genetic barrier, and adaptation to the HIV protease plasticity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10664. [PMID: 32606378 PMCID: PMC7326966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65993-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs), such as darunavir (DRV), are the key component of antiretroviral therapy. However, HIV-1 often acquires resistance to PIs. Here, seven novel PIs were synthesized, by introducing single atom changes such as an exchange of a sulfur to an oxygen, scission of a single bond in P2′-cyclopropylaminobenzothiazole (or -oxazole), and/or P1-benzene ring with fluorine scan of mono- or bis-fluorine atoms around DRV’s scaffold. X-ray structural analyses of the PIs complexed with wild-type Protease (PRWT) and highly-multi-PI-resistance-associated PRDRVRP51 revealed that the PIs better adapt to structural plasticity in PR with resistance-associated amino acid substitutions by formation of optimal sulfur bond and adaptation of cyclopropyl ring in the S2′-subsite. Furthermore, these PIs displayed increased cell permeability and extreme anti-HIV-1 potency compared to DRV. Our work provides the basis for developing novel PIs with high potency against PI-resistant HIV-1 variants with a high genetic barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haydar Bulut
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, United States
| | - Shin-Ichiro Hattori
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Hiromi Aoki-Ogata
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, United States
| | - Hironori Hayashi
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan.,Department of Intelligent Network for Infection Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, 980-8575, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Debananda Das
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, United States
| | - Manabu Aoki
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, United States
| | - David A Davis
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, United States
| | - Kalapala Venkateswara Rao
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, United States
| | - Prasanth R Nyalapatla
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, United States
| | - Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, IN, United States
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, United States. .,Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan. .,Department of Clinical Sciences, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Agnello S, Brand M, Chellat MF, Gazzola S, Riedl R. A Structural View on Medicinal Chemistry Strategies against Drug Resistance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3300-3345. [PMID: 29846032 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The natural phenomenon of drug resistance is a widespread issue that hampers the performance of drugs in many major clinical indications. Antibacterial and antifungal drugs are affected, as well as compounds for the treatment of cancer, viral infections, or parasitic diseases. Despite the very diverse set of biological targets and organisms involved in the development of drug resistance, the underlying molecular mechanisms have been identified to understand the emergence of resistance and to overcome this detrimental process. Detailed structural information on the root causes for drug resistance is nowadays frequently available, so next-generation drugs can be designed that are anticipated to suffer less from resistance. This knowledge-based approach is essential for fighting the inevitable occurrence of drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Agnello
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Michael Brand
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu F Chellat
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Gazzola
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Riedl
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Agnello S, Brand M, Chellat MF, Gazzola S, Riedl R. Eine strukturelle Evaluierung medizinalchemischer Strategien gegen Wirkstoffresistenzen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Agnello
- Institut für Chemie und Biotechnologie; FS Organische Chemie und Medizinalchemie; Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften (ZHAW); Einsiedlerstrasse 31 CH-8820 Wädenswil Schweiz
| | - Michael Brand
- Institut für Chemie und Biotechnologie; FS Organische Chemie und Medizinalchemie; Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften (ZHAW); Einsiedlerstrasse 31 CH-8820 Wädenswil Schweiz
| | - Mathieu F. Chellat
- Institut für Chemie und Biotechnologie; FS Organische Chemie und Medizinalchemie; Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften (ZHAW); Einsiedlerstrasse 31 CH-8820 Wädenswil Schweiz
| | - Silvia Gazzola
- Institut für Chemie und Biotechnologie; FS Organische Chemie und Medizinalchemie; Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften (ZHAW); Einsiedlerstrasse 31 CH-8820 Wädenswil Schweiz
| | - Rainer Riedl
- Institut für Chemie und Biotechnologie; FS Organische Chemie und Medizinalchemie; Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften (ZHAW); Einsiedlerstrasse 31 CH-8820 Wädenswil Schweiz
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kar B, Roy S. Effect of Amide Bonds on the Self-Assembly of Two Synthesized Sulphonamido Group Based Amphiphiles: Application in Formation of Stable Silver Nanoparticles. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Byomkesh Kar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology; Vidyasagar University; Paschim Medinipur- 721 102 India
| | - Sumita Roy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology; Vidyasagar University; Paschim Medinipur- 721 102 India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
The carbamate group is a key structural motif in many approved drugs and prodrugs. There is an increasing use of carbamates in medicinal chemistry and many derivatives are specifically designed to make drug-target interactions through their carbamate moiety. In this Perspective, we present properties and stabilities of carbamates, reagents and chemical methodologies for the synthesis of carbamates, and recent applications of carbamates in drug design and medicinal chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Chemistry and
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ghosh AK, Anderson DD, Weber IT, Mitsuya H. Enhancing protein backbone binding--a fruitful concept for combating drug-resistant HIV. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:1778-802. [PMID: 22290878 PMCID: PMC7159617 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of drug resistance is one of the most fundamental problems in medicine. In HIV/AIDS, the rapid emergence of drug-resistant HIV-1 variants is a major obstacle to current treatments. HIV-1 protease inhibitors are essential components of present antiretroviral therapies. However, with these protease inhibitors, resistance occurs through viral mutations that alter inhibitor binding, resulting in a loss of efficacy. This loss of potency has raised serious questions with regard to effective long-term antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS. In this context, our research has focused on designing inhibitors that form extensive hydrogen-bonding interactions with the enzyme's backbone in the active site. In doing so, we limit the protease's ability to acquire drug resistance as the geometry of the catalytic site must be conserved to maintain functionality. In this Review, we examine the underlying principles of enzyme structure that support our backbone-binding concept as an effective means to combat drug resistance and highlight their application in our recent work on antiviral HIV-1 protease inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ghosh AK, Anderson DD, Weber IT, Mitsuya H. Verstärkung der Bindung an das Proteinrückgrat - ein fruchtbares Konzept gegen die Arzneimittelresistenz von HIV. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
11
|
Ghosh AK, Chapsal BD, Mitsuya H. Darunavir, a New PI with Dual Mechanism: From a Novel Drug Design Concept to New Hope against Drug-Resistant HIV. ASPARTIC ACID PROTEASES AS THERAPEUTIC TARGETS 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527630943.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
12
|
Ghosh AK. Harnessing nature's insight: design of aspartyl protease inhibitors from treatment of drug-resistant HIV to Alzheimer's disease. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2163-76. [PMID: 19323561 DOI: 10.1021/jm900064c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Ghosh AK, Ramu Sridhar P, Kumaragurubaran N, Koh Y, Weber IT, Mitsuya H. Bis-tetrahydrofuran: a privileged ligand for darunavir and a new generation of hiv protease inhibitors that combat drug resistance. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:939-50. [PMID: 16927344 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Vilar S, Santana L, Uriarte E. Probabilistic Neural Network Model for the In Silico Evaluation of Anti-HIV Activity and Mechanism of Action. J Med Chem 2006; 49:1118-24. [PMID: 16451076 DOI: 10.1021/jm050932j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A theoretical model has been developed that discriminates between active and nonactive drugs against HIV-1 with four different mechanisms of action for the active drugs. The model was built up using a probabilistic neural network (PNN) algorithm and a database of 2720 compounds. The model showed an overall accuracy of 97.34% in the training series, 85.12% in the selection series, and 84.78% in an external prediction series. The model not only correctly classified a very heterogeneous series of organic compounds but also discriminated between very similar active/nonactive chemicals that belong to the same family of compounds. More specifically, the model recognized 96.02% of nonactive compounds, 94.24% of active compounds that inhibited reverse transcriptase, 97.24% of protease inhibitors, 97.14% of virus uncoating inhibitors, and 90.32% of integrase inhibitors. The results indicate that this approach may represent a powerful tool for modeling large databases in QSAR with applications in medicinal chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Vilar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Specker E, Böttcher J, Heine A, Sotriffer CA, Lilie H, Schoop A, Müller G, Griebenow N, Klebe G. Hydroxyethylene Sulfones as a New Scaffold To Address Aspartic Proteases: Design, Synthesis, and Structural Characterization. J Med Chem 2005; 48:6607-19. [PMID: 16220977 DOI: 10.1021/jm050224y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyethylene sulfones were developed as novel scaffolds against aspartyl proteases. A diastereoselective synthesis has been established to introduce the required side chain decoration with desired stereochemistry. Depending on the substitution of the hydroxyethylene sulfone core, micro- to submicromolar inhibition of HIV-1 protease is achieved for the S-configuration at P1 and R-configuration at the hydroxy-group-bearing backbone atom. This stereochemical preference is consistent with the S,R configuration of amprenavir. The racemic mixture of the most potent derivative (K(i) = 80 nM) was separated by chiral HPLC, revealing the S,R,S-enantiomer to be more active (K(i) = 45 nM). Docking studies suggested this isomer as the more active one. The subsequently determined crystal structure with HIV-1 protease, cocrystallized from a racemic mixture, exclusively reveals the S,R,S-enantiomer accommodated to the binding pocket. The transition state mimicking hydroxy group of the inhibitor is centered between both catalytic aspartates, while either its carbonyl or sulfonyl group forms H-bonds to the structurally conserved water mediating interactions between ligand and Ile50NH/Ile50NH' of both flaps. Biological testing of the stereoisomeric hydroxyethylene sulfones against cathepsin D and beta-secretase did not reveal significant inhibition. Most likely, the latter proteases require inverted configuration at the hydroxy group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Specker
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pierce AC, Rao G, Bemis GW. BREED: Generating Novel Inhibitors through Hybridization of Known Ligands. Application to CDK2, P38, and HIV Protease. J Med Chem 2004; 47:2768-75. [PMID: 15139755 DOI: 10.1021/jm030543u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work we describe BREED, a method for the generation of novel inhibitors from structures of known ligands bound to a common target. The method is essentially an automation of the common medicinal chemistry practice of joining fragments of two known ligands to generate a new inhibitor. The ligand-bound target structures are overlaid, all overlapping bonds in all pairs of ligands are found, and the fragments on each side of each matching bond are swapped to generate the new molecules. Since the method is automated, it can be applied recursively to generate all possible combinations of known ligands. In an application of this method to HIV protease inhibitors and protein kinase inhibitors, hundreds of new molecular structures were generated. These included known inhibitor scaffolds not included in the initial set, entirely novel scaffolds, and novel substituents on known scaffolds. The method is fast, and since all of the ligand functional groups are known to bind the target in the precise position and orientation present in the novel ligand, the success rate of this method should be superior to more traditional de novo design techniques. In an era of increasingly high-throughput structural biology, such methods for high-throughput utilization of structural information will become increasingly valuable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert C Pierce
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Moriggi JD, Brown LJ, Castro JL, Brown RCD. Ring-closing metathesis: development of a cyclisation-cleavage strategy for the solid-phase synthesis of cyclic sulfonamides. Org Biomol Chem 2004; 2:835-44. [PMID: 15007411 DOI: 10.1039/b313686h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 7-membered cyclic sulfonamides have been synthesised using a solid-phase cyclisation-cleavage RCM strategy. Model solution studies indicated the sulfonamides were suitable substrates for RCM using the Grubbs' catalyst 2. Starting from either 2-carboxyethyl polystyrene (21) or Merrifield resin, various seven-membered sulfonamides were prepared in good to excellent yields at low catalyst loadings (2.5-5 mol%) using a flexible spacer between the polymer and the substrate. In addition, a novel double-armed linker was shown to allow efficient RCM cleavage of sulfonamides with as little as 1 mol% of the ruthenium alkylidene complex 2.
Collapse
|
19
|
Nagarajan SR, De Crescenzo GA, Getman DP, Lu HF, Sikorski JA, Walker JL, McDonald JJ, Houseman KA, Kocan GP, Kishore N, Mehta PP, Funkes-Shippy CL, Blystone L. Discovery of novel benzothiazolesulfonamides as potent inhibitors of HIV-1 protease. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:4769-77. [PMID: 14556792 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been shown to be the causative agent for AIDS. The HIV virus encodes for a unique aspartyl protease that is essential for the production of enzymes and proteins in the final stages of maturation. Protease inhibitors have been useful in combating the disease. The inhibitors incorporate a variety of isosteres including the hydroxyethylurea at the protease cleavage site. We have shown that the replacement of t-butylurea moiety by benzothiazolesulfonamide provided inhibitors with improved potency and antiviral activities. Some of the compounds have shown good oral bioavailability and half-life in rats. The synthesis of benzothiazole derivatives led us to explore other heterocycles. During the course of our studies, we also developed an efficient synthesis of benzothiazole-6-sulfonic acid via a two-step procedure starting from sulfanilamide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan R Nagarajan
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Badorrey R, Cativiela C, Dı́az-de-Villegas MD, Gálvez JA. Highly convergent stereoselective synthesis of chiral key intermediates in the synthesis of Palinavir from imines derived from l-glyceraldehyde. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)01152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
21
|
Huff JR, Kahn J. Discovery and clinical development of HIV-1 protease inhibitors. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 2001; 56:213-51. [PMID: 11329855 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3233(01)56007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J R Huff
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Garg R, Gupta SP, Gao H, Babu MS, Debnath AK, Hansch C. Comparative Quantitative Structureminus signActivity Relationship Studies on Anti-HIV Drugs. Chem Rev 1999; 99:3525-3602. [PMID: 11849030 DOI: 10.1021/cr9703358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Garg
- Department of Chemistry, Pomona College, Claremont, California 91711, Departments of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India, Pharmacia & Upjohn, 301 Henrietta Street, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007, and Biochemical Virology Laboratory, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute of The New York Blood Center, 310 E. 67th Street, New York, New York 10021
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Takashiro E, Nakamura Y, Miyamoto S, Ozawa Y, Sugiyama A, Fujimoto K. Design and synthesis of a novel series of HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7:2105-14. [PMID: 10530961 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00163-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and the SAR study of novel pseudo symmetric inhibitors of HIV-1 protease are described. Michael addition of amino acid derivatives to vinyl ketones was utilized to derive a potent (nM) series of HIV-1 protease inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Takashiro
- Exploratory Chemistry Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ghosh AK, Fidanze S. Transition-State Mimetics for HIV Protease Inhibitors: Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Hydroxyethylene and Hydroxyethylamine Isosteres by Ester-Derived Titanium Enolate Syn and Anti-Aldol Reactions. J Org Chem 1998; 63:6146-6152. [PMID: 11672244 DOI: 10.1021/jo980159i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stereocontrolled syntheses of hydroxyethylene dipeptide isostere and aminoalkyl epoxides for hydroxyethylamine isosteres are described. The stereochemistry of both stereogenic centers of the aminoalkyl epoxides 10 and 15 as well as the gamma-lactone 17 was assembled by our recently developed highly selective ester-derived titanium enolate aldol reactions. The Ti-enolate of 6 reacted with (benzyloxy)acetaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde to provide the syn-aldol product 7 and anti-aldol product 12, respectively. Removal of the chiral template followed by Curtius rearrangement of the resulting acid provided the desired amine functionality. The present syntheses represent practical and enantioselective entry to a range of other dipeptide isosteres, which are not limited to amino acid derived substituents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60607
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
A review on cis-1-aminoindan-2-ol derived asymmetric syntheses is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Steve Fidanze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Chris H Senanayake
- Sepracor Inc, Chemical Research and Development, 111 Locke Drive, Marlbrough, MA 01752, USA Fax +1(312)9960431;
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ghosh AK, Krishnan K, Walters DE, Cho W, Cho H, Koo Y, Trevino J, Holland L, Buthod J. Structure based design: novel spirocyclic ethers as nonpeptidal P2-ligands for HIV protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:979-82. [PMID: 9871524 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel spirocyclic ethers were designed to function as nonpeptidal P2-ligands for HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Incorporation of designed ligands in the (R)-(hydroxyethylamino)sulfonamide isostere afforded potent HIV protease inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago 60607, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ghosh AK, Kincaid JF, Cho W, Walters DE, Krishnan K, Hussain KA, Koo Y, Cho H, Rudall C, Holland L, Buthod J. Potent HIV protease inhibitors incorporating high-affinity P2-ligands and (R)-(hydroxyethylamino)sulfonamide isostere. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:687-90. [PMID: 9871583 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Design and synthesis of a series of very potent nonpeptide HIV protease inhibitors are described. The inhibitors are derived from novel high affinity P2-ligands and (R)-(hydroxyethylamino)sulfonamide isostere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago 60607, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Konvalinka J, Litera J, Weber J, Vondrásek J, Hradílek M, Soucek M, Pichová I, Majer P, Strop P, Sedlácek J, Heuser AM, Kottler H, Kräusslich HG. Configurations of diastereomeric hydroxyethylene isosteres strongly affect biological activities of a series of specific inhibitors of human-immunodeficiency-virus proteinase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1997; 250:559-66. [PMID: 9428710 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.0559a.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) proteinase (PR) represents an important target for antiviral chemotherapy. We present an analysis of inhibitory activities of a series of pseudopeptide inhibitors of HIV-1 PR. All inhibitors were N-protected tetrapeptides with the scissile bond replaced by a nonhydrolysable hydroxyethylene or hydroxyethylamine isostere. To elucidate subtle structural requirements of the PR binding cleft, we synthesised inhibitors with four combinations of configurations at the asymmetric carbons of the isostere. Compounds were tested in vitro using purified recombinant enzyme and a chromogenic peptide substrate. The differences in inhibition constants between individual diastereoisomers reached three orders of magnitude. The most active hydroxyethylene-containing inhibitor possessed the 2R,4S,5S configuration at the isostere. Inhibitor activity was also tested in mammalian cell culture by analysing reduction of viral polyprotein processing and virus infectivity. The results obtained in tissue culture were generally in agreement with the in vitro data, giving a similar order of potency for the individual diastereoisomers. The most active compounds completely blocked production of infectious virus. A simulation method for interaction was employed to build a model of the inhibitors in the PR active site, to identify the interactions responsible for the differences in activities of individual stereoisomers, and to estimate the relative contribution of individual structural features to the overall inhibitory activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Konvalinka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Praha.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ghosh AK, Hussain KA, Fidanze S. Asymmetric Aldol Route to Hydroxyethylamine Isostere: Stereoselective Synthesis of the Core Unit of Saquinavir. J Org Chem 1997; 62:6080-6082. [PMID: 30504991 PMCID: PMC6261379 DOI: 10.1021/jo9706943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607
| | - Khaja Azhar Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607
| | - Steve Fidanze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Beaulieu PL, Wernic D, Abraham A, Anderson PC, Bogri T, Bousquet Y, Croteau G, Guse I, Lamarre D, Liard F, Paris W, Thibeault D, Pav S, Tong L. Potent HIV protease inhibitors containing a novel (hydroxyethyl)amide isostere. J Med Chem 1997; 40:2164-76. [PMID: 9216835 DOI: 10.1021/jm9606608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of HIV protease inhibitors containing a novel (hydroxyethyl)amidosuccinoyl core has been synthesized. These peptidomimetic structures inhibit viral protease activity at low nanomolar concentrations (IC50 < 10 nM for HIV-1 protease). The inhibition constant (Ki) for inhibitor 19 was determined to be 7.5 pM against HIV-1 and 1.2 nM against HIV-2 proteases, respectively. Several compounds (19-24) inhibited HIV-1 replication in cell culture assays with 50% effective concentrations (EC50) = 3.7-35 nM. This series of inhibitors was found to exhibit poor bioavailability (< 10%) in the rat, following oral administration. The synthesis and biological properties of these compounds are discussed. In addition, an X-ray structure of one of these inhibitors (23) in complex with HIV-2 protease provides insight into the binding mode of this novel class of HIV protease inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P L Beaulieu
- Bio-Méga Research Division, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd., Laval (Québec), Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Shibata N, Katoh T, Terashima S. An expeditious synthesis of (2R,3S)-3-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-1-isobutylamino-4-phenyl-2-butanol, a key building block of HIV protease inhibitors. Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(96)02406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
32
|
Ghosh AK, Kincaid JF, Walters DE, Chen Y, Chaudhuri NC, Thompson WJ, Culberson C, Fitzgerald PM, Lee HY, McKee SP, Munson PM, Duong TT, Darke PL, Zugay JA, Schleif WA, Axel MG, Lin J, Huff JR. Nonpeptidal P2 ligands for HIV protease inhibitors: structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation. J Med Chem 1996; 39:3278-90. [PMID: 8765511 DOI: 10.1021/jm960128k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Design and synthesis of nonpeptidal bis-tetrahydrofuran ligands based upon the X-ray crystal structure of the HIV-1 protease-inhibitor complex 1 led to replacement of two amide bonds and a 10 pi-aromatic system of Ro 31-8959 class of HIV protease inhibitors. Detailed structure-activity studies have now established that the position of ring oxygens, ring size, and stereochemistry are all crucial to potency. Of particular interest, compound 49 with (3S,3aS,6aS)-bis-Thf is the most potent inhibitor (IC50 value 1.8 +/- 0.2 nM; CIC95 value 46 +/- 4 nM) in this series. The X-ray structure of protein-inhibitor complex 49 has provided insight into the ligand-binding site interactions. As it turned out, both oxygens in the bis-Thf ligands are involved in hydrogen-bonding interactions with Asp 29 and Asp 30 NH present in the S2 subsite of HIV-1 protease. Stereoselective routes have been developed to obtain these novel ligands in optically pure form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago 60607, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Fässler A, Bold G, Capraro HG, Cozens R, Mestan J, Poncioni B, Rösel J, Tintelnot-Blomley M, Lang M. Aza-peptide analogs as potent human immunodeficiency virus type-1 protease inhibitors with oral bioavailability. J Med Chem 1996; 39:3203-16. [PMID: 8759643 DOI: 10.1021/jm960022p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of aza-peptide analogs with a (hydroxyethyl)hydrazine isostere has been synthesized as HIV-1 protease inhibitors using a simple synthetic scheme. Structure-activity studies based on the X-ray of a previously described inhibitor-enzyme complex led to potent inhibitors with antiviral activity in the low-nanomolar range. The S-configuration of the transition-state hydroxyl group was preferred in this series. Small modifications of the P2P3 and P2'P3' substituents had little effect on enzyme inhibition but greatly influenced the pharmacokinetic profile. As a result of these studies, the symmetrically acylated compound 8a and its close analog 24a bearing a methyl carbamate in P3 and an ethyl carbamate in P3' position were identified as potent inhibitors with plasma concentrations exceeding antiviral ED50 values 150-fold following oral application in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Fässler
- Research Laboratories Cancer and Infectious Diseases, Ciba-Geigy AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Beaulieu PL, Wernic D. Preparation of Aminoalkyl Chlorohydrin Hydrochlorides: Key Building Blocks for Hydroxyethylamine-Based HIV Protease Inhibitors. J Org Chem 1996; 61:3635-3645. [PMID: 11667209 DOI: 10.1021/jo960109i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomerically pure N,N-dibenzyl-alpha-amino aldehydes reacted with (chloromethyl)lithium, generated in situ from bromochloromethane and lithium metal, to give predominantly erythro aminoalkyl epoxides. Treatment of the crude epoxides with aqueous hydrochloric acid gave crystalline (2S,3S)-N,N-dibenzylamino chlorohydrin hydrochlorides in 32-56% overall yield and high isomeric purity. These compounds are versatile synthetic intermediates for the preparation of hydroxyethylamine-based HIV protease inhibitors, either directly as such, or via conversion to the corresponding N-Boc-(2S,3S)-aminoalkyl epoxides. The processes described do not make use of hazardous reagents or intermediates, do not require chromatographic purifications, and are thus amenable to the preparation of large quantities of these versatile building blocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre L. Beaulieu
- Bio-Méga/Boehringer Ingelheim Research Inc., 2100 Cunard Street, Laval (Québec), Canada, H7S 2G5
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Freskos JN, Bertenshaw DE, Getman DP, Heintz RM, Mischke BV, Blystone LW, Bryant ML, Funckes-Shippy C, Houseman KA, Kishore NN, Kocan GP, Mehta PP. (Hydroxyethyl) sulfonamide HIV-1 Protease inhibitors: Identification of the 2-methylbenzoyl moiety at P-2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(96)00035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
36
|
Rao BG, Kim EE, Murcko MA. Calculation of solvation and binding free energy differences between VX-478 and its analogs by free energy perturbation and AMSOL methods. J Comput Aided Mol Des 1996; 10:23-30. [PMID: 8786412 DOI: 10.1007/bf00124462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
VX-478 belongs to a novel class of HIV-1 protease inhibitors that are based on N,N-disubstituted benzene sulfonamides. Force field parameters for the N,N-dialkyl benzene sulfonamide moiety have been assembled from the literature and from our own ab initio calculations. These parameters were employed to calculate solvation and binding free energy differences between VX-478 and two analogs. The free energy perturbation method has been used to determine these differences using two approaches. In the first approach, intergroup interaction terms only were included in the calculation of free energies (as in most reports of free energy calculations using AMBER). In the second approach, both the inter- and intragroup interaction terms were included. The results obtained with the two approaches are in excellent agreement with each other and are also in close agreement with the experimental results. The solvation free energies of N,N-dimethyl benzene sulfonamide derivatives (truncated models of the inhibitors), calculated using continuum solvation (AMSOL) methods, are found to be in qualitative agreement with the experimental and free energy perturbation results. The binding and solvation free energy results are discussed in the context of structure-based drug design to show how physicochemical properties (for example aqueous solubilities and bioavailabilities) of these HIV-I protease inhibitors were improved, while maintaining their inhibitory potency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B G Rao
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Piron J, Tourw� D. New methods for solid phase peptide synthesis of transitionstate analog inhibitors of HIV-1 protease and DPP-IV. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00119160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|