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Gupton JT, Shimozono A, Crawford E, Ortolani J, Clark E, Mahoney M, Heese C, Noble J, Mandry CP, Kanters R, Dominey RN, Goldman EW, Sikorski JA, Fisher DC. Further studies on the application of vinylogous amides and β-halovinylaldehydes to the regiospecific synthesis of unsymmetrical, polyfunctionalized 2,3,4- and 1,2,3,4- substituted pyrroles. Tetrahedron 2018; 74:2650-2663. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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2
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Gupton JT, Yeudall S, Telang N, Hoerrner M, Huff E, Crawford E, Lounsbury K, Kimmel M, Curry W, Harrison A, Juekun W, Shimozono A, Ortolani J, Lescalleet K, Patteson J, Moore-Stoll V, Rohena CC, Mooberry SL, Obaidullah AJ, Kellogg GE, Sikorski JA. Ortho group activation of a bromopyrrole ester in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions: Application to the synthesis of new microtubule depolymerizing agents with potent cytotoxic activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3206-3214. [PMID: 28433513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
New microtubule depolymerizing agents with potent cytotoxic activities have been prepared with a 5-cyano or 5-oximino group attached to a pyrrole core. The utilization of ortho activation of a bromopyrrole ester to facilitate successful Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions was a key aspect of the synthetic methodology. This strategy allows for control of regiochemistry with the attachment of four completely different groups at the 2, 3, 4 and 5 positions of the pyrrole scaffold. Biological evaluations and molecular modeling studies are reported for these examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Gupton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA.
| | - Scott Yeudall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
| | - Nakul Telang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
| | - Megan Hoerrner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
| | - Ellis Huff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
| | - Evan Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
| | - Katie Lounsbury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
| | - Michael Kimmel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
| | - William Curry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
| | - Andrew Harrison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
| | - Wen Juekun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
| | - Alex Shimozono
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
| | - Joe Ortolani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
| | - Kristin Lescalleet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
| | - Jon Patteson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
| | | | - Cristina C Rohena
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Susan L Mooberry
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Ahmad J Obaidullah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Institute of Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Glen E Kellogg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Institute of Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Rohena CC, Telang NS, Da C, Risinger AL, Sikorski JA, Kellogg GE, Gupton JT, Mooberry SL. Biological Characterization of an Improved Pyrrole-Based Colchicine Site Agent Identified through Structure-Based Design. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 89:287-96. [PMID: 26655304 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.101592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A refined model of the colchicine site on tubulin was used to design an improved analog of the pyrrole parent compound, JG-03-14. The optimized compound, NT-7-16, was evaluated in biological assays that confirm that it has potent activities as a new colchicine site microtubule depolymerizer. NT-7-16 exhibits antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities against multiple cancer cell lines, with IC(50) values of 10-16 nM, and it is able to overcome drug resistance mediated by the expression of P-glycoprotein and the βIII isotype of tubulin. NT-7-16 initiated the concentration-dependent loss of cellular microtubules and caused the formation of abnormal mitotic spindles, leading to mitotic accumulation. The direct interaction of NT-7-16 with purified tubulin was confirmed, and it was more potent than combretastatin A-4 in these assays. Binding studies verified that NT-7-16 binds to tubulin within the colchicine site. The antitumor effects of NT-7-16 were evaluated in an MDA-MB-435 xenograft model and it had excellent activity at concentrations that were not toxic. A second compound, NT-9-21, which contains dichloro moieties in place of the 3,5-dibromo substituents of NT-7-16, had a poorer fit within the colchicine site as predicted by modeling and the Hydropathic INTeractions score. Biological evaluations showed that NT-9-21 has 10-fold lower potency than NT-7-16, confirming the modeling predictions. These studies highlight the value of the refined colchicine-site model and identify a new pyrrole-based colchicine-site agent with potent in vitro activities and promising in vivo antitumor actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina C Rohena
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas (C.C.R., A.L.R., S.L.M.); Department of Chemistry University of Richmond, Richmond Virginia (N.T., J.T.G.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (C.D., G.E.K.); and Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Chesterfield, Missouri (J.A.S.)
| | - Nakul S Telang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas (C.C.R., A.L.R., S.L.M.); Department of Chemistry University of Richmond, Richmond Virginia (N.T., J.T.G.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (C.D., G.E.K.); and Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Chesterfield, Missouri (J.A.S.)
| | - Chenxiao Da
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas (C.C.R., A.L.R., S.L.M.); Department of Chemistry University of Richmond, Richmond Virginia (N.T., J.T.G.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (C.D., G.E.K.); and Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Chesterfield, Missouri (J.A.S.)
| | - April L Risinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas (C.C.R., A.L.R., S.L.M.); Department of Chemistry University of Richmond, Richmond Virginia (N.T., J.T.G.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (C.D., G.E.K.); and Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Chesterfield, Missouri (J.A.S.)
| | - James A Sikorski
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas (C.C.R., A.L.R., S.L.M.); Department of Chemistry University of Richmond, Richmond Virginia (N.T., J.T.G.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (C.D., G.E.K.); and Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Chesterfield, Missouri (J.A.S.)
| | - Glen E Kellogg
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas (C.C.R., A.L.R., S.L.M.); Department of Chemistry University of Richmond, Richmond Virginia (N.T., J.T.G.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (C.D., G.E.K.); and Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Chesterfield, Missouri (J.A.S.)
| | - John T Gupton
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas (C.C.R., A.L.R., S.L.M.); Department of Chemistry University of Richmond, Richmond Virginia (N.T., J.T.G.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (C.D., G.E.K.); and Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Chesterfield, Missouri (J.A.S.)
| | - Susan L Mooberry
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas (C.C.R., A.L.R., S.L.M.); Department of Chemistry University of Richmond, Richmond Virginia (N.T., J.T.G.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute of Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (C.D., G.E.K.); and Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Chesterfield, Missouri (J.A.S.).
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Ha SW, Sikorski JA, Weitzmann MN, Beck GR. Bio-active engineered 50 nm silica nanoparticles with bone anabolic activity: therapeutic index, effective concentration, and cytotoxicity profile in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 28:354-64. [PMID: 24333519 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Silica-based nanomaterials are generally considered to be excellent candidates for therapeutic applications particularly related to skeletal metabolism however the current data surrounding the safety of silica based nanomaterials is conflicting. This may be due to differences in size, shape, incorporation of composite materials, surface properties, as well as the presence of contaminants following synthesis. In this study we performed extensive in vitro safety profiling of ∼ 50 nm spherical silica nanoparticles with OH-terminated or Polyethylene Glycol decorated surface, with and without a magnetic core, and synthesized by the Stöber method. Nineteen different cell lines representing all major organ types were used to investigate an in vitro lethal concentration (LC) and results revealed little toxicity in any cell type analyzed. To calculate an in vitro therapeutic index we quantified the effective concentration at 50% response (EC50) for nanoparticle-stimulated mineral deposition activity using primary bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). The EC50 for BMSCs was not substantially altered by surface or magnetic core. The calculated Inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) for pre-osteoclasts was similar to the osteoblastic cells. These results demonstrate the pharmacological potential of certain silica-based nanomaterial formulations for use in treating bone diseases based on a favorable in vitro therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Woo Ha
- Emory University, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - James A Sikorski
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, 421 Shetland Valley Ct., Chesterfield, MO 63005, USA
| | - M Neale Weitzmann
- Emory University, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; The Atlanta Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA; The Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - George R Beck
- Emory University, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; The Atlanta Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA; The Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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5
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Gupton JT, Banner EJ, Sartin MD, Coppock MB, Hempel JE, Kharlamova A, Fisher DC, Giglio BC, Smith KL, Keough MJ, Smith TM, Kanters RPF, Dominey RN, Sikorski JA. The Application of Vinylogous Iminium Salt Derivatives and Microwave Accelerated Vilsmeier-Haack Reactions to Efficient Relay Syntheses of the Polycitone and Storniamide Natural Products. Tetrahedron 2008; 64:5246-5253. [PMID: 18709182 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies directed at the synthesis of polycitone and storniamide natural products via vinylogous iminium salts and microwave accelerated Vilsmeier-Haack formylations are described. The successful strategy relies on the formation of a 2,4-disubstituted pyrrole or a 2,3,4-trisubstituted pyrrole from a vinamidinium salt or vinamidinium salt derivative followed by formylation at the 5-position of the pyrrole. Subsequent transformations of the selectively formylated pyrroles lead to efficient and regiocontrolled relay syntheses of the respective pyrrole containing natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Gupton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
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Meng CQ, Ni L, Worsencroft KJ, Ye Z, Weingarten MD, Simpson JE, Skudlarek JW, Marino EM, Suen KL, Kunsch C, Souder A, Howard RB, Sundell CL, Wasserman MA, Sikorski JA. Carboxylated, heteroaryl-substituted chalcones as inhibitors of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression for use in chronic inflammatory diseases. J Med Chem 2007; 50:1304-15. [PMID: 17323940 DOI: 10.1021/jm0614230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Starting from a simple chalcone template, structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies led to a series of carboxylated, heteroaryl-substituted chalcone derivatives as novel, potent inhibitors of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression. Correlations between lipophilicity determined by calculated logP values and inhibitory efficacy were observed among structurally similar compounds of the series. Various substituents were found to be tolerated at several positions of the chalcone backbone as long as the compounds fell into the right range of lipophilicity. The chalcone alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone moiety seemed to be the pharmacophore required for inhibition of VCAM-1 expression. Compound 19 showed significant antiinflammatory effects in a mouse model of allergic inflammation, indicating that this series of compounds might have therapeutic value for human asthma and other inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Q Meng
- AtheroGenics, Inc., 8995 Westside Parkway, Alpharetta, Georgia 30004, USA.
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7
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Gupton JT, Banner EJ, Scharf AB, Norwood BK, Kanters RP, Dominey RN, Hempel JE, Kharlamova A, Bluhn-Chertudi I, Hickenboth CR, Little BA, Sartin MD, Coppock MB, Krumpe KE, Burnham BS, Holt H, Du KX, Keertikar KM, Diebes A, Ghassemi S, Sikorski JA. The application of vinylogous iminium salt derivatives to an efficient synthesis of the pyrrole containing alkaloids Rigidin and Rigidin E. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Sikorski
- Discovery Medicinal Chemistry, AtheroGenics, Inc., 8995 Westside Parkway, Alpharetta, Georgia 30004.
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10
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11
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Kunsch C, Luchoomun J, Chen XL, Dodd GL, Karu KS, Meng CQ, Marino EM, Olliff LK, Piper JD, Qiu FH, Sikorski JA, Somers PK, Suen KL, Thomas S, Whalen AM, Wasserman MA, Sundell CL. AGIX-4207 [2-[4-[[1-[[3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]thio]-1-methylethyl]thio]-2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenoxy]acetic acid], a novel antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound: cellular and biochemical characterization of antioxidant activity and inhibition of redox-sensitive inflammatory gene expression. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 313:492-501. [PMID: 15701708 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.080804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, is regulated, at least in part, by modulation of oxidation-reduction (redox) homeostasis and the expression of redox-sensitive inflammatory genes including adhesion molecules, chemokines, and cytokines. AGIX-4207 [2-[4-[[1-[[3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]thio]-1-methylethyl]thio]-2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenoxy]acetic acid] is a novel, orally active, phenolic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound with antirheumatic properties. To elucidate its anti-inflammatory mechanisms, we evaluated AGIX-4207 for a variety of cellular, biochemical, and molecular properties. AGIX-4207 exhibited potent antioxidant activity toward lipid peroxides in vitro and displayed enhanced cellular uptake relative to a structurally related drug, probucol. This resulted in potent inhibition of cellular levels of reactive oxygen species in multiple cell types. AGIX-4207 selectively inhibited tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-inducible levels of the redox-sensitive genes, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, with less inhibition of E-selectin, and no effect on intracellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in endothelial cells. In addition, AGIX-4207 inhibited cytokine-induced levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 from endothelial cells and human fibroblast-like synoviocytes as well as lipopolysaccharide-induced release of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. AGIX-4207 did not inhibit TNF-alpha-induced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor of the kappa-enhancer in B cells (NF-kappaB), suggesting that the mechanism of action is independent of this redox-sensitive transcription factor. Taken together, these results provide a mechanistic framework for understanding the anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic activity of AGIX-4207 and provide further support for the view that inhibition of redox-sensitive inflammatory gene expression is an attractive approach for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Kunsch
- Department of Discovery Research, AtheroGenics, Inc., Alpharetta, GA 30004, USA.
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12
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Gupton JT, Miller RB, Krumpe KE, Clough SC, Banner EJ, Kanters RP, Du KX, Keertikar KM, Lauerman NE, Solano JM, Adams BR, Callahan DW, Little BA, Scharf AB, Sikorski JA. The application of vinylogous iminium salt derivatives to an efficient relay synthesis of the pyrrole containing alkaloids polycitone A and B. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Moormann AE, Wang JL, Palmquist KE, Promo MA, Snyder JS, Scholten JA, Massa MA, Sikorski JA, Webber RK. 3-Methyl-4H-[1,2,4]-oxadiazol-5-one: a versatile synthon for protecting monosubstituted acetamidines. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Meng CQ, Somers PK, Hoong LK, Zheng XS, Ye Z, Worsencroft KJ, Simpson JE, Hotema MR, Weingarten MD, MacDOnald ML, Hill RR, Marino EM, Suen KL, Luchoomun J, Kunsch C, Landers LK, Stefanopoulos D, Howard RB, Sundell CL, Saxena U, Wasserman MA, Sikorski JA. Discovery of Novel Phenolic Antioxidants as Inhibitors of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 Expression for Use in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. J Med Chem 2004; 47:6420-32. [PMID: 15566311 DOI: 10.1021/jm049685u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) mediates recruitment of leukocytes to endothelial cells and is implicated in many inflammatory conditions. Since part of the signal transduction pathway that regulates the activation of VCAM-1 expression is redox-sensitive, compounds with antioxidant properties may have inhibitory effects on VCAM-1 expression. Novel phenolic compounds have been designed and synthesized starting from probucol (1). Many of these compounds demonstrated potent inhibitory effects on cytokine-induced VCAM-1 expression and displayed potent antioxidant effects in vitro. Some of these derivatives (4o, 4p, 4w, and 4x) inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), and IL-6 from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs) in a concentration-dependent manner in vitro and showed antiinflammatory effects in an animal model. Compounds 4ad and 4ae are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and prevention of chronic organ transplant rejection, respectively.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemical synthesis
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemistry
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Anticholesteremic Agents/chemical synthesis
- Anticholesteremic Agents/chemistry
- Anticholesteremic Agents/pharmacology
- Antioxidants/chemical synthesis
- Antioxidants/chemistry
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cholesterol, HDL/blood
- Cholesterol, LDL/blood
- Chronic Disease
- Cricetinae
- Depression, Chemical
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Humans
- Inflammation/drug therapy
- Interleukin-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-1/metabolism
- Interleukin-6/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Phenols/chemical synthesis
- Phenols/chemistry
- Phenols/pharmacology
- Probucol/chemistry
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Sulfides/chemical synthesis
- Sulfides/chemistry
- Sulfides/pharmacology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Q Meng
- AtheroGenics, Inc., 8995 Westside Parkway, Alpharetta, Georgia 30004, USA.
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15
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Meng CQ, Zheng XS, Ni L, Ye Z, Simpson JE, Worsencroft KJ, Hotema MR, Weingarten MD, Skudlarek JW, Gilmore JM, Hoong LK, Hill RR, Marino EM, Suen KL, Kunsch C, Wasserman MA, Sikorski JA. Discovery of novel heteroaryl-substituted chalcones as inhibitors of TNF-α-induced VCAM-1 expression. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1513-7. [PMID: 15006393 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2003] [Accepted: 01/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel chalcone derivatives have been discovered as potent inhibitors of TNF-alpha-induced VCAM-1 expression. Thienyl or benzothienyl substitution at the meta-position of ring B helps boost potency while large substitution at the para-position on ring B is detrimental. Various substitutions are tolerated on ring A. A lipophilicity-potency relationship has been observed in several sub-series of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Q Meng
- AtheroGenics, Inc., 8995 Westside Parkway, Alpharetta, GA 30004, USA.
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16
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Nagarajan SR, De Crescenzo GA, Getman DP, Lu HF, Sikorski JA, Walker JL, McDonald JJ, Houseman KA, Kocan GP, Kishore N, Mehta PP, Funkes-Shippy CL, Blystone L. Discovery of novel benzothiazolesulfonamides as potent inhibitors of HIV-1 protease. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:4769-77. [PMID: 14556792 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been shown to be the causative agent for AIDS. The HIV virus encodes for a unique aspartyl protease that is essential for the production of enzymes and proteins in the final stages of maturation. Protease inhibitors have been useful in combating the disease. The inhibitors incorporate a variety of isosteres including the hydroxyethylurea at the protease cleavage site. We have shown that the replacement of t-butylurea moiety by benzothiazolesulfonamide provided inhibitors with improved potency and antiviral activities. Some of the compounds have shown good oral bioavailability and half-life in rats. The synthesis of benzothiazole derivatives led us to explore other heterocycles. During the course of our studies, we also developed an efficient synthesis of benzothiazole-6-sulfonic acid via a two-step procedure starting from sulfanilamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan R Nagarajan
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA.
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17
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Reinhard EJ, Wang JL, Durley RC, Fobian YM, Grapperhaus ML, Hickory BS, Massa MA, Norton MB, Promo MA, Tollefson MB, Vernier WF, Connolly DT, Witherbee BJ, Melton MA, Regina KJ, Smith ME, Sikorski JA. Discovery of a simple picomolar inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer protein. J Med Chem 2003; 46:2152-68. [PMID: 12747787 DOI: 10.1021/jm020528+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of substituted N-[3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)benzyl]-N-(3-phenoxyphenyl)-trifluoro-3-amino-2-propanols is described which potently and reversibly inhibit cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). Starting from the initial lead 1, various substituents were introduced into the 3-phenoxyaniline group to optimize the relative activity for inhibition of the CETP-mediated transfer of [3H]-cholesteryl ester from HDL donor particles to LDL acceptor particles either in buffer or in human serum. The better inhibitors in the buffer assay clustered among compounds in which the phenoxy group was substituted at the 3, 4, or 5 positions. In general, small lipophilic alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, and halogen moieties increased potency relative to 1, while analogues containing electron-donating or hydrogen bond accepting groups exhibited lower potency. Compounds with polar or strong electron-withdrawing groups also displayed lower potency. Replacement of the phenoxy ring in 1 with either simple aliphatic or cycloalkyl ethers as well as basic heteroaryloxy groups led to reduced potency. From the better compounds, a representative series 4a-i was prepared as the chirally pure R(+) enantiomers, and from these, the 4-chloro-3-ethylphenoxy analogue was identified as a potent inhibitor of CETP activity in buffer (4a, IC50 0.77 nM, 59 nM in human serum). The simple R(+) enantiomer 4a represents the most potent acyclic CETP inhibitor reported. The chiral synthesis and biochemical characterization of 4a are reported along with its preliminary pharmacological assessment in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Reinhard
- Pharmacia Discovery Research (Pfizer Global Research and Development), 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017-1732, USA
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18
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Gupton JT, Clough SC, Miller RB, Lukens JR, Henry CA, Kanters RP, Sikorski JA. The application of vinylogous iminium salt derivatives to the synthesis of Ningalin B hexamethyl ether. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)01475-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Meng CQ, Somers PK, Rachita CL, Holt LA, Hoong LK, Zheng XS, Simpson JE, Hill RR, Olliff LK, Kunsch C, Sundell CL, Parthasarathy S, Saxena U, Sikorski JA, Wasserman MA. Novel phenolic antioxidants as multifunctional inhibitors of inducible VCAM-1 expression for use in atherosclerosis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:2545-8. [PMID: 12182856 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00516-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel phenolic compounds has been discovered as potent inhibitors of TNF-alpha-inducible expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) with concurrent antioxidant and lipid-modulating properties. Optimization of these multifunctional agents led to the identification of 3a (AGI-1067) as a clinical candidate with demonstrated efficacies in animal models of atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Q Meng
- AtheroGenics, Inc., 8995 Westside Parkway, GA 30004, Alpharetta, USA.
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20
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Durley RC, Grapperhaus ML, Hickory BS, Massa MA, Wang JL, Spangler DP, Mischke DA, Parnas BL, Fobian YM, Rath NP, Honda DD, Zeng M, Connolly DT, Heuvelman DM, Witherbee BJ, Melton MA, Glenn KC, Krul ES, Smith ME, Sikorski JA. Chiral N,N-disubstituted trifluoro-3-amino-2-propanols are potent inhibitors of cholesteryl ester transfer protein. J Med Chem 2002; 45:3891-904. [PMID: 12190312 DOI: 10.1021/jm020038h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of substituted N-benzyl-N-phenyl-trifluoro-3-amino-2-propanols are described that reversibly inhibit cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). Starting with screening lead 22, various structural features were explored with respect to inhibition of the CETP-mediated transfer of [(3)H]cholesterol from high-density cholesterol donor particles to low-density cholesterol acceptor particles. The free hydroxyl group of the propanol was required for high potency, since acylation or alkylation reduced activity. High inhibitory potency was also associated with 3-ether moieties in the aniline ring, and the highest potencies were exhibited by 3-phenoxyaniline analogues. Activity was substantially reduced by oxidation or substitution in the methylene of the benzylic group, implying that the benzyl ring orientation was important for activity. In the benzylic group, substitution at the 3-position was preferred over either the 2- or the 4-positions. Highest potencies were observed with inhibitors in which the 3-benzylic substituent had the potential to adopt an out of plane orientation with respect to the phenyl ring. The best 3-benzylic substituents were OCF(2)CF(2)H (42, IC(50) 0.14 microM in buffer, 5.6 microM in human serum), cyclopentyl (39), 3-iso-propoxy (27), SCF(3) (67), and C(CF(3))(2)OH (36). Separation of 42 into its enantiomers unexpectedly showed that the minor R(+) enantiomer 1a was 40-fold more potent (IC(50) 0.02 microM in buffer, 0.6 microM in human serum) than the major S(-) enantiomer 1b, demonstrating that the R-chirality at the propanol 2-position is key to high potency in this series. The R(+) enantiomer 1a represents the first reported acyclic CETP inhibitor with submicromolar potency in plasma. A chiral synthesis of 1a is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Durley
- Pharmacia Discovery Research, 700 Chesterfield Parkway North, St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA.
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21
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Gupton JT, Clough SC, Miller RB, Norwood BK, Hickenboth CR, Chertudi IB, Cutro SR, Petrich SA, Hicks FA, Wilkinson DR, Sikorski JA. The application of vinylogous iminium salt derivatives to the regiocontrolled preparation of heterocyclic appended pyrazoles. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00517-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Kresge AJ, Leibovitch M, Sikorski JA. Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate (EPSP) and some simple models of its vinyl ether functional group. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00033a039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Brown HC, Nazer B, Cha JS, Sikorski JA. Selective reductions. 38. Reaction of thexylchloroborane-methyl sulfide complex in methylene chloride with selected organic compounds containing representative functional groups. Comparison of the reducing characteristics of thexylchloroborane, thexylborane, and diborane. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00376a040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Sikorski JA, Bhat NG, Cole TE, Wang KK, Brown HC. Vinylic organoboranes. 5. An improved, convenient synthesis of unsymmetrical alkynes via iodination of lithium alkynyl ate complexes of thexylalkylborinates. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00374a006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Brown HC, Sikorski JA, Kulkarni SU, Lee HD. Hydroboration. 59. Thexylchloroborane-methyl sulfide. A new stable monohydroborating agent with exceptional regioselectivity. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00344a022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Walker MC, Jones CR, Somerville RL, Sikorski JA. (Z)-3-Fluorophosphoenolpyruvate as a pseudosubstrate of EPSP synthase: enzymatic synthesis of a stable fluoro analog of the catalytic intermediate. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00045a065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Sikorski JA, Brown HC. Hydroboration. 60. Effect of structure on the relative reactivity of representative olefins toward hydroboration by thexylchloroborane-methyl sulfide. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00344a023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Gupton JT, Krolikowski DA, Yu RH, Riesinger SW, Sikorski JA. Application of 2-substituted vinamidinium salts to the synthesis of 2,4-disubstituted pyrroles. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00302a047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Brown HC, Sikorski JA. Organoboranes. 26. Boron-11 NMR investigation of reactions of 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene with monochloroborane complexes. Preparation and hydroboration characteristics of thexylchloroborane reagents. Organometallics 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/om00061a006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Gupton JT, Krolikowski DA, Yu RH, Vu Phong, Sikorski JA, Dahl ML, Jones CR. An efficient, regiocontrolled synthesis of 5-aryl-2-carbethoxypyrroles from 3-aryl-3-chloropropeniminium salts. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00046a033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Castellino S, Leo GC, Sammons RD, Sikorski JA. Solution conformations of two shikimate 3-phosphates: determination by NMR and molecular mechanics calculations. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00017a034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Brown HC, Nazer B, Sikorski JA. Addition compounds of alkali-metal hydrides. 23. Preparation of potassium triisopropoxyborohydride in improved purity. Organometallics 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/om00077a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Brown HC, Sikorski JA, Kulkarni SU, Lee HD. Thexylchloroborane-methyl sulfide. A selective monohydroborating agent with exceptional regioselectivity. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo01310a068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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35
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Idoux JP, Scandrett JM, Sikorski JA. Proximity effects. 2. Conformational influence of nonacyl groups on acyl group properties in N-monosubstituted amides and in other carboxylic acid derivatives: a 7-position proximity effect. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00456a007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Castellino S, Leo GC, Sammons RD, Sikorski JA. Phosphorus-31, nitrogen-15, and carbon-13 and NMR of glyphosate: comparison of pH titrations to the herbicidal dead-end complex with 5-enolpyruvoylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase. Biochemistry 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/bi00435a035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Wang LJ, Grapperhaus ML, Pitzele BS, Hagen TJ, Fok KF, Scholten JA, Spangler DP, Toth MV, Jerome GM, Moore WM, Manning PT, Sikorski JA. Syntheses of new conformationally constrainedS-[2-[(1-iminoethyl)amino] ethyl]homocysteine derivatives as potential nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Heteroatom Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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38
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Sikorski JA, Connolly DT. The discovery of new cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 2001; 4:602-13. [PMID: 12825455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) has been an important but controversial target for elevating HDLc (high density lipoprotein cholesterol) and treating atherosclerosis. Significant progress toward inhibiting CETP has occurred on several fronts, including the development of an antisense inhibitor, irreversible small molecule inhibitors and reversible small molecule inhibitors. Several orally bioavailable, small molecule CETP inhibitors have shown potential to improve the HDLc to LDLc (low density lipoprotein cholesterol) ratio in various animal models at reasonable doses, and one of these compounds has shown efficacy in preventing atherosclerosis in a rabbit model. However, several more years of clinical testing will likely be needed to demonstrate that these clinical candidates can provide a potential therapeutic benefit to patients with coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Sikorski
- Discovery Research, Medicinal Chemistry, AtheroGenics Inc., 8995 Westside Parkway, Alpharetta, GA 30004, USA.
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39
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Massa MA, Spangler DP, Durley RC, Hickory BS, Connolly DT, Witherbee BJ, Smith ME, Sikorski JA. Novel heteroaryl replacements of aromatic 3-tetrafluoroethoxy substituents in trifluoro-3-(tertiaryamino)-2-propanols as potent inhibitors of cholesteryl ester transfer protein. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:1625-8. [PMID: 11425523 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00244-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel N,N-disubstituted trifluoro-3-amino-2-propanols has been prepared as potent inhibitors of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). Modifying the aromatic 3-tetrafluoroethoxy group in the lead molecule 1a with various heteroaryl moieties produced new 2-furyl analogues 2a,b with submicromolar potency in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Massa
- Pharmacia Discovery Research, 700 Chesterfield Parkway North, 63198, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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40
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Durley RC, Grapperhaus ML, Massa MA, Mischke DA, Parnas BL, Fobian YM, Rath NP, Honda DD, Zeng M, Connolly DT, Heuvelman DM, Witherbee BJ, Glenn KC, Krul ES, Smith ME, Sikorski JA. Discovery of chiral N,N-disubstituted trifluoro-3-amino-2-propanols as potent inhibitors of cholesteryl ester transfer protein. J Med Chem 2000; 43:4575-8. [PMID: 11101348 DOI: 10.1021/jm000337b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R C Durley
- Pharmacia Discovery Research, 700 Chesterfield Parkway North, St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA.
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41
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Connolly DT, Witherbee BJ, Melton MA, Durley RC, Grapperhaus ML, McKinnis BR, Vernier WF, Babler MA, Shieh JJ, Smith ME, Sikorski JA. Stereospecific inhibition of CETP by chiral N,N-disubstituted trifluoro-3-amino-2-propanols. Biochemistry 2000; 39:13870-9. [PMID: 11076528 DOI: 10.1021/bi001356q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chiral N,N-disubstituted trifluoro-3-amino-2-propanols represent a recently discovered class of compounds that inhibit the neutral lipid transfer activity of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). These compounds all contain a single chiral center that is essential for inhibitory activity. (R,S)SC-744, which is composed of a mixture of the two enantiomers, inhibits CETP-mediated transfer of [(3)H]cholesteryl ester ([(3)H]CE) from HDL donor particles to LDL acceptor particles with an IC(50) = 200 nM when assayed using a reconstituted system in buffer and with an IC(50) = 6 microM when assayed in plasma. Upon isolation of the enantiomers, it was found that the (R,+) enantiomer, SC-795, was about 10-fold more potent than the mixture, and that the (S,-) enantiomer, SC-794, did not have significant inhibitory activity (IC(50) > 0.8 microM). All of the activity of the (S,-)SC-794 enantiomer could be accounted for by contamination of this sample with a residual 2% of the highly potent (R,+) enantiomer, SC-795. The IC(50) of (R,+)SC-795, 20 nM, approached the concentration of CETP (8 nM) in the buffer assay. These chiral N,N-disubstituted trifluoro-3-amino-2-propanols were found to associate with both LDL and HDL, but did not disrupt overall lipoprotein structure. They did not affect the on or off rates of CETP binding to HDL disk particles. Inhibition was highly specific since the activities of phospholipid transfer protein and lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase were not affected. Competition experiments showed that the more potent enantiomer (R)SC-795 prevented cholesteryl ester binding to CETP, and direct binding experiments demonstrated that this inhibitor bound to CETP with high affinity and specificity. It is estimated, based on the relative concentrations of inhibitor and lipid in the transfer assay, that (R)SC-795 binds approximately 5000-fold more efficiently to CETP than the natural ligand, cholesteryl ester. We conclude that these chiral N,N-disubstituted trifluoro-3-amino-2-propanol compounds do not affect lipoprotein structure or CETP-lipoprotein recognition, but inhibit lipid transfer by binding to CETP reversibly and stereospecifically at a site that competes with neutral lipid binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Connolly
- Pharmacia Discovery Research, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, USA.
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42
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Sikorski JA, Devadas B, Zupec ME, Freeman SK, Brown DL, Lu HF, Nagarajan S, Mehta PP, Wade AC, Kishore NS, Bryant ML, Getman DP, McWherter CA, Gordon JI. Selective peptidic and peptidomimetic inhibitors of Candida albicans myristoylCoA: protein N-myristoyltransferase: a new approach to antifungal therapy. Biopolymers 2000; 43:43-71. [PMID: 9174411 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0282(1997)43:1<43::aid-bip5>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
MyristoylCoA: protein N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) catalyzes the cotranslational covalent attachment of a rare cellular fatty acid, myristate, to the N-terminal Gly residue of a variety of eukaryotic proteins. The myristoyl moiety is often essential for expression of the biological functions for these proteins. Attachment of C14:0 alone provides barely enough hydrophobicity to allow stable association with membranes. The partitioning of N-myrisotylproteins is therefore often modulated by "switches" that function through additional covalent or noncovalent modifications. Candida albicans, the principal cause of systemic fungal infection in immunocompromised humans, contains a single NMT gene that is essential for its viability. The functional properties of the acylCoA binding site of human and C. albicans NMT are very similar. However, there are distinct differences in their peptide binding sites. An ADP ribosylation factor (Arf) is included among the few cellular protein substrates of the fungal enzyme. Alanine scanning mutagenesis of an octapeptide derived from an N-terminal Arf sequence (GLYASKLS-NH2) disclosed that Gly1, Ser5, and Lys6 play predominant roles in binding. ALYASKLS-NH2 is an inhibitor competitive for peptide [Ki(app) = 15.3 +/- 6.4 microM] and noncompetitive for myristoylCoA. Remarkably, replacement of the N-terminal tetrapeptide with an 11-aminoundecanoyl group results in a competitive inhibitor (11-aminoundecanoyl-SKLS-NH2) that is approximately 40-fold more potent [Ki(app) = 0.40 +/- 0.03 microM] than the starting octapeptide. Removal of Leu-Ser from the C-terminus generates a competitive dipeptide inhibitor (11-aminoundecanoyl-SK-NH2) with a Ki(app) of 11.7 +/- 0.4 microM, equivalent to that of the starting octapeptide. A derivative dipeptide inhibitor containing a C-terminal N-cyclohexylethyl lysinamide moiety has the advantage of being more potent (IC50 = 0.11 +/- 0.03 microM) and resistant to digestion by cellular carboxypeptidases. Rigidifying the flexible aminoundecanoyl chain results in very potent general NMT inhibitors (IC50 = 40-50 nM). Substituting a 2-methylimidazole for the N-terminal amine and adding a benzylic alpha-methyl group with R stereochemistry to the rigidifying element produces even more potent inhibitors (IC50 = 20-50 nM) that are up to 500-fold selective for the fungal compared to human enzyme. A related less potent member of this series of compounds is fungistatic. Its growth inhibitory effects are associated with a reduction in cellular protein N-myristoylation, judged using cellular Arf as a reporter. These studies establish that NMT is a new antifungal target.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Sikorski
- G.D. Searle Research and Development, Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
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43
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Gupton JT, Burham BS, Krumpe K, Du K, Sikorski JA, Warren AE, Barnes CR, Hall IH. Synthesis and cytotoxicity of 2,4-disubstituted and 2,3,4-trisubstituted brominated pyrroles in murine and human cultured tumor cells. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2000; 333:3-9. [PMID: 10675983 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4184(200001)333:1<3::aid-ardp3>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The 2,4-disubstituted and 2,3,4-trisubstituted brominated pyrroles were successfully prepared and demonstrated potent cytotoxicity against the growth of suspended murine and human tumors, i.e. leukemia and lymphomas, acute monocytic leukemia, and HeLa-S3 uterine carcinoma. The brominated compounds were more selective in inhibiting the growth of tumors derived from human solid tumors. Nevertheless, activity with some of the derivatives occurred in the human KB nasopharynx, SW-480 colon, and HCT ileum adenocarcinoma, and lung A549 carcinoma screens. In Tmolt4 T cell leukemia cells DNA synthesis was reduced over 60 min from 25 to 100 microM followed by RNA synthesis reduction. De novo purine synthesis was retarded with the regulatory enzyme PRPP-amido transferase being markedly inhibited with less effects on the activities of IMP dehydrogenase, dihydrofolate reductase,, and the nucleoside kinases. After 60 min incubations d[TTP] and d[GTP] pools were marginally reduced. In vitro ct-DNA studies suggest that the agents may affect the DNA molecule itself with increased DNA viscosity and the Tmolt4 studies suggest that DNA cross-linking of DNA strands may be present.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Gupton
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27577-7360, USA
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44
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Massa MA, Pitzele BS, Jerome GM, Moore WM, Manning PT, Sikorski JA. Syntheses of new racemicNG-(1-iminoethyl)phosphalysine derivatives as potential inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase. Heteroatom Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1098-1071(2000)11:7<505::aid-hc8>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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45
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Salvemini D, Wang ZQ, Zweier JL, Samouilov A, Macarthur H, Misko TP, Currie MG, Cuzzocrea S, Sikorski JA, Riley DP. A nonpeptidyl mimic of superoxide dismutase with therapeutic activity in rats. Science 1999; 286:304-6. [PMID: 10514375 DOI: 10.1126/science.286.5438.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Many human diseases are associated with the overproduction of oxygen free radicals that inflict cell damage. A manganese(II) complex with a bis(cyclohexylpyridine)-substituted macrocyclic ligand (M40403) was designed to be a functional mimic of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes that normally remove these radicals. M40403 had high catalytic SOD activity and was chemically and biologically stable in vivo. Injection of M40403 into rat models of inflammation and ischemia-reperfusion injury protected the animals against tissue damage. Such mimics may result in better clinical therapies for diseases mediated by superoxide radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Salvemini
- MetaPhore Pharmaceuticals, 1910 Innerbelt Business Center Drive, St. Louis, MO 63114, USA.
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Sikorski JA, Peterson ML, Corey SD, Font JL, Walker MC. New 4-(α-Hetero-Phosphonomethyl) Pyrrole 2-Carboxylates are EPSP Synthase Inhibitors. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/10426509908546320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Sikorski
- a Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- b Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- c Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- d Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- e Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
| | - Mark L. Peterson
- a Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- b Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- c Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- d Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- e Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
| | - Susan D. Corey
- a Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- b Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- c Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- d Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- e Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
| | - Jose L. Font
- a Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- b Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- c Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- d Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- e Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
| | - Mark C. Walker
- a Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- b Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- c Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- d Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- e Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
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Sikorski JA, Sammons DR, Gruys KJ, Walker MC. Insights from 31P NMR Studies of Substrate and Inhibitor Complexes with EPSP Synthase. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/10426509908546239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Sikorski
- a Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- b Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- c Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- d Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
| | - Douglas R. Sammons
- a Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- b Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- c Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- d Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
| | - Kenneth J. Gruys
- a Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- b Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- c Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- d Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
| | - Mark C. Walker
- a Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- b Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- c Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
- d Monsanto Company , St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
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Lodge JK, Jackson-Machelski E, Higgins M, McWherter CA, Sikorski JA, Devadas B, Gordon JI. Genetic and biochemical studies establish that the fungicidal effect of a fully depeptidized inhibitor of Cryptococcus neoformans myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase (Nmt) is Nmt-dependent. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:12482-91. [PMID: 9575206 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.20.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen that causes chronic meningitis in 10% of patients with AIDS. Genetic and biochemical studies were conducted to determine whether myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase (Nmt) is a target for development of a new class of fungicidal drugs. A single copy of a conditional lethal C. neoformans NMT allele was introduced into the fungal genome by homologous recombination. The allele (nmt487D) produces temperature-sensitive myristic acid auxotrophy. This phenotype is due, in part, to under-myristoylation of a cellular ADP ribosylation factor (Arf) and can be rescued by forced expression of human Nmt. Two isogenic strains with identical growth kinetics at 35 degreesC were used to test the biological effects of an Nmt inhibitor. CPA8 contained a single copy of wild type C. neoformans NMT. HMC1 contained nmt487D plus 10 copies of human NMT. Since a single copy of nmt487D will not support growth at 35 degreesC, survival of HMC1 depends upon its human Nmt. ALYASKLS-NH2, an inhibitor derived from an Arf, was fully depeptidized: p-[(2-methyl-1-imidazol-1-yl)butyl]phenyl-acetyl was used to represent the GLYA tetrapeptide, whereas SKLS was replaced with a chiral tyrosinol scaffold. Kinetic studies revealed Ki (app) values of 1.8 +/- 1 and 9 +/- 2.4 microM for purified fungal and human Nmts, respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentration of the compound was 2-fold lower for CPA8 compared with HMC1. A single dose of 100 microM produced a 5-fold greater inhibition of protein synthesis in CPA8 versus HMC1. The strain specificity of these responses indicates that the fungicidal effect was Nmt-dependent. These two strains may be useful for screening chemical libraries for Nmt-based fungicidal compounds with relatively little activity against the human enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Lodge
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Gupton JT, Krumpe KE, Burnham BS, Dwornik KA, Petrich SA, Du KX, Bruce MA, Vu P, Vargas M, Keertikar KM, Hosein KN, Jones CR, Sikorski JA. The application of disubstituted vinylogous iminium salts and related synthons to the regiocontrolled preparation of unsymmetrical 2,3,4-trisubstituted pyrroles. Tetrahedron 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(98)00247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Devadas B, Freeman SK, McWherter CA, Kishore NS, Lodge JK, Jackson-Machelski E, Gordon JI, Sikorski JA. Novel biologically active nonpeptidic inhibitors of myristoylCoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase. J Med Chem 1998; 41:996-1000. [PMID: 9526574 DOI: 10.1021/jm980001q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A new class of biologically active nonpeptidic inhibitors of Candida albicans NMT has been synthesized starting from the octapeptide ALYASKLS-NH2 (2). The synthetic strategy entailed the preparation of novel protected Ser-Lys mimics 9 and 12 from (S)- or (R)-3-iodotyrosine and then grafting key enzyme recognition elements in a stepwise manner. Like 2, compounds 16, 17, and 18 are competitive Candida NMT inhibitors that bind to the peptide recognition site of the enzyme. Moreover, 16-18 have an affinity comparable to that of 2 even though they are devoid of peptide bonds. In contrast to 2, these nonpeptidic inhibitors exhibit antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Devadas
- Department of Medicinal and Structural Chemistry, G. D. Searle and Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
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