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Roose TR, Preschel HD, Mayo Tejedor H, Roozee JC, Hamlin TA, Maes BUW, Ruijter E, Orru RVA. Iron-Catalysed Carbene Transfer to Isocyanides as a Platform for Heterocycle Synthesis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203074. [PMID: 36305372 PMCID: PMC10108253 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An iron-catalysed carbene transfer reaction of diazo compounds to isocyanides has been developed. The resulting ketenimines are trapped in situ with various bisnucleophiles to access a range of densely functionalized heterocycles (pyrimidinones, dihydropyrazolones, 1H-tetrazoles) in a one-pot process. The electron-rich Hieber anion ([Fe(CO)3 NO]- ) facilitates efficient catalytic carbene transfer from acceptor-type α-diazo carbonyl compounds to isocyanides, providing a cost-efficient and benign alternative to similar noble metal-catalysed processes. Based on DFT calculations a plausible reaction mechanism for activation of the α-diazo carbonyl carbene precursor and ketenimine formation is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Roose
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences Amsterdam Institute for Molecular & Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Daniel Preschel
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences Amsterdam Institute for Molecular & Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helena Mayo Tejedor
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences Amsterdam Institute for Molecular & Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper C Roozee
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences Amsterdam Institute for Molecular & Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences Amsterdam Institute for Molecular & Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bert U W Maes
- Organic Synthesis Division Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eelco Ruijter
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences Amsterdam Institute for Molecular & Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Romano V A Orru
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences Amsterdam Institute for Molecular & Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Organic Chemistry Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 KD, Geleen, The Netherlands
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2
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Birkmann A, Bonsmann S, Kropeit D, Pfaff T, Rangaraju M, Sumner M, Timmler B, Zimmermann H, Buschmann H, Ruebsamen-Schaeff H. Discovery, Chemistry, and Preclinical Development of Pritelivir, a Novel Treatment Option for Acyclovir-Resistant Herpes Simplex Virus Infections. J Med Chem 2022; 65:13614-13628. [PMID: 36202389 PMCID: PMC9620171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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When the nucleoside analogue acyclovir was introduced
in the early
1980s, it presented a game-changing treatment modality for herpes
simplex virus infections. Since then, work has been ongoing to improve
the weaknesses that have now been identified: a narrow time window
for therapeutic success, resistance in immunocompromised patients,
little influence on frequency of recurrences, relatively fast elimination,
and poor bioavailability. The present Drug Annotation focuses on the
helicase–primase inhibitor pritelivir currently in development
for the treatment of acyclovir-resistant HSV infections and describes
how a change of the molecular target (from viral DNA polymerase to
the HSV helicase–primase complex) afforded improvement of the
shortcomings of nucleoside analogs. Details are presented for the
discovery process leading to the final drug candidate, the pivotal
preclinical studies on mechanism of action and efficacy, and on how
ongoing clinical research has been able to translate preclinical promises
into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dirk Kropeit
- AiCuris Anti-Infective Cures AG, 42117 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Tamara Pfaff
- AiCuris Anti-Infective Cures AG, 42117 Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Melanie Sumner
- AiCuris Anti-Infective Cures AG, 42117 Wuppertal, Germany
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3
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Sunchu B, Berg L, Ward HE, Lopper ME. Identification of a small molecule PriA helicase inhibitor. Biochemistry 2012. [PMID: 23193948 DOI: 10.1021/bi301100w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PriA helicase catalyzes the initial steps of replisome reloading onto repaired DNA replication forks in bacterial DNA replication restart pathways. We have used a high-throughput screen to identify a small molecule inhibitor of PriA-catalyzed duplex DNA unwinding. The compound, CGS 15943, targets Neisseria gonorrhoeae PriA helicase with an IC(50) of 114 ± 24 μM. The PriA helicase of Escherichia coli is also inhibited, although to a lesser extent than N. gonorrhoeae PriA. CGS 15943 decreases rates of PriA-catalyzed ATP hydrolysis and reduces the affinity with which PriA binds DNA. Steady-state kinetic data indicate that CGS 15943 inhibits PriA through a mixed mode of inhibition with respect to ATP and with respect to DNA, indicating that it binds to a site on PriA that participates in both substrate binding and catalysis. Inhibitor binding constants derived from steady-state kinetic experiments reveal that CGS 15943 has the highest binding affinity for the PriA·PriB·ATP complex, intermediate binding affinity for the PriA·PriB·DNA complex, and the lowest binding affinity for the PriA·PriB·DNA·ATP complex, suggesting that PriA assumes different conformations in each of these complexes. We propose that CGS 15943 binds to PriA at a site distinct from the DNA and primary ATP binding sites, perhaps at PriA's weak nucleotide binding site, and induces a conformational change in PriA that renders it less catalytically proficient or prevents conformational changes in PriA that are necessary for ATP hydrolysis and duplex DNA unwinding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Sunchu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
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Biswas S, Field HJ. Helicase-Primase Inhibitors: A New Approach to Combat Herpes Simplex Virus and Varicella Zoster Virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527635955.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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5
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Abstract
The discovery of novel small-molecule antibacterial drugs has been stalled for many years. The purpose of this review is to underscore and illustrate those scientific problems unique to the discovery and optimization of novel antibacterial agents that have adversely affected the output of the effort. The major challenges fall into two areas: (i) proper target selection, particularly the necessity of pursuing molecular targets that are not prone to rapid resistance development, and (ii) improvement of chemical libraries to overcome limitations of diversity, especially that which is necessary to overcome barriers to bacterial entry and proclivity to be effluxed, especially in Gram-negative organisms. Failure to address these problems has led to a great deal of misdirected effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn L Silver
- LL Silver Consulting, LLC, 955 S. Springfield Ave., Unit C403, Springfield, NJ 07081, USA.
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6
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Abstract
To date, although many viral infections can be successfully prevented via vaccination, we lack effective knowledge of vaccines for numerous important human pathogens, including hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Accordingly, antiviral drugs will be needed to treat many viral diseases. Virally encoded enzymes and cellular enzymes adapted for use by viruses for replication might represent useful targets for antiviral drugs. Drugs that target either a viral or cellular polypeptide hold different implications. Inhibitors of unique viral functions have a lower risk of toxicity, whereas inhibitors of cellular enzymes that are used by viruses have a narrower window for efficacy without creating toxicity. All viruses seem to require a helicase function for replication. HCV encodes a viral RNA helicase, and recent findings have shown that HIV-1 adapts a cellular RNA helicase for its viral lifecycle. These observations raise the possibility of small-molecule helicase inhibitors as a general mode of antiviral therapy. Helicases fall into three super-families (SF1, SF2 and SF3) with conserved motifs. The conserved motifs are associated with conserved helicase function. However, outside of the conserved motifs the primary sequences and tertiary structures between helicases are differ greatly. In this regard, differences in primary sequence and tertiary structure between the helicase of a viral pathogen and that of cellular helicases can be exploited to confer specificity to an antiviral inhibitor. The conformation of an active helicase can be broadly divided into an 'open' and a 'closed' complex. Strategies for identifying small-molecule helicase inhibitors include: inhibiting NTPase activity by direct competition with NTP binding; competitively inhibit nucleic-acid binding; inhibiting NTP hydrolysis or NDP release by blocking the movement of domain 2; inhibiting the process that couples NTP hydrolysis to translocation and unwinding of nucleic acid; inhibiting unwinding by sterically blocking helicase translocation; and inhibiting unwinding. Other potential inhibitory mechanisms include those that change the physical conformation of the helicase, or those that disrupt helicase turnover, or those that inhibit helicase interaction with other crucial proteins. Preclinical proof of concept for helicase inhibitors as antiviral agents has been obtained for HSV. This breakthrough finding provides the best evidence to date that it is possible to develop selective, potent inhibitors of a viral helicase as antiviral agents. Searches are ongoing for antihelicase molecules that have activity against HCV or HIV-1.
Although there has been considerable progress in the development of antiviral agents in recent years, there is still a pressing need for new drugs both to improve on the properties of existing agents and to combat the problem of viral resistance. Helicases, both viral and human, have recently emerged as novel targets for the treatment of viral infections. Here, we discuss the role of these enzymes, factors affecting their potential as drug targets and progress in the development of agents that inhibit their activity using the hepatitis C virus-encoded helicase NS3 and the cellular helicase DDX3 adopted for use by HIV-1 as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann D. Kwong
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, 02139 Massachusetts USA
| | - B. Govinda Rao
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, 02139 Massachusetts USA
| | - Kuan-Teh Jeang
- The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, 20892 Maryland USA
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7
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Duan J, Liuzzi M, Paris W, Liard F, Browne A, Dansereau N, Simoneau B, Faucher AM, Cordingley MG. Oral bioavailability and in vivo efficacy of the helicase-primase inhibitor BILS 45 BS against acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus type 1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:1798-804. [PMID: 12760851 PMCID: PMC155846 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.6.1798-1804.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the oral bioavailability and efficacy of BILS 45 BS, a selective herpes simplex virus (HSV) helicase-primase inhibitor, against acyclovir (ACV)-resistant (ACV(r)) infections mediated by the HSV type 1 (HSV-1) dlsptk and PAA(r)5 mutant strains. In vitro, the compound was more potent than ACV against wild-type clinical and laboratory HSV-1 strains and ACV(r) HSV isolates, as determined by a standard plaque reduction assay, with a mean 50% effective concentration of about 0.15 microM. The oral bioavailability of BILS 45 BS in hairless mice was 49%, with a peak concentration in plasma of 31.5 microM after administration of a single dose of 25 mg/kg. Following cutaneous infection of nude mice, both the HSV-1 dlsptk and PAA(r)5 mutant strains induced significant, reproducible, and persistent cutaneous lesions that lasted for more than 2 weeks. Oral treatment with ACV (100 or 125 mg/kg/day, three times a day by gavage) did not affect either mutant-induced infection. In contrast, BILS 45 BS at an oral dose of 100 mg/kg/day almost completely abolished cutaneous lesions mediated by both ACV(r) HSV-1 mutants. The 50% effective doses of BILS 45 BS were 56.7 and 61 mg/kg/day against dlsptk- and PAA(r)5-induced infections, respectively. Taken together, our results demonstrate very effective oral therapy of experimental ACV(r) HSV-1 infections in nude mice and support the potential use of HSV helicase-primase inhibitors for the treatment of nucleoside-resistant HSV disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Duan
- Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Ltd., Laval, Québec, Canada H7S 2G5.
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Abstract
Helicases catalytically unwind duplex DNA or RNA using energy derived from the hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphates and are attractive drug targets because they are required for viral replication. This review discusses methods for helicase identification, classification and analysis, and presents an overview of helicases that are necessary for the replication of human pathogenic viruses. Newly developed methods to analyze helicases, coupled with recently determined atomic structures, have led to a better understanding of their mechanisms of action. The majority of this research has concentrated on enzymes encoded by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) and the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Helicase inhibitors that target the HSV helicase-primase complex comprised of the UL5, UL8 and UL52 proteins have recently been shown to effectively control HSV infection in animal models. In addition, several groups have reported structures of the HCV NS3 helicase at atomic resolutions, and mechanistic studies have uncovered characteristics that distinguish the HCV helicase from related cellular proteins. These new developments should eventually lead to new antiviral medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Frick
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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Abstract
DNA primases are enzymes whose continual activity is required at the DNA replication fork. They catalyze the synthesis of short RNA molecules used as primers for DNA polymerases. Primers are synthesized from ribonucleoside triphosphates and are four to fifteen nucleotides long. Most DNA primases can be divided into two classes. The first class contains bacterial and bacteriophage enzymes found associated with replicative DNA helicases. These prokaryotic primases contain three distinct domains: an amino terminal domain with a zinc ribbon motif involved in binding template DNA, a middle RNA polymerase domain, and a carboxyl-terminal region that either is itself a DNA helicase or interacts with a DNA helicase. The second major primase class comprises heterodimeric eukaryotic primases that form a complex with DNA polymerase alpha and its accessory B subunit. The small eukaryotic primase subunit contains the active site for RNA synthesis, and its activity correlates with DNA replication during the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Frick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA.
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