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Rashid MH, Babu D, Tran N, Reiz B, Siraki AG. Neutrophil Myeloperoxidase-Mediated N-Demethylation of Quetiapine Leads to N-Desalkylquetiapine, a Pharmacologically Active Cytochrome P450 Metabolite. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1001-1010. [PMID: 35575633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The atypical antipsychotic drugs, quetiapine and clozapine, are associated with idiosyncratic drug reactions (such as agranulocytosis or neutropenia) that are thought to involve reactive metabolites. Neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MPO) metabolism of quetiapine is not well-studied, but is metabolized by cytochrome P450. Based on structural similarity to clozapine, we hypothesized that quetiapine can be metabolized by MPO and that there is overlap between cytochrome P450 and MPO metabolism of quetiapine. The interaction of quetiapine and clozapine with MPO and MPO chlorination activity was studied using UV-vis spectrophotometry. The metabolites were characterized using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used for detecting drug-catalyzed glutathione oxidation. In the presence of quetiapine, MPO compound II accumulated for about 7.5 min, whereas in the presence of clozapine, MPO compound II was not observed as it was rapidly reduced back to the resting state. Increasing quetiapine concentrations resulted in a decrease in MPO chlorination activity, while the opposite result was found in the case of clozapine. UV-vis spectral studies showed no change when quetiapine was oxidized in the absence and presence of chloride anion (Cl-, to catalyze chlorination reactions). Significant changes, however, were observed in the same assay with clozapine, where Cl- appeared to hinder the rate of clozapine metabolism. The MPO-catalyzed hydroxylated and dealkylated metabolites of quetiapine and hydroxylated metabolites of clozapine were observed from the LC-MS analyses, particularly when Cl- was included in the reaction. In addition, hydroxylated, dealkylated, and a proposed sulfoxide metabolite of quetiapine were also observed in the reaction catalyzed by human microsomes/NADPH. Lastly, compared to quetiapine, clozapine metabolism by MPO/H2O2 and glutathione produced more glutathionyl radicals using EPR spin trapping. In conclusion, MPO/H2O2/Cl- was shown to metabolize quetiapine to S-oxidation and P450-like dealkylation products, and quetiapine metabolites were generally less reactive than clozapine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Harunur Rashid
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada.,Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, 1207 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Dinesh Babu
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Newton Tran
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Béla Reiz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Arno G Siraki
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
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Akbarzadeh M, Bakavoli M, Eshghi H, Shiri A, Tajabadi J. Synthesis of Dihydrobenzo[b]pyrimido[4,5-e][1,4]Thiazepines; Derivatives of a Novel Ring System. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.3184/174751915x14401726334645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several derivatives of the novel dihydrobenzo[b]pyrimido[4,5-e][1,4]thiazepine ring system have been synthesised through the initial heterocyclisation of 2,4-dichloro-5-(chloromethyl)-6-methylpyrimidine with o-aminothiophenol followed by treatment with various secondary amines in boiling ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Akbarzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 91775-1436 Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bakavoli
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 91775-1436 Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Eshghi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 91775-1436 Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Shiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 91775-1436 Mashhad, Iran
| | - Javad Tajabadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 91775-1436 Mashhad, Iran
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Mouithys-Mickalad Mareque A, Faez JM, Chistiaens L, Kohnen S, Deby C, Hoebeke M, Lamy M, Deby-Dupont G. In vitroevaluation of glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-like activity and antioxidant properties of some Ebselen analogues. Redox Rep 2013; 9:81-7. [PMID: 15231062 DOI: 10.1179/135100004225004788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Four analogues of Ebselen were synthesized and their glutathione peroxidase activity and antioxidant property evaluated and compared to Ebselen. Among the studied compounds, only diselenide [3] exhibited both glutathione peroxidase activity and radical-scavenging capability. Compounds [3] and [4] showed a strong inhibitory effect (53% and 43%, respectively) on the lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid compared to Ebselen and selenide derivatives ([1] and [2]) which were less active (28%, 26% and 18% inhibition, respectively). A concentration-dependent inhibitory effect was also found in the model of the formation of ABTS*+ radical cation: 65% and 89% inhibition for compound [3] at 10(-4) M and 5 x 10(-5) M, respectively, and 68% and 90% for compound [4], compared to 14% and 52% inhibition for Ebselen and the diselenides [1] and [2] (29%, 46% and 45%, 68%, respectively). By EPR spin trapping technique, the following inhibitory profile of the Ebselen analogues was observed towards the formation of thiyl radicals: Ebselen = [3]>[1]>[2]>[4]. Studies with compound [3] are in progress on oxidative stress cell models.
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Sandersen C, Mouithys-Mickalad A, de la Rebière G, Deby G, Serteyn D, Franck T. Modulating effects of acepromazine on the reactive oxygen species production by stimulated equine neutrophils. Vet Anaesth Analg 2011; 38:83-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2010.00583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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New hybrids of clozapine and haloperidol and their isosteric analogues: synthesis, X-ray crystallography, conformational analysis and preliminary pharmacological evaluation. Struct Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-010-9591-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Jagadhani SG, Shelke SN, Karale BK. Synthesis and antimicrobial screening of some chromones and thiazepines by conventional and microwave irradiation. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2009. [DOI: 10.1515/hc.2009.15.3.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Capuano B, Crosby IT, Forsyth CM, Lloyd EJ, Vom A, Yuriev E. 8-Chloro-5-(4-phenethylpiperazin-1--yl)pyrido[2,3-b][1,5]benzoxazepine. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2008; 64:o1865-6. [PMID: 21201082 PMCID: PMC2959242 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536808027062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As part of an anti-psychotic drug discovery program, we report the crystal structure of the title compound, C(24)H(23)ClN(4)O. The mol-ecule has a tricyclic framework with a characteristic buckled V-shaped pyridobenzoxazepine unit, with the central seven-membered heterocycle in a boat configuration. The piperazine ring displays a chair conformation with the 2-phenyl-ethyl substituent assuming an equatorial orientation. There are two crystallographically independent, but virtually identical, mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Capuano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Park Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ian T. Crosby
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Park Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Craig M. Forsyth
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Edward J. Lloyd
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Park Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Amelia Vom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Park Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Yuriev
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Park Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Xu X, Guo S, Dang Q, Chen J, Bai X. A new strategy toward fused-pyridine heterocyclic scaffolds: Bischler-Napieralski-type cyclization, followed by sulfoxide extrusion reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:773-82. [PMID: 17658898 DOI: 10.1021/cc0700389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Method development was completed for a new strategy to obtain fused-pyridine heterocyclic scaffolds. The synthetic route entails a Bischler-Napieralski-type reaction as the key step, followed by a sulfoxide extrusion reaction. The reactions of 3-amino-2-arylthiopyridines or 3-amino-4-arylthiopyridines and carboxylic acids promoted by a Lewis acid such as SnCl4 yielded novel tricyclic pyridobenzothiazepines, which could be readily converted to their corresponding oxidized products via a sequence of sulfur oxidations and eventually to benzonaphthyridines via a sulfoxide extrusion. The synthetic strategy provides an efficient way to access libraries of novel structurally diversified heterocyclic compounds with potential pharmaceutical or biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxiu Xu
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Jilin University, 75 Haiwai Street, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China
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Bellina F, Cauteruccio S, Rossi R. Synthesis and biological activity of vicinal diaryl-substituted 1H-imidazoles. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Millan MJ. Multi-target strategies for the improved treatment of depressive states: Conceptual foundations and neuronal substrates, drug discovery and therapeutic application. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 110:135-370. [PMID: 16522330 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Major depression is a debilitating and recurrent disorder with a substantial lifetime risk and a high social cost. Depressed patients generally display co-morbid symptoms, and depression frequently accompanies other serious disorders. Currently available drugs display limited efficacy and a pronounced delay to onset of action, and all provoke distressing side effects. Cloning of the human genome has fuelled expectations that symptomatic treatment may soon become more rapid and effective, and that depressive states may ultimately be "prevented" or "cured". In pursuing these objectives, in particular for genome-derived, non-monoaminergic targets, "specificity" of drug actions is often emphasized. That is, priority is afforded to agents that interact exclusively with a single site hypothesized as critically involved in the pathogenesis and/or control of depression. Certain highly selective drugs may prove effective, and they remain indispensable in the experimental (and clinical) evaluation of the significance of novel mechanisms. However, by analogy to other multifactorial disorders, "multi-target" agents may be better adapted to the improved treatment of depressive states. Support for this contention is garnered from a broad palette of observations, ranging from mechanisms of action of adjunctive drug combinations and electroconvulsive therapy to "network theory" analysis of the etiology and management of depressive states. The review also outlines opportunities to be exploited, and challenges to be addressed, in the discovery and characterization of drugs recognizing multiple targets. Finally, a diversity of multi-target strategies is proposed for the more efficacious and rapid control of core and co-morbid symptoms of depression, together with improved tolerance relative to currently available agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Centre de Recherches de Croissy, Psychopharmacology Department, 125, Chemin de Ronde, 78290-Croissy/Seine, France.
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Fu R, Xu X, Dang Q, Bai X. Synthesis of Novel Tricyclic Pyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]benzothiazepines via Bischler−Napieralski-Type Reactions. J Org Chem 2005; 70:10810-6. [PMID: 16356004 DOI: 10.1021/jo051873k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Novel tricyclic pyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]benzothiazepines were readily prepared from 5-amino-4,6-bis(arylthio)pyrimidines and carboxylic acids via Bischler-Napieralski-type reactions. The 6-aryl sulfide group of the resulting pyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]benzothiazepines could be selectively oxidized to its corresponding sulfoxide, which underwent facile substitution reactions when treated with nucleophiles such as an amine. This synthetic strategy provides an efficient way to access a library of novel heterocyclic compounds that are of interest in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzhong Fu
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Jilin University, 75 Haiwai Street, Changchun, Jilin 130012, PR China
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Asproni B, Pau A, Bitti M, Melosu M, Cerri R, Dazzi L, Seu E, Maciocco E, Sanna E, Busonero F, Talani G, Pusceddu L, Altomare C, Trapani G, Biggio G. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 1-[(1,2-diphenyl-1H-4-imidazolyl)methyl]-4-phenylpiperazines with clozapine-like mixed activities at dopamine D(2), serotonin, and GABA(A) receptors. J Med Chem 2002; 45:4655-68. [PMID: 12361392 DOI: 10.1021/jm020848t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of 18 1-[(1,2-diphenyl-1H-4-imidazolyl)methyl]-4-piperazines (1a-r) were designed and synthesized as possible ligands with mixed dopamine (DA) D(2)/serotonin 5-HT(1A) affinity, with the aim of identifying novel compounds with neurochemical and pharmacological properties similar to those of clozapine. The binding profile at D(2) like, 5-HT(1A), and 5-HT(2A) receptors of title compounds was determined. Modifications made in the phenyl rings of the parent compound (1a) produced congeners endowed with a broad range of binding affinities for DA D(2) like, serotonin 5-HT(1A), and 5-HT(2A) receptors, with IC(50) values ranging from 25 to >10,000 nM. As for the modification of the piperazine N(4)-phenyl ring, the affinities for both D(2) like and 5-HT(1A) receptors were progressively increased by introduction of ortho-methoxy and ethoxy groups (1b,o, respectively). Data revealed the presence of a para-chloro substituent in 1g to be associated with a relatively high affinity and substantial selectivity for D(2) like receptors, whereas the meta-chloro analogue 1f exhibited preferential affinity for 5-HT(1A) receptors. A quantitative structure-affinity relationship analysis of the measured binding data resulted in regression equations that highlighted substituent physicochemical properties modulating the binding to subtypes 1A and 2A of serotonin 5-HT receptors but not to D(2) like receptors. Thus, besides an electron-withdrawing field effect and ortho substitution, which both influence binding to serotonin 5-HT receptor subtypes, though to a different extent as revealed by regression coefficients in the multiparametric regression equations, the affinity of congeners 1a-r to 5-HT(1A) receptors proved to be linearly correlated with volume/polarizability descriptors, whereas their affinity to 5-HT(2A) receptors correlated with lipophilicity constants through a parabolic relationship. 1-[(1,2-Diphenyl-1H-4-imidazolyl)methyl]-4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine (1b), with a D(2)/5-HT(1A) IC(50) ratio of approximately 1, was selected for a further pharmacological study. In rats, the intraperitoneal administration of compound 1b, like that of clozapine, induced an increase in the extracellular concentration of DA measured in the medial prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, 1b and clozapine each inhibited GABA-evoked Cl(-) currents at recombinant GABA(A) receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. These findings suggest that compound 1b may represent an interesting prototype of a novel class of drugs endowed with a neurochemical profile similar to that of atypical antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Battistina Asproni
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tossicologico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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