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Ujiantari NSO, Ham S, Nagiri C, Shihoya W, Nureki O, Hutchinson D, Schuster D. Pharmacophore-guided Virtual Screening to Identify New β3-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists. Mol Inform 2021; 41:e2100223. [PMID: 34963040 PMCID: PMC9400856 DOI: 10.1002/minf.202100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The β3‐adrenergic receptor (β3‐AR) is found in several tissues such as adipose tissue and urinary bladder. It is a therapeutic target because it plays a role in thermogenesis, lipolysis, and bladder relaxation. Two β3‐AR agonists are used clinically: mirabegron 1 and vibegron 2, which are indicated for overactive bladder syndrome. However, these drugs show adverse effects, including increased blood pressure in mirabegron patients. Hence, new β3‐AR agonists are needed as starting points for drug development. Previous pharmacophore modeling studies of the β3‐AR did not involve experimental in vitro validation. Therefore, this study aimed to conduct prospective virtual screening and confirm the biological activity of virtual hits. Ligand‐based pharmacophore modeling was performed since no 3D structure of human β3‐AR is yet available. A dataset consisting of β3‐AR agonists was prepared to build and validate the pharmacophore models. The best model was employed for prospective virtual screening, followed by physicochemical property filtering and a docking evaluation. To confirm the activity of the virtual hits, an in vitro assay was conducted, measuring cAMP levels at the cloned β3‐AR. Out of 35 tested compounds, 4 compounds were active in CHO−K1 cells expressing the human β3‐AR, and 8 compounds were active in CHO−K1 cells expressing the mouse β3‐AR.
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Larson CJ. Translational Pharmacology and Physiology of Brown Adipose Tissue in Human Disease and Treatment. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 251:381-424. [PMID: 30689089 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Human brown adipose tissue (BAT) is experimentally modeled to better understand the biology of this important metabolic tissue, and also to enable the potential discovery and development of novel therapeutics for obesity and sequelae resulting from the persistent positive energy balance. This chapter focuses on translation into humans of findings and hypotheses generated in nonhuman models of BAT pharmacology. Given the demonstrated challenges of sustainably reducing caloric intake in modern humans, potential solutions to obesity likely lie in increasing energy expenditure. The energy-transforming activities of a single cell in any given tissue can be conceptualized as a flow of chemical energy from energy-rich substrate molecules into energy-expending, endergonic biological work processes through oxidative degradation of organic molecules ingested as nutrients. Despite the relatively tight coupling between metabolic reactions and products, some expended energy is incidentally lost as heat, and in this manner a significant fraction of the energy originally captured from the environment nonproductively transforms into heat rather than into biological work. In human and other mammalian cells, some processes are even completely uncoupled, and therefore purely energy consuming. These molecular and cellular actions sum up at the physiological level to adaptive thermogenesis, the endogenous physiology in which energy is nonproductively released as heat through uncoupling of mitochondria in brown fat and potentially skeletal muscle. Adaptive thermogenesis in mammals occurs in three forms, mostly in skeletal muscle and brown fat: shivering thermogenesis in skeletal muscle, non-shivering thermogenesis in brown fat, and diet-induced thermogenesis in brown fat. At the cellular level, the greatest energy transformations in humans and other eukaryotes occur in the mitochondria, where creating energetic inefficiency by uncoupling the conversion of energy-rich substrate molecules into ATP usable by all three major forms of biological work occurs by two primary means. Basal uncoupling occurs as a passive, general, nonspecific leak down the proton concentration gradient across the membrane in all mitochondria in the human body, a gradient driving a key step in ATP synthesis. Inducible uncoupling, which is the active conduction of protons across gradients through processes catalyzed by proteins, occurs only in select cell types including BAT. Experiments in rodents revealed UCP1 as the primary mammalian molecule accounting for the regulated, inducible uncoupling of BAT, and responsive to both cold and pharmacological stimulation. Cold stimulation of BAT has convincingly translated into humans, and older clinical observations with nonselective 2,4-DNP validate that human BAT's participation in pharmacologically mediated, though nonselective, mitochondrial membrane decoupling can provide increased energy expenditure and corresponding body weight loss. In recent times, however, neither beta-adrenergic antagonism nor unselective sympathomimetic agonism by ephedrine and sibutramine provide convincing evidence that more BAT-selective mechanisms can impact energy balance and subsequently body weight. Although BAT activity correlates with leanness, hypothesis-driven selective β3-adrenergic agonism to activate BAT in humans has only provided robust proof of pharmacologic activation of β-adrenergic receptor signaling, limited proof of the mechanism of increased adaptive thermogenesis, and no convincing evidence that body weight loss through negative energy balance upon BAT activation can be accomplished outside of rodents. None of the five demonstrably β3 selective molecules with sufficient clinical experience to merit review provided significant weight loss in clinical trials (BRL 26830A, TAK 677, L-796568, CL 316,243, and BRL 35135). Broader conclusions regarding the human BAT therapeutic hypothesis are limited by the absence of data from most studies demonstrating specific activation of BAT thermogenesis in most studies. Additionally, more limited data sets with older or less selective β3 agonists also did not provide strong evidence of body weight effects. Encouragingly, β3-adrenergic agonists, catechins, capsinoids, and nutritional extracts, even without robust negative energy balance outcomes, all demonstrated increased total energy expenditure that in some cases could be associated with concomitant activation of BAT, though the absence of body weight loss indicates that in no cases did the magnitude of negative energy balance reach sufficient levels. Glucocorticoid receptor agonists, PPARg agonists, and thyroid hormone receptor agonists all possess defined molecular and cellular pharmacology that preclinical models predicted to be efficacious for negative energy balance and body weight loss, yet their effects on human BAT thermogenesis upon translation were inconsistent with predictions and disappointing. A few new mechanisms are nearing the stage of clinical trials and may yet provide a more quantitatively robust translation from preclinical to human experience with BAT. In conclusion, translation into humans has been demonstrated with BAT molecular pharmacology and cell biology, as well as with physiological response to cold. However, despite pharmacologically mediated, statistically significant elevation in total energy expenditure, translation into biologically meaningful negative energy balance was not achieved, as indicated by the absence of measurable loss of body weight over the duration of a clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Larson
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Montanari T, Pošćić N, Colitti M. Factors involved in white-to-brown adipose tissue conversion and in thermogenesis: a review. Obes Rev 2017; 18:495-513. [PMID: 28187240 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is the result of energy intake chronically exceeding energy expenditure. Classical treatments against obesity do not provide a satisfactory long-term outcome for the majority of patients. After the demonstration of functional brown adipose tissue in human adults, great effort is being devoted to develop therapies based on the adipose tissue itself, through the conversion of fat-accumulating white adipose tissue into energy-dissipating brown adipose tissue. Anti-obesity treatments that exploit endogenous, pharmacological and nutritional factors to drive such conversion are especially in demand. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge about the various molecules that can be applied in promoting white-to-brown adipose tissue conversion and energy expenditure and the cellular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Montanari
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - N Pošćić
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - M Colitti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Edmondson SD, Zhu C, Kar NF, Di Salvo J, Nagabukuro H, Sacre-Salem B, Dingley K, Berger R, Goble SD, Morriello G, Harper B, Moyes CR, Shen DM, Wang L, Ball R, Fitzmaurice A, Frenkl T, Gichuru LN, Ha S, Hurley AL, Jochnowitz N, Levorse D, Mistry S, Miller RR, Ormes J, Salituro GM, Sanfiz A, Stevenson AS, Villa K, Zamlynny B, Green S, Struthers M, Weber AE. Discovery of Vibegron: A Potent and Selective β3 Adrenergic Receptor Agonist for the Treatment of Overactive Bladder. J Med Chem 2016; 59:609-23. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott D. Edmondson
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Nam Fung Kar
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jerry Di Salvo
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hiroshi Nagabukuro
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Beatrice Sacre-Salem
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Karen Dingley
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Richard Berger
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Stephen D. Goble
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Gregori Morriello
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Bart Harper
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Christopher R. Moyes
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Dong-Ming Shen
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Liping Wang
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Richard Ball
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Aileen Fitzmaurice
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Tara Frenkl
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Loise N. Gichuru
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Sookhee Ha
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Amanda L. Hurley
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Nina Jochnowitz
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Dorothy Levorse
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Shruty Mistry
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Randy R. Miller
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - James Ormes
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Gino M. Salituro
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Anthony Sanfiz
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Andra S. Stevenson
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Katherine Villa
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Beata Zamlynny
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Stuart Green
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mary Struthers
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ann E. Weber
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, PO Box
539, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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Discovery of benzamides as potent human β3 adrenergic receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 26:55-9. [PMID: 26590100 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The paper will describe the synthesis and SAR studies that led to the discovery of benzamide (reverse amide) as potent and selective human β3-adrenergic receptor agonist. Based on conformationally restricted pyrrolidine scaffold we discovered earlier, pyrrolidine benzoic acid intermediate 22 was synthesized. From library synthesis and further optimization efforts, several structurally diverse reverse amides such as 24c and 24i were found to have excellent human β3-adrenergic potency and good selectivity over the β1 and β2 receptors. In addition to human β1, β2, β3 and hERG data, PK of selected compounds will be described.
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Kawazoe S, Suzuki T, Nakamura H, Sugimori T, Onda K, Maruyama T, Okada M. Chemoselective and Kilogram-Scale Synthesis of Acetanilide β 3-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20140240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kenichi Onda
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc
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Peng XR, Gennemark P, O’Mahony G, Bartesaghi S. Unlock the Thermogenic Potential of Adipose Tissue: Pharmacological Modulation and Implications for Treatment of Diabetes and Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:174. [PMID: 26635723 PMCID: PMC4657528 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is considered an interesting target organ for the treatment of metabolic disease due to its high metabolic capacity. Non-shivering thermogenesis, once activated, can lead to enhanced partitioning and oxidation of fuels in adipose tissues, and reduce the burden of glucose and lipids on other metabolic organs such as liver, pancreas, and skeletal muscle. Sustained long-term activation of BAT may also lead to meaningful bodyweight loss. In this review, we discuss three different drug classes [the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of PPARγ agonists, β3-adrenergic receptor agonists, and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) analogs] that have been proposed to regulate BAT and beige recruitment or activation, or both, and which have been tested in both rodent and human. The learnings from these classes suggest that restoration of functional BAT and beige mass as well as improved activation might be required to fully realize the metabolic potential of these tissues. Whether this can be achieved without the undesired cardiovascular side effects exhibited by the TZD PPARγ agonists and β3-adrenergic receptor agonists remains to be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Rong Peng
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases IMED Biotech Unit, Diabetes Bioscience Department, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Rong Peng,
| | - Peter Gennemark
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases IMED Biotech Unit, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Gavin O’Mahony
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases IMED Biotech Unit, Medicinal Chemistry Department, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Stefano Bartesaghi
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases IMED Biotech Unit, Diabetes Bioscience Department, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden
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8
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Sacco E, Bientinesi R, Tienforti D, Racioppi M, Gulino G, D'Agostino D, Vittori M, Bassi P. Discovery history and clinical development of mirabegron for the treatment of overactive bladder and urinary incontinence. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:433-48. [PMID: 24559030 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.892923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Overactive bladder (OAB) and urinary incontinence, although not life-threatening, are very bothersome chronic health conditions. The limitations of current pharmacological treatment urge the need for novel drugs with alternative mechanisms of action. Huge efforts in this area of research led to the synthesis of several selective and potent β3-adrenoceptor agonists that gained relevance through research during the late 80s and 90s. Mirabegron was the first compound of this new class of drugs that showed preclinical efficacy in several models of storage bladder dysfunction, together with a favorable human pharmacological profile. Having passed the proof-of-concept stage, an extensive clinical development and pharmacology program was performed during the last 10 years, involving >10,000 individuals, before mirabegron was granted marketing approval. AREAS COVERED In this case history, the authors review the milestones in mirabegron's discovery based on a systematic literature review. EXPERT OPINION Thanks to its tolerability and safety/efficacy balance, mirabegron has potential to fill a need for new treatment options for OAB, and paves the way for further development of a completely new class of drugs aimed to treat this condition. However, the exact role of mirabegron in clinical practice has yet to be defined. Further studies are needed in order to clarify, together with post-launch information, critical safety issues and cost-effectiveness in head-to-head comparison with current standard treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Sacco
- Catholic University Medical School of Rome, "Agostino Gemelli" Hospital, Urologic Clinic , Roma, 00168 , Italy
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9
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Moyes CR, Berger R, Goble SD, Harper B, Shen DM, Wang L, Bansal A, Brown PN, Chen AS, Dingley KH, Di Salvo J, Fitzmaurice A, Gichuru LN, Hurley AL, Jochnowitz N, Miller RR, Mistry S, Nagabukuro H, Salituro GM, Sanfiz A, Stevenson AS, Villa K, Zamlynny B, Struthers M, Weber AE, Edmondson SD. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Conformationally Restricted Acetanilides as Potent and Selective β3Adrenergic Receptor Agonists for the Treatment of Overactive Bladder. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1437-53. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4017224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Moyes
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck and Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Richard Berger
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck and Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Stephen D. Goble
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck and Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Bart Harper
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck and Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dong-Ming Shen
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck and Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Liping Wang
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck and Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Alka Bansal
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck and Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Patricia N. Brown
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck and Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Airu S. Chen
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck and Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Karen H. Dingley
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck and Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jerry Di Salvo
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck and Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Aileen Fitzmaurice
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck and Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Loise N. Gichuru
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck and Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Amanda L. Hurley
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck and Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Nina Jochnowitz
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck and Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Randall R. Miller
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck and Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Shruty Mistry
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck and Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Hiroshi Nagabukuro
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck and Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gino M. Salituro
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck and Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Anthony Sanfiz
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck and Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andra S. Stevenson
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck and Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Katherine Villa
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck and Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Beata Zamlynny
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck and Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mary Struthers
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck and Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ann E. Weber
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck and Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Scott D. Edmondson
- Early Development and Discovery Sciences, Merck and Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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Wagner C, Jantratid E, Kesisoglou F, Vertzoni M, Reppas C, B Dressman J. Predicting the oral absorption of a poorly soluble, poorly permeable weak base using biorelevant dissolution and transfer model tests coupled with a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 82:127-38. [PMID: 22652546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
For predicting food effects and simulating plasma profiles of poorly soluble drugs, physiologically based pharmacokinetic models have become a widely accepted tool in academia and the pharmaceutical industry. Up till now, however, simulations appearing in the open literature have mainly focused on BCS class II compounds, and many of these simulations tend to have more of a "retrospective" than a prognostic, predictive character. In this work, investigations on the absorption of a weakly basic BCS class IV drug, "Compound A", were performed. The objective was to predict the plasma profiles of an immediate release (IR) formulation of Compound A in the fasted and fed state. For this purpose, in vitro biorelevant dissolution tests and transfer model experiments were conducted. Dissolution and precipitation kinetics were then combined with in vivo post-absorptive disposition parameters using STELLA® software. As Compound A not only exhibits poor solubility but also poor permeability, a previously developed STELLA® model was revised to accommodate the less than optimal permeability characteristics as well as precipitation of the drug in the fasted state small intestine. Permeability restrictions were introduced into the model using an absorption rate constant calculated from the Caco-2 permeability value of Compound A, the effective intestinal surface area and appropriate intestinal fluid volumes. The results show that biorelevant dissolution tests are a helpful tool to predict food effects of Compound A qualitatively. However, the plasma profiles of Compound A could only be predicted quantitatively when the results of biorelevant dissolution test were coupled with the newly developed PBPK model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wagner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Hao M, Li Y, Wang Y, Zhang S. A classification study of human β 3-adrenergic receptor agonists using BCUT descriptors. Mol Divers 2011; 15:877-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-011-9321-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Roy KK, Saxena AK. Structural Basis for the β-Adrenergic Receptor Subtype Selectivity of the Representative Agonists and Antagonists. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:1405-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ci2000874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep K. Roy
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, CSIR, Lucknow 226 001, India
| | - Anil K. Saxena
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, CSIR, Lucknow 226 001, India
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13
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Jin F, Lu C, Sun X, Li W, Liu G, Tang Y. Insights into the binding modes of human β3-adrenergic receptor agonists with ligand-based and receptor-based methods. Mol Divers 2011; 15:817-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-011-9311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Morriello GJ, Wendt HR, Bansal A, Salvo JD, Feighner S, He J, Hurley AL, Hreniuk DL, Salituro GM, Reddy MV, Galloway SM, McGettigan KK, Laws G, McKnight C, Doss GA, Tsou NN, Black RM, Morris J, Ball RG, Sanfiz AT, Streckfuss E, Struthers M, Edmondson SD. Design of a novel pyrrolidine scaffold utilized in the discovery of potent and selective human β3 adrenergic receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1865-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.12.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Liégault B, Petrov I, Gorelsky SI, Fagnou K. Modulating reactivity and diverting selectivity in palladium-catalyzed heteroaromatic direct arylation through the use of a chloride activating/blocking group. J Org Chem 2010; 75:1047-60. [PMID: 20073523 DOI: 10.1021/jo902515z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Through the introduction of an aryl chloride substituent, the selectivity of palladium-catalyzed direct arylation may be diverted to provide alternative regioisomeric products in high yields. In cases where low reactivity is typically observed, the presence of the carbon-chlorine bond can serve to enhance reactivity and provide superior outcomes. From a strategic perspective, the C-Cl bond is easily introduced and can be employed in a variety of subsequent transformations to provide a wealth of highly functionalized heterocycles with minimal substrate preactivation. The impact of the C-Cl functional group on direct arylation reactivity has also been evaluated mechanistically, and the observed reactivity profiles correlate very well with that predicted by a concerted metalation-deprotonation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Liégault
- Centre for Catalysis Research & Innovation, Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
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16
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Heterocyclic acetamide and benzamide derivatives as potent and selective beta3-adrenergic receptor agonists with improved rodent pharmacokinetic profiles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:1895-9. [PMID: 20181479 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.01.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of amide derived beta(3)-adrenergic receptor (AR) agonists is described. The discovery and optimization of several series of compounds derived from 1, is used to lay the SAR foundation for second generation beta(3)-AR agonists for the treatment of overactive bladder.
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17
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Tchivileva IE, Tan KS, Gambarian M, Nackley AG, Medvedev AV, Romanov S, Flood PM, Maixner W, Makarov SS, Diatchenko L. Signaling pathways mediating beta3-adrenergic receptor-induced production of interleukin-6 in adipocytes. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:2256-66. [PMID: 19477016 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The beta(3)-adrenergic receptor (beta(3)AR) is an essential regulator of metabolic and endocrine functions. A major cellular and clinically significant consequence of beta(3)AR activation is the substantial elevation in interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels. Although the beta(3)AR-dependent regulation of IL-6 expression is well established, the cellular pathways underlying this regulation have not been characterized. Using a novel method of homogenous reporters, we assessed the pattern of activation of 43 transcription factors in response to the specific beta(3)AR agonist CL316243 in adipocytes, cells that exhibit the highest expression of beta(3)ARs. We observed a unique and robust activation of the CRE-response element, suggesting that IL-6 transcription is regulated via the G(s)-protein/cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) but not nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) pathway. However, pretreatment of adipocytes with pharmacologic inhibitors of PKA pathway failed to block beta(3)AR-mediated IL-6 up-regulation. Additionally, stimulation of adipocytes with the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) agonist did not induce IL-6 expression. Instead, the beta(3)AR-mediated transcription of IL-6 required activation of both the p38 and PKC pathways. Western blot analysis further showed that transcription factors CREB and ATF-2 but not ATF-1 were activated in a p38- and PKC-dependent manner. Collectively, our results suggest that while stimulation of the beta(3)AR leads to a specific activation of CRE-dependent transcription, there are several independent cellular pathways that converge at the level of CRE-response element activation, and in the case of IL-6 this activation is mediated by p38 and PKC but not PKA pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna E Tchivileva
- The Center for Neurosensory Disorders, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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18
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Shakya N, Roy KK, Saxena AK. Substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yloxypropanes as beta3-adrenergic receptor agonists: design, synthesis, biological evaluation and pharmacophore modeling. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 17:830-47. [PMID: 19081260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In search of potent beta(3)-adrenergic receptor agonists, a series of novel substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yloxypropanes has been synthesized and evaluated for their beta(3)-adrenergic receptor agonistic activity (ranging from -17.73% to 90.64% inhibition at 10 microM) using well established Human SK-N-MC neuroblastoma cells model. Four molecules viz. 11, 15, 22 and 23 showed beta(3)-AR agonistic IC(50) value of 0.55, 0.59, 1.18 and 1.76 microM, respectively. These four candidates have been identified as possible leads for further development of beta(3)-adrenergic receptor agonists for obesity and Type-II diabetes pharmacotherapy. The free OH and NH functions are found to be essential for beta(3)-adrenergic receptor agonistic activity. Among the synthesized beta(3)-adrenergic receptor agonists having 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline scaffold, the N-benzyl group is found to be superior over N-arylsulfonyl group. A putative pharmacophore model has been modeled considering the above four active molecules which distinguishes well between the active and inactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Shakya
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
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19
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Discovery of novel series of benzoic acid derivatives containing biphenyl ether moiety as potent and selective human β3-adrenergic receptor agonists: Part IV. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5037-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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20
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Imanishi M, Nakajima Y, Tomishima Y, Hamashima H, Washizuka K, Sakurai M, Matsui S, Imamura E, Ueshima K, Yamamoto T, Yamamoto N, Ishikawa H, Nakano K, Unami N, Hamada K, Matsumura Y, Takamura F, Hattori K. Discovery of a Novel Series of Benzoic Acid Derivatives as Potent and Selective Human β3 Adrenergic Receptor Agonists with Good Oral Bioavailability. 3. Phenylethanolaminotetraline (PEAT) Skeleton Containing Biphenyl or Biphenyl Ether Moiety. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4804-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800222k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Imanishi
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakajima
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Tomishima
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hamashima
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Kenichi Washizuka
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Minoru Sakurai
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Shigeo Matsui
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Emiko Imamura
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Koji Ueshima
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Takao Yamamoto
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yamamoto
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Ishikawa
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakano
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Naoko Unami
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Kaori Hamada
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Matsumura
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Fujiko Takamura
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Kouji Hattori
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
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21
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Imanishi M, Tomishima Y, Itou S, Hamashima H, Nakajima Y, Washizuka K, Sakurai M, Matsui S, Imamura E, Ueshima K, Yamamoto T, Yamamoto N, Ishikawa H, Nakano K, Unami N, Hamada K, Matsumura Y, Takamura F, Hattori K. Discovery of a novel series of biphenyl benzoic acid derivatives as potent and selective human beta3-adrenergic receptor agonists with good oral bioavailability. Part I. J Med Chem 2008; 51:1925-44. [PMID: 18307290 DOI: 10.1021/jm701324c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of biphenyl analogues containing a benzoic acid moiety based on lead compound 8i have been identified as potent and selective human beta 3 adrenergic receptor (beta 3-AR) agonists with good oral bioavailability and long plasma half-life. After further substituent effects were investigated at the terminal phenyl ring of lead compound 8i, we have discovered that more lipophilic substitution at the R position improved potency and selectivity. As a result of these studies, 10a and 10e were identified as the leading candidates with the best balance of potency, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic profiles. In addition, compounds 10a and 10e were evaluated to be efficacious for a carbachol-induced increase of intravesical pressure, such as an overactive bladder model in anesthetized dogs. This represents the first demonstrated result dealing with beta 3-AR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Imanishi
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
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22
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Lafontaine JA, Day RF, Dibrino J, Hadcock JR, Hargrove DM, Linhares M, Martin KA, Maurer TS, Nardone NA, Tess DA, Dasilva-Jardine P. Discovery of potent and orally bioavailable heterocycle-based β3-adrenergic receptor agonists, potential therapeutics for the treatment of obesity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5245-50. [PMID: 17632003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Revised: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of heterocycle-based analogs were prepared and evaluated for their in vitro and in vivo biological activity as human beta(3)-adrenergic receptor (AR) agonists. Several analogs demonstrated potent agonist activity at the beta(3)-AR, functional selectivity against beta(1)- and beta(2)-ARs, and favorable pharmacokinetic profiles in vivo. Compound 17 increased oxygen consumption in rats, a measure of energy expenditure, with an ED(20%) of 2mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Lafontaine
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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23
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Croci T, Cecchi R, Marini P, Rouget C, Viviani N, Germain G, Guagnini F, Fradin Y, Descamps L, Pascal M, Advenier C, Breuiller-Fouché M, Leroy MJ, Bardou M. In vitro and in vivo pharmacological characterization of ethyl-4-[trans-4-[((2S)-2-hydroxy-3-[4-hydroxy-3[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-phenoxy]propyl) amino]cyclohexyl]benzoate hydrochloride (SAR150640), a new potent and selective human beta3-adrenoceptor agonist for the treatment of preterm labor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 321:1118-26. [PMID: 17351104 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.119123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethyl-4-[trans-4-[((2S)-2-hydroxy-3-[4-hydroxy-3[(methylsulfonyl)amino] phenoxy]propyl) amino]cyclohexyl]benzoate hydrochloride (SAR150640) was characterized as a new potent and selective beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonist for the treatment of preterm labor. SAR150640 and its major metabolite, the corresponding acid 4-[trans-4-[((2S)-2-hydroxy-3-[4-hydroxy-3[(methylsulfonyl) amino] phenoxy]propyl)amino]cyclohexyl]benzoic acid (SSR500400), showed high affinity for beta(3)-adrenoceptors (K(i) = 73 and 358 nM) and greater potency than (-)-isoproterenol in increasing cAMP production in membrane preparations from human neuroblastoma cells (SKNMC), which express native beta(3)-adrenoceptors (pEC(50) = 6.5, 6.2, and 5.1, respectively). SAR150640 and SSR500400 also increased cAMP production in membrane preparations from human uterine smooth muscle cells (UtSMC), which also express native beta(3)-adrenoceptors (pEC(50) = 7.7 and 7.7, respectively). In these cells, SAR150640 dose-dependently inhibited oxytocin-induced intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation. SAR150640 and SSR500400 had no beta(1)- or beta(2)-agonist or antagonist activity in guinea pig atrium and trachea, or in human isolated atrium and bronchus preparations. Both compounds concentration-dependently inhibited spontaneous contractions in human near-term myometrial strips, with greater potency than salbutamol and 4-[3-[(1,1-dimethylethyl)-amino]-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one hydrochloride (CGP12177) (pIC(50) = 6.4, 6.8, 5.9, and 5.8, respectively), but with similar potency to (-)-isoproterenol and atosiban (oxytocin/vasopressin V(1)a receptor antagonist). SAR150640 also inhibited the contractions induced by oxytocin and prostaglandin F(2alpha). In vivo, after intravenous administration, SAR150640 (1 and 6 mg/kg), but not atosiban (6 mg/kg), dose-dependently inhibited myometrial contractions in conscious unrestrained female cynomolgus monkeys, with no significant effects on heart rate or blood pressure. In contrast, salbutamol (50 and 250 microg/kg) had no inhibitory effect on uterine contractions, but it dose-dependently increased heart rate. These findings indicate a potential for the therapeutic use of SAR150640 in mammals during preterm labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Croci
- Exploratory Research Department, Sanofi-Midy Research Center, sanofi-aventis, SpA., Via G. B. Piranesi, 38, 20137 Milan, Italy.
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24
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25
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Uehling DE, Shearer BG, Donaldson KH, Chao EY, Deaton DN, Adkison KK, Brown KK, Cariello NF, Faison WL, Lancaster ME, Lin J, Hart R, Milliken TO, Paulik MA, Sherman BW, Sugg EE, Cowan C. Biarylaniline phenethanolamines as potent and selective beta3 adrenergic receptor agonists. J Med Chem 2006; 49:2758-71. [PMID: 16640337 DOI: 10.1021/jm0509445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a series of phenethanolamine aniline agonists that contain an aniline ring on the right-hand side of the molecule substituted at the meta position with a benzoic acid or a pyridyl carboxylate is described. Several of the analogues (e.g., 34, 36-38, 40, and 44) have high beta(3) adrenergic receptor (AR) potency and selectivity against beta(1) and beta(2) ARs in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing beta ARs. The dog pharmacokinetic profile of some of these analogues showed >25% oral bioavailability and po half-lives of at least 1.5 h. Among the compounds described herein, the 3,3'-biarylaniline carboxylate derivatives 36, 38 and the phenylpyridyl derivative 44 demonstrated outstanding in vitro properties and reasonable dog pharmacokinetic profiles. These three analogues also showed dose dependent beta(3) AR mediated responses in mice. The ease of synthesis and superior dog pharmacokinetics of compound 38 relative to that of 44 in combination with its in vitro profile led us to choose this compound as a development candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Uehling
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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26
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Perrone MG, Santandrea E, Giorgio E, Bleve L, Scilimati A, Tortorella P. A chemoenzymatic scalable route to optically active (R)-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-2-aminoethanol, valuable moiety of β3-adrenergic receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:1207-14. [PMID: 16216512 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Revised: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomerically pure (R)-2-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)ethanol has been prepared by kinetic resolution performed in the presence of Candida antarctica SP435-L lipase immobilized on a macroporous polyacrylate resin (Novozym 435). It was converted into (R)-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-2-aminoethanol, left-hand side of beta(3)-adrenergic receptor ligands.
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27
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Harada H, Hirokawa Y, Suzuki K, Hiyama Y, Oue M, Kawashima H, Kato H, Yoshida N, Furutani Y, Kato S. Discovery of a novel and potent human and rat beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist, [3-[(2R)-[[(2R)-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amino]propyl]-1H-indol-7-yloxy]acetic acid. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2005; 53:184-98. [PMID: 15684518 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.53.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In search for potent and selective beta3-adrenergic receptor (beta3-AR) agonists as potential drugs for the treatment of type II diabetes and obesity, a novel series of 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-aminoethanol derivatives were prepared and evaluated for their biological activity at human beta1-, beta2-, and beta3-ARs and rat beta3-AR expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Replacement of the right-hand side (RHS, benzene ring) in the 'first generation' beta3-AR agonists BRL 37344 and CL 316243 with a 1H-indole ring gave compound 31 with unique pharmacological properties among beta3-AR agonists. Initial in vitro assays showed that 31 possesses modest rat and human beta3-ARs agonistic activity. Introduction of various substituent into the indole nucleus of 31 afforded a number of compounds with good beta3-ARs agonistic activity. In particular, 90 having a carboxylic acid functionality at the 7-position of the indole nucleus showed the most potent human beta3-AR agonistic activity. Finally, optical resolution of 90 led to the identification of the most promising compound, [3-[(2R)-[[(2R)-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amino]propyl]-1H-indol-7-yloxy]acetic acid (96, AJ-9677). This compound exhibited potent human beta3-AR agonistic activity (EC50=0.062 nM, IA=116%) with 210- and 103-fold selectivity over human beta2-AR and beta1-AR, respectively. Compound 96 also exhibited potent rat beta3-AR agonistic activity (EC50=0.016 nM, IA=110%). Moreover, repeated oral administration of 96 inhibited body weight gain and significantly decreased glucose, insulin, free fatty acid, and triglyceride concentrations in plasma in KK-Ay/Ta mice. On the basis of this pharmacological profile, 96 entered clinical development as a drug for the treatment of type II diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Harada
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Osaka, Japan.
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28
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Levin N, Ghosh SS. Antiobesity therapeutics targeting energy expenditure. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.12.12.1831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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29
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Prathipati P, Saxena AK. Characterization of β3-adrenergic receptor: determination of pharmacophore and 3D QSAR model for β3 adrenergic receptor agonism. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2005; 19:93-110. [PMID: 16075304 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-005-1558-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2004] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The beta3-adrenoreceptor (beta3-AR) has been shown to mediate various pharmacological and physiological effects such as lipolysis, thermogenesis, and intestinal smooth muscle relaxation. It also plays an important role in glucose homeostasis and energy balance. Molecular modeling studies were undertaken to develop predictive pharmacophoric hypothesis and 3D-QSAR model, which may explain variations in beta3-AR agonistic activity in terms of chemical features and physicochemical properties. The two softwares, CATALYST for pharmacophoric alignment and APEX-3D for 3D-QSAR modeling were used to establish the structure activity relationships for beta3-AR agonistic activity. Among the several statistically significant models, the selection of the best pharmacophore and 3D-QSAR model was based on its ability to estimate the activity of external test sets of similar and different structural types along with the reasonable consistency of the model with the limited information of the active site of beta3-AR. The final 3D-QSAR model was derived using the pharmacophoric alignments from the hypothesis which consisted of four chemical features: basic or positive ionizable feature on the nitrogen of the aryloxypropylamino group, two ring aromatic features corresponding to the phenyl ring of the phenoxide and the benzenesulphonamido groups and a hydrogen-bond donor (HBD) in the vicinity of the nitrogen atom of the benzenesulphonamido group with the most active molecule mapping in an energetically favorable extended conformation. This hypothesis was in agreement with the site directed mutagenesis studies on human beta3-AR and correlated well the observed and estimated activity both in, training and both the external test sets. It also mapped reasonably well to six beta3-AR agonists of different structural classes under clinical development and thus this hypothesis may have a universal applicability in providing a powerful template for virtual screening and also for designing new chemical entities (NCEs) as beta3-AR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Prathipati
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, 226001, Lucknow, India
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30
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Valentini M, Julius S, Palatini P, Brook RD, Bard RL, Bisognano JD, Kaciroti N. Attenuation of haemodynamic, metabolic and energy expenditure responses to isoproterenol in patients with hypertension. J Hypertens 2005; 22:1999-2006. [PMID: 15361773 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-200410000-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Overweight and heightened sympathetic activity are more common in hypertensive than normotensive subjects. beta-adrenoceptor down-regulation has been described in hypertension. We tested the hypothesis that chronic sympathetic overactivity impairs beta-adrenergic-mediated thermogenesis and thereby favours gain of weight in hypertension. PARTICIPANTS The study included 13 hypertensive subjects aged 35.3 +/- 7.9 years and 25 normotensive subjects of control of similar age. METHODS To measure beta-adrenergically mediated haemodynamic, metabolic and thermogenic responsiveness, increasing doses of isoproterenol diluted in 2.5 ml saline were injected as intravenous boluses (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 microg/m). On a separate day, isoproterenol was infused continuously intravenously in increasing doses (10, 20 and 40 ng/kg per min), each dose for 30 min. RESULTS The sitting heart rate and body mass were greater in hypertensives (P = 0.000, and P = 0.005, respectively). The heart rate responses to 1 and 2 microg/m isoproterenol bolus (P = 0.01 and P = 0.03, respectively) were reduced in hypertensives. The energy expenditure (P = 0.002) and oxygen consumption (P = 0.0004) increase with 40 ng/kg per min isoproterenol infusion, and glucose and phosphate responses at both 20 (P = 0.01 and P = 0.05) and 40 (P = 0.001 and P = 0.02) ng/kg per min isoproterenol infusion were attenuated in hypertensives. The baseline heart rate negatively correlated with heart rate (P = 0.015) response to isoproterenol bolus and blood pressure (P = 0.02) response to isoproterenol infusion. The urinary noradrenaline negatively correlated with heart rate response to isoproterenol bolus (P = 0.001), and with systolic blood pressure (P = 0.02) and energy expenditure responsiveness to isoproterenol infusion (P = 0.04). Furthermore, plasma noradrenaline negatively correlated with heart rate responsiveness to isoproterenol bolus (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS These results show a generalized decrease of beta-adrenergic responsiveness in stage 1 hypertension and support the concept that sympathetic overactivity, via down-regulation of beta-adrenoceptor-mediated thermogenic responses, may facilitate the development of obesity in hypertension.
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31
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Nakajima Y, Hamashima H, Washizuka KI, Tomishima Y, Ohtake H, Imamura E, Miura T, Kayakiri H, Kato M. Discovery of a novel, potent and selective human β3-adrenergic receptor agonist. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:251-4. [PMID: 15603933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Revised: 11/01/2004] [Accepted: 11/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a novel, potent and selective beta(3)-adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist is described. SAR studies demonstrated the structural requirements for activity and selectivity. Compound 1c, which showed good beta(3)-AR activity and selectivity, was identified and pharmacokinetics were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Nakajima
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 1-6, Kashima 2-Chome, Yodogawa-Ku, Osaka 532-8514, Japan.
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32
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Mizuno K, Sawa M, Harada H, Tateishi H, Oue M, Tsujiuchi H, Furutani Y, Kato S. Tryptamine-based human β3-adrenergic receptor agonists. Part 1: SAR studies of the 7-position of the indole ring. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:5959-62. [PMID: 15546707 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2004] [Revised: 10/13/2004] [Accepted: 10/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of tryptamine-based 2-thiophenesulfonamide derivatives were prepared and their agonistic activity for the beta-adrenergic receptors (ARs) was evaluated. Compound 54, containing 7-methanesulfonyloxy tryptamine, was found to be a highly potent beta3-AR agonist (EC50=0.21 nM, IA=97%) with excellent selectivity for the beta3-AR over the beta1- and beta2-ARs (210- and 86-fold, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Mizuno
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 33-94, Enoki, Suita 564-0053, Japan.
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33
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Dow RL, Paight ES, Schneider SR, Hadcock JR, Hargrove DM, Martin KA, Maurer TS, Nardone NA, Tess DA, DaSilva-Jardine P. Potent and selective, sulfamide-based human β3-adrenergic receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:3235-40. [PMID: 15149682 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2004] [Revised: 03/26/2004] [Accepted: 03/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of sulfamide-based analogs related to L-796568 were prepared and evaluated for their biological activity at the human beta(3)-adrenergic receptor (AR). This modification allows for a significant reduction in molecular weight, while maintaining single-digit nanomolar potencies at the beta(3)-AR and high selectivities versus the beta(2)- or beta(3)-AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Dow
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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34
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Robidoux J, Martin TL, Collins S. β-ADRENERGICRECEPTORS ANDREGULATION OFENERGYEXPENDITURE: A Family Affair. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2004; 44:297-323. [PMID: 14744248 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The family of adrenergic receptors (ARs) expressed in adipocytes includes three sibling betaARs and two alphaAR cousins. Together they profoundly influence the mobilization of stored fatty acids, secretion of fat-cell derived hormones, and the specialized process of nonshivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. The two types of fat cells that compose adipose tissue, brown and white, are structurally and functionally distinct. Studies on the mechanisms by which individual betaAR regulates these cell-specific functions have recently uncovered new signal transduction cascades involved in processes traditionally ascribed to adenylyl cyclase/cAMP/protein kinase A system. They illustrate how betaAR signaling can orchestrate a coordinated set of intracellular responses for fine control of metabolic balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Robidoux
- Departments of Pharmacology, Psychiatry, and Behavioral Sciences, and The Sarah W. Stedman Center for Nutritional Studies, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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35
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Preparation of Diastereomeric β-Aryloxymethylaminoalcohols Containing Nicotinic Acid Moiety and Their Binding Affinity to β 3-Adrenoreceptors. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2003. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2003.24.9.1381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Hu B, Jennings LL. Orally bioavailable beta 3-adrenergic receptor agonists as potential therapeutic agents for obesity and type-II diabetes. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2003; 41:167-94. [PMID: 12774694 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(02)41005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Baihua Hu
- Wyeth Research, P.O. Box 42528, Philadelphia, PA 19101, USA
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37
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Nogami H, Kanai M, Shibasaki M. Application of the Lewis acid-Lewis base bifunctional asymmetric catalysts to pharmaceutical syntheses: stereoselective chiral building block syntheses of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor and beta3-adenergic receptor agonist. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2003; 51:702-9. [PMID: 12808250 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.51.702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chiral building block syntheses of promising drugs were achieved using two types of catalytic stereoselective cyanosilylations of aldehydes promoted by Lewis acid-Lewis base bifunctional catalysts 1 and 2 as the key steps (diastereoselective cyanosilylation of amino aldehyde and enantioselective cyanosilylation). In the first part of this article, syntheses of chiral building blocks (6) of Atazanavir (3: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor) using the bifunctional catalyst 2 are discussed. The reaction of Boc-protected phenylalaninal 21 in the presence of 1 mol% catalyst 2 selectively afforded the anti isomer 22 as the major product (diastereomeric ratio=97 : 3), which was successively converted to the corresponding epoxide 6 in six steps. In the second part, we describe a chiral building block synthesis of beta(3)-adrenergic receptor agonists. The enantioselective cyanosilylation of 3-chlorobenzaldehyde (38) with 9 mol% catalyst 1 gave the chiral cyanohydrin 39, which was converted to beta-hydroxyethylamine 40 by reduction. Moreover, the chiral ligand of catalyst 1 could be recovered without column chromatography and reused without decreasing its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nogami
- Chemicals Development Laboratories, Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd., Konagawa, Japan.
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38
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Ikemoto N, Liu J, Brands KM, McNamara JM, Reider PJ. Practical routes to the triarylsulfonyl chloride intermediate of a β3 adrenergic receptor agonist. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)00018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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39
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Wang Z, Hop CECA, Kim MS, Huskey SEW, Baillie TA, Guan Z. The unanticipated loss of SO2 from sulfonamides in collision-induced dissociation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2003; 17:81-86. [PMID: 12478558 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A potent and selective sulfonamide beta3 agonist with an excellent pharmacokinetic profile has recently been synthesized. During the analysis by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) of metabolites of the sulfonamide N-[4-[2-(2-hydroxy-2-pyridin-3-ylethylamino)ethyl]phenyl]-4-[4-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiazol-2-yl]benzulfonamide (compound A), we observed loss of 64 Da for a few of the metabolites in the negative ion mode. Accurate mass measurements performed with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometry and quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometry suggested that the loss of 64 Da corresponded to the loss of SO(2). The same phenomenon was observed for a group of structurally related and commercially available compounds that also contain a sulfonamide moiety. MS/MS analysis of the fragment ions that had lost SO(2) in the ion source suggested that these ions were covalently bound rather than ion-molecule complexes. The neutral loss involving the cleavage of two bonds was unanticipated and suggested a complex rearrangement process. A mechanism for the loss of SO(2) has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA.
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40
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41
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Larsen TM, Toubro S, van Baak MA, Gottesdiener KM, Larson P, Saris WHM, Astrup A. Effect of a 28-d treatment with L-796568, a novel beta(3)-adrenergic receptor agonist, on energy expenditure and body composition in obese men. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76:780-8. [PMID: 12324291 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/76.4.780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stimulation of energy expenditure (EE) with selective thermogenic beta-adrenergic agonists may be a promising approach for treating obesity. OBJECTIVE We analyzed the effects of the highly selective human beta(3)-adrenergic agonist L-796568 on 24-h EE, substrate oxidation, and body composition in obese, weight-stable men. DESIGN In this 2-center, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group study, we measured 24-h EE before and after 28 d of treatment with L-796568 (375 mg/d) or placebo during weight maintenance (ie, without dietary intervention) in nondiabetic, nonsmoking men aged 25-49 y with body mass index (in kg/m(2)) of 28-35 (n = 10 subjects per treatment group). RESULTS The mean change in 24-h EE from before to after treatment did not differ significantly between groups (92 +/- 586 and 86 +/- 512 kJ/24 h for the L-796568 and placebo groups, respectively). The change in 24-h nonprotein respiratory quotient from before to after treatment did not differ significantly between groups (0.009 +/- 0.021 and 0.009 +/- 0.029, respectively). No changes in glucose tolerance were observed, but triacylglycerol concentrations decreased significantly with L-796568 treatment compared with placebo (-0.76 +/- 0.76 and 0.42 +/- 0.31 mmol/L, respectively; P < 0.002). Overall, treatment-related changes in body composition were not observed, but higher plasma L-796568 concentrations in the L-796568 group were associated with greater decreases in fat mass (r = -0.69, P < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Treatment with L-796568 for 28 d had no major lipolytic or thermogenic effect but it lowered triacylglycerol concentrations. This lack of chronic effect on energy balance is likely explained by insufficient recruitment of beta(3)-responsive tissues in humans, down-regulation of the beta(3)-adrenergic receptor-mediated effects with chronic dosing, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Larsen
- Research Department of Human Nutrition, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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42
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Tang W, Stearns RA, Miller RR, Ngui JS, Mathvink RJ, Weber AE, Kwei GY, Strauss JR, Keohane CA, Doss GA, Chiu SHL, Baillie TA. Metabolism of a thiazole benzenesulfonamide derivative, a potent and elective agonist of the human beta3-adrenergic receptor, in rats: identification of a novel isethionic acid conjugate. Drug Metab Dispos 2002; 30:778-87. [PMID: 12065436 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.30.7.778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
(R)-N-[4-[2-[[2-Hydroxy-2-(pyridin-3-yl)ethyl]amino]ethyl]phenyl]- 4-[4-(4-trifluoro-methylphenyl)thiazol-2-yl]benzenesulfonamide (1) is a potent and selective agonist of the human beta3-adrenergic receptor. We report herein the data from studies of the metabolism and excretion of 1 in rats. Five metabolites were identified in the bile of male Sprague-Dawley rats administered 3H-labeled 1 by either oral gavage (10 mg/kg) or intravenous injection (3 mg/kg). These included a pyridine N-oxide derivative (M2), a primary amine resulting from N-dealkylation and loss of the pyridinyl-2-hydroxyethyl group (M4), a carboxylic acid derived from N-dealkylation and loss of the pyridyl-2-hydroxyethyl amine (M5), and the corresponding taurine and isethionic acid conjugates (M1 and M3). Metabolites M1 and M3 also were identified in rats treated with M5 and were generated in incubations of M5 with rat liver subcellular fractions in the presence of ATP and coenzyme A with supplementary taurine or isethionic acid. These results suggest that M5 is the precursor of M1 and M3 and that the formation of these conjugated metabolites follows similar mechanisms of amino acid conjugation. On the other hand, M2, M4, and M5 were produced from 1 in an NADPH-dependent manner in incubations with liver microsomes from rats, dogs, monkeys, and humans. In human liver preparations, these routes of biotransformation were shown to be catalyzed by cytochrome P450 3A4. In a bidirectional transport assay, transport of 1 across a monolayer of cells expressing P-glycoprotein (Pgp) was observed to be similar to that of vinblastine, which is an established substrate of the transporter protein. This finding, together with the observation that the parent compound was excreted in the feces of bile duct-cannulated animals following intravenous dosing, suggests that 1 is subject to Pgp-mediated excretion from intestine of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA.
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43
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Stearns RA, Miller RR, Tang W, Kwei GY, Tang FS, Mathvink RJ, Naylor EM, Chitty D, Colandrea VJ, Weber AE, Colletti AE, Strauss JR, Keohane CA, Feeney WP, Iliff SA, Chiu SHL. The pharmacokinetics of a thiazole benzenesulfonamide beta 3-adrenergic receptor agonist and its analogs in rats, dogs, and monkeys: improving oral bioavailability. Drug Metab Dispos 2002; 30:771-7. [PMID: 12065435 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.30.7.771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of (R)-N-[4-[2-[[2-hydroxy-2-(pyridin-3-yl)ethyl]amino]ethyl]phenyl]-4-[4-[4-(trifluoromethylphenyl]thiazol-2-yl]benzenesulfonamide (1), a 3-pyridyl thiazole benzenesulfonamide beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist, were investigated in rats, dogs, and monkeys. Systemic clearance was higher in rats (approximately 30 ml/min/kg) than in dogs and monkeys (both approximately 10 ml/min/kg), and oral bioavailability was 17, 27, and 4%, respectively. Since systemic clearance was 25 to 40% of hepatic blood flow in these species, hepatic extraction was expected to be low, and it was likely that oral bioavailability was limited either by absorption or a large first-pass effect in the gut. The absorption and excretion of 3H-labeled 1 were investigated in rats, and only 28% of the administered radioactivity was orally absorbed. Subsequently, the hepatic extraction of 1 was evaluated in rats (30%) and monkeys (47%). The low oral bioavailability in rats could be explained completely by poor oral absorption and hepatic first-pass metabolism; in monkeys, oral absorption was either less than in rats or first-pass extraction in the gut was greater. In an attempt to increase oral exposure, the pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of two potential prodrugs of 1, an N-ethyl [(R)-N-[4-[2-[ethyl[2-hydroxy-2-(3-pyridinyl)ethyl]amino]ethyl]phenyl]-4-[4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]thiazol-2-yl]benzenesulfonamide; 2] and a morpholine derivative [(R)-N-[4-[2-[2-(3-pyridinyl)morpholin-4-yl]ethyl]phenyl]-4-[4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)- phenyl]thiazol-2-yl]benzenesulfonamide; 3], were evaluated in monkeys. Conversion to 1 was low (<3%) with both derivatives, and neither entity was an effective prodrug, but the oral bioavailability of 3 (56%) compared with 1 (4%) was significantly improved. The hypothesis that the increased oral bioavailability of 3 was due to a reduction in hydrogen bonding sites in the molecule led to the design of (R)-N-[4-[2-[[2-hydroxy-2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl]amino]ethyl]phenyl]-4-[4-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thiazol-2-yl]benzenesulfonamide (4), a 2-pyridyl beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist with improved oral bioavailability in rats and monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph A Stearns
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA.
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44
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Chen L, Thompson RA, Johnson BD, Wyvratt JM. Enantiomeric separation of a thiazolbenzenesulfonamide compound using packed-column subcritical fluid chromatography. Chirality 2002; 14:393-9. [PMID: 11984754 DOI: 10.1002/chir.10100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Separation of enantiomers of a thiazolbenzenesulfonamide compound was performed on a Chiralpak AD column using subcritical fluid chromatography. Effects of alcohol modifier and temperature on the separations were studied. The results revealed that while the main adsorbing interactions were between the hydroxyl group of the analyte and the carbamate group of the stationary phase, chiral discrimination was achieved through an inclusion mechanism within the chiral cavity created along the amylose chains. Analogs and synthetic precursors of the thiazolbenzenesulfonamide studied were also investigated so as to understand the effect of functional groups and configuration of the analyte molecule upon chiral recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Analytical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA.
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45
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Abstract
beta(3)-Adrenoceptor agonists are very effective thermogenic anti-obesity and insulin-sensitising agents in rodents. Their main sites of action are white and brown adipose tissue, and muscle. beta(3)-Adrenoceptor mRNA levels are lower in human than in rodent adipose tissue, and adult humans have little brown adipose tissue. Nevertheless, beta(3)-adrenoceptors are expressed in human white as well as brown adipose tissue and in skeletal muscle, and they play a role in the regulation of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. It is difficult to identify beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonist drugs because the pharmacology of both beta(3)- and beta(1)-adrenoceptors can vary; near absolute selectivity is needed to avoid beta(1/2)-adrenoceptor-mediated side effects and selective agonists tend to have poor oral bioavailability. All weight loss is lipid and lean may actually increase, so reducing weight loss relative to energy loss. beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonists have a more rapid insulin-sensitising than anti-obesity effect, possibly because stimulation of lipid oxidation rapidly lowers intracellular long-chain fatty acyl CoA and diacylglycerol levels. This may deactivate those protein kinase C isoenzymes that inhibit insulin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R S Arch
- GlaxoSmithKline, New Fontiers Science Park-North, Coldharbour Road, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AD, UK.
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46
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Uehling DE, Donaldson KH, Deaton DN, Hyman CE, Sugg EE, Barrett DG, Hughes RG, Reitter B, Adkison KK, Lancaster ME, Lee F, Hart R, Paulik MA, Sherman BW, True T, Cowan C. Synthesis and evaluation of potent and selective beta(3) adrenergic receptor agonists containing acylsulfonamide, sulfonylsulfonamide, and sulfonylurea carboxylic acid isosteres. J Med Chem 2002; 45:567-83. [PMID: 11806709 DOI: 10.1021/jm0101500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Starting from phenethanolamine aniline leads 3a and 3b, we have identified a series of functionally potent and selective beta(3) adrenergic receptor (AR) agonists containing acylsulfonamide, sulfonylsulfonamide, or sulfonylurea groups within the aniline phenethanolamine series. In beta(3), beta(2), and beta(1) AR cAMP functional assays, 3a and other right-hand side (RHS) carboxylate analogues were found to be full agonists that were modestly selective against beta(1) or beta(2) ARs, while analogues lacking RHS acid functionality were active at beta(3) AR but not selective. Replacement of the carboxylate with acylthiazole and acylmethylsulfone gave potent, but only modestly selective, compounds. Increasing the size of the RHS sulfonamide substituent with phenyl or p-toluene afforded compounds with good potency and functional selectivity (beta(3) AR pEC(50) greater than 8; beta(1) and beta(2) AR selectivity greater than 40- and 500-fold, respectively). Our SAR studies suggest that the potency and selectivity profile of the best analogues reported here is a result of both the steric bulk and acidity of the RHS sulfonamide NH group. Although all of the analogues had a pharmacokinetic half-life of less than 2 h, acylsulfonamides 43 and 44 did show moderately low clearance in dogs. These two compounds were further evaluated by thermographic imaging in mice and were found to produce a robust thermogenic response via oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Uehling
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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47
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Tanaka N, Tamai T, Mukaiyama H, Hirabayashi A, Muranaka H, Ishikawa T, Akahane S, Akahane M. Beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonists for the treatment of frequent urination and urinary incontinence: 2-[4-(2-[[(1S,2R)-2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylethyl]amino]ethyl)phenoxy]-2-methylpropionic acid. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:3265-71. [PMID: 11711302 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In a search for novel analogues of beta(3)-adrenoceptor (AR) agonists relaxing the bladder for treatment of urinary dysfunction, 2-[4-(2-[[(1S,2R)-2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylethyl]amino]ethyl)phenoxy]-2-methylpropionic acids (1a-e), into which a fibrate-like structure had been incorporated, were synthesised. Compound 1a was found to be a selective beta(3)-AR agonist in functional assays using the ferret detrusor (beta(3)-AR), rat uterus (beta(2)-AR), and rat atrium (beta(1)-AR); beta(3): EC(50)=7.8 nM, beta(2): IC(50)=7,300 nM, beta(1): EC(20)=23,000 nM. The introduction of a chlorine atom or methyl substituent at the ortho-position on the phenyl ring of 1a further improved beta(3)-AR selectivity. In an in vivo study, 1a lowered intrabladder pressure (ED(50)=31 microg/kg) in rats, without increasing heart rate, in keeping with the in vitro results. Consequently, it is proposed that 1a and its analogues (1b-e), possess beta(3)-AR agonistic activity in the absence of undesirable beta(1)- or beta(2)-AR mediated actions, and may be useful for clinical treatment and pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tanaka
- Central Research Laboratory, Kissei Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 4365-1, Hotaka, Nagano, 399-8304, Japan.
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48
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Wang AQ, Fisher AL, Hsieh J, Cairns AM, Rogers JD, Musson DG. Determination of a beta(3)-agonist in human plasma by LC/MS/MS with semi-automated 48-well diatomaceous earth plate. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001; 26:357-65. [PMID: 11489381 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(01)00406-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Methods for the determination of a beta(3)-agonist (A) in human plasma were developed and compared based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) detection using a turbo ion spray (TIS) interface. Drug and internal standard were isolated from plasma by three sample preparation methods, liquid-liquid extraction, Chem Elut cartridges and 48-well diatomaceous earth plates, that successively improved sample throughput for LC/MS/MS. MS/MS detection was performed on a PE Sciex API 365 tandem mass spectrometer operated in positive ion mode and using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The precursor/product ion combinations of m/z 625/607 and 653/515 were used to quantify A and internal standard, respectively, after chromatographic separation of the analytes. Using liquid-liquid extraction and Chem Elut cartridges, the assay concentration range was 0.5-100 ng/ml. Using diatomaceous earth plates, the concentration range of the assay was extended to 0.5-200 ng/ml. For all three assays, the statistics for precision and accuracy is comparable. The assay accuracy ranged from 91-107% and intraday precision as measured by the coefficient of variation (CV) ranged 2-10%. The sample throughput was tripled when the diatomaceous earth plate method was compared with the original liquid-liquid extraction method.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Q Wang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., WP 75A-303, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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Hu B, Ellingboe J, Han S, Largis E, Lim K, Malamas M, Mulvey R, Niu C, Oliphant A, Pelletier J, Singanallore T, Sum FW, Tillett J, Wong V. Novel (4-piperidin-1-yl)-phenyl sulfonamides as potent and selective human beta(3) agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:2045-59. [PMID: 11504641 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel (4-piperidin-1-yl)-phenyl sulfonamides was prepared and evaluated for their biological activity on the human beta(3)-adrenergic receptor (AR). Replacement of the 3,4-dihydroxyl group of the catechol moiety with 4-hydroxyl-3-methyl sulfonamide on the left-hand side of the compounds resulted in a number of potent full agonists at the beta(3) receptor. Modification of the right-hand side of the compounds by incorporation of a free carboxylic acid resulted in a few potent human beta(3) agonists with low affinities for beta(1)- and beta(2)-ARs. N-Alkyl substitution on the 4-piperidin-1-yl-phenylamine further increased the beta(3) potency while maintaining the selectivity. For example, sulfonamide 48 is a potent full beta(3) agonist (EC(50)=0.004 microM, IA=1.0) with > 500-fold selectivity over beta(1)- and beta(2)-ARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hu
- Chemical Sciences, Wyeth-Ayerst Research, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA.
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50
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Hu B, Ellingboe J, Han S, Largis E, Mulvey R, Oliphant A, Sum FW, Tillett J. (4-Piperidin-1-yl)phenyl amides: potent and selective human beta(3) agonists. J Med Chem 2001; 44:1456-66. [PMID: 11311069 DOI: 10.1021/jm000544b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In search of potent and selective human beta(3) agonists as potential drugs for the treatment of human obesity and type II diabetes, a series of (4-piperidin-1-yl)phenyl amides was prepared and evaluated for their biological activity on the human beta(3)-adrenergic receptor. The leucine derivative 26e and the reverse amide 33b were found to be the two most potent and selective compounds in this study. With EC(50) values of 0.008 and 0.009 microM, respectively, at the beta(3) receptor, nearly completely abolished intrinsic activity at either the beta(1) or beta(2) receptor, and significant thermogenesis effects on human beta(3)-adrenergic receptor transgenic mice, 26e and33b are among the most potent and selective human beta(3) agonists known to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hu
- Chemical Sciences and Cardiovascular/Metabolic Diseases Research, Wyeth-Ayerst Research, Pearl River, New York 10965, USA.
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