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Moradbeygi F, Ghasemi Y, Farmani AR, Hemmati S. Glucarpidase (carboxypeptidase G2): Biotechnological production, clinical application as a methotrexate antidote, and placement in targeted cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115292. [PMID: 37579696 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients receiving high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) for malignancies are exposed to diverse complications, including nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, mucositis, myelotoxicity, neurological symptoms, and death. Glucarpidase is a recombinant carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) that converts MTX into nontoxic metabolites. In this study, the role of vector type, gene optimization, orientation, and host on the expression of CPG2 is investigated. The effectiveness of various therapeutic regimens containing glucarpidase is classified and perspectives on the dose adjustment based on precision medicine are provided. Conjugation with cell-penetrating peptides, human serum albumin, and polymers such as PEG and dextran for delivery, higher stability, and production of the biobetter variants of CPG2 is highlighted. Conjugation of CPG2 to F(ab՜)2 or scFv antibody fragments against tumor-specific antigens and the corresponding prodrugs for tumor-targeted drug delivery using the antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) is communicated. Trials to reduce the off-target effects and the possibility of repeated ADEPT cycles by adding pro-domains sensitive to tumor-overexpressed proteases, antiCPG2 antibodies, CPG2 mutants with immune-system-unrecognizable epitopes, and protective polymers are reported. Intracellular cpg2 gene expression by gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) and the concerns regarding the safety and transfection efficacy of the GDEPT vectors are described. A novel bifunctional platform using engineered CAR-T cell micropharmacies, known as Synthetic Enzyme-Armed KillER (SEAKER) cells, expressing CPG2 to activate prodrugs at the tumor niche is introduced. Taken together, integrated data in this review and recruiting combinatorial strategies in novel drug delivery systems define the future directions of ADEPT, GDEPT, and SEAKER cell therapy and the placement of CPG2 therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moradbeygi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Farmani
- Tissue Engineering Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Shiva Hemmati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Therapeutic journery of nitrogen mustard as alkylating anticancer agents: Historic to future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 151:401-433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Hybrid pharmacophore-based drug design, synthesis, and antiproliferative activity of 1,4-dihydropyridines-linked alkylating anticancer agents. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1236-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ravi Kiran B, Palakshamurthy BS, Vijayakumar GR, Bharath HS. 3,4-Di-fluoro-2-hy-droxy-benzoic acid. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2014; 70:o519. [PMID: 24860333 PMCID: PMC4011294 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536814007211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C7H4F2O3, an intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond is observed. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate R 2 (2)(8) ring motifs. These dimers are linked by C-H⋯O and C-H⋯F hydrogen bonds, forming sheets lying parallel to (30-1). The sheets are linked by aromatic π-π stacking inter-actions [inter-centroid distance = 3.7817 (9) Å], forming a three-dimensional structure.
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Frąckowiak-Wojtasek B, Gąsowska-Bajger B, Mazurek M, Raniszewska A, Logghe M, Smolarczyk R, Cichoń T, Szala S, Wojtasek H. Synthesis and analysis of activity of a potential anti-melanoma prodrug with a hydrazine linker. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 71:98-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Development of triazene prodrugs for ADEPT strategy: new insights into drug delivery system based on carboxypeptidase G2 activation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6903-8. [PMID: 23041157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Six novel urea triazene prodrugs have been synthesized to apply in antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT). The chemical and plasmatic stability of l-glutamate triazene prodrugs were evaluated and the chemical reactivity was mainly attributed to an intramolecular catalysis promoted by the neighbouring carboxylate group of the glutamic moiety. These prodrugs showed an elevated binding to plasma proteins. The L-glutamate triazenes were evaluated as prodrugs of the alkylating agent's monomethyltriazenes, by activation of the bacterial enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2). The synthesized prodrugs have been shown to be good substrates for CPG2, and therefore new candidates for ADEPT strategy.
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Yang YH, Aloysius H, Inoyama D, Chen Y, Hu LQ. Enzyme-mediated hydrolytic activation of prodrugs. Acta Pharm Sin B 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Friedlos F, Lehouritis P, Ogilvie L, Hedley D, Davies L, Bermudes D, King I, Martin J, Marais R, Springer CJ. Attenuated Salmonella Targets Prodrug Activating Enzyme Carboxypeptidase G2 to Mouse Melanoma and Human Breast and Colon Carcinomas for Effective Suicide Gene Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:4259-66. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Niculescu-Duvaz I, Springer C. Section Review: Biologicals & Immunologicals: Development of prodrugs for ADEPT (antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy). Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.5.3.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Bagshawe KD, Sharma SK, Begent RHJ. Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) for cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2005; 4:1777-89. [PMID: 15500406 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.4.11.1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) aims to restrict the cytotoxic action to tumour sites. The obstacles to achieve this were recognised at the outset, but time and experience have given these better definition. The development of fusion proteins has provided the means of making consistent antibody-enzyme constructs on an adequate scale, and glycosylation has provided the means to control the clearance of enzyme from non-tumour sites. Human enzymes have yet to be tested in a clinical setting, and there are pointers indicating that the immunological response to foreign enzymes can be overcome. The relatively small number of purpose-designed prodrugs tested so far leaves this an area ripe for further development. The ongoing iterative process between preclinical and clinical studies is critical to achieving the objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Bagshawe
- Department of Oncology, Royal Free & University College Medical School, University College London, UK
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Davies LC, Friedlos F, Hedley D, Martin J, Ogilvie LM, Scanlon IJ, Springer CJ. Novel fluorinated prodrugs for activation by carboxypeptidase G2 showing good in vivo antitumor activity in gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy. J Med Chem 2005; 48:5321-8. [PMID: 16078849 DOI: 10.1021/jm0502182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sixteen novel polyfluorinated benzoic acid mustards have been synthesized for use in gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT). Eight of these were benzoic acid L-glutamate mustards for evaluation as prodrugs and the other eight were the active drugs formed by the action of the bacterial enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2). All of the di- and trifluorinated prodrugs were efficiently cleaved by the enzyme. In contrast, the tetrafluorinated prodrugs were found to be competitive inhibitors of CPG2, the first such inhibitors to have been described. The di- and trifluorinated prodrugs were differentially cytotoxic to human breast carcinoma cells (MDA MB 361) expressing CPG2, compared to control cells that did not express the enzyme. The difluorinated prodrug {4-[bis(2-bromoethyl)amino]-3,5-difluorobenzoyl}-L-glutamic acid and its iodoethylamino analogue were effective substrates for the enzyme and showed excellent therapeutic activity in CPG2-expressing MDA MB 361 xenografts, either curing or greatly inhibiting tumor growth and extending the life of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence C Davies
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics at the Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
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The effectiveness of a primary aliphatic amino group as an internal Lewis base on the formation of a boron–oxygen–carbon linkage: a computational study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2004.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Niculescu-Duvaz I, Scanlon I, Niculescu-Duvaz D, Friedlos F, Martin J, Marais R, Springer CJ. Significant Differences in Biological Parameters between Prodrugs Cleavable by Carboxypeptidase G2 That Generate 3,5-Difluoro-phenol and -aniline Nitrogen Mustards in Gene-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy Systems. J Med Chem 2004; 47:2651-8. [PMID: 15115406 DOI: 10.1021/jm030966w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nine new nitrogen mustard compounds derived from 2,6-difluoro-4-hydroxy- (3a-e) and 2,6-difluoro-4-amino- (4a-d) aniline were synthesized as potential prodrugs. They were designed to be activated to their corresponding 3,5-difluorophenol and -aniline (4)-nitrogen mustards by the enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) in gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) models. The compounds were tested for cytotoxicity in the MDA MB-361 breast adenocarcinoma. The cell line was engineered to express stably either CPG2 tethered to the cell surface stCPG2-(Q)3 or beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal) as control. The cytotoxicity differentials were calculated between CPG 2-expressing and -nonexpressing cells and yielded different results for the two series of prodrugs despite their structural similarities. While the phenol compounds are ineffective as prodrugs, their aniline counterparts exhibit outstanding activity in the tumor cell lines expressing CPG2. [3,5-Difluoro-4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl]carbamoyl-l-glutamic acid gave a differential of >227 in MDA MB361 cells as compared with 19 exhibited by 4-[(2-chloroethyl)(2-mesyloxyethyl)amino]benzoyl-l-glutamic acid, 1a, which has been in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Niculescu-Duvaz
- Cancer Research-UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics at the Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
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A computational study of the formation of 1,3,2-dioxaborolane from the reaction of dihydroxy borane with 1,2-ethanediol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2003.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jordan AM, Khan TH, Osborn HM, Photiou A, Riley PA. Melanocyte-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (MDEPT): development of a targeted treatment for malignant melanoma. Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7:1775-80. [PMID: 10530924 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00126-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel prodrug rationally designed to function as a tyrosinase substrate has been synthesised to allow targeted treatment of malignant melanoma. This agent has been evaluated for tyrosinase-mediated drug release, and has been shown to act in the desired manner. Furthermore, differential cytotoxicity has been demonstrated in cell lines which express tyrosinase and those which do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, UK
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Niculescu-Duvaz D, Niculescu-Duvaz I, Friedlos F, Martin J, Spooner R, Davies L, Marais R, Springer CJ. Self-immolative nitrogen mustard prodrugs for suicide gene therapy. J Med Chem 1998; 41:5297-309. [PMID: 9857097 DOI: 10.1021/jm980425k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Four new potential self-immolative prodrugs derived from phenol and aniline nitrogen mustards, four model compounds derived from their corresponding fluoroethyl analogues and two new self-immolative linkers were designed and synthesized for use in the suicide gene therapy termed GDEPT (gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy). The self-immolative prodrugs were designed to be activated by the enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) releasing an active drug by a 1, 6-elimination mechanism via an unstable intermediate. Thus, N-[(4-¿[4-(bis¿2-chloroethyl¿amino)phenoxycarbonyloxy]methyl¿pheny l)c arbamoyl]-L-glutamic acid (23), N-[(4-¿[4-(bis¿2-chloroethyl¿amino)phenoxycarbonyloxy]methyl¿pheno xy) carbonyl]-L-glutamic acid (30), N-[(4-¿[N-(4-¿bis[2-chloroethyl]amino¿phenyl)carbamoyloxy]methyl¿+ ++phen oxy)carbonyl]-L-glutamic acid (37), and N-[(4-¿[N-(4-¿bis[2-chloroethyl]amino¿phenyl)carbamoyloxy]methyl¿+ ++phen yl)carbamoyl]-L-glutamic acid (40) were synthesized. They are bifunctional alkylating agents in which the activating effects of the phenolic hydroxyl or amino functions are masked through an oxycarbonyl or a carbamoyl bond to a benzylic spacer which is itself linked to a glutamic acid by an oxycarbonyl or a carbamoyl bond. The corresponding fluoroethyl compounds 25, 32, 42, and 44 were also synthesized. The rationale was to obtain model compounds with greatly reduced alkylating abilities that would be much less reactive with nucleophiles compared to the corresponding chloroethyl derivatives. This enabled studies of these model compounds as substrates for CPG2, without incurring the rapid and complicated decomposition pathways of the chloroethyl derivatives. The prodrugs were designed to be activated to their corresponding phenol and aniline nitrogen mustard drugs by CPG2 for use in GDEPT. The synthesis of the analogous novel parent drugs (21b, 51) is also described. A colorectal cell line was engineered to express CPG2 tethered to the outer cell surface. The phenylenediamine compounds were found to behave as prodrugs, yielding IC50 prodrug/IC50 drug ratios between 20- and 33-fold (for 37 and 40) and differentials of 12-14-fold between CPG2-expressing and control LacZ-expressing clones. The drugs released are up to 70-fold more potent than 4-[(2-chloroethyl)(2-mesyloxyethyl)amino]benzoic acid that results from the prodrug 4-[(2-chloroethyl)(2-mesyloxyethyl)amino]benzoyl-L-glutamic acid (CMDA) which has been used previously for GDEPT. These data demonstrate the viability of this strategy and indicate that self-immolative prodrugs can be synthesized to release potent mustard drugs selectively by cells expressing CPG2 tethered to the cell surface in GDEPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Niculescu-Duvaz
- CRC Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, U.K
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Abstract
Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) is a therapeutic strategy which aims to improve the selectivity of anticancer drugs. ADEPT is a two-step antibody targeting system that has benefits over a one-step chemo-, toxin- or radioimmunoconjugate. The basic principles of ADEPT are discussed alongside the requirements of the components: antibodies, enzymes and prodrugs. The design and syntheses of prodrugs are detailed particularly prodrug/drug systems of potential clinical use, the rationale behind their design and the in vitro and in vivo results obtained. The main features of ADEPT, such as targeting of cancer cells by the antibody-enzyme conjugates, enzymic activation of the prodrugs, selection of the prodrug/drug and enzyme/prodrug systems are reviewed.
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Baxter LT, Jain RK. Pharmacokinetic analysis of the microscopic distribution of enzyme-conjugated antibodies and prodrugs: comparison with experimental data. Br J Cancer 1996; 73:447-56. [PMID: 8595158 PMCID: PMC2074453 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1996.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A mathematical model was developed to improve understanding of the biodistribution and microscopic profiles of drugs and prodrugs in a system using enzyme-conjugated antibodies as part of a two-step method for cancer treatment. The use of monoclonal antibodies alone may lead to heterogeneous uptake within the tumour tissue; the use of a second, low molecular weight agent may provide greater penetration into tumour tissue. This mathematical model was used to describe concentration profiles surrounding individual blood vessels within a tumour. From these profiles the area under the curve and specificity ratios were determined. By integrating these results spatially, average tissue concentrations were determined and compared with experimental results from three different systems in the literature; two using murine antibodies and one using humanised fusion proteins. The maximum enzyme conversion rate (Vmax) and the residual antibody concentration in the plasma and normal tissue were seen to be key determinants of drug concentration and drug-prodrug ratios in the tumour and other organs. Thus, longer time delays between the two injections, clearing the antibody from the blood stream and the use of 'weaker' enzymes (lower Vmax) will be important factors in improving this prodrug approach. Of these, the model found the effective clearance of the antibody outside of the tumour to be the most effective. The use of enzyme-conjugated antibodies may offer the following advantages over the bifunctional antibody-hapten system: (i) more uniform distribution of the active agent; (ii) higher concentrations possible for the active agent; and (iii) greater specificity (therapeutic index).
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Baxter
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
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Bagshawe KD. Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy for cancer: its theoretical basis and application. MOLECULAR MEDICINE TODAY 1995; 1:424-31. [PMID: 9415191 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-4310(95)90815-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Agents that can be administered systemically but that act selectively against cancer cells have been intensively sought but have thus far proved elusive. Nonselective cytotoxic drugs have the potential to eradicate cancer if they can be delivered selectively in sufficient concentration to cancer sites. In the approach described here, the cytotoxic agent is generated at cancer sites from a low-toxicity prodrug by the action of an enzyme delivered by an antibody to the cancer site. The feasibility of the approach has been demonstrated with a variety of enzyme-prodrug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Bagshawe
- Department of Surgery, Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, London, UK
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