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Humpert S, Schneider D, Bier D, Schulze A, Neumaier F, Neumaier B, Holschbach M. 8-Bicycloalkyl-CPFPX derivatives as potent and selective tools for in vivo imaging of the A 1 adenosine receptor. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116380. [PMID: 38615410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Imaging of the A1 adenosine receptor (A1R) by positron emission tomography (PET) with 8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-1-propyl-xanthine ([18F]CPFPX) has been widely used in preclinical and clinical studies. However, this radioligand suffers from rapid peripheral metabolism and subsequent accumulation of radiometabolites in the vascular compartment. In the present work, we prepared four derivatives of CPFPX by replacement of the cyclopentyl group with norbornane moieties. These derivatives were evaluated by competition binding studies, microsomal stability assays and LC-MS analysis of microsomal metabolites. In addition, the 18F-labeled isotopologue of 8-(1-norbornyl)-3-(3-fluoropropyl)-1-propylxanthine (1-NBX) as the most promising candidate was prepared by radiofluorination of the corresponding tosylate precursor and the resulting radioligand ([18F]1-NBX) was evaluated by permeability assays with Caco-2 cells and in vitro autoradiography in rat brain slices. Our results demonstrate that 1-NBX exhibits significantly improved A1R affinity and selectivity when compared to CPFPX and that it does not give rise to lipophilic metabolites expected to cross the blood-brain-barrier in microsomal assays. Furthermore, [18F]1-NBX showed a high passive permeability (Pc = 6.9 ± 2.9 × 10-5 cm/s) and in vitro autoradiography with this radioligand resulted in a distribution pattern matching A1R expression in the brain. Moreover, a low degree of non-specific binding (5%) was observed. Taken together, these findings identify [18F]1-NBX as a promising candidate for further preclinical evaluation as potential PET tracer for A1R imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swen Humpert
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Daniela Schneider
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dirk Bier
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Annette Schulze
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Felix Neumaier
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Straße 50, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Marcus Holschbach
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428, Jülich, Germany
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2
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Spinozzi E, Baldassarri C, Acquaticci L, Del Bello F, Grifantini M, Cappellacci L, Riccardo P. Adenosine receptors as promising targets for the management of ocular diseases. Med Chem Res 2021; 30:353-370. [PMID: 33519168 PMCID: PMC7829661 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ocular drug discovery arena has undergone a significant improvement in the last few years culminating in the FDA approvals of 8 new drugs. However, despite a large number of drugs, generics, and combination products available, it remains an urgent need to find breakthrough strategies and therapies for tackling ocular diseases. Targeting the adenosinergic system may represent an innovative strategy for discovering new ocular therapeutics. This review focused on the recent advance in the field and described the numerous nucleoside and non-nucleoside modulators of the four adenosine receptors (ARs) used as potential tools or clinical drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Spinozzi
- School of Pharmacy Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Cecilia Baldassarri
- School of Pharmacy Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Laura Acquaticci
- School of Pharmacy Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Fabio Del Bello
- School of Pharmacy Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Mario Grifantini
- School of Pharmacy Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Loredana Cappellacci
- School of Pharmacy Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Petrelli Riccardo
- School of Pharmacy Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
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3
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Tosh DK, Rao H, Bitant A, Salmaso V, Mannes P, Lieberman DI, Vaughan KL, Mattison JA, Rothwell AC, Auchampach JA, Ciancetta A, Liu N, Cui Z, Gao ZG, Reitman ML, Gavrilova O, Jacobson KA. Design and in Vivo Characterization of A 1 Adenosine Receptor Agonists in the Native Ribose and Conformationally Constrained (N)-Methanocarba Series. J Med Chem 2019; 62:1502-1522. [PMID: 30605331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
(N)-Methanocarba ([3.1.0]bicyclohexyl) adenosines and corresponding ribosides were synthesized to identify novel A1 adenosine receptor (A1AR) agonists for CNS or peripheral applications. Human and mouse AR binding was determined to assess the constrained ring system's A1AR compatibility. N6-Dicyclobutylmethyl ribose agonist (9, MRS7469, >2000-fold selective for A1AR) and known truncated N6-dicyclopropylmethyl methanocarba 7 (MRS5474) were drug-like. The pure diastereoisomer of known riboside 4 displayed high hA1AR selectivity. Methanocarba modification reduced A1AR selectivity of N6-dicyclopropylmethyl and endo-norbornyladenosines but increased ribavirin selectivity. Most analogues tested (ip) were inactive or weak in inducing mouse hypothermia, despite mA1AR full agonism and variable mA3AR efficacy, but strong hypothermia by 9 depended on A1AR, which reflects CNS activity (determined using A1AR or A3AR null mice). Conserved hA1AR interactions were preserved in modeling of 9 and methanocarba equivalent 24 (∼400-fold A1AR-selective). Thus, we identified, and characterized in vivo, ribose and methanocarba nucleosides, including with A1AR-enhancing N6-dicyclobutylmethyl-adenine and 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (40, MRS7451) nucleobases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amelia Bitant
- Department of Pharmacology , Medical College of Wisconsin , 8701 Watertown Plank Road , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53226 , United States
| | | | | | | | - Kelli L Vaughan
- SoBran BioSciences , SoBran, Inc. , 4000 Blackburn Lane , Burtonsville , Maryland 20866 , United States.,Translational Gerontology Branch , National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program , 16701 Elmer School Road, Building 103 , Dickerson , Maryland 20842 , United States
| | - Julie A Mattison
- Translational Gerontology Branch , National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program , 16701 Elmer School Road, Building 103 , Dickerson , Maryland 20842 , United States
| | - Amy C Rothwell
- Department of Pharmacology , Medical College of Wisconsin , 8701 Watertown Plank Road , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53226 , United States
| | - John A Auchampach
- Department of Pharmacology , Medical College of Wisconsin , 8701 Watertown Plank Road , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53226 , United States
| | - Antonella Ciancetta
- School of Pharmacy , Queen's University Belfast , 96 Lisburn Road , Belfast BT9 7BL , U.K
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4
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Yu J, Mannes P, Jung YH, Ciancetta A, Bitant A, Lieberman DI, Khaznadar S, Auchampach JA, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA. Structure activity relationship of 2-arylalkynyl-adenine derivatives as human A 3 adenosine receptor antagonists. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:1920-1932. [PMID: 30568760 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00317c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of nucleosides at adenosine receptors (ARs) is supported by multiple X-ray structures, but the structure of an adenine complex is unknown. We examined the selectivity of predicted A1AR and A3AR adenine antagonists that incorporated known agonist affinity-enhancing N 6 and C2 substituents. Adenines with A1AR-favoring N 6-alkyl, cycloalkyl and arylalkyl substitutions combined with an A3AR-favoring 2-((5-chlorothiophen-2-yl)ethynyl) group were human (h) A3AR-selective, e.g. MRS7497 17 (∼1000-fold over A1AR). In addition, binding selectivity over hA2AAR and hA2BAR and functional A3AR antagonism were demonstrated. 17 was subjected to computational docking and molecular dynamics simulation in a hA3AR homology model to predict interactions. The SAR of nucleoside AR agonists was not recapitulated in adenine AR antagonists, and modeling suggested an alternative, inverted binding mode with the key N2506.55 H-bonding to the adenine N 3 and N 9, instead of N 6 and N 7 as in adenosine agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinha Yu
- Molecular Recognition Section , Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry , National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases , National Institutes of Health , Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, NIH, NIDDK, LBC , Bethesda , Maryland 20892-0810 , USA . ; ; Tel: +301 496 9024
| | - Philip Mannes
- Molecular Recognition Section , Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry , National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases , National Institutes of Health , Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, NIH, NIDDK, LBC , Bethesda , Maryland 20892-0810 , USA . ; ; Tel: +301 496 9024
| | - Young-Hwan Jung
- Molecular Recognition Section , Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry , National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases , National Institutes of Health , Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, NIH, NIDDK, LBC , Bethesda , Maryland 20892-0810 , USA . ; ; Tel: +301 496 9024
| | - Antonella Ciancetta
- School of Pharmacy , Queen's University Belfast , 96 Lisburn Rd , Belfast , BT9 7BL , UK
| | - Amelia Bitant
- Department of Pharmacology , Medical College of Wisconsin , 8701 Watertown Plank Road , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53226 , USA
| | - David I Lieberman
- Molecular Recognition Section , Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry , National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases , National Institutes of Health , Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, NIH, NIDDK, LBC , Bethesda , Maryland 20892-0810 , USA . ; ; Tel: +301 496 9024
| | - Sami Khaznadar
- Molecular Recognition Section , Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry , National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases , National Institutes of Health , Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, NIH, NIDDK, LBC , Bethesda , Maryland 20892-0810 , USA . ; ; Tel: +301 496 9024
| | - John A Auchampach
- Department of Pharmacology , Medical College of Wisconsin , 8701 Watertown Plank Road , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53226 , USA
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section , Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry , National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases , National Institutes of Health , Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, NIH, NIDDK, LBC , Bethesda , Maryland 20892-0810 , USA . ; ; Tel: +301 496 9024
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section , Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry , National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases , National Institutes of Health , Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, NIH, NIDDK, LBC , Bethesda , Maryland 20892-0810 , USA . ; ; Tel: +301 496 9024
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5
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Carlin JL, Jain S, Gizewski E, Wan TC, Tosh DK, Xiao C, Auchampach JA, Jacobson KA, Gavrilova O, Reitman ML. Hypothermia in mouse is caused by adenosine A 1 and A 3 receptor agonists and AMP via three distinct mechanisms. Neuropharmacology 2016; 114:101-113. [PMID: 27914963 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Small mammals have the ability to enter torpor, a hypothermic, hypometabolic state, allowing impressive energy conservation. Administration of adenosine or adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) can trigger a hypothermic, torpor-like state. We investigated the mechanisms for hypothermia using telemetric monitoring of body temperature in wild type and receptor knock out (Adora1-/-, Adora3-/-) mice. Confirming prior data, stimulation of the A3 adenosine receptor (AR) induced hypothermia via peripheral mast cell degranulation, histamine release, and activation of central histamine H1 receptors. In contrast, A1AR agonists and AMP both acted centrally to cause hypothermia. Commonly used, selective A1AR agonists, including N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA), and MRS5474, caused hypothermia via both A1AR and A3AR when given intraperitoneally. Intracerebroventricular dosing, low peripheral doses of Cl-ENBA [(±)-5'-chloro-5'-deoxy-N6-endo-norbornyladenosine], or using Adora3-/- mice allowed selective stimulation of A1AR. AMP-stimulated hypothermia can occur independently of A1AR, A3AR, and mast cells. A1AR and A3AR agonists and AMP cause regulated hypothermia that was characterized by a drop in total energy expenditure, physical inactivity, and preference for cooler environmental temperatures, indicating a reduced body temperature set point. Neither A1AR nor A3AR was required for fasting-induced torpor. A1AR and A3AR agonists and AMP trigger regulated hypothermia via three distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Lea Carlin
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shalini Jain
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth Gizewski
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Tina C Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Dilip K Tosh
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cuiying Xiao
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John A Auchampach
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Oksana Gavrilova
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marc L Reitman
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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6
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Guo D, Heitman LH, IJzerman AP. Kinetic Aspects of the Interaction between Ligand and G Protein-Coupled Receptor: The Case of the Adenosine Receptors. Chem Rev 2016; 117:38-66. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Guo
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry,
Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H. Heitman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry,
Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P. IJzerman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry,
Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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7
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Abstract
Introduction of novel and diverse functional groups in drug discovery is always seen with hesitancy until good activity and low toxicity characteristics are proven. The introduction of fluorine in drug-like compounds is now a well-accepted strategy in medicinal chemistry. However, polyfluoroalkyl groups, with the exception of trifluoromethyl substituents, are not well explored yet. Our aim is to show to the readers how polyfluorinated groups can be beneficial to the properties of pharmaceutically active compounds by highlighting the structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies that led to the selection of polyfluorinated moieties as key structural features. Despite the fact that the use of higher polyfluoroalkyl/aryl moieties is still in its infancy, we believe that they will soon acquire the same importance of their lower parents.
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Macdougall PE, Aitken HM, Scammells PJ, Kavanagh Y, Kyne SH, Schiesser CH. 7-Selenabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:9126-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc34984a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Franchetti P, Cappellacci L, Vita P, Petrelli R, Lavecchia A, Kachler S, Klotz KN, Marabese I, Luongo L, Maione S, Grifantini M. N6-Cycloalkyl- and N6-Bicycloalkyl-C5′(C2′)-modified Adenosine Derivatives as High-Affinity and Selective Agonists at the Human A1 Adenosine Receptor with Antinociceptive Effects in Mice. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2393-406. [DOI: 10.1021/jm801456g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Palmarisa Franchetti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy, Institut für Pharmakologie and Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany, and Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Loredana Cappellacci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy, Institut für Pharmakologie and Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany, and Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Patrizia Vita
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy, Institut für Pharmakologie and Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany, and Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Petrelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy, Institut für Pharmakologie and Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany, and Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavecchia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy, Institut für Pharmakologie and Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany, and Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Sonja Kachler
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy, Institut für Pharmakologie and Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany, and Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Karl-Norbert Klotz
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy, Institut für Pharmakologie and Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany, and Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Ida Marabese
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy, Institut für Pharmakologie and Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany, and Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Livio Luongo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy, Institut für Pharmakologie and Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany, and Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy, Institut für Pharmakologie and Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany, and Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Grifantini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy, Institut für Pharmakologie and Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany, and Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
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10
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Nell PG, Albrecht-Küpper B. The adenosine A1 receptor and its ligands. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2009; 47:163-201. [PMID: 19328291 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)00204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Nell
- Global Drug Discovery - Operations, Bayer HealthCare AG, Bayer Schering Pharma, Müllerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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11
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Ashton T, Aumann KM, Baker SP, Schiesser CH, Scammells PJ. Structure–activity relationships of adenosines with heterocyclic N6-substituents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:6779-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Nair V, Fasbender AJ. Novel 2.6-Disubstituted Adenosine Analogues: Potential Agonists for Adenosine Receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319008046066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Nayeem MA, Mustafa SJ. Protein kinase C isoforms and A1 adenosine receptors in porcine coronary smooth muscle cells. Vascul Pharmacol 2002; 39:47-54. [PMID: 12616990 DOI: 10.1016/s1537-1891(02)00307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that prolonged exposure of porcine coronary arteries to adenosine agonists upregulates protein kinase C (PKC) through the activation of adenosine A1 receptor-coupled to pertussis toxin sensitive G-protein(s) [Am. J. Physiol. 264 (1993) H1465; Am. J. Physiol. 269 (1995) H1619]. The mechanism(s) by which A1 adenosine receptor upregulates PKC (isoforms) are not yet clearly understood. In the present study, we identified the alpha, beta 1, beta 2, gamma, epsilon, and zeta PKC isoforms that were upregulated by adenosine A1 receptor agonist as a possible mechanism(s) involved for this upregulation. Incubation of porcine coronary smooth muscle cells (PCSMC) with adenosine A1 receptor agonist (2s)-N6-[2-endo-norbornyl]adenosine (ENBA) caused an upregulation of PKC (isoforms), which were blocked by adenosine A1 receptor antagonist 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX). Western blot analysis using specific antibodies to PKC isoforms indicated that all the isoforms tested (alpha, beta I, beta II, mu, gamma, delta, epsilon, and zeta) were present in the primary cultured smooth muscle cells from porcine coronary artery. Western blot studies indicated that PKC alpha, beta I, beta II, gamma, epsilon, and zeta isoforms were upregulated in a dose dependent manner by adenosine agonist (ENBA) and PKC delta and mu were not altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Nayeem
- Department of Pharmacology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858-2735, USA
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14
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Fahim M, Mustafa SJ. Evidence for the presence of A(1) adenosine receptors in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134:1760-6. [PMID: 11739253 PMCID: PMC1572910 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Isolated aortic rings (endothelium-intact and -denuded) from spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were used in this study to examine the vasoactive effects of various adenosine analogues. 2. In phenylephrine contracted aortic rings, concentration-response curves were constructed by cumulative additions (10(-11) - 10(-5) M) of (2S)-N(6)-[2-endo-Norbornyl] adenosine (ENBA), N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), R-N(6)-(2-phenylisopropyl) adenosine (R-PIA), 2-p-(-2-carboxyethyl) phenethylamino-5'-N-thylcarboxamido adenosine (CGS-21680). 3. A non-specific adenosine receptor agonist 2-chloroadenosine (CAD) resulted in biphasic response with a small contraction at lower concentrations (10(-9) - 10(-8) M) followed by a significant relaxation at higher concentration in endothelium-intact SHR tissues, suggesting presence of both A(1) and A(2) adenosine receptors in SHR aorta. However, only relaxation was observed in WKY. 4. Contractile response in SHR had the following rank order of potency: ENBA>CPA>R-PIA>CAD. The relaxation response in SHR and WKY had the following rank order of potency: CGS 21680>CAD>R-PIA>CPA>ENBA. 5. Removal of endothelium abolished the adenosine analogue induced contractions in SHR aorta and attenuated the vasorelaxation responses in the WKY and SHR. 6. The contractile response in SHR was abolished by A(1) adenosine receptor antagonist N(6)-endonorbornan-2-yl-9-methyladenine (N-0861). A(2) adenosine receptor antagonist, 3,7-dimethyl-1-proparglyxanthine (DMPX) did not affect the contraction response of adenosine analogues. 7. Endothelium-dependent contractions elicited by A(1) receptor agonists were blocked by indomethacin and by free radical scavengers. 8. These data suggest that the contractile response to adenosine analogues in SHR aorta is probably mediated by free radicals which are generated through the increased cyclo-oxygenase activity occurring in the vascular endothelium of SHR but not the WKY rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fahim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, NC 27858, USA.
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15
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Wirkner K, Assmann H, Köles L, Gerevich Z, Franke H, Nörenberg W, Boehm R, Illes P. Inhibition by adenosine A(2A) receptors of NMDA but not AMPA currents in rat neostriatal neurons. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 130:259-69. [PMID: 10807662 PMCID: PMC1572053 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-cell patch clamp experiments were used to investigate the transduction mechanism of adenosine A(2A) receptors in modulating N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced currents in rat striatal brain slices. The A(2A) receptor agonist 2-p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (CGS 21680) inhibited the NMDA, but not the (S)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) current in a subset of striatal neurons. Lucifer yellow-filled pipettes in combination with immunostaining of A(2A) receptors were used to identify CGS 21680-sensitive cells as typical medium spiny striatal neurons. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP and the protein kinase A activator Sp-cyclic AMPs, but not the protein kinase A inhibitors Rp-cyclic AMPS or PKI(14 - 24)amide abolished the inhibitory effect of CGS 21680. The phospholipase C inhibitor U-73122, but not the inactive structural analogue U-73343 also interfered with CGS 21680. The activation of protein kinase C by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or the blockade of this enzyme by staurosporine did not alter the effect of CGS 21680. Heparin, an antagonist of inositol 1, 4,5-trisphosphate (InsP(3)) and a more efficient buffering of intracellular Ca(2+) by BAPTA instead of EGTA in the pipette solution, abolished the CGS 21680-induced inhibition. The calmodulin antagonist W-7 and cytochalasin B which enhances actin depolymerization also prevented the effect of CGS 21680; the calmodulin kinase II inhibitors CaM kinase II(281 - 309) and KN-93 but not the inactive structural analogue KN-92 were also effective. The calcineurin inhibitor deltamethrin did not interfere with CGS 21680. It is suggested that the transduction mechanism of A(2A) receptors to inhibit NMDA receptor channels is the phospholipase C/InsP(3)/calmodulin and calmodulin kinase II pathway. The adenylate cyclase/protein kinase A and phospholipase C/protein kinase C pathways do not appear to be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wirkner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heike Assmann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Laszlo Köles
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Zoltan Gerevich
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heike Franke
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Nörenberg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rudolf Boehm
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Illes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
- Author for correspondence:
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16
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Nörenberg W, Wirkner K, Illes P. Effect of adenosine and some of its structural analogues on the conductance of NMDA receptor channels in a subset of rat neostriatal neurones. Br J Pharmacol 1997; 122:71-80. [PMID: 9298530 PMCID: PMC1564906 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0701347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
1. In order to investigate the modulatory effects of adenosine on excitatory amino acid projections onto striatal medium spiny neurons, whole-cell patch clamp experiments were carried out in rat brain slices. The effects of various agonists for P1 (adenosine) and P2 (ATP) purinoceptors and their antagonists were investigated. The A2A receptor agonist 2-p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenythylamino-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (CGS 21680; 0.1 microM), the A1 receptor agonist 2-chloro-N6-cyclcopentyladenosine (CCPA; 10 microM) and the non-selective P1 purinoceptor antagonist 8-(p sulphophenyl)-theophylline (8-SPT; 100 microM) did not alter the resting membrane potential, the threshold current necessary to elicit an action potential, the amplitude of spikes, their rise time, the amplitude of the afterhyperpolarization (AHP) and the time to peak of the AHP. 2. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA; 1-1000 microM) caused a concentration-dependent inward current which was larger in the absence than in the presence of Mg2+ (1.3 mM). In a subset of striatal neurones, the current response to NMDA (10 microM) and the accompanying increase in conductance were both inhibited by CGS 21680 (0.01-1 microM). The effect of CGS 21680 (0.1 microM) persisted in the presence of tetrodotoxin (0.5 microM) or in a Ca(2+)-free medium, under conditions when synaptically mediated influences may be negligible. 3. The A3 receptor agonist N6-2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyladenosine (APNEA; 0.1-10 microM) also diminished the effect of NMDA (10 microM), while the A1 receptor agonists CCPA (0.1-10 microM) and (2S)-N6-[2-endonorbornyl] adenosine [S(-)-ENBA; 10 microM] as well as the endogenous, non-selective P1 purinoceptor agonist adenosine (100 microM) were inactive. The endogenous non-selective P2 purinoceptor agonist ATP (1000 microM) also failed to alter the current response to NMDA (10 microM). Adenosine (100 microM), but not ATP (1000 microM) became inhibitory after blockade of nucleoside uptake by S[4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioguanosine (NBTG; 30 microM). 4. 8-(p-Sulphophenyl)-theophylline (8-SPT; 100 microM), as well as the A2A receptor antagonist 8-(3-chlorostyryl) caffeine (CSC; 1 microM) and the A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) at 0.03, but not 0.003 microM abolished the inhibitory action of CGS 21,680 (0.1 microM). None of these compounds altered the effect of NMDA (10 microM) by itself. DPCPX (0.03 microM) prevented the inhibition of APNEA (10 microM). 5. There was no effect of CGS 21,680 (0.1 microM), when guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiodiphosphate (GDP-beta-S; 300 microM) was included in the pipette solution in order to block G protein-mediated reactions. 6. In conclusion, adenosine receptors, probably of the A2A-subtype, inhibit the conductance of NMDA receptor channels in a subset of medium spiny neurones of the rat striatum by a transduction mechanism which involves a G protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Nörenberg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Freiburg, Germany
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17
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Abstract
The effects of adenosine and several structural analogues of adenosine upon thymidine incorporation into human tumour cells and rat cervical lymphocytes were investigated. The analogue NECA, which has equal specificity for the A1 and A2 receptor, had the most inhibitory effect on lymphocyte proliferation while the A1 agonists had limited effects, suggesting that these cells possess principally A2 adenosine receptors. In the case of human tumour cells, however, the most inhibitory effect on proliferation was obtained with the A1-specific analogues. The general order of inhibitory effects of adenosine analogues on thymidine incorporation in human tumour cells was: S-ENBA > CPA = R-PIA > S-PIA > NECA. These findings suggest that in the cells presently studied the A1 adenosine receptor predominates. Removal of exogenous adenosine by growth in the presence of adenosine deaminase inhibited thymidine incorporation. The effect of adenosine removal lends further support to the proposal that adenosine has some, as yet unidentified, regulatory role in the control of human tumour cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Colquhoun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, U.K
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Bhardwaj A, Northington FJ, Koehler RC, Stiefel T, Hanley DF, Traystman RJ. Adenosine modulates N-methyl-D-aspartate-stimulated hippocampal nitric oxide production in vivo. Stroke 1995; 26:1627-33. [PMID: 7544925 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.26.9.1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Adenosine acts presynaptically to inhibit release of excitatory amino acids (EAAs) and is thus considered to be neuroprotective. Because EAA-stimulated synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) may play an important role in long-term potentiation and excitotoxic-mediated injury, we tested the hypotheses that adenosine agonists attenuate basal and EAA-induced NO production in the hippocampus in vivo and that adenosine A1 receptors mediate this response. METHODS Microdialysis probes were placed bilaterally into the CA3 region of the hippocampus of adult Sprague-Dawley rats under pentobarbital anesthesia. Probes were perfused for 5 hours with artificial cerebrospinal fluid containing 3 mumol/L [14C]L-arginine. Recovery of [14C]L-citrulline in the effluent was used as a marker of NO production. In 10 groups of rats, time-dependent increases in [14C]L-citrulline recovery were compared between right- and left-sided probes perfused with various combinations of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), adenosine agonists, adenosine antagonists, and the NO synthase inhibitor N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). RESULTS Recovery of [14C]L-citrulline during perfusion with artificial cerebrospinal fluid progressively increased to 141 +/- 27 fmol/min (+/- SEM) over 5 hours. Contralateral perfusion with 1 mmol/L NMDA augmented [14C]L-citrulline recovery to 317 +/- 62 fmol/min. Perfusion of 1 mmol/L L-NAME with NMDA inhibited [14C]L-citrulline recovery compared with NMDA alone. Perfusion with 0.1 mmol/L 2-chloroadenosine attenuated basal as well as NMDA-enhanced [14C]L-citrulline recovery. This action of 2-chloroadenosine was reversed by infusion of 0.1 mmol/L 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine, a specific A1 receptor antagonist. Infusion of 0.1 mmol/L (2S)-N6-[2-endo-norboryl]adenosine, a specific A1 receptor agonist, also attenuated the 0.1 mmol/L and 1 mmol/L NMDA-enhanced [14C]L-citrulline recovery. CONCLUSIONS Using an indirect method of assessing NO production in vivo, these data are consistent with in vitro results showing that NMDA receptor stimulation enhances NO production. Furthermore, we conclude that stimulation of A1 receptors can attenuate the basal as well as NMDA-induced production of NO. Because NMDA receptor stimulation amplifies glutamate release, our data are consistent with presynaptic A1 receptor-mediated inhibition of EAA release and consequent downregulation of NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bhardwaj
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Md 21287-7840, USA
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Tomaru A, Ishii A, Kishibayashi N, Shimada J, Suzuki F, Karasawa A. Possible physiological role of endogenous adenosine in defecation in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1994; 264:91-4. [PMID: 7828649 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(94)90641-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Evacuated feces after intraperitoneal administration of selective adenosine receptor antagonists were evaluated in rats. The selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonists, 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX) (100-300 micrograms/kg i.p.) and (R)-7,8-dihydro-8-ethyl-2-(3-noradamantyl)-4-propyl-1H-imidazo[2,1 -i]purin- 5(4H)-one (KF20274) (30-300 micrograms/kg i.p.), significantly increased defecation, whereas the selective adenosine A2 receptor antagonist 4-amino-8-chloro-1-phenyl[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline (CP-66,713) failed to cause a significant increase at up to 10 mg/kg i.p. The defecation caused by DPCPX (100 micrograms/kg) was markedly alleviated by (2S)-N6-(2-endo-norbornyl)adenosine ((S)-ENBA) (30-300 micrograms/kg s.c.), a selective adenosine A1 receptor agonist, but not influenced by 2-[p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino]-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosin e (CGS 21680) (30-1000 micrograms/kg s.c.), a selective adenosine A2 receptor agonist. These results suggest that endogenous adenosine plays a physiological role in sustained inhibition of defecation via adenosine A1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tomaru
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, Japan
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20
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Tomaru A, Ishii A, Kishibayashi N, Karasawa A. Susceptibility to adenosine agonists of giant migrating contraction induced by glycerol enema in anesthetized rats. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 1994; 65:361-5. [PMID: 7990273 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.65.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined whether adenosine agonists influence the occurrence of giant migrating contractions (GMCs) induced by glycerol enema (65%, 2 ml/kg) in rats. Catheter pressure transducers were used to measure the colonic luminal manometric alterations. The adenosine A1 agonists (2S)-N6-(2-endo-norbornyl)adenosine ((S)-ENBA) (10 micrograms/kg, i.v.) and N6-cyclohexyladenosine (30 micrograms/kg, i.v.) abolished the GMCs, whereas the adenosine A2 agonist 2-[p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino]-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosin e (CGS 21680) (30-300 micrograms/kg, i.v.) failed to influence the GMCs. The suppressive action of (S)-ENBA on the GMCs was entirely counteracted by the peripheral adenosine antagonist 8-(p-sulfophenyl)theophylline (10 mg/kg, i.v.). The present observations suggest that the adenosine A1 agonist suppresses the GMCs via peripheral adenosine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tomaru
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, Japan
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21
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Knutsen LJ, Lau J, Sheardown MJ, Thomsen C. The synthesis and biochemical evaluation of new A1 selective adenosine receptor agonists containing 6-hydrazinopurine moieties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)80737-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Abstract
The identification and characterization of adenosine receptors and the development of potent, receptor subtype-selective agonists and antagonists has been an active area of research for the past 20 years. Major recent advances in the field have been the cloning of several adenosine receptor subtypes of different species, including the discovery of a new subtype, designated A3, the discovery and development of new agonists and antagonists, particularly those with selectivity for the A2a adenosine receptor, the characterization of signal transduction pathways, and the development of agents which act indirectly on the adenosine receptor system. The present article focusses on aspects of pharmaceutical/medicinal chemistry related to adenosine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Müller
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Pharmazeutische Chemie, Tübingen, Germany
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23
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24
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Nair V, Fasbender AJ. C-2 functionalized N6-cyclosubstituted adenosines: Highly selective agonists for the adenosine A1 receptor. Tetrahedron 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)80361-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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van Galen PJ, Stiles GL, Michaels G, Jacobson KA. Adenosine A1 and A2 receptors: structure--function relationships. Med Res Rev 1992; 12:423-71. [PMID: 1513184 PMCID: PMC3448285 DOI: 10.1002/med.2610120502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P J van Galen
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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26
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Fink CA, Spada AP, Colussi D, Rivera L, Merkel L. Synthesis of a Potent A1Selective Adenosine Agonist: N6-[1-R-[(3-Chloro-2-thienyl)methyl]propyl]adenosine, RG 14718(-). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319208021169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Evans DH. Evidence for the presence of A1 and A2 adenosine receptors in the ventral aorta of the dogfish shark, Squalus acanthias. J Comp Physiol B 1992; 162:179-83. [PMID: 1592911 DOI: 10.1007/bf00398345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Isolated, endothelium-free rings of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) from the ventral aorta of the dogfish shark, Squalus acanthias, were used to examine the vasoactive effects of various adenosine agonists. Cumulative addition of 2-chloroadenosine (2 Cl-ADO) over the concentration range 10 nM-1 mM resulted in a biphasic response, with a significant increase in tension at 1 microM and a more significant decline in tension at 100 microM and 1 mM, suggesting that this tissue may possess both A1 and A2 adenosine receptors. N6-Cyclopentyladenosine (N-6 CPA) and N6-(2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine, R(-)isomer (R-PIA), generally considered to be more A1 specific, also produced slight, but significant increases in tension, but only at relatively high concentrations. The more specific A1 agonist, N6-(25)-[2-endo-norbonyl] adenosine [(S)-ENBA] produced a significant increase in tension at 1 pM, reaching 28% above control at 10 nM. The response to (S)-ENBA was also biphasic, with a fall in tension at 10 microM. The relatively non-specific agonist 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) produced a small, but significant, increase in tension at 1 microM, with no subsequent decline in tension at higher concentrations. These results allow us to assign a tentative structure-activity relationship (SAR) for an increase in tension of (S)-ENBA much much greater than R-PIA greater than or equal to 2-Cl ADO = N-6 CPA = NECA; for the decrease, the SAR is (S)-ENBA greater than 2-Cl ADO greater than R-PIA greater than N-6 CPA = NECA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Evans
- Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
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28
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Liaw YC, Chern JW, Lin GS, Wang AH. Unusual conformational flexibility in N1-substituted uncommon purine nucleosides. Crystal structure of 1-allyl-isoguanosine and 1-allyl-xanthosine. FEBS Lett 1992; 297:4-8. [PMID: 1551434 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Several new N1-substituted uncommon purine nucleosides, including doridosine (1-methyl-isoguanosine; m-iG), 1-allyl-isoguanosine (a-iG) and 1-allyl-xanthosine (a-X), have been synthesized and tested as agonists for the adenosine receptors. Some have smooth muscle relaxant or negative chronotropic activities. The X-ray crystal structure of these compounds has been determined at atomic resolution in order to understand the structure-activity relationship. The structures were solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least-squares refinement procedure. The crystallographic parameters are: a-iG, space group P2(1), a = 10.573 (1) A, b = 21.955 (2) A, c = 14.360 (1) A, beta = 110.65 (1) degree, no. of 3 sigma Fo's = 4585, R = 0.047; a-X, space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), a = 16.015 (2) A, b = 16.239 (1) A, (1) A, c = 5.3723 (5) A, no. of 3 sigma Fo's = 1169, R = 0.031. In the a-iG crystal, there are 4 independent molecules (with different conformation) per asymmetric unit. While all 4 molecules adopt anti chi CN glycosyl torsion angle, their riboses have 3 distinct puckers (C2'-exo, C2'-endo and C1'-exo). In contrast, the a-X structure adopts a syn chi CN glycosyl torsion angle, which is stabilized by an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the N3 of purine base and the O5' of the ribose (in C2'-endo pucker). Both purine bases (a-iG and a-X) are mainly in the keto tautomer form. For the isoguanine base, the averaged N1-C2 bond distance (1.42 A) is significantly longer than that (1.375 A) of the guanine base. For the xanthine base, N3 nitrogen has an imino proton attached which is unambiguously located in the electron density map. The surprising flexibility in the ribose ring of these N1-substituted uncommon purine nucleosides suggests that the ribose moiety may not participate in the binding of nucleoside to the adenosine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Liaw
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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29
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Jacobson KA, Trivedi BK, Churchill PC, Williams M. Novel therapeutics acting via purine receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 1991; 41:1399-410. [PMID: 2018549 PMCID: PMC3561777 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(91)90555-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A recent conference entitled Purines in Cell Signalling: Targets for New Drugs, held in Rockville, Maryland, in September, 1989, was one indication of the increasing interest in developing agonists and antagonists of P1-(adenosine) and P2-(ATP) purinoceptors [1] as potential therapeutic agents. Extracellular adenosine, acting at its membrane bound A1 and A2 receptors, is a ubiquitous modulator of cellular activity. The purine can arise from several sources including ATP hydrolysis by ectokinase activity in the region of the nerve terminal [2] and from S-adenosylhomocysteine [3] and ATP within the cell. Together with its more stable analogs, adenosine is a potent inhibitor of neurotransmitter release in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, and in cardiac, adipose and other tissues. Adenosine can also affect blood pressure and heart rate as well as modulate the function of the immune, inflammatory, gastrointestinal, renal and pulmonary systems, either via its effects on transmitter release or directly via receptor mechanisms altering intracellular transduction processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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30
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Nair V, Fesbender AJ, Miller LP, Bruce JL. High selectivity of novel isoguanosine analogues for the adenosine A1 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)81110-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Bruns
- Biochemical Pharmacology Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Paton
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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33
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Williams M. Purine nucleosides and nucleotides as central nervous system modulators. Adenosine as the prototypic paracrine neuroactive substance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990; 603:93-107. [PMID: 1981308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb37664.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Williams
- Neuroscience Research, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064
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