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Manipulating Reaction Energy Coordinate Landscape of Mechanochemical Diaza-Cope Rearrangement. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082570. [PMID: 35458767 PMCID: PMC9027841 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiral vicinal diamines, a unique class of optically-active building blocks, play a crucial role in material design, pharmaceutical, and catalysis. Traditionally, their syntheses are all solvent-based approaches, which make organic solvent an indispensable part of their production. As part of our program aiming to develop chemical processes with reduced carbon footprints, we recently reported a highly practical and environmentally-friendly synthetic route to chiral vicinal diamines by solvent-free mechanochemical diaza-Cope rearrangement. We herein showed that a new protocol by co-milling with common laboratory solid additives, such as silica gel, can significantly enhance the efficiency of the reaction, compared to reactions in the absence of additives. One possible explanation is the Lewis acidic nature of additives that accelerates a key Schiff base formation step. Reaction monitoring experiments tracing all the reaction species, including reactants, intermediates, and product, suggested that the reaction profile is distinctly different from ball-milling reactions without additives. Collectively, this work demonstrated that additive effect is a powerful tool to manipulate a reaction pathway in mechanochemical diazo-Cope rearrangement pathway, and this is expected to find broad interest in organic synthesis using mechanical force as an energy input.
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2
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Zhou M, Li K, Chen D, Xu R, Xu G, Tang W. Enantioselective Reductive Coupling of Imines Templated by Chiral Diboron. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10337-10342. [PMID: 32459089 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We herein report a general, practical, and highly efficient method for asymmetric synthesis of a wide range of chiral vicinal diamines via reductive coupling of imines templated by chiral diboron. The protocol features high enantioselectivity and stereospecificity, mild reaction conditions, simple operating procedures, use of readily available starting materials, and a broad substrate scope. The method signifies the generality of diboron-enabled [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kaidi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dongping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ronghua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guangqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.,NingBo Zejun Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou Bay New District, Ningbo 315336, China
| | - Wenjun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.,School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China.,NingBo Zejun Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou Bay New District, Ningbo 315336, China
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3
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Krasavin M. Biologically active compounds based on the privileged 2-imidazoline scaffold: The world beyond adrenergic/imidazoline receptor modulators. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 97:525-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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4
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Tamura K, Kumagai N, Shibasaki M. Direct Catalytic Asymmetric Mannich-Type Reaction of Benzyl Isocyanide: Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,2-Diarylethylenediamines. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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5
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N-Polybenzylated alicyclic 1,2-diamines: cytotoxicity and G1 phase arrest in cancer cell line. Mol Divers 2014; 18:879-86. [PMID: 24973276 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-014-9519-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxicity in the μM range was observed in cancer cell lines treated with N,N,N',N'-tetrabenzyl-4,5-diamino-2-cyclopentenone. Cell cycle analysis on HeLa cells showed a clear G1 phase arrest. A preliminary SAR on structural analogs was performed in order to identify the pharmacophores.
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6
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Würtenberger I, Angermaier B, Kircher B, Gust R. Synthesis and In Vitro Pharmacological Behavior of Platinum(II) Complexes Containing 1,2-Diamino-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-alkanol Ligands. J Med Chem 2013; 56:7951-64. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400967z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Würtenberger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, CCB − Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Angermaier
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Kircher
- Immunobiology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine V (Hematology & Oncology), Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstr. 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronald Gust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, CCB − Centrum for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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7
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Rubner G, Bensdorf K, Wellner A, Bergemann S, Gust R. Synthesis, Characterisation and Biological Evaluation of Copper and Silver Complexes based on Acetylsalicylic Acid. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2011; 344:684-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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8
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Huang Q, Richardson PF, Sach NW, Zhu J, Liu KKC, Smith GL, Bowles DM. Development of Scalable Syntheses of Selective PI3K inhibitors. Org Process Res Dev 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/op100286g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinhua Huang
- Pfizer Global R&D at San Diego, 10646 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Paul F. Richardson
- Pfizer Global R&D at San Diego, 10646 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Neal W. Sach
- Pfizer Global R&D at San Diego, 10646 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jinjiang Zhu
- Pfizer Global R&D at San Diego, 10646 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kevin K.-C. Liu
- Pfizer Global R&D at San Diego, 10646 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Graham L. Smith
- Pfizer Global R&D at San Diego, 10646 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Daniel M. Bowles
- Pfizer Global R&D, Groton Laboratories, MS 8156-064 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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9
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[Cyclopentadienyl]metalcarbonyl complexes of acetylsalicylic acid as neo-anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:5157-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ramirez MA, Corona MV, Blanco MM, Perillo IA, Porcal W, Salerno A. New synthetic route for selectively substituted 1,n-diamines. Synthesis of N-aryl tetra- and pentamethylenediamines. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Gust R, Beck W, Jaouen G, Schönenberger H. Optimization of cisplatin for the treatment of hormone-dependent tumoral diseases. Coord Chem Rev 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Hille A, Gust R. Relationship Between Anticancer Activity and Stereochemistry of Saldach Ligands and their Iron(III) Complexes. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2009; 342:625-31. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200900048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Lee DN, Kim H, Mui L, Myung SW, Chin J, Kim HJ. Electronic Effect on the Kinetics of the Diaza-Cope Rearrangement. J Org Chem 2009; 74:3330-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jo900133g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Nam Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon 443-760, Korea, and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon 443-760, Korea, and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Leo Mui
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon 443-760, Korea, and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Seung-Woon Myung
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon 443-760, Korea, and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jik Chin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon 443-760, Korea, and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Hae-Jo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon 443-760, Korea, and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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El-Ayaan U, El-Metwally NM, Youssef MM, El Bialy SAA. Perchlorate mixed-ligand copper(II) complexes of beta-diketone and ethylene diamine derivatives: thermal, spectroscopic and biochemical studies. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2007; 68:1278-86. [PMID: 17398144 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2006] [Revised: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The present work carried out a study on perchlorate mixed-ligand copper(II) complexes which have been synthesized from ethylenediamine derivatives (3a-c) and beta-diketones. These complexes, namely [Cu(DA-Cl)(acac)H(2)O]ClO(4)4, [Cu(DA-Cl)(bzac)H(2)O]H(2)O.ClO(4)5, [Cu(DA-OMe)(acac)H(2)O]ClO(4)6, [Cu(DA-OMe)(bzac)H(2)O]ClO(4)7, [Cu(DA-H)(acac)H(2)O]2H(2)O.ClO(4)8 and [Cu(DA-H)(bzac)H(2)O]ClO(4)9 (where acac, acetylacetonate and bzac, benzoylacetonate) were characterized by elemental analysis, spectral (IR and UV-vis) and magnetic moment measurements. Thermal properties and decomposition kinetics of all complexes are investigated. The interpretation, mathematical analysis and evaluation of kinetic parameters (E, A, DeltaH, DeltaS and DeltaG) of all thermal decomposition stages have been evaluated using Coats-Redfern equation. The biochemical studies showed that, the diamines 3a-c have powerful effects on degradation of DNA and protein. The antibacterial screening demonstrated that, the diamine (DA-Cl), 3b has the maximum and broad activities against Gram +ve and Gram -ve bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usama El-Ayaan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
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Wiglenda T, Gust R. Structure−Activity Relationship Study To Understand the Estrogen Receptor-Dependent Gene Activation of Aryl- and Alkyl-Substituted 1H-Imidazoles. J Med Chem 2007; 50:1475-84. [PMID: 17352461 DOI: 10.1021/jm061106t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of C5-substituted 1,2,4-triaryl-1H-imidazoles was synthesized. Their gene-activating properties were determined on estrogen receptor alpha positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells, stably transfected with the plasmid EREwtcluc (MCF-7-2a cells). The influence of 4-OH and 2-Cl substituents on the phenyl rings as well as the significance of a methyl, ethyl, or phenyl group at C5 on the estrogen receptor binding and the resulting gene activation in MCF-7-2a cells was studied. The alkyl and aryl groups at C5 of 1,2,4-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-imidazole 1 increased the transactivation, while chlorine atoms on the phenyl rings diminished this effect. 5-Ethyl-1,2,4-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-imidazole 9 was identified as the most active compound. Its excellent transcriptional activity did not only depend on the C5 ethyl group, but also on the three hydroxyl groups of the phenyl rings. Compounds (11-14) with a reduced number of hydroxyl groups displayed distinctly lower gene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wiglenda
- Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Königin-Luise Strasse 2+4, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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González-Sabín J, Gotor V, Rebolledo F. A Biocatalytic Approach to Synthesizing Optically Active Orthogonally Protected trans-Cyclopentane-1,2-Diamine Derivatives. J Org Chem 2007; 72:1309-14. [PMID: 17288378 DOI: 10.1021/jo062205h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward chemoenzymatic synthesis of optically active trans-N,N-dialkylcyclopentane-1,2-diamines has been efficiently developed starting out from their analogous (+/-)-trans-2-(N,N-dialkylamino)cyclopentanols. The route involves the one-pot stereospecific transformation of the racemic amino alcohols into racemic diamines and a subsequent kinetic resolution by means of lipase-B from Candida antarctica-catalyzed acylation reactions. The careful selection of both the alkyl substituents present in the diamine and the derivatization strategy applied to the enzymatic reaction enabled the easy preparation of other synthetically valuable optically active trans-cyclopentane-1,2-diamines derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier González-Sabín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, 33071-Oviedo, Spain
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Vessières A, Spera D, Top S, Misterkiewicz B, Heldt JM, Hillard E, Huché M, Plamont MA, Napolitano E, Fiaschi R, Jaouen G. The Presence of a Ferrocenyl Unit on an Estrogenic Molecule is Not Always Sufficient to Generate in vitro Cytotoxicity. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:1275-81. [PMID: 17022106 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported the dual (antihormonal and cytotoxic) functionality of ferrocifens, which are organometallic complexes derived from hydroxytamoxifen, the standard molecule in the treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancers. To test the hypothesis that the presence of a ferrocenyl substituent on molecules with an affinity for the estrogen receptor is sufficient to give them cytotoxic properties in vitro, we prepared complexes derived from estradiol with a ferrocenyl substituent at positions 7alpha and 17alpha. The complexes thus obtained retain a satisfactory level of affinity for the estrogen receptor (RBA values higher than 12 %). At low concentrations (0.1-1 microM) the complexes show an estrogenic effect in vitro equivalent to that of estradiol on hormone-dependent (MCF-7) breast cancer cells, and no cytotoxic effect on hormone-independent (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cells. At high concentrations (up to 50 microM) the 17alpha-ethynylferrocenyl estradiol and 7alpha-ferrocenylmethylthio estradiol become cytotoxic (IC(50)=13.2 microM and 18.8 microM, respectively) while the 17alpha-ferrocenylestradiol remains non toxic. The low toxicity of these compounds support our hypothesis that electronic communication between the ferrocenyl and phenol moieties in the hydroxyferrocifens series is a key parameter in the generation of cytotoxic effects at submicromolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Vessières
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organométallique, UMR 7576, ENSCP, 11 rue P. et M. Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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18
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Dullin A, Dufrasne F, Gelbcke M, Gust R. Synthesis and Cytotoxicity of Enantiomerically Pure [1,2-Diamino-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methylbutane]platinum(II) Complexes. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:644-53. [PMID: 16892405 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A series of leaving group derivatives of enantiomerically pure [1,2-diamino-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methylbutane]platinum(II) complexes were synthesized and tested for cytotoxicity. The enantiomeric purity was determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy on the final diamines after derivation with (1R)-myrtenal. For coordination to platinum, the diamines were reacted with K2PtI4. The treatment of diiodoplatinum(II) complexes (4F-Ph/iProp-PtI2) with Ag2SO4 resulted in the sulfatoplatinum(II) complexes (4F-Ph/iProp-PtSO4), which can be easily transformed to dichloroplatinum(II) complexes (4F-Ph/iProp-PtCl2) with 2 n HCl. The importance of the leaving groups and the configuration at the diamine ligand on the antiproliferative effects was evaluated on the hormone-dependent MCF-7 and the hormone-independent MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cell lines as well as the LNCaP/FGC prostate cancer cell line. (R,R)-4F-Ph/iProp-PtCl2 was identified as the most active platinum(II) complex. The 3-methyl group increased antiproliferative effects relative to the [1,2-diamino-1-(4-fluorophenyl)butane]platinum(II) complexes described in an earlier study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Dullin
- Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Gust R, Niebler K, Schönenberger H. [N-ethyl- and [N,N'-diethyl-1,2-bis(2,6-difluoro-3-hydroxyphenyl)-ethylenediamine]dichloroplatinum(II): structure and cytotoxic/estrogenic activity in breast cancer cells. J Med Chem 2006; 48:7132-44. [PMID: 16279771 DOI: 10.1021/jm050186i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
N-Ethyl and N,N'-diethyl derivatives (erythro- and threo-2-PtCl2; meso- and D,L-3-PtCl2) of [meso- and [D,L-1,2-bis(2,6-difluoro-3-hydroxyphenyl)ethylenediamine]dichloroplatinum(II) (meso- and D,L-1-PtCl2) were synthesized and tested for cytotoxicity on the estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) human MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. In this test, only D,L-1-PtCl2 and threo-2-PtCl2 showed strong cytotoxic properties. This revealed the existence of at least one NH2 fragment as a prerequisite for antitumor activity. Furthermore, studies on the three-dimensional structure of the new compounds demonstrated that the aryl and alkyl residues at the five-membered chelate ring have to be arranged in equatorial positions for the triggering of cytotoxic effects, very likely due to the reaction with d(GpG) sequences in DNA resulting in GG-N7,N7 chelates. A contribution of the ER-mediated processes--(a) hindrance of the cellular processing of Pt-modified DNA by overexpression of high mobility group domain proteins and (b) interruption of the vicious circle of mutual growth stimulation of breast cancer cells and granulocytes/macrophages by reduction of the formation of key cytokines--to the anti-breast cancer activity of threo-2-PtCl2 is unlikely, since we did not observe transcription activation in the test on ER+ MCF-7 breast cancer cells stably transfected with luciferase reporter plasmid ERE(wtc)luc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Gust
- Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, D-14195 Berlin (Dahlem), Germany.
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Moreira R, Santana AB, Iley J, Neres J, Douglas KT, Horton PN, Hursthouse MB. Design, Synthesis, and Enzymatic Evaluation of N-Acyloxyalkyl- and N1-Oxazolidin-2,4-dion-5-yl-Substituted β-lactams as Novel Inhibitors of Human Leukocyte Elastase. J Med Chem 2005; 48:4861-70. [PMID: 16033266 DOI: 10.1021/jm0501331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human leukocyte elastase (HLE) is a serine protease that very efficiently degrades various tissue matrix proteins such as elastin. The imbalance between HLE and its endogenous inhibitors leads to excessive elastin proteolysis and is considered to be responsible for the onset of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A novel series of C-3-, C-4-, and N-1-substituted azetidin-2-ones were prepared as potential mechanism-based inhibitors of HLE to restore the protease/antiprotease imbalance. N-Acyloxyalkylazetidin-2-ones, 4, and their carbamate counterparts, 5, are weak HLE inhibitors, being 5 times less active than their bicyclic oxazolidin-2,4-dione-substituted analogues, 6, containing an electron-withdrawing substituent at C-4. Compounds 6 containing a C-4 substituent exist as two diastereomeric pairs of enantiomers, each pair presenting similar inhibitory activity against HLE. Comparative docking experiments with the C-4-substituted oxazolidin-2,4-dione inhibitors 6 suggest that only the 4R,5'S and 4S,5'S diastereomers consistently interact with the beta-lactam carbonyl carbon atom accessible to the serine hydroxyl oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Moreira
- CECF, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Forças Armadas, 1600-083 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Dullin A, Dufrasne F, Gelbcke M, Gust R. Enantiomerically pure [1, 2-diamino-1-(4-fluorophenyl)butane]platinum(II) complexes: synthesis and antitumor activity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231 breast cancer and LnCaP/FGC prostate cancer cell lines. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2005; 337:654-67. [PMID: 15597399 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200400621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomerically pure 1, 2-diamino-1-(4-fluorophenyl)butanes were synthesized by stereoselective procedures. The enantiomeric purity was determined by (1)H NMR spectroscopy after derivatization with (1R)-myrtenal. For the coordination to platinum, the diamines were reacted with K(2)PtI(4). Reaction with Ag(2)SO(4) yielded the respective sulfatoplatinum(II) complexes, which were converted into the dichloroplatinum(II) complexes by treatment with 2 N HCl. The influence of the configuration and the kind of leaving group on the antitumor activity was studied on the MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cell lines, as well as on the LnCaP/FGC prostate cancer cell line. It was demonstrated that the dichloroplatinum(II) complexes were more active than the respective diiodoplatinum(II) derivatives. Conversion into the sulfatoplatinum(II) complexes further enhanced the antiproliferative effects. The configuration determined the antitumor effects, dependent on the cell line used: MCF-7: (R, R) > (S, S) > (R, S) > (S, R); MDA-MB 231: (S, S) > (R, R) > (R, S) = (S, R); LnCaP/FGC: (S, S) > (R, R) > (R, S) > (S, R).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Dullin
- Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Tanyeli C, Özçubukçu S. The first enantioselective synthesis of chiral norbornane-type 1,4-diamine ligand. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(03)00161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Luna A, Alfonso I, Gotor V. Biocatalytic approaches toward the synthesis of both enantiomers of trans-cyclopentane-1,2-diamine. Org Lett 2002; 4:3627-9. [PMID: 12375904 DOI: 10.1021/ol026574l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A lipase-catalyzed double monoaminolysis of dimethyl malonate by (+/-)-trans-cyclopentane-1,2-diamine allows the sequential resolution of the latter compound, affording an enantiopure bis(amidoester), which is subsequently transformed into an optically active polyamine. As an alternative, both enantiomers of the diamine can be obtained from enantiopure (+)- or (-)-2-aminocyclopentanol, prepared by enzymatic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Luna
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, 33071-Oviedo, Spain
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Gust R, Keilitz R, Schmidt K, von Rauch M. (4R,5S)/(4S,5R)-4,5-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-imidazolines: ligands for the estrogen receptor with a novel binding mode. J Med Chem 2002; 45:3356-65. [PMID: 12139447 DOI: 10.1021/jm020809h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
(4R,5S)/(4S,5R)-4,5-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-imidazolines 1-7 were synthesized by the reaction of the methoxy-substituted (1R,2S)/(1S,2R)-1,2-diarylethylenediamines 1b-7b with triethyl orthoformate and subsequent ether cleavage with BBr(3). All compounds were tested for estrogen receptor (ER) binding in a competition experiment with [(3)H]-estradiol and for gene activation in a luciferase assay using ER positive MCF-7-2a breast cancer cells stably transfected with the plasmid ERE(wtc)luc. The relative binding affinities of the 2-imidazolines were very low (RBA < 0.1%). Nevertheless, 4-7 possessed full agonistic activity in the luciferase assay. The relative transcription potency increased in the order 5 (2,2'-I) < 6 (2,6-Cl(2), 2'-F) < 4 (2,2'-Cl) < 7 (2,6-Cl(2), 2'-Cl). These data together with spectroscopic and molecular modeling studies were used to investigate the preferred binding mode adopted by the imidazoline ligands. The 1,2-diarylethane pharmacophor takes a Z-stilbene-like structure with pseudoaxially oriented phenyl rings at the planar heterocyclic ring. Because of this unusual spatial structure, the (4R,5S)/(4S,5R)-4,5-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-imidazolines have to be assigned to a second class of estrogenically active compounds (type II estrogens). In contrast to type I estrogens, e.g., estradiol (E2), diethylstilbestrol (DES), and meso-hexestrol (HES), which are connected to His 524 in the binding site, type II estrogens are very likely H-bonded to Asp 351 in a hydrophobic side pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Gust
- Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Königin-Luise Strasse 2+4, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
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25
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Abstract
A convenient four-step method for the preparation of the lipophilic vicinal diamine 1,2-diamino-1-phenylheptane is described. Condensation involving octan-2-one, benzaldehyde and ammonia is reported. Regioselective Schmidt rearrangement of 2,6-diphenyl-3-pentyl-piperidin-4-one (1) to 2,7-diphenyl-3-pentyl hexahydrodiazapin-5-one (3) is presented. Hydrolysis of 2,7-diphenyl-3-pentyl hexahydrodiazapin-5-one to 1,2-diamino-1-phenylheptane (4) is also reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Thennarasu
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; e-mail:
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26
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Gust R, Keilitz R, Schmidt K. Synthesis, structural evaluation, and estrogen receptor interaction of 2,3-diarylpiperazines. J Med Chem 2002; 45:2325-37. [PMID: 12014971 DOI: 10.1021/jm0208368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To develop novel estrogen receptor (ER) ligands, ring-fused derivatives of the hormonally active (1R,2S)/(1S,2R)-1-(2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylenediamine 4b were synthesized. (2R,3S)/(2S,3R)-2-(2-Chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)piperazine 4 induced ligand-dependent gene expression in MCF-7-2a cells, stably transfected with the plasmid ERE(wtc)luc and was therefore used as a lead structure. The influence of the substitution pattern in the aromatic rings (4-OH (1), 2-F,4-OH (2), 2-Cl,4-OH (3), 2,6-Cl2,3-OH (5), and 2,6-Cl2,4-OH (6)) and the effect of N-ethyl chains on the ER binding and activation of gene expression were studied. The synthesis started from the respective methoxy-substituted (1R,2S)/(1S,2R)-configurated 1,2-diarylethylenediamines 6b to 4b, which were reacted with dimethyl oxalate in order to get 5,6-diarylpiperazine-2,3-diones. Reduction with BH3*tetrahydrofuran and ether cleavage with BBr3 yielded the piperazines 1-6. The N-alkylation of the piperazines 1a-3a, which was employed for obtaining compounds 7-11, was succeeded by acetic anhydride followed by reduction and ether cleavage. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopical studies revealed a synclinal conformation of the 1,2-diarylethane pharmacophore and a preference of the substituents at the heterocyclic ring for an equatorial position. This spatial structure prevents an interaction with the ER analogously to that of estradiol (E2). Therefore, the piperazines can displace E2 from its binding site only to a very small extent. Only the N-ethyl (8) and N,N'-diethyl (11) derivatives of piperazine 3 showed relative binding affinity values > 0.1% (8, 0.42%, and 11, 0.17%). Nevertheless, ER-mediated gene activation was verified for the piperazines 4 (20%), 6 (73%), 7 (34%), 8 (74%), and 11 (37%) (concentration, 1 microM; E2, 100% activation) on the MCF-7-2a cell line. O-methylation led to completely inactive compounds and showed the necessity of H bridges from the piperazines to the ER for activating gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Gust
- Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Königin-Luise Strasse 2+4, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Gust R, Keilitz R, Schmidt K. Investigations of new lead structures for the design of selective estrogen receptor modulators. J Med Chem 2001; 44:1963-70. [PMID: 11384241 DOI: 10.1021/jm001131d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic derivatives of (R,S)/(S,R)-1-(2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylenediamine (L1) were synthesized and tested for estrogen receptor binding. The selection of the heterocycles was based on theoretical consideration. (2R,3S)/(2S,3R)-2-(2-Chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)piperazine 2, (4R,5S)/(4S,5R)-4-(2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-imidazoline 3, and 4-(2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)imidazole 4 possess a spatial structure with neighboring aromatic rings as is realized in hormonally active [1,2-diphenylethylenediamine]platinum(II) complexes. The 1,2-diphenylethane pharmacophor, however, cannot adapt an antiperiplanar conformation to interact with the estrogen receptor (ER) comparable to synthetic (e.g., diethylstilbestrol (DES)) or steroidal (e.g., estradiol (E2)) estrogens. Due to the different spatial structures, the heterocycles cause only a marginal displacement of E2 from its binding site (relative binding affinity (RBA) < 0.1%). Nevertheless, unequivocally ER mediated gene activation was verified on the MCF-7-2a cell line. Imidazoline 3 as the most active compound reached the maximum effect of E2 (100% activation) in a concentration of 5 x 10(-7) M, while piperazine 2 and imidazole 4 activate luciferase expression only in a small but significant amount of 20% and 27%, respectively. We therefore assigned these heterocyclic compounds to a second class of hormones (type-II-estrogens), which are attached at the ER at different amino acids than DES or E2 (type-I-estrogens).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gust
- Institut für Pharmazie der Freien Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise Str. 2+4, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Schertl S, Hartmann RW, Batzl-Hartmann C, Schlemmer R, Spruss T, Bernhardt G, Gust R, Schönenberger H. 1-(2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenylethanes--new biological response modifiers for the therapy of breast cancer. Synthesis and evaluation of estrogenic/antiestrogenic properties. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2001; 334:125-37. [PMID: 11382148 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4184(200104)334:4<125::aid-ardp125>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
[meso-1,2-Bis(2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylenediamine]platinum(II) complexes (meso-1-PtLL'; L,L' = Cl or L = H2O and L' = OSO3) are highly effective towards hormone-sensitive, rodent breast cancers due to their significant estrogenic potencies. Their antitumor activities are caused by modification of the immune response. The pharmacophor of these compounds, the 1,2-bis(2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane (23H), was used as the lead structure in a structure-activity study with the goal of finding new biological response modifiers for the therapy of breast cancer. As intermediates for the synthesis of the 23H derivatives, the CH3O-substituted stilbenes 12E/12Z-16E/16Z were prepared by reaction of the related benzyltriphenylphosphonium halides with 2,6-dichloro-4-methoxybenzaldehyde by the method of Wittig/Campbell and Donald, respectively. Separation of the E/Z-mixtures was performed by fractional crystallization and/or column chromatography. The E-1,2-bis(2,6-dichloro-4-methoxyphenyl)ethene (17E) was obtained by reductive coupling of 2,6-dichloro-4-methoxybenzaldehyde with TiCl4/Zn according to the method of Mukaiyama. Illumination of the solution of 17E in benzene with UV light resulted in an E/Z-isomerization. Compound 17Z could be isolated from this mixture. The CH3O-substituted stilbenes were transformed into their 1,2-diphenylethanes (12H-17H) by catalytic hydrogenation of the C1=C2 double bond. Ether cleavage of the compounds was performed with BBr3. In the estrogen receptor binding assay all OH-substituted 1,2-diphenylethanes showed affinity to the estrogen receptor, which was about two orders of magnitude lower than that of 17 beta-estradiol. In the uterus weight test on the immature mouse 1,2-diphenylethanes with 4-substituted OH groups proved to be "true" estrogens (19H: 2-F/4-OH; 20H: 2-Cl/4-OH; 23H: 2,6-Cl2/4-OH), while those with a 3-substituted OH group in the 2-phenyl ring showed the properties of a "partial" estrogen (18H: 3-OH) or of an "impeded" estrogen (21H: 2-Cl/3-OH; 22H: 2-Cl/5-OH). The latter also showed significant additional antiestrogenic activity. The related E-stilbenes mostly exhibit similar hormonal activities. As a rule, the replacement of the OH groups by the CH3O groups and the change from the E- to the Z-configuration led to a reduction of the estrogenic potencies. Several of the 1-(2,6-dichloro-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-phenylethenes (12E: 3-OCH3; 12Z: 3-OCH3; 15E: 2-Cl/3-OCH3; 15Z: 2-Cl/3-OCH3; 16E: 2-Cl/5-OCH3) produced antiestrogenic effects in the uterus weight test. It is supposed that those new 1-(2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenylethanes endowed with marked estrogenic properties are also active as biological response modifiers in animals bearing hormone-sensitive breast cancer. The antiestrogenic derivatives presumably inhibit the breast cancer development by competing with tumor growth stimulating endogenous estrogens for the binding to the receptor. This is to be confirmed in a further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schertl
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Chemie II, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
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29
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Gust R, Lubczyk V, Schmidt K, Shihada U. Synthesis, conformational studies, and investigations on the estrogen receptor binding of [R/S-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylenediamine]platinum(II) complexes. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2001; 334:93-100. [PMID: 11315340 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4184(200103)334:3<93::aid-ardp93>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses, conformational studies, and investigations on the estrogen receptor binding of [R/S-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylenediamine]platinum(II) complexes (1-PtL2, 2L = leaving groups) are described. A Strecker synthesis using the 2,6-dichloro-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, NaCN, and NH4Cl afforded the cyanoamine 1b, which was subsequently reduced with LiAlH4 to give the R/S-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-methoxyphenyl)ethylenediamine 1a. Ether cleavage with BBr3 yielded R/S-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylenediamine 1 which was coordinated to platinum(II) by use of K2PtCl4 (1-PtCl2) and K2PtI4 (1-PtI2), respectively. Reaction of 1-PtI2 with Ag2SO4 and coordination of tartronic acid led to the [R/S-1-(2,6-dichloro-4- hydroxyphenyl)ethylenediamine][hydroxymalonato]platinum(II) complex (1-Pt(MalOH)). The spatial structure of 1 and its complexes was evaluated by spectroscopic and molecular modeling methods. In solution the complexes adopt a structure very similar to estradiol. However, the in vitro and in vivo tests for the compounds indicated neither affinity to the estrogen receptor nor estrogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gust
- Institut für Pharmazie, Freien Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise Str. 2 + 4, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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30
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Yamauchi T, Higashiyama K, Kubo H, Ohmiya S. Synthesis of C2-symmetrical chiral diamines: diastereoselective addition to bis(1,3-oxazolidinyl)alkanes with Grignard reagents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(00)00268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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[Meso- and rac-1,2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)ethylenediamine]chloro[sulfinylbis(methane)-S]platinum(II) chloride new water soluble platinum complexes with high anti-breast cancer activities. Inorganica Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(98)00326-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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32
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33
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Stadlwieser J, Barbier P, Taylor S. 8-Fluoro-6-(methoxymethoxy)quinoline: Synthesis and regioselective functionalizationvia reaction with organolithium compounds. Helv Chim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19980810522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Georgieva I, Trendafilova N. Molecular mechanics modelling of Pt(II) complexes with antitumor activity. Influence of the type and the positions of the ring substituents on the conformational energies and thermodynamic stabilities. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00807562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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Buynak JD, Rao AS, Ford GP, Carver C, Adam G, Geng B, Bachmann B, Shobassy S, Lackey S. 7-alkylidenecephalosporin esters as inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase. J Med Chem 1997; 40:3423-33. [PMID: 9341917 DOI: 10.1021/jm970351x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of 7-alkylidenecephalosporins and 7-vinylidenecephalosporins, as their benzhydryl esters, have been tested as inhibitors of both porcine pancreatic elastase and human leukocyte elastase. Selected 7-alkylidenecephalosporin esters are found to be potent inhibitors of HLE. One category of new inhibitors is the 7-(haloalkylidene)cephalosporins. In contrast to previously reported cephalosporin-based elastase inhibitors, these haloalkylidene cephems show optimum inhibitory activity as sulfides, rather than as sulfones. They are efficient and irreversible inhibitors. A second class of active compounds is represented by the benzhydryl ester 7-(cyanomethylidene)cephalosporin sulfone. In contrast to the activity of these new inhibitors, the benzhydryl ester of the mechanism-based beta-lactamase inhibitor, 7-[(2'-pyridyl)methylidene]-cephalosporin sulfone showed little inhibitory activity as an elastase inhibitor. 7-Vinylidenecephalosporins were also relatively poor inhibitors, although the terminally unsubstituted allene sulfide showed activity as an inhibitor of PPE. A modeling analysis suggests the 7-alkylidene substituents can be readily accommodated in the S1 pocket. A potential mechanism of inhibition is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Buynak
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- George A. Patani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855-0789
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37
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Bielmeier P, Kaiser A, Gust R, Wiegrebe W. 1,3-Diphenylpropane-1,3-diamines, X: Synthesis and biochemical evaluation of highly substituted 1,3-diphenylpropane-1,3-diamines and preparation of their Pt(II) complexes. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00807580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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38
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Chiral Non-racemic Bis(vicinal 1,2-Diamines): 4,5-Diamino-N-(3,4-diaminobutyl)pentanamide Tetrahydrochloride, N,N′-Bis[3,4-bis (t-butoxycarbonylamino)butyl]urea and N,N′Bis. Tetrahedron 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(95)00853-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Gust R, Schönenberger H. Third generation antitumor platinum(II) complexes of the [1-(fluoro/difluorophenyl)-2-phenylethylenediamine]platinum(II) type. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1995; 328:595-603. [PMID: 7492264 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19953280706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The diastereomeric 1-(fluoro/difluorophenyl)-2-phenylethylene-diamines (4-fluoro: erythro-1/threo-1; 2,4-difluoro: erythro-2/-threo-2; 2,6-difluoro: erythro-3/threo-3) and the diastereomeric 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)ethylenediamines (erythro-4/-threo-4) were synthesized from appropriately substituted stilbenes by reaction with IN3 and subsequent LiAlH4 reduction. Coordination of the 1,2-diphenylethylenediamines to platinum was carried out by use of K2PtI4. The water-soluble aquasulfato-platinum(II) complexes (erythro/threo-1-PtSO4-erythro/threo-4-PtSO4) were obtained from the diiodoplatinum(II) complexes by reaction with Ag2SO4. Additionally erythro/threo-1-PtSO4 and erythro/threo-4-PtSO4 were transformed into the dichloroplatinum(II) complexes (erythro/threo-1-PtCl2, erythro/threo-4-PtCl2) by treatment with KCl. In contrast to the less effective erythro-configurated sulfatoplatinum(II) complexes the threo-analogues showed comparable or even superior activities to cisplatin on the human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. On the MXT-M-3.2 breast cancer of the mouse only erythro- and threo-4-PtSO4 caused similar effects like cisplatin. The strong inhibitory effect of the diastereomeric sulfatoplatinum(II) complexes on the P-388 leukemia of the mouse was equal to that of cisplatin. On the latter tumor threo-4-PtCl2 was the most active among the less toxic dichloroplatinum(II) derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gust
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Chemie II, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Germany
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40
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Kammermeier T, Wiegrebe W. 1,3-Diphenylpropane-1,3-diamines, VI): DNA-interaction, estrogen receptor affinity, and cytostatic activity of 1,3-diphenylpropane-1,3-diamine-Pt(II) complexes. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1995; 328:409-15. [PMID: 7611836 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19953280504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The Pt(II) complexes of 1,3-diphenylpropane-1,3-diamines (part IV2)) were tested for DNA interaction (UV-difference spectroscopy, Tables 1 and 2), for affinity to the estrogen receptor (calf uterus cytosol; scarcely any affinity), and for cytostatic activity at estrogen independent MDA-MB 231 cells (Tables 3 and 4) and estrogen dependent MCF-7 cells (Tables 5 and 6). The data are compared with those reported for the analogous 1,2-diphenylethane-1,2-diamine-Pt(II) complexes: most probably, the cytostatic activity is not mediated by the estrogen receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kammermeier
- Institute of Pharmacy, University, Regensburg, Germany
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41
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Gust R, Karl J, Faderl M, Schönenberger H. Reduction of the estrogenic side effects of the mammary tumor-inhibiting drug [1,2-bis(2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)- ethylenediamine]dichloroplatinum(II) by variation of ring substituents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1995; 328:457-63. [PMID: 7611841 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19953280511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
[1,2-Bis(4-methoxy/4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylenediamine]dichloroplatinum-(II) complexes with Cl-, CH3-, or OCH3-substituents in the ortho-positions of the aromatic rings (meso-1-PtCl2, D,L-1-PtCl2, meso-2-PtCl2, D,L-2-PtCl2, meso-3-PtCl2, meso-4-PtCl2, meso-5-PtCl2) were tested on the MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cell line, the lymphocytic leukemia P388, and the estrogen receptor-positive and -negative MXT mammary carcinoma of the mouse (MXT,ER(+)-MC, MXT,ER(-)-MC). The comparison of the effects of methoxy-substituted complexes (meso-1-PtCl2, D,L-1-PtCl2, meso-3-PtCl2) with those of the respective hydroxy-substituted ones (meso-2-PtCl2, D,L-2-PtCl2, meso-4-PtCl2) shows that a reduction of estrogenic effects as well as a total loss of the mammary tumor-inhibiting activity takes place on methylation of the 4-OH group. The exchange of the 2,6-standing chlorine atoms by methyl groups in meso-2-PtCl2 led to the non-estrogenic, but on the MXT,ER(+)-MC highly effective derivative meso-4-PtCl2 which proved to be also cytotoxic on ER(-)-tumors such as MXT,ER(-)-MC, and the P388 leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gust
- Institut für Pharmazie, Lehrstuhl Pharmazeutische Chemie II der Universität Regensburg, Germany
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42
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Synthesis, characterization and X-ray structure of [Pd(dppp)(H2O)(TsO)][TsO] (dppp = 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane; TsO = p-CH3C6H4SO3), a catalytic species in COC2H4 copolymerization. Inorganica Chim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1693(95)04505-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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43
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Gust R, Schönenberger H. Investigation of the conformational influences on the estrogenic activity of 1,2-bis(2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylenediamines and of their platinum(II) complexes, II: Synthesis and studies on the estrogenic activity of cis- and trans[bis(2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxybenzylamine)]dihaloplatinum(II)-c omplexes. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1994; 327:763-9. [PMID: 7872853 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19943271203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
2,6-Dichloro-4-hydroxybenzylamine (1) and its N-methyl (2) and N-ethyl (3) derivatives were synthesized and tested for estrogen receptor affinity as well as for estrogenic activity. In contrast to their related highly active 1,2-bis(2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylenediamines (meso-4 - meso-6) none of the benzylamines showed hormonal activity. The coordination of the benzylamine 1 to platinum did not lead to an estrogenic compound. The reasons for the different activity of [meso- 1,2(bis-2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylenediamine]dichloroplatinum(II ) (meso-4-PtCl2) and cis[bis(2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxybenzylamine)]dichloroplatinum(II) (cis-1-PtCl2), the latter of which can be considered as a ring-opened counterpart of the highly active meso-4-PtCl2, are thoroughly discussed under inclusion of conformational facts. The results of this and the preceding work show, that the pharmacophore meso-1,2-bis(2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylenediamine (meso-4) which is exclusively responsible for the estrogenic activity of meso-4-PtCl2 causes comparable hormonal effects in two different conformations with O-O distances of about 8 A (complex) and of about 12 A (diamine). Therefore, we discuss two binding sites for estrogens in their receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gust
- Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg
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Kammermeier T, Wiegrebe W. 1,3-Diphenylpropane-1,3-diamines, V:1H-NMR- and IR-Spectroscopic Data of 1,3-Diphenylpropane-1,3-diamines and their Pt(II) Complexes: Stereochemical Assignments and Binding Mode of the Non-amine Ligands. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19943271105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gust R. Aqua[1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2-diamino-2-phenylethane]- sulfatoplatinum(II), a new compound for the treatment of the mammary carcinoma. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1994; 327:49-54. [PMID: 8117188 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19943270109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The highly estrogen receptor(ER)-affinic compound 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenylethane (BHPE) was used as carrier ligand for a new cisplatin derivative, aqua[1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2-diamino-2-phenylethane]sulfatoplati num (II) (3-PtSO4) for the therapy of the ER-positive (i.e. hormone sensitive) breast cancer. The diamine ligand 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2-diamino-2-phenylethane (3) was synthesized by transformation of the O-methyl ether derivative of BHPE into the 1,2-bisazido compound 3b with IN3/NaN3, reduction of both N3 residues into NH2 groups [3a] and subsequent ether cleavage with BBr3. From the diamine ligand 3 and K2PtI4 a five-membered chelate 3-PtI2 was obtained which was transformed into 3-PtSO4 with Ag2SO4. In comparison to BHPE the ER-affinity of 3-PtSO4 is markedly reduced. 3-PtSO4 possesses, however, weak cytotoxic activity (P388) and antiestrogenic, but no estrogenic properties. 3-PtSO4 is comparable with BHPE in terms of its activity on the hormone sensitive MXT-M 3.2 breast cancer of the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gust
- Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Germany
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Kammermeier T, Wiegrebe W. 1,3-Diphenylpropane-1,3-diamines, III: Synthesis of 1,3-Bis(hydroxy-halogenophenyl)-propane-1,3-diamines and their Pt(II) ComplexesPart A: Synthesis of the Ligands. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19943270903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gust R, Schönenberger H, Klement U, Range KJ. Aqua[1-(2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2- phenylethylenediamine]sulfatoplatinum(II) complexes with variable substituents in the 2-phenyl ring, II: Correlation of molecular structure and estrogenic activity of breast and prostate cancer inhibiting. [erythro-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(2-halo-4- hydroxyphenyl)ethylenediamine]platinum(II) complexes. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1993; 326:967-76. [PMID: 8122966 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19933261211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Complete three-dimensional X-ray crystal structure analyses of estrogenic [erythro-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(2-halo-4- hydroxyphenyl)ethylenediamine]diiodoplatinum(II) complexes (halo = fluoro:erythro-8PtI2 and halo = chloro:erythro-9-PtI2) which were synthesized for application in breast and prostate cancer, have been carried out. 6239 as well as 6521 reflexes were measured and refined to an R-value of 0.105 and 0.066, respectively. The molecules of erythro-8-PtI2 are displaced laterally from a possible Pt-Pt-axis separated, alternatingly, by Pt-Pt-distances of 3.62 A and 6.27 A. A comparable structure possesses erythro-9-PtI2 with Pt-Pt-distances of 3.59 A and 6.32 A. The ethylenediamine ligands of erythro-8-PtI2 and erythro-9-PtI2 are puckered and exist in half chair conformations. For both complexes the 2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl ring is equatorially arranged, while the 2-halo-4-hydroxyphenyl ring is nearly perpendicular to the N-Pt-N plane. The O-O-distance between the phenolic oxygens amounts to 8.1 A in erythro-8-PtI2 and to 7.8 A in erythro-9-PtI2. Though these O-O-distances differ strongly from that (12.1 A), which is considered to be necessary for the binding of an estrogen to its receptor, [1-(2,6-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)- 2-(2-halo-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylenediamine)]platinum(II) complexes show estrogenic effects which are, however, strongly reduced compared to that of therapeutically used estrogens like diethylstilbestrol. The relationship between molecular structure and estrogenicity as well as the significance of the latter for antitumor activity and untoward side effects are thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gust
- Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Germany
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Gust R, Schönenberger H. Mammary tumor inhibiting [1,2-bis(2,6-dihalo-3-hydroxyphenyl)ethylenediamine]platinum(II) complexes, III: Relationship between structure and estrogenic activity of the diamine ligands, their sulfatoplatinum(II) and diiodoplatinum(II) complexes. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1993; 326:405-13. [PMID: 8357303 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19933260707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
1,2-Bis(2,6-dihalo-3-hydroxyphenyl)ethylenediamines with 2,6-Cl2, 2-F-6-Cl, 2-Cl,6-F, and 2,6-F2 substituents (meso-1 to meso-4, D,L-1 and D,L-4) and their sulfatoplatinum(II) complexes were tested in the immature mouse uterine weight test. The only complex with marked estrogenic properties proved to be meso-1-PtSO4. Surprisingly its diamine ligand meso-1 was only marginally active. 1H-NMR spectroscopic studies on the 1,2-diphenylethylenediamine ligand reveal that the 2,6-standing Cl-atoms in meso-1 (antiperiplanar phenyl residues) hinder the rotation of the aromatic rings, which results in very stable conformers with different O-O distances owing to the unsymmetric arrangement of the ring substituents. On transformation into the Pt(II) complex the conformations of meso-1 change (synclinal phenyl residues) and a delta and lambda interconversion takes place already at physiological temp. (37 degrees C). This process is accompanied by a rotation of phenyl rings, which is supposed to allow an optimal fit for the formation of hydrogen bridges to the estrogen receptor, resulting in a marked estrogenic activity. The other ligands and complexes are inactive presumably due to a diminished hydrophobic interaction with the estrogen receptor, resulting from their R,R/S,S-configuration or the reduced number of Cl-atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gust
- Institut für Pharmazie, Lehrstuhl Pharmazeutische Chemie II, Universität Regensburg, Germany
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Pasini A, Caldiroia C, Spinelli S, Valsecchi M. Comments on Different Synthetic Methods for the Preparation of Diammine and bis(Amine) Organodicarboxylatoplatinum(II) Complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/15533179308016879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Gust R, Schönenberger H. Breast cancer-inhibiting properties of leaving group derivatives of [1,2-bis(2,6-difluoro-3-hydroxyphenyl)ethylenediamine]platinum(II). Eur J Med Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0223-5234(93)90004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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