1
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Krul SE, Costa GJ, Hoehn SJ, Valverde D, Oliveira LMF, Borin AC, Crespo-Hernández CE. Resolving Ultrafast Photoinitiated Dynamics of the Hachimoji 5-Aza-7-Deazaguanine Nucleobase: Impact of Synthetically Expanding the Genetic Alphabet. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 99:693-705. [PMID: 35938218 DOI: 10.1111/php.13688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The guanine derivative, 5-aza-7-deazaguanine (5N7C G) has recently been proposed as one of four unnatural bases, termed Hachimoji (8-letter) to expand the genetic code. We apply steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy to investigate its electronic relaxation mechanism and probe the effect of atom substitution on the relaxation mechanism in polar protic and polar aprotic solvents. Mapping of the excited state potential energy surfaces is performed, from which the critical points are optimized by using the state-of-art Extended Multi-State Complete Active Space Second-Order Perturbation Theory. It is demonstrated that excitation to the lowest energy 1 ππ* state of 5N7C G results in complex dynamics leading to ca. 10 to 30-fold slower relaxation (depending on solvent) compared to guanine. A significant conformational change occurs at the S1 minimum, resulting in a 10-fold greater fluorescence quantum yield compared to guanine. The fluorescence quantum yield and S1 decay lifetime increase going from water to acetonitrile to propanol. The solvent-dependent results are supported by the quantum chemical calculations showing an increase in the energy barrier between the S1 minimum and the S1 /S0 conical intersection going from water to propanol. The longer lifetimes might make 5N7C G more photochemical active to adjacent nucleobases than guanine or other nucleobases within DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Krul
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, United States
| | - Gustavo J Costa
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000. São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sean J Hoehn
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, United States
| | - Danillo Valverde
- Unité de Chimie Physique Theorique et Structurale, Namur Institute of Structured Matter, Université de Namur, B-5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Leonardo M F Oliveira
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000. São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Borin
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000. São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos E Crespo-Hernández
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, United States
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2
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Beck KM, Ruder L, Nicolai TS, Pham RL, Risgaard NA, Hornum M, Nielsen P. Double‐Headed Nucleotides with Non‐Native Nucleobases: Synthesis and Duplex Studies. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kasper M. Beck
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense M Denmark
| | - Linette Ruder
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense M Denmark
| | - Tine S. Nicolai
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense M Denmark
| | - Robert L. Pham
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense M Denmark
| | - Nikolaj A. Risgaard
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense M Denmark
| | - Mick Hornum
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense M Denmark
| | - Poul Nielsen
- Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense M Denmark
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3
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Confluence of theory and experiment reveals the catalytic mechanism of the Varkud satellite ribozyme. Nat Chem 2020; 12:193-201. [PMID: 31959957 PMCID: PMC7389185 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-019-0391-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Varkud satellite ribozyme catalyses site-specific RNA cleavage and ligation, and serves as an important model system to understand RNA catalysis. Here, we combine stereospecific phosphorothioate substitution, precision nucleobase mutation and linear free-energy relationship measurements with molecular dynamics, molecular solvation theory and ab initio quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical free-energy simulations to gain insight into the catalysis. Through this confluence of theory and experiment, we unify the existing body of structural and functional data to unveil the catalytic mechanism in unprecedented detail, including the degree of proton transfer in the transition state. Further, we provide evidence for a critical Mg2+ in the active site that interacts with the scissile phosphate and anchors the general base guanine in position for nucleophile activation. This novel role for Mg2+ adds to the diversity of known catalytic RNA strategies and unifies functional features observed in the Varkud satellite, hairpin and hammerhead ribozyme classes.
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4
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Leonard P, Kondhare D, Jentgens X, Daniliuc C, Seela F. Nucleobase-Functionalized 5-Aza-7-deazaguanine Ribo- and 2′-Deoxyribonucleosides: Glycosylation, Pd-Assisted Cross-Coupling, and Photophysical Properties. J Org Chem 2019; 84:13313-13328. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Leonard
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dasharath Kondhare
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Xenia Jentgens
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin Daniliuc
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Seela
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Laboratorium für Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie neuer Materialien, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
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5
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Zhou X, Kondhare D, Leonard P, Seela F. Anomeric 5-Aza-7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosines in Silver-Ion-Mediated Homo and Hybrid Base Pairs: Impact of Mismatch Structure, Helical Environment, and Nucleobase Substituents on DNA Stability. Chemistry 2019; 25:10408-10419. [PMID: 31062885 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside configuration (α-d vs. β-d), nucleobase substituents, and the helical DNA environment of silver-mediated 5-aza-7-deazaguanine-cytosine base pairs have a strong impact on DNA stability. This has been demonstrated by investigations on oligonucleotide duplexes with silver-mediated base pairs of α-d and β-d anomeric 5-aza-7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosines and anomeric 2'-deoxycytidines incorporated in 12-mer duplexes. To this end, a new synthetic protocol has been developed to access the pure anomers of 5-aza-7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine by glycosylation of either the protected nucleobase or its salt followed by separation of the glycosylation products by crystallization and chromatography. Thermal stability measurements were performed on duplexes with α-d/α-d and β-d/β-d homo base pairs or α-d/β-d and β-d/α-d hybrid pairs within two sequence environments, positions 6 or 7, of oligonucleotide duplexes. The respective Tm stability increases observed after silver ion addition differ significantly. Homo base pairs with β-d/β-d or α-d/α-d nucleoside combinations are more stable than α-d/β-d hybrid base pairs. The positional switch of silver-ion-mediated base pairs has a significant impact on stability. Nucleobase substituents introduced at the 5-position of the dC site of silver-mediated base pairs affect base pair stability to a minor extent. Our investigation might lead to applications in the construction of bioinspired nanodevices, in DNA diagnostics, or metal-DNA hybrid materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Zhou
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Dasharath Kondhare
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Leonard
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Seela
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Nanotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Laboratorium für Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie neuer Materialien, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, 49069, Osnabrück, Germany
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6
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Laos R, Lampropoulos C, Benner SA. The surprising pairing of 2-aminoimidazo[1,2-a][1,3,5]triazin-4-one, a component of an expanded DNA alphabet. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2019; 75:22-28. [PMID: 30601127 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229618016923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic biologists demonstrate their command over natural biology by reproducing the behaviors of natural living systems on synthetic biomolecular platforms. For nucleic acids, this is being done stepwise, first by adding replicable nucleotides to DNA, and then removing its standard nucleotides. This challenge has been met in vitro with `six-letter' DNA and RNA, where the Watson-Crick pairing `concept' is recruited to increase the number of independently replicable nucleotides from four to six. The two nucleobases most successfully added so far are Z and P, which present a donor-donor-acceptor and an acceptor-acceptor-donor pattern, respectively. This pair of nucleobases are part of an `artificially expanded genetic information system' (AEGIS). The Z nucleobase has been already crystallized, characterized, and published in this journal [Matsuura et al. (2016). Acta Cryst. C72, 952-959]. More recently, variants of Taq polymerase have been crystallized with the pair P:Z trapped in the active site. Here we report the crystal structure of the nucleobase 2-aminoimidazo[1,2-a][1,3,5]triazin-4-one (trivially named P) as the monohydrate, C5H5N5O·H2O. The nucleobase P was crystallized from water and characterized by X-ray diffraction. Interestingly, the crystal structure shows two tautomers of P packed in a Watson-Crick fashion that cocrystallized in a 1:1 ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Laos
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution (FfAME), 13709 Progress Blvd, Box 7, Alachua, FL 32615, USA
| | - Christos Lampropoulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Steven A Benner
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution (FfAME), 13709 Progress Blvd, Box 7, Alachua, FL 32615, USA
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7
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Lim FPL, Low ST, Ho ELK, Halcovitch NR, Tiekink ERT, Dolzhenko AV. A multicomponent reaction of 2-aminoimidazoles: microwave-assisted synthesis of novel 5-aza-7-deaza-adenines. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11305f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient and highly selective multicomponent synthesis of 4-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]triazines, which are 5-aza-7-deaza-isosteres of adenine, was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Szy Teng Low
- School of Pharmacy
- Monash University Malaysia
- Bandar Sunway
- Malaysia
| | | | | | - Edward R. T. Tiekink
- Research Centre for Crystalline Materials
- School of Science and Technology
- Sunway University
- Bandar Sunway
- Malaysia
| | - Anton V. Dolzhenko
- School of Pharmacy
- Monash University Malaysia
- Bandar Sunway
- Malaysia
- School of Pharmacy
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8
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Kim HJ, Leal NA, Hoshika S, Benner SA. Ribonucleosides for an artificially expanded genetic information system. J Org Chem 2014; 79:3194-9. [PMID: 24597611 PMCID: PMC3985877 DOI: 10.1021/jo402665d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Rearranging hydrogen bonding groups
adds nucleobases to an artificially
expanded genetic information system (AEGIS), pairing orthogonally
to standard nucleotides. We report here a large-scale synthesis of
the AEGIS nucleotide carrying 2-amino-3-nitropyridin-6-one (trivially
Z) via Heck coupling and a hydroboration/oxidation sequence.
RiboZ is more stable against epimerization than its 2′-deoxyribo
analogue. Further, T7 RNA polymerase incorporates ZTP opposite its
Watson–Crick complement, imidazo[1,2-a]-1,3,5-triazin-4(8H)one (trivially P), laying grounds for using this “second-generation”
AEGIS Z:P pair to add amino acids encoded by mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Joong Kim
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution (FfAME), 720 SW Second Avenue, Suite 201, Gainesville, Florida 32601, United States
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9
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Ma K, Xie Z, Jiang Q, Li J, Li R, Ren X, Huang TS, Zhang KQ. Cytocompatible and regenerable antimicrobial cellulose modified by N-halamine triazine ring. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaikai Ma
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles of Ministry of Education; College of Textiles and Clothing, Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Zhiwei Xie
- Department of Bioengineering; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington Texas 76019
| | - Qianyuan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles of Ministry of Education; College of Textiles and Clothing, Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles of Ministry of Education; College of Textiles and Clothing, Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Rong Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles of Ministry of Education; College of Textiles and Clothing, Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Xuehong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles of Ministry of Education; College of Textiles and Clothing, Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Tung-Shi Huang
- Department of Poultry Science; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk; College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University; Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
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10
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Gomha SM, Badrey MG, Abdalla MM, Arafa RK. Novel anti-HIV-1 NNRTIs based on a pyrazolo[4,3-d]isoxazole backbone scaffold: design, synthesis and insights into the molecular basis of action. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00282b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Design and synthesis of novel anti-HIV-1 NNRTIs based on a pyrazolo[4,3-d]isoxazole backbone scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobhi M. Gomha
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Cairo University
- Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed G. Badrey
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- Fayoum University
- El-Fayoum, Egypt
| | | | - Reem K. Arafa
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Cairo University
- Cairo, Egypt
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11
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Angelov T, Dahlmann HA, Sturla SJ. Oligonucleotide probes containing pyrimidine analogs reveal diminished hydrogen bonding capacity of the DNA adduct O⁶-methyl-G in DNA duplexes. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:6212-6. [PMID: 23969036 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide hybridization probes containing nucleoside analogs offer a potential strategy for binding specific DNA sequences that bear pro-mutagenic O(6)-G alkylation adducts. To optimize O(6)-Me-G-targeting probes, an understanding of how base pairs with O(6)-Me-G are stabilized is needed. In this study, we compared the ability of O(6)-Me-G and G to hydrogen bond with three pyrimidine-like nucleobases (Z, 4-thio-U, and 3-deaza-C) bearing varied hydrogen bond donor and acceptor groups. We found that duplexes containing the pyrimidine analog nucleoside:G pairs were more thermodynamically stable than those containing pyrimidine analog nucleoside:O(6)-alkyl-G pairs. Thus, hydrogen bonding alone was not sufficient to impart selectivity to probes that target O(6)-G alkylation adducts in DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todor Angelov
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Bakharev VV, Gidaspov AA, Parfenov VE, Ul’yankina IV, Zavodskaya AV, Selezneva EV, Suponitskii KY, Sheremetev AB. Synthesis of 4-amino-6-chloro-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-ones. Russ Chem Bull 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-012-0015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Krasnova LB, Hein JE, Fokin VV. Synthesis of 7-aza-5-deazapurine analogues via copper(I)-catalyzed hydroamination of alkynes and 1-iodoalkynes. J Org Chem 2010; 75:8662-5. [PMID: 21105687 DOI: 10.1021/jo1016376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the synthesis of dihydroimidazo[1,2-a][1,3,5]triazin-4(6H)-ones via copper(I)-catalyzed hydroamination was developed. In addition, for the first time, iodoalkynes were shown to participate in the copper(I)-catalyzed intramolecular hydroamination reaction with exclusive formation of E-isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa B Krasnova
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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14
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Saczewski F, Maruszak M, Bednarski PJ. Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of imidazo[1,2-a]-1,3,5-triazine analogues of 6-mercaptopurine. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2008; 341:121-5. [PMID: 18186543 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200700176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-substituted imidazo[1,2-a]-1,3,5-triazines with various aliphatic and aromatic amines has been prepared and characterized by IR,1H-NMR, and elemental analysis. The initial in-vitro cytotoxicity studies with five human cancer cell lines showed that all but one of the compounds are without cytotoxic activity. The one active compound, 2-(indolin-1-yl)-7,8-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]-1,3,5-triazine-4(6H)-thione 12, was tested on 12 human cancer cell lines. Of these, two lines, RT-4 and MCF-7, were the most sensitive to the compound, with IC50 values of 6.98 microM and 8.43 microM, respectively. When compared with the reference anticancer drug 6-mercaptopurine, only the RT-4 urinary bladder and KYSE-70 oesophagus cancer cell lines were more sensitive to the new compound. The antimetabolite thioguanine was more cytotoxic than 12 for all common cell lines tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciszek Saczewski
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
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15
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16
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Chen Z, Luo J, Sun Y. Biocidal efficacy, biofilm-controlling function, and controlled release effect of chloromelamine-based bioresponsive fibrous materials. Biomaterials 2006; 28:1597-609. [PMID: 17184837 PMCID: PMC1839067 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 2-amino-4-chloro-6-hydroxy-s-triazine (ACHT) was synthesized through controlled hydrolysis of 2-amino-4,6-dichloro-s-triazine (ADCT). A simple pad-dry-cure approach was employed to immobilize ACHT onto cellulosic fibrous materials. After treatment with diluted chlorine bleach, the covalently bound ACHT moieties were transformed into chloromelamines. The structures of the samples were fully characterized with NMR, UV/VIS, DSC, TG, iodometric titration and elemental analyses. The chloromelamine-based fibrous materials provided potent, durable, and rechargeable biocidal functions against bacteria (including multi-drug resistant species), yeasts, viruses, and bacterial spores. SEM studies demonstrated that the new fibrous materials could effectively prevent the formation of biofilms, and controlled release investigations in vitro suggested that the biocidal activities were bioresponsive. Biocidal mechanisms of the chloromelamine-based fibrous materials were further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobin Chen
- Department of Human Ecology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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17
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Yang Z, Hutter D, Sheng P, Sismour AM, Benner SA. Artificially expanded genetic information system: a new base pair with an alternative hydrogen bonding pattern. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:6095-101. [PMID: 17074747 PMCID: PMC1635279 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To support efforts to develop a ‘synthetic biology’ based on an artificially expanded genetic information system (AEGIS), we have developed a route to two components of a non-standard nucleobase pair, the pyrimidine analog 6-amino-5-nitro-3-(1′-β-D-2′-deoxyribofuranosyl)-2(1H)-pyridone (dZ) and its Watson–Crick complement, the purine analog 2-amino-8-(1′-β-D-2′-deoxyribofuranosyl)-imidazo[1,2-a]-1,3,5-triazin-4(8H)-one (dP). These implement the pyDDA:puAAD hydrogen bonding pattern (where ‘py’ indicates a pyrimidine analog and ‘pu’ indicates a purine analog, while A and D indicate the hydrogen bonding patterns of acceptor and donor groups presented to the complementary nucleobases, from the major to the minor groove). Also described is the synthesis of the triphosphates and protected phosphoramidites of these two nucleosides. We also describe the use of the protected phosphoramidites to synthesize DNA oligonucleotides containing these AEGIS components, verify the absence of epimerization of dZ in those oligonucleotides, and report some hybridization properties of the dZ:dP nucleobase pair, which is rather strong, and the ability of each to effectively discriminate against mismatches in short duplex DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Steven A. Benner
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, P.O. Box 13174, Gainesville FL 32604-1174, USA. Tel: +1 352 271 7005; Fax: +1 352 271 7076;
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18
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Cui P, Macdonald TL, Chen M, Nadler JL. Synthesis and biological evaluation of lisofylline (LSF) analogs as a potential treatment for Type 1 diabetes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3401-5. [PMID: 16650991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Revised: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lisofylline (LSF, 1-(5-R-hydroxyhexyl)-3,7-dimethylxanthine) is an anti-inflammatory agent that protects beta-cells from Th1 cytokine-induced dysfunction and reduces the onset of Type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Due to its low potency, poor oral bioavailability, and short half-life, the widespread clinical utility of LSF may be limited. Our goal has been to develop new agents based on the LSF structural motif that resolve the potency and pharmacokinetic liabilities of LSF. In this study, we have generated a focused library of LSF analogs that maintain the side chain (5-R-hydroxyhexyl) constant, while substituting a variety of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic substructures for the xanthine moiety of LSF. This library includes the xanthine-like (5-aza-7-deazaxanthine), as well as non-xanthine-like skeletons. The LSF analogs were evaluated in a pancreatic beta-cell line for the effects on apoptosis protection and insulin release. The metabolic stability of selected compounds was also tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 22904, USA.
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19
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Dukhan D, Leroy F, Peyronnet J, Bosc E, Chaves D, Durka M, Storer R, La Colla P, Seela F, Gosselin G. Synthesis of 5-aza-7-deazaguanine nucleoside derivatives as potential anti-flavivirus agents. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2005; 24:671-4. [PMID: 16248011 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-200060228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Coupling suitable sugars (D- or L-ribofuranose, 2' or 3-deoxysugar, branched sugars) with 2-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]-s-triazin-4-one was carried out using the different reaction conditions: 1) condensation in the presence of sodium hydride; or 2) condensation using Vorbrüggen's methods. The 5-aza- 7-deazaguanine nucleoside analogues obtained were evaluated in cell culture experiments for the inhibition of the replication of a number of RNA viruses, including BVDV, YFV, and WNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dukhan
- Laboratoire Coopératif Idenix-CNRS, Université Montpellier II, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Ojwang JO, Ali S, Smee DF, Morrey JD, Shimasaki CD, Sidwell RW. Broad-spectrum inhibitor of viruses in the Flaviviridae family. Antiviral Res 2005; 68:49-55. [PMID: 16199098 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Revised: 06/10/2005] [Accepted: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The viruses in the Flaviviridae family have been associated with human and animal diseases. In this report, we demonstrate that compound 2-amino-8-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl) imidazo [1,2-a]-s-triazine-4-one (ZX-2401) was capable of inhibiting the production in culture of at least five members of the Flaviviridae family with minimal cytotoxicity. This compound inhibited yellow fever virus, dengue virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, banzi virus and West Nile virus with EC50 of 10, 10, 5, 5 and 3 microg/ml, respectively, and the CC50 in these experiments were greater than 1000 microg/ml. The activity of ZX-2401 is comparable to or better than the control drugs in these studies and was not affected by MOI variation. In addition, ZX-2401 inhibited HCV replication in a dose response fashion in the replicon assay system. Furthermore, ZX-2401 exhibited a synergistic antiviral activity in combination with IFN in tissue culture. The data described herein suggest that ZX-2401 is a broad-spectrum inhibitor of the RNA viruses, which has merit for development of treatments for the emerging infections caused by the viruses in the Flaviviridae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua O Ojwang
- ZymeTx Inc., 655 Research Parkway, Suite 554; Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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21
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Wagner T, Han B, Koch G, Krishnamurthy R, Eschenmoser A. Tautomerism in 5,8-Diaza-7,9-dicarbaguanine (‘Alloguanine’). Helv Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200590150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Han B, Jaun B, Krishnamurthy R, Eschenmoser A. Mannich-Type C-Nucleosidations in the 5,8-Diaza-7,9-dicarba-purine Family1. Org Lett 2004; 6:3691-4. [PMID: 15469325 DOI: 10.1021/ol048649m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] C-Nucleosidation with cyclic iminium salts occurring under mild reaction conditions and affording C-nucleosides that are isosteric with N-nucleosides of natural purines is shown to be a consistent property of the entire family of 2,6-(oxo or amino)-disubstituted 5,8-diaza-7,9-dicarba-purines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Han
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Hönggerberg, HCI-H309, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Hutter D, Benner SA. Expanding the genetic alphabet: non-epimerizing nucleoside with the pyDDA hydrogen-bonding pattern. J Org Chem 2004; 68:9839-42. [PMID: 14656120 DOI: 10.1021/jo034900k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
6-Amino-3-(2'-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-nitro-1H-pyridin-2-one (4), a C-glycoside exhibiting the nonstandard pyDDA hydrogen-bonding pattern, was synthesized via Heck coupling. The nitro group greatly enhances the stability of the nucleoside toward acid-catalyzed epimerization without leading to significant deprotonation of the heterocycle at physiological pH. These results make nucleoside 4 a promising candidate for an expanded genetic alphabet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hutter
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200
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24
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Braun M, Sun Y. Antimicrobial polymers containing melamine derivatives. I. Preparation and characterization of chloromelamine-based cellulose. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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25
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McDougall MG, Sun L, Livshin I, Hosta LP, McArdle BF, Samols SB, Fuller CW, Kumar S. Analogs of guanine nucleoside triphosphates for sequencing applications. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2001; 20:501-6. [PMID: 11563066 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-100002325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesized more than 30 different deoxyribonucleosides and triphosphates with modifications either in the base or the phosphate moiety as analogs of 2'-dGTP for DNA sequencing applications. All the modified nucleoside triphosphates were tested as substrates for DNA polymerases, including Sequenase T7 DNA polymerase or Thermo Sequenase DNA polymerase. Two of the analogs, 7-ethyl-7-deaza-dGTP and 7-hydroxymethyl-7-deaza-dGTP meet our requirements as better sequencing reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G McDougall
- Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, 800 Centennial Ave., Piscataway, New Jersey 08855, USA
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Dovlatyan VV. Synthesis and rearrangement of chloroalkoxy-, chloroalkylthio-, and chloroalkylamino-symtriazines (review). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01165896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Bhattacharya BK, Rao TS, Lewis AF, Revankar GR, Sanghvi YS, Robins RK. Synthesis of certainN- andC-alkyl purine analogs. J Heterocycl Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570300527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Voegel JJ, Altorfer MM, Benner SA. The Donor-Acceptor-Acceptor Purine Analog: Transformation of 5-aza-7-deaza-1H-isoguanine (=4-aminoimidazo-[1,2-a]-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one) to 2?-deoxy-5-aza-7-deaza-isoguanosine using purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Helv Chim Acta 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19930760520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kobe B, Kobe J, Smee DF, Jerman-Blazic-Dzonova B, Solmajer T. Use of distance geometry approach for the in vitro antiviral activity evaluation of N-bridgehead C-nucleosides. Eur J Med Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0223-5234(92)90010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Seela F, Bindig U, Driller H, Herdering W, Kaiser K, Kehne A, Rosemeyer H, Steker H. Synthesis and Application of Isosteric Purine 2′-Deoxyribofuranosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1080/07328318708056176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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32
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Mcgee DPC, Martin JC, Verheyden JPH. Synthesis of the 7-deaza and 5-aza-7-deaza purine analogs of the antiherpes agent 9-[(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]guanine (DHPG). J Heterocycl Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570220444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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33
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Robins RK, Revankar GR, O'Brien DE, Springer RH, Albert TNA, Senga K, Miller JP, Streeter DG. Purine analog inhibitors of xanthine oxidase - structure activity relationships and proposed binding of the molybdenum cofactor. J Heterocycl Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570220303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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34
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Soliman FS, Rida SM, Kappe T. Synthesis of substituted 3-hydroxy-1H,5H-pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazol-1-ones as possible antimicrobial and antineoplastic agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1984; 317:951-8. [PMID: 6517676 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19843171110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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35
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Kojić-Prodić B, Ruzić-Toros Z, Golic L, Brdar B, Kobe J. Conformation and structure of 2-amino-8-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazo [1,2-a]-s-triazin-4-one(5-aza-7-deaza guanosine), a potent antiviral nucleoside. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1982; 698:105-10. [PMID: 7126582 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(82)90124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The crystal and molecular structure of one imidazo[1,2-a]-s-triazine nucleoside and its antiviral activity are described. The crystal structure of 2-amino-8-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazo[1,2-a]-s-triazin-4-one monohydroate (C10H13N5O5.H2O) was solved by X-ray counter data. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21 with cell dimensions a = 7.353 (1), b = 6.465 (1), c = 13.701 (1) A, B = 104.64 (1) degrees. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by full matrix least-squares technique to a final value of the conventional R-factor of 0.049 using 1998 observed intensities. The orientation of the base relative to the sugar ring defined in terms of rotating about the C(1')-N(8) glycosyl bond is anti (47.8 degrees). The ribose moiety exhibits C(2')-endo, E conformation. The conformation around C(4')-C(5') is gauche-. Molecular packing is dominated by hydrogen bonds. Base stacking occurs long the b axis. 5-Aza-7-deazaguanosine has shown a marked antiviral activity in vitro against herpes simplex virus despite the fact that N(3) is effective as the hydrogen acceptor only.
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Meyer RHB, Revankar GR, Dan Cook P, Ehler KW, Schweizer MP, Robins RK. Synthesis of 6-amino-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-c] pyridin-4(5H)one (8-aza-3-deazaguanine) and 6-amino-1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-c] pyridin-4(5H)one (8-Aza-3-deazaguanosine)vianovel ring closure procedures. J Heterocycl Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570170132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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