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Arita H, Tanaka R, Kikukawa S, Tomizawa T, Sakata H, Funada M, Tomiyama K, Hashimoto M, Tasaka T, Tabata H, Nakamura K, Makino K, Oshitari T, Natsugari H, Takahashi H. Fentanyl-Type Antagonist of the μ-Opioid Receptor: Important Role of Axial Chirality in the Active Conformation. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 38869493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, synthetic opioids have emerged as a predominant cause of drug-overdose-related fatalities, causing the "opioid crisis." To design safer therapeutic agents, we accidentally discovered μ-opioid receptor (MOR) antagonists based on fentanyl with a relatively uncomplicated chemical composition that potentiates structural modifications. Here, we showed the development of novel atropisomeric fentanyl analogues that exhibit more potent antagonistic activity against MOR than naloxone, a morphinan MOR antagonist. Derivatives displaying stable axial chirality were synthesized based on the amide structure of fentanyl. The aS- and aR-enantiomers exerted antagonistic and agonistic effects on the MOR, respectively, and each atropisomer interacted with the MOR by assuming a distinct binding mode through molecular docking. These findings suggest that introducing atropisomerism into fentanyl may serve as a key feature in the molecular design of future MOR antagonists to help mitigate the opioid crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Arita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Ryoko Tanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Kikukawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Tomizawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Haruka Sakata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiko Funada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shonan University of Medical Sciences, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 224-0806, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tomiyama
- Section of Addictive Drug Research, Department of Drug Dependence Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira-shi, Tokyo 187-8533, Japan
| | - Masaru Hashimoto
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki-shi, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Tasaka
- Affinity Science Corporation, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0031, Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Tabata
- Faculty of Pharma Sciences, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Kayo Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kosho Makino
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Tetsuta Oshitari
- Faculty of Pharma Sciences, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Hideaki Natsugari
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hideyo Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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2
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Patocka J, Wu W, Oleksak P, Jelinkova R, Nepovimova E, Spicanova L, Springerova P, Alomar S, Long M, Kuca K. Fentanyl and its derivatives: Pain-killers or man-killers? Heliyon 2024; 10:e28795. [PMID: 38644874 PMCID: PMC11031787 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Fentanyl is a synthetic μ-opioid receptor agonist approved to treat severe to moderate pain with faster onset of action and about 100 times more potent than morphine. Over last two decades, abuse of fentanyl and its derivatives has an increased trend, globally. Currently, the United States (US) faces the most serious situation related to fentanyl overdose, commonly referred to as the opioid epidemic. Nowadays, fentanyl is considered as the number one cause of death for adults aged 18-45 in the US. Synthesis and derivatization of fentanyl is inexpensive to manufacture and easily achievable. Indeed, more than 1400 fentanyl derivatives have been described in the scientific literature and patents. In addition, accessibility and efficacy of fentanyl and its derivatives can play a potential role in misuse of these compounds as a chemical weapon. In this review, the properties, general pharmacology, and overdose death cases associated with fentanyl and selected derivatives are presented. Moreover, current opioid epidemic in the US, Moscow theatre hostage crisis, and potential misuse of fentanyl and its derivatives as a chemical weapon are disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Patocka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Wenda Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Patrik Oleksak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Jelinkova
- NBC Defence Institute, University of Defence, 68201 Vyskov, Czech Republic
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Spicanova
- Philosophical Faculty, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlina Springerova
- Philosophical Faculty, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Suliman Alomar
- Doping Research Chair, Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Miao Long
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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3
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Aderorho R, Chouinard CD. Improved separation of fentanyl isomers using metal cation adducts and high-resolution ion mobility-mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2024; 16:369-379. [PMID: 37491787 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid that has attracted significant attention due to its illegal production and distribution, resulting in misuse, overdose, and fatalities. Because numerous fentanyl analogs, including structural isomers, with different potency have been discovered in the field, there is a critical need to continue developing analytical methodologies capable of accurate identification in forensic and clinical laboratories. This study aimed to develop a rapid method for detecting and separating fentanyl isomers based on ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS), where IM separates gas-phase ions based on differences in their size, shape, and charge. Several strategies for improved differentiation were implemented, including using unconventional cation adducts (e.g., alkali and transition metals) and data post-processing by high-resolution demultiplexing. A collection of collision cross section (CCS) values for the various metal ion adducts was gathered, which can be used to improve confidence of identification in future samples. Notable examples, such as [M + Cu]+ and [M + Ag]+ adducts, contributed to significant improvement of resolution between isomers. Furthermore, the addition of high-resolution post-processing provided resolving power of >150, which constitutes a significant increase in comparison with the normal 50-60 obtained with low-resolution drift tube instruments. Collectively, these improved separation strategies allowed for confident detection and subsequent quantitative analysis. The optimized IM-MS method resulted in quantification of fentanyl in human urine with limits of detection and quantification of 13 pg/mL and 40 pg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Aderorho
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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4
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Curay CM, Irwin MR, Kiyatkin EA. The pattern of brain oxygen response induced by intravenous fentanyl limits the time window of therapeutic efficacy of naloxone. Neuropharmacology 2023; 231:109507. [PMID: 36940812 PMCID: PMC10123544 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Opioids induce respiratory depression resulting in coma or even death during overdose. Naloxone, an opioid antagonist, is the gold standard reversal agent for opioid intoxication, but this treatment is often less successful for fentanyl. While low dosing is thought to be a factor limiting naloxone's efficacy, the timing between fentanyl exposure and initiation of naloxone treatment may be another important factor. Here, we used oxygen sensors coupled with amperometry to examine the pattern of oxygen responses in the brain and periphery induced by intravenous fentanyl in freely moving rats. At both doses (20 and 60 μg/kg), fentanyl induced a biphasic brain oxygen response-a rapid, strong, and relatively transient decrease (8-12 min) followed by a weaker and prolonged increase. In contrast, fentanyl induced stronger and more prolonged monophasic oxygen decreases in the periphery. When administered before fentanyl, intravenous naloxone (0.2 mg/kg) fully blocked the hypoxic effects of moderate-dose fentanyl in both the brain and periphery. However, when injected 10 min after fentanyl, when most of hypoxia had already ceased, naloxone had minimal effect on central and peripheral oxygen levels, but at a higher dose, it strongly attenuated hypoxic effects in the periphery with only a transient brain oxygen increase associated with behavioral awakening. Therefore, due to the rapid, strong but transient nature of fentanyl-induced brain hypoxia, the time window when naloxone can attenuate this effect is relatively short. This timing limitation is critical, making naloxone most effective when used quickly and less effective when used during the post-hypoxic comatose state after brain hypoxia has already ceased and harm for neural cells already done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Curay
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Matthew R Irwin
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Eugene A Kiyatkin
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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5
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Xie B, Goldberg A, Shi L. A comprehensive evaluation of the potential binding poses of fentanyl and its analogs at the µ-opioid receptor. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:2309-2321. [PMID: 35615021 PMCID: PMC9123087 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fentanyl and its analogs are selective agonists of the µ-opioid receptor (MOR). Among novel synthetic opioids (NSOs), they dominate the recreational drug market and are the main culprits for the opioid crisis, which has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. By taking advantage of the crystal structures of the MOR, several groups have investigated the binding mechanism of fentanyl, but have not reached a consensus, in terms of both the binding orientation and the fentanyl conformation. Thus, the binding mechanism of fentanyl at the MOR remains an unsolved and challenging question. Here, we carried out a systematic computational study to investigate the preferred fentanyl conformations, and how these conformations are being accommodated in the MOR binding pocket. We characterized the free energy landscape of fentanyl conformations with metadynamics simulations, and compared and evaluated several possible fentanyl binding conditions in the MOR with long-timescale molecular dynamics simulations. Our results indicate that the most preferred binding pose in the MOR binding pocket corresponds well with the global minimum on the energy landscape of fentanyl in the absence of the receptor, while the energy landscape can be reconfigured by modifying the fentanyl scaffold. The interactions with the receptor may stabilize a slightly unfavored fentanyl conformation in an alternative binding pose. By extending similar investigations to fentanyl analogs, our findings establish a structure–activity relationship of fentanyl binding at the MOR. In addition to providing a structural basis to understand the potential toxicity of the emerging NSOs, such insights will contribute to developing new, safer analgesics.
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6
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Wang B, Zhou MJ, Zhou QL. Visible-Light-Induced α,γ-C(sp 3)-H Difunctionalization of Piperidines. Org Lett 2022; 24:2894-2898. [PMID: 35416677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a novel protocol for visible-light-induced α,γ-C(sp3)-H difunctionalization of piperidines. This redox-neutral, atom-economical protocol, which exhibits a broad substrate scope and good functional group compatibility, constitutes a concise, practical method for constructing piperidine-containing bridged-ring molecules. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicated that highly regioselective activation of the inert γ-C(sp3)-H bond of piperidines was achieved through a 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer reaction of a nitrogen radical generated in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Min-Jie Zhou
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qi-Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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Xiong J, Zhuang T, Ma Y, Xu J, Ye J, Ma R, Zhang S, Liu X, Liu BF, Hao C, Zhang G, Chen Y. Optimization of bifunctional piperidinamide derivatives as σ 1R Antagonists/MOR agonists for treating neuropathic pain. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113879. [PMID: 34628236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe the optimization, synthesis, and associated pharmacological analgesic activities of a new series of bifunctional piperidinamide derivatives as sigma-1 receptor (σ1R) antagonists and mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonists. The new compounds were evaluated in vitro in σ1R and MOR binding assays. The most promising compound 114 (also called HKC-126), showed superior affinities for σ1R and MOR and good selectivity to additional receptors related to pain. Compound 114 showed powerful dose-dependent analgesic effects in the acetic acid writhing test, formalin test, hot plate test, and chronic constriction injury (CCI) neuropathic pain model. In contrast to an equianalgesic dose of fentanyl, compound 114 produced fewer opioid-like side effects, such as reward liability, respiratory depression, physical dependence, and sedation. Lastly, the pharmacokinetic properties of this drug were also acceptable, and these results suggest that compound 114, as a mixed σ1R/MOR ligand, has potential for treating neuropathic pain.
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MESH Headings
- Acetic Acid
- Amides/chemical synthesis
- Amides/chemistry
- Amides/pharmacology
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Formaldehyde
- Guinea Pigs
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Molecular Dynamics Simulation
- Molecular Structure
- Neuralgia/chemically induced
- Neuralgia/drug therapy
- Neuralgia/metabolism
- Pain Measurement
- Piperidines/chemical synthesis
- Piperidines/chemistry
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Receptors, sigma/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, sigma/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Sigma-1 Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Xiong
- Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Tao Zhuang
- Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yurong Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Junyi Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Jiaqi Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Ru Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Bi-Feng Liu
- Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chao Hao
- Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Guisen Zhang
- Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China.
| | - Yin Chen
- Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China.
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8
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Treatment of overdose in the synthetic opioid era. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 233:108019. [PMID: 34637841 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Overdose deaths are often viewed as the leading edge of the opioid epidemic which has gripped the United States over the past two decades (Skolnick, 2018a). This emphasis is perhaps unsurprising because opioid overdose is both the number-one cause of death for individuals between 25 and 64 years old (Dezfulian et al., 2021) and a significant contributor to the decline in average lifespan (Dowell et al., 2017). Exacerbated by the COVID 19 pandemic, it was estimated there were 93,400 drug overdose deaths in the United States during the 12 months ending December 2020, with more than 69,000 (that is, >74%) of these fatalities attributed to opioid overdose (Ahmad et al., 2021). However, the focus on mortality statistics (Ahmad et al., 2021; Shover et al., 2020) tends to obscure the broader medical impact of nonfatal opioid overdose. Analyses of multiple databases indicate that for each opioid-induced fatality, there are between 6.4 and 8.4 non-fatal overdoses, exacting a significant burden on both the individual and society. Over the past 7-8 years, there has been an alarming increase in the misuse of synthetic opioids ("synthetics"), primarily fentanyl and related piperidine-based analogs. Within the past 2-3 years, a structurally unrelated class of high potency synthetics, benzimidazoles exemplified by etonitazene and isotonitazene ("iso"), have also appeared in illicit drug markets (Thompson, 2020; Ujvary et al. 2021). In 2020, it was estimated that over 80% of fatal opioid overdoses in the United States now involve synthetics (Ahmad et al., 2021). The unique physicochemical and pharmacological properties of synthetics described in this review are responsible for both the morbidity and mortality associated with their misuse as well as their widespread availability. This dramatic increase in the misuse of synthetics is often referred to as the "3rd wave" (Pardo et al., 2019; Volkow and Blanco, 2020) of the opioid epidemic. Among the consequences resulting from misuse of these potent opioids is the need for higher doses of the competitive antagonist, naloxone, to reverse an overdose. The development of more effective reversal agents such as those described in this review is an essential component of a tripartite strategy (Volkow and Collins, 2017) to reduce the biopsychosocial impact of opioid misuse in the "synthetic era".
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9
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Hedrick SL, Luo D, Kaska S, Niloy KK, Jackson K, Sarma R, Horn J, Baynard C, Leggas M, Butelman ER, Kreek MJ, Prisinzano TE. Design, synthesis, and preliminary evaluation of a potential synthetic opioid rescue agent. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:62. [PMID: 34503531 PMCID: PMC8427951 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00758-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the most prominent opioid analgesics in the United States is the high potency agonist fentanyl. It is used in the treatment of acute and chronic pain and as an anesthetic adjuvant. When used inappropriately, however, ingestion of just a few milligrams of fentanyl or other synthetic opioid can cause opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD), often leading to death. Currently, the treatment of choice for OIRD is the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. Recent reports, however, suggest that higher doses or repeated dosing of naloxone (due to recurrence of respiratory depression) may be required to reverse fully fentanyl-induced respiratory depression, rendering this treatment inadequate. To combat this synthetic opioid overdose crisis, this research aims at identifying a novel opioid reversal agent with enhanced efficacy towards fentanyl and other synthetic opioids. Methods A series of naltrexone analogues were characterized for their ability to antagonize the effects of fentanyl in vitro utilizing a modified forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation assay. Lead analogue 29 was chosen to undergo further PK studies, followed by in vivo pharmacological analysis to determine its ability to antagonize opioid-induced antinociception in the hot plate assay. Results A series of potent MOR antagonists were identified, including the highly potent analogue 29 (IC50 = 2.06 nM). Follow-up PK studies revealed 29 to possess near 100% bioavailability following IP administration. Brain concentrations of 29 surpassed plasma concentrations, with an apparent terminal half-life of ~ 80 min in mice. In the hot plate assay, 29 dose-dependently (0.01–0.1 mg/kg; IP) and fully antagonized the antinociception induced by oxycodone (5.6 mg/kg; IP). Furthermore, the dose of 29 that is fully effective in preventing oxycodone-induced antinociception (0.1 mg/kg) was ineffective against locomotor deficits caused by the KOR agonist U50,488. Conclusions Methods have been developed that have utility to identify enhanced rescue agents for the treatment of OIRD. Analogue 29, possessing potent MOR antagonist activity in vitro and in vivo, provides a promising lead in our search for an enhanced synthetic opioid rescue agent. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12929-021-00758-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidnee L Hedrick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Sophia Kaska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Kumar Kulldeep Niloy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Karen Jackson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.,Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Rupam Sarma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.,Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Jamie Horn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.,Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Caroline Baynard
- Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Markos Leggas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.,Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Eduardo R Butelman
- Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Thomas E Prisinzano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA. .,Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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10
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Crowley ML, Restrepo LF, Gamez-Jimenez LR, Patel A, Braun T, Pallares VLC, Ho NP, Reeves ME, McCurdy CR, McMahon LR, Hiranita T. The use of hypercapnic conditions to assess opioid-induced respiratory depression in rats. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2021; 111:107101. [PMID: 34242797 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2021.107101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Whole-body plethysmography (WBP) in unrestrained, non-anesthetized rodents is a preclinical method to assess the respiratory depressant effects of opioids, the leading cause of opioid overdose death in humans. However, low baseline respiration rates under normocapnic conditions (i.e., "floor" effect) can render the measurement of respiratory decreases challenging. We assessed hypercapnia-induced increases in respiration as a strategy to assess opioid-induced decreases in respiration in rats. METHODS WBP was used to assess respiration frequency, tidal volume and minute volume in the presence of normocapnic and hypercapnic (8% CO2) conditions in rats during the rat diurnal period of the light cycle. The mu-opioid receptor agonist fentanyl was administered intravenously, and the hot plate test was used to assess acute antinociception. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Hypercapnia-induced increases in respiratory parameters (frequency, minute volume, and tidal volume) were decreased by fentanyl at doses that did not decrease the same parameters under the normocapnic conditions. These findings show that hypercapnia increases sensitivity to respiratory depressant effects of fentanyl, as compared with assessments during the rat diurnal period when activity and breathing rate are generally low, i.e., there is a floor effect. The current approach is highly sensitive to opioid-induced respiratory depression, and therefore provides a useful method for assessment in a pre-clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan L Crowley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Luis F Restrepo
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lea R Gamez-Jimenez
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Avi Patel
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tobias Braun
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Victoria L C Pallares
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nicholas P Ho
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Morgan E Reeves
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lance R McMahon
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Takato Hiranita
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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11
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Ma Z, Huang Y, Wan K, Zhu F, Sheng C, Chen S, Liu D, Dong G. Structural simplification of evodiamine: Discovery of novel tetrahydro-β-carboline derivatives as potent antitumor agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 40:127954. [PMID: 33744440 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural products (NPs) have played a crucial role in the discovery and development of antitumor drugs. However, the high structural complexity of NPs generally results in unfavorable physicochemical profiles and poor drug-likeness. A powerful strategy to tackle this obstacle is the structural simplification of NPs by truncating nonessential structures. Herein, a series of tetrahydro-β-carboline derivatives were designed by elimination of the D ring of NP evodiamine. Structure-activity relationship studies led to the discovery of compound 45, which displayed highly potent antitumor activity against all the tested cancer cell lines and excellent in vivo antitumor activity in the HCT116 xenograft model with low toxicity. Further mechanistic research indicated that compound 45 acted by dual Top1/2 inhibition and induced caspase-dependent cell apoptosis coupled with G2/M cell cycle arrest. This proof-of-concept study validated the effectiveness of structural simplification in NP-based drug development, discovered compound 45 as a potent antitumor lead compound and enriched the structure-activity relationships of evodiamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonglin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China; School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yahui Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kun Wan
- Medical Supplies Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Fugui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China; School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China; School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shuqiang Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China.
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
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12
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Varfaj I, Protti M, Cirrincione M, Carotti A, Mercolini L, Sardella R. Original enantioseparation of illicit fentanyls with cellulose-based chiral stationary phases under polar-ionic conditions. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1643:462088. [PMID: 33784502 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fentanyl analogues used in therapy and a range of highly potent non-pharmaceutical fentanyl derivatives are subject to international control, as the latter are increasingly being synthesized illicitly and sold as 'synthetic heroin', or mixed with heroin. A significant number of hospitalizations and deaths have been reported in the EU and USA following the use of illicitly synthesized fentanyl derivatives. It has been unequivocally demonstrated that the enantiomers of fentanyl derivatives exhibit different pharmaco-toxicological profiles, which makes crucial to avail of suitable analytical methods enabling investigations at a "stereochemical level". Chromatographic methods useful to discriminate the enantioseparation of fentanyls and their derivatives are still missing in the literature. This is the first study in which the enantioseparation of four fentanyl derivatives, that is, (±)-trans-3-methyl norfentanyl, (±)-cis-3-methyl norfentanyl, β-hydroxyfentanyl, and β-hydroxythiofentanyl, has been obtained under polar-ionic conditions. Indeed, the use of ACN-based mobile phases with minor amounts of either 2-propanol or ethanol (plus diethylamine and formic acid as ionic additives) allowed obtaining enantioseparation and enantioresolution factors up to 1.83 and 7.02, respectively. For the study, the two chiral stationary phases cellulose tris(3-chloro-4-methylphenylcarbamate) and cellulose tris(4-chloro-3-methylphenylcarbamate) were used, displaying a remarkably different performance towards the enantioseparation of (±)-cis-3-methyl norfentanyl. Chiral LC analyses with a high-resolution mass spectrometry detector were also carried out in order to confirm the obtained data and demonstrate the suitability and compatibility of the optimized mobile phases with mass spectrometric systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Varfaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Protti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna
| | - Marco Cirrincione
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna
| | - Andrea Carotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Laura Mercolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna.
| | - Roccaldo Sardella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy; Center for Perinatal and Reproductive Medicine, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
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13
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W De Silva I, Couch AN, Verbeck GF. Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry Utilized with a Synthetic Microporous Polyolefin Silica Matrix Substrate in the Rapid Detection and Identification of More than 190 Synthetic Fentanyl Analogs. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:420-428. [PMID: 33296202 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fentanyl and its related synthetic analogs have recently become more readily available as a growing threat to public safety, such as pain relief and anesthetics. Sources of fentanyl are more likely to be illicitly manufactured than pharmaceutically manufactured and are often laced with other opioids, which ultimately increases the potency of fentanyl and results in an increased number of overdose deaths. The methods used to detect these compounds safely and quickly are of high interest due to their extreme potency. This study investigates the use of paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS), which is a simple atmospheric ionization process that can be used as a rapid study (60 s) with limited sample preparation and sample handling. PS-MS can be utilized with a synthetic microporous polyolefin silica matrix substrate, known as Teslin, which is manufactured by PPG Industries. The main characteristic of paper spray ionization with the Teslin substrate is the hydrophobicity, which is useful for a fast and direct analysis requiring only 1 μg of the sample. The application of this novel synthetic substrate to PS-MS has been illustrated with a fentanyl analog screening kit (FAS Kit), which was designed by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) for the screening of 212 evolving synthetic opioids, including more than 190 fentanyl analogs. The comparable fragmentation with precursor molecule mass data from this study can be useful in improving the accurate detection and structural characterization of complex samples with a minimum interference of the isobaric components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imesha W De Silva
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76201, United States
| | - Alleigh Nicole Couch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76201, United States
| | - Guido F Verbeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76201, United States
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14
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Uddin O, Jenne C, Fox ME, Arakawa K, Keller A, Cramer N. Divergent profiles of fentanyl withdrawal and associated pain in mice and rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 200:173077. [PMID: 33316293 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Opioid abuse has devastating effects on patients, their families, and society. Withdrawal symptoms are severely unpleasant, prolonged, and frequently hinder recovery or lead to relapse. The sharp increase in abuse and overdoses arising from the illicit use of potent and rapidly-acting synthetic opioids, such as fentanyl, highlights the urgency of understanding the withdrawal mechanisms related to these drugs. Progress is impeded by inconsistent reports on opioid withdrawal in different preclinical models. Here, using rats and mice of both sexes, we quantified withdrawal behaviors during spontaneous and naloxone-precipitated withdrawal, following two weeks of intermittent fentanyl exposure. We found that both mice and rats lost weight during exposure and showed increased signs of distress during spontaneous and naloxone precipitated withdrawal. However, these species differed in their expression of withdrawal associated pain, a key contributor to relapse in humans. Spontaneous or ongoing pain was preferentially expressed in rats in both withdrawal conditions, while no change was observed in mice. In contrast, withdrawal associated thermal hyperalgesia was found only in mice. These data suggest that rats and mice diverge in how they experience withdrawal and which aspects of the human condition they most accurately model. These differences highlight each species' strengths as model systems and can inform experimental design in studies of opioid withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Uddin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Carleigh Jenne
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Megan E Fox
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Keiko Arakawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Asaf Keller
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Nathan Cramer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America.
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15
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Wang Y, Xu L, Lu YT, Sun FM, Wu DF, Wang JQ, Di B, Xu H, Hang TJ, Song M. Impurity profiling of alfentanil hydrochloride by liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometric techniques for drug enforcement. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8847. [PMID: 32478878 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fentanyl and its analogues play important roles in the hospital and clinic setting as anesthetics. However, illicitly manufactured fentanyl as well as the new psychoactive substances (NPS) account for 30% of all deaths in the United States. Since fentanyl derivatives and NPS are designed to produce similar effects, their related substances are similar or even have the same active groups. A comprehensive analysis of the related substances of alfentanil hydrochloride can provide a basis for the identification and supervision of fentanyl derivatives and NPS. METHODS A liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC/QTOF-MS/MS) method was developed for the separation and characterization of related substances in alfentanil hydrochloride. Degradation studies were conducted according to the ICH-prescribed stress conditions. The compounds were identified mainly through positive electrospray ionization QTOF high-resolution mass spectrometric measurements of the accurate masses of the precursor and product ions and their calculated elemental compositions. Their formation mechanisms were also discussed. RESULTS Seventeen related substances were detected in alfentanil hydrochloride and its stressed samples. Among them, nine were process-related substances and the other eight were degradation products. The stress study results demonstrated that alfentanil hydrochloride was unstable under acid, alkaline, and oxidative stress conditions, while relatively stable under dry photolytic and thermal stress conditions. Alfentanil hydrochloride was most susceptible for degradation at the N-phenylpropanamide and piperidine sites. CONCLUSIONS Process-related alfentanil hydrochloride compounds are useful for determination of synthetic routes and entangling of fentanyl analogues. The stress study results can provide a sound scientific basis for the waste water monitoring of alfentanil. These results are important for routine quality control in the manufacturing and storage of alfentanil hydrochloride, as well as for drug enforcement of fentanyl and its analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- China National Narcotics Control Commission-China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Xu
- China National Narcotics Control Commission-China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Ting Lu
- China National Narcotics Control Commission-China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan-Mei Sun
- China National Narcotics Control Commission-China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong-Feng Wu
- China National Narcotics Control Commission-China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing-Qi Wang
- China National Narcotics Control Commission-China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Di
- China National Narcotics Control Commission-China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Xu
- China National Narcotics Control Commission-China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, China
| | - Tai-Jun Hang
- China National Narcotics Control Commission-China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Song
- China National Narcotics Control Commission-China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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16
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Poeschl A, Mountford DM, Hider RC, Cilibrizzi A. Synthetic Approaches for Piperidone-Based Templates as Scaffolds to Access Chirally Enriched Donepezil Analogues. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:2378-2396. [PMID: 32064399 PMCID: PMC7017409 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A concise and high-yielding double aza-Michael reaction is presented as an atom-efficient method to access chiral 2-substituted 4-piperidone building blocks from divinyl ketones. The piperidones were further converted into analogues of donepezil, an acetylcholinesterase inhibiting drug used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The donepezil analogues were obtained as inseparable diastereomeric mixtures with resolved stereochemistry in position 2 of the piperidine ring. Biological evaluation of the acetylcholinesterase inhibition by these analogues provides a new insight into structure-activity relationship studies with regard to donepezil's piperidine moiety toward stereochemical enhancement.
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17
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Nan Q, Hejian W, Ping X, Baohua S, Junbo Z, Hongxiao D, Huosheng Q, Fenyun S, Yan S. Investigation of Fragmentation Pathways of Fentanyl Analogues and Novel Synthetic Opioids by Electron Ionization High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Electrospray Ionization High-Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:277-291. [PMID: 31939667 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The global drug market is characterized by the fast development of new psychoactive substances such as fentanyl analogues and novel synthetic opioids, the detection of which is complicated by the lack of appropriate quality control procedures and references. Herein, we analyze the fragmentation pathways and characteristic ions of 25 novel fentanyl analogues and 5 novel synthetic opioids by electron ionization (EI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) high-resolution mass spectrometry to provide a reference for the identification of these species. In the ESI mode, fentanyl analogues mainly undergo piperidine ring degradation, phenethyl and piperidine ring dissociation, and piperidine ring and amide moiety cleavage, while piperidine ring degradation and phenethyl and piperidine ring dissociation are the major pathways in the EI mode. The five novel synthetic opioids largely undergo amide group dissociation and N-cyclohexyl bond cleavage in the ESI mode. Thus, this work facilitates the detection and quantitation of fentanyl analogues and novel synthetic opioids or other substances with similar structures in forensic laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Nan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine , Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science , Shanghai 200063 , China
- School of Pharmacy , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Wu Hejian
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine , Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science , Shanghai 200063 , China
| | - Xiang Ping
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine , Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science , Shanghai 200063 , China
| | - Shen Baohua
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine , Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science , Shanghai 200063 , China
| | - Zhao Junbo
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine , Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science , Shanghai 200063 , China
| | - Deng Hongxiao
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine , Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science , Shanghai 200063 , China
| | - Qiang Huosheng
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine , Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science , Shanghai 200063 , China
| | - Song Fenyun
- School of Pharmacy , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Shi Yan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine , Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science , Shanghai 200063 , China
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18
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Wang S, Dong G, Sheng C. Structural simplification: an efficient strategy in lead optimization. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:880-901. [PMID: 31649841 PMCID: PMC6804494 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The trend toward designing large hydrophobic molecules for lead optimization is often associated with poor drug-likeness and high attrition rates in drug discovery and development. Structural simplification is a powerful strategy for improving the efficiency and success rate of drug design by avoiding “molecular obesity”. The structural simplification of large or complex lead compounds by truncating unnecessary groups can not only improve their synthetic accessibility but also improve their pharmacokinetic profiles, reduce side effects and so on. This review will summarize the application of structural simplification in lead optimization. Numerous case studies, particularly those involving successful examples leading to marketed drugs or drug-like candidates, will be introduced and analyzed to illustrate the design strategies and guidelines for structural simplification.
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Key Words
- 11β-HSD, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
- 3D, three-dimensional
- ADMET, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity
- AM2, adrenomedullin-2 receptor
- BIOS, biology-oriented synthesis
- CCK, cholecystokinin receptor
- CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide
- Drug design
- Drug discovery
- GlyT1, glycine transport 1
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HDAC, histone deacetylase
- HLM, human liver microsome
- JAKs, Janus tyrosine kinases
- LE, ligand efficiency
- Lead optimization
- LeuRS, leucyl-tRNA synthetase
- MCRs, multicomponent reactions
- MDR-TB, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
- MW, molecular weight
- NP, natural product
- NPM, nucleophosmin
- PD, pharmacodynamic
- PK, pharmacokinetic
- PKC, protein kinase C
- Pharmacophore-based simplification
- Reducing chiral centers
- Reducing rings number
- SAHA, vorinostat
- SAR, structure‒activity relationship
- SCONP, structural classification of natural product
- Structural simplification
- Structure-based simplification
- TSA, trichostatin A
- TbLeuRS, T. brucei LeuRS
- ThrRS, threonyl-tRNA synthetase
- VANGL1, van-Gogh-like receptor protein 1
- aa-AMP, aminoacyl-AMP
- aa-AMS, aminoacylsulfa-moyladenosine
- aaRSs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
- hA3 AR, human A3 adenosine receptor
- mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
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Sofalvi S, Lavins ES, Brooker IT, Kaspar CK, Kucmanic J, Mazzola CD, Mitchell-Mata CL, Clyde CL, Rico RN, Apollonio LG, Goggin C, Marshall B, Moore D, Gilson TP. Unique Structural/Stereo-Isomer and Isobar Analysis of Novel Fentanyl Analogues in Postmortem and DUID Whole Blood by UHPLC–MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2019; 43:673-687. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The presented analytical method enabled the Toxicology Department at the Cuyahoga County Medical Examiner’s Office to identify 26 and quantitatively report 24 compounds in 500 μL of whole blood, including fentanyl analogues (fentalogues) such as methoxyacetyl fentanyl (MeOAF) and cyclopropyl fentanyl (CPF). This second-generation method (FG2) was developed with the objective to improve the existing analysis (FG1) by decreasing sample size, lowering limits of detection (LOD) and lower limit of quantitation, minimizing ion suppression and resolving chromatographic interferences. Interferences may occur in the analysis of fentanyl, MeOAF, CPF, 3-methylfentanyl (3MF), butyryl fentanyl and isobutyryl fentanyl due to isobars and structural or geometric isomerism with another analogue or metabolite. The isomeric and isobaric fentalogues were grouped into three sets. The LOD established for Set 1 [MeOAF, para-methoxyacetyl fentanyl, para-fluoro acryl fentanyl (isobar), fentanyl carbamate], 2-furanyl fentanyl, Set 2 [CPF, (E)-crotonyl fentanyl] and carfentanil was 0.0125 ng/mL. The LOD established for N-methyl norfentanyl, norfentanyl, norcarfentanil, despropionyl fentanyl (4-ANPP), acetyl fentanyl, β-hydroxy fentanyl, benzyl fentanyl, acryl fentanyl, alfentanil, fentanyl, para-fluoro fentanyl, Set 3 [(±)-trans-3MF, (±)-cis-3MF, isobutyryl and butyryl fentanyl], para-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, sufentanil, phenyl fentanyl and cyclopentenyl fentanyl was 0.0625 ng/mL. Seven-point linear calibration curves were established between 0.025 and 4.0 ng/mL for the 8 analytes with the lower LOD and 0.125 and 20 ng/mL for the 18 analytes with the higher LOD. 4-ANPP and cyclopentenyl fentanyl met qualitative reporting criteria only. The results for five postmortem and two driving under the influence of drugs authentic case samples are presented. To the authors’ knowledge, FG2 is the first published method that achieved baseline resolution of the nine structural/stereo isomers and one isobar by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–MS-MS and provided quantitative validation data for nine compounds. FG2 may be used as the new baseline for future isomers that need to be chromatographically separated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Sofalvi
- Toxicology Department, Cuyahoga County Medical Examiner’s Office (CCMEO), 11001 Cedar Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Eric S Lavins
- Toxicology Department, Cuyahoga County Medical Examiner’s Office (CCMEO), 11001 Cedar Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ian T Brooker
- Toxicology Department, Cuyahoga County Medical Examiner’s Office (CCMEO), 11001 Cedar Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Claire K Kaspar
- Toxicology Department, Cuyahoga County Medical Examiner’s Office (CCMEO), 11001 Cedar Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - John Kucmanic
- Toxicology Department, Cuyahoga County Medical Examiner’s Office (CCMEO), 11001 Cedar Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Carrie D Mazzola
- Toxicology Department, Cuyahoga County Medical Examiner’s Office (CCMEO), 11001 Cedar Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Christie L Mitchell-Mata
- Toxicology Department, Cuyahoga County Medical Examiner’s Office (CCMEO), 11001 Cedar Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Cassandra L Clyde
- Toxicology Department, Cuyahoga County Medical Examiner’s Office (CCMEO), 11001 Cedar Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rindi N Rico
- Toxicology Department, Cuyahoga County Medical Examiner’s Office (CCMEO), 11001 Cedar Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Luigino G Apollonio
- Toxicology Department, Cuyahoga County Medical Examiner’s Office (CCMEO), 11001 Cedar Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | | | | | - Thomas P Gilson
- Toxicology Department, Cuyahoga County Medical Examiner’s Office (CCMEO), 11001 Cedar Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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20
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Wilde M, Pichini S, Pacifici R, Tagliabracci A, Busardò FP, Auwärter V, Solimini R. Metabolic Pathways and Potencies of New Fentanyl Analogs. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:238. [PMID: 31024296 PMCID: PMC6461066 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to now, little is known about the metabolic pathways of new fentanyl analogs that have recently emerged on the drug markets worldwide with high potential for producing addiction and severe adverse effects including coma and death. For some of the compounds, limited information on the metabolism has been published, however, for others so far no information is available. Considering the well characterized metabolism of the pharmaceutically used opioid fentanyl and the so far available data, the metabolism of the new fentanyl analogs can be anticipated to generally involve reactions like hydrolysis, hydroxylation (and further oxidation steps), N- and O-dealkylation and O-methylation. Furthermore, phase II metabolic reactions can be expected comprising glucuronide or sulfate conjugate formation. When analyzing blood and urine samples of acute intoxication cases or fatalities, the presence of metabolites can be crucial for confirmation of the uptake of such compounds and further interpretation. Here we present a review on the metabolic profiles of new fentanyl analogs responsible for a growing number of severe and fatal intoxications in the United States, Europe, Canada, Australia, and Japan in the last years, as assessed by a systematic search of the scientific literature and official reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Wilde
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Hermann Staudinger Graduate School, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Simona Pichini
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Pacifici
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Adriano Tagliabracci
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology, Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Excellence SBSP, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology, Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Excellence SBSP, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Renata Solimini
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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21
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The molecular structure of 4-piperidinemethanol in gas, solutions, and solid state: spectral and theoretical investigations. Struct Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-019-01296-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Natural products (NPs) are important sources of clinical drugs due to their structural diversity and biological prevalidation. However, the structural complexity of NPs leads to synthetic difficulties, unfavorable pharmacokinetic profiles, and poor drug-likeness. Structural simplification by truncating unnecessary substructures is a powerful strategy for overcoming these limitations and improving the efficiency and success rate of NP-based drug development. Herein, we will provide a comprehensive review of the structural simplification of NPs with a focus on design strategies, case studies, and new technologies. In particular, a number of successful examples leading to marketed drugs or drug candidates will be discussed in detail to illustrate how structural simplification is applied in lead optimization of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzheng Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road , Shanghai , 200433 , P.R. China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Fourth Military Medical University , 169 Changle West Road , Xi'an , 710032 , P.R. China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road , Shanghai , 200433 , P.R. China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road , Shanghai , 200433 , P.R. China
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23
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Fogarty MF, Papsun DM, Logan BK. Analysis of cis
and trans
3-methylfentanyl by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry and findings in forensic toxicology casework. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1474-1482. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa F. Fogarty
- The Center for Forensic Science Research and Education (CFSRE) at the Fredric Rieders Family Foundation; Willow Grove Pennsylvania
| | | | - Barry K. Logan
- The Center for Forensic Science Research and Education (CFSRE) at the Fredric Rieders Family Foundation; Willow Grove Pennsylvania
- NMS Labs; Willow Grove 19090 Pennsylvania
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24
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Nami M, Dabiri M, Shirvani G, Ahmadi Faghih MA, Javaheri M. Preparation of Fentanyl Labeled with Carbon-14. RADIOCHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1066362218010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Zawilska JB. An Expanding World of Novel Psychoactive Substances: Opioids. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:110. [PMID: 28713291 PMCID: PMC5492455 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The abuse of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) has been increasing dramatically worldwide since late 2000s. By the end of 2015, more than 560 NPS had been reported to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Although the most popular compounds are synthetic cannabinoids and psychostimulatory derivatives of cathinone (so-called β-keto-amphetamines), novel synthetic opioids have recently emerged on the recreational drug market. They include fentanyl (a potent narcotic analgesic) and its analogs (e.g., acetylfentanyl, acryloylfentanyl, carfentanil, α-methylfentanyl, 3-methylfentanyl, furanylfentanyl, 4-fluorobutyrylfentanyl, 4-methoxybutyrylfentanyl, 4-chloroisobutyrylfentanyl, 4-fluoroisobutyrylfentanyl, tetrahydrofuranylfentanyl, cyclopentylfentanyl, and ocfentanil) and compounds with different chemical structures, such as AH-7921, MT-45, and U-47700. This survey provides an overview of the pharmacological properties, pattern of use, and desired and unwanted effects of the above-listed novel opioids. Special emphasis is given to cases of non-fatal and lethal intoxication involving these compounds.
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Kanamori T, Iwata YT, Segawa H, Yamamuro T, Kuwayama K, Tsujikawa K, Inoue H. Characterization and Differentiation of Geometric Isomers of 3-methylfentanyl Analogs by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. J Forensic Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuyuki Kanamori
- National Research Institute of Police Science; 6-3-1, Kashiwanoha Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 Japan
| | - Yuko T. Iwata
- National Research Institute of Police Science; 6-3-1, Kashiwanoha Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 Japan
| | - Hiroki Segawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science; 6-3-1, Kashiwanoha Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamuro
- National Research Institute of Police Science; 6-3-1, Kashiwanoha Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 Japan
| | - Kenji Kuwayama
- National Research Institute of Police Science; 6-3-1, Kashiwanoha Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 Japan
| | - Kenji Tsujikawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science; 6-3-1, Kashiwanoha Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inoue
- National Research Institute of Police Science; 6-3-1, Kashiwanoha Kashiwa Chiba 277-0882 Japan
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27
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Bremer PT, Kimishima A, Schlosburg JE, Zhou B, Collins KC, Janda KD. Combatting Synthetic Designer Opioids: A Conjugate Vaccine Ablates Lethal Doses of Fentanyl Class Drugs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3772-5. [PMID: 26879590 PMCID: PMC4860013 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fentanyl is an addictive prescription opioid that is over 80 times more potent than morphine. The synthetic nature of fentanyl has enabled the creation of dangerous "designer drug" analogues that escape toxicology screening, yet display comparable potency to the parent drug. Alarmingly, a large number of fatalities have been linked to overdose of fentanyl derivatives. Herein, we report an effective immunotherapy for reducing the psychoactive effects of fentanyl class drugs. A single conjugate vaccine was created that elicited high levels of antibodies with cross-reactivity for a wide panel of fentanyl analogues. Moreover, vaccinated mice gained significant protection from lethal fentanyl doses. Lastly, a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based technique was established enabling drug-specificity profiling of antibodies derived directly from serum. Our newly developed fentanyl vaccine and analytical methods may assist in the battle against synthetic opioid abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Bremer
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd BCC-582, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Atsushi Kimishima
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd BCC-582, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Joel E Schlosburg
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd BCC-582, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd BCC-582, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Karen C Collins
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd BCC-582, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd BCC-582, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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28
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Bremer PT, Kimishima A, Schlosburg JE, Zhou B, Collins KC, Janda KD. Combatting Synthetic Designer Opioids: A Conjugate Vaccine Ablates Lethal Doses of Fentanyl Class Drugs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201511654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Bremer
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM); The Scripps Research Institute; 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd BCC-582 La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Atsushi Kimishima
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM); The Scripps Research Institute; 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd BCC-582 La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Joel E. Schlosburg
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM); The Scripps Research Institute; 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd BCC-582 La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM); The Scripps Research Institute; 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd BCC-582 La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Karen C. Collins
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM); The Scripps Research Institute; 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd BCC-582 La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine (WIRM); The Scripps Research Institute; 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd BCC-582 La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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29
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Pearson J, Poklis J, Poklis A, Wolf C, Mainland M, Hair L, Devers K, Chrostowski L, Arbefeville E, Merves M. Postmortem Toxicology Findings of Acetyl Fentanyl, Fentanyl, and Morphine in Heroin Fatalities in Tampa, Florida. Acad Forensic Pathol 2015; 5:676-689. [PMID: 29034049 DOI: 10.23907/2015.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In the last two years, an epidemic of 40 fatal heroin overdose cases has occurred in the Tampa area of Florida. Of these cases, 14 involved fentanyl and acetyl fentanyl. Victim demographics, case histories, toxicology findings, and causes and manners of death for all 40 deaths are presented. In 26 deaths in which acetyl fentanyl or fentanyl were not involved, free and total peripheral blood morphine concentrations were consistent with fatal heroin intoxications, averaging 0.16 mg/L and 0.35 mg/L, respectively. In the heroin cases with fentanyl present (n=7), the average free morphine concentration was 0.040 mg/L, the average total morphine concentration was 0.080 mg/L, and the average fentanyl concentration was 0.012 mg/L. In the cases with heroin, fentanyl, and acetyl fentanyl (n=3), the average free morphine concentration was 0.010 mg/L, the average total morphine concentration was 0.030 mg/L, the average fentanyl concentration was 0.018 mg/L, and the average acetyl fentanyl concentration was 0.008 mg/L. In the cases involving only acetyl fentanyl (without heroin or fentanyl, n=4), the average acetyl fentanyl concentration was 0.47 mg/L and the average acetyl norfentanyl concentration was 0.053 mg/L. The presented cases, with associated drug concentrations, case histories, demographics, and causes and manners of death may help provide assistance with the interpretation of the postmortem findings. Based on case circumstances, autopsy results, and toxicology results, it is evident that fentanyl and/or acetyl fentanyl, when present, contributed to the cause of death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin Poklis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Alphonse Poklis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pathology, and Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Carl Wolf
- Department of Pathology, and Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | | | - Laura Hair
- Hillsborough County Medical Examiner Department
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30
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Melent'ev AB, Kataev SS. [Metabolism of designer drugs. The fentanyl derivatives]. Sud Med Ekspert 2015; 58:39-46. [PMID: 26710514 DOI: 10.17116/sudmed201558539-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This literature review is focused on the studies of metabolism of designer drugs, with special reference to fentanyl derivatives. Certain physicochemical characteristics of the main metabolites most frequently encountered in the illegal trade of the fentanyl group analgesics have been calculated. The proposed recommendations include the methods for the identification of certain fentanyl derivatives during analysis of biological media.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Melent'ev
- Chelyabinsk Regional Bureau of Forensic Medical Expertise, Chelyabinsk, Russia, 454076
| | - S S Kataev
- Perm Regional Bureau of Forensic Medical Expertise, Perm, Russia, 614077
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31
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Bäckberg M, Beck O, Jönsson KH, Helander A. Opioid intoxications involving butyrfentanyl, 4-fluorobutyrfentanyl, and fentanyl from the Swedish STRIDA project. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2015; 53:609-17. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2015.1054505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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32
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Epishina MA, Kulikov AS, Ignat’ev NV, Schulte M, Makhova NN. Efficient synthesis of tertiary acyclic amides by the Chapman rearrangement of aryl benzimidates in ionic liquids. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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33
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Jiang L. Copper/N,N-dimethylglycine catalyzed goldberg reactions between aryl bromides and amides, aryl iodides and secondary acyclic amides. Molecules 2014; 19:13448-60. [PMID: 25178065 PMCID: PMC6271110 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190913448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient and general copper-catalyzed Goldberg reaction at 90–110 °C between aryl bromides and amides providing the desired products in good to excellent yields has been developed using N,N-dimethylglycine as the ligand. The reaction is tolerant toward a wide range of amides and a variety of functional group substituted aryl bromides. In addition, hindered, unreactive aromatic and aliphatic secondary acyclic amides, known to be poor nucleophiles, are efficiently coupled with aryl iodides through this simple and cheap copper/N,N-dimethylglycine catalytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Jiang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China.
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34
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Vardanyan RS, Hruby VJ. Fentanyl-related compounds and derivatives: current status and future prospects for pharmaceutical applications. Future Med Chem 2014; 6:385-412. [PMID: 24635521 PMCID: PMC4137794 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fentanyl and its analogs have been mainstays for the treatment of severe to moderate pain for many years. In this review, we outline the structural and corresponding synthetic strategies that have been used to understand the structure-biological activity relationship in fentanyl-related compounds and derivatives and their biological activity profiles. We discuss how changes in the scaffold structure can change biological and pharmacological activities. Finally, recent efforts to design and synthesize novel multivalent ligands that act as mu and delta opioid receptors and NK-1 receptors are discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/chemical synthesis
- Analgesics, Opioid/chemistry
- Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Fentanyl/chemical synthesis
- Fentanyl/chemistry
- Fentanyl/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Neuralgia/drug therapy
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben S Vardanyan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Victor J Hruby
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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35
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Gupta PK, Yadav SK, Bhutia YD, Singh P, Rao P, Gujar NL, Ganesan K, Bhattacharya R. Synthesis and comparative bioefficacy of N-(1-phenethyl-4-piperidinyl)propionanilide (fentanyl) and its 1-substituted analogs in Swiss albino mice. Med Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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Asymmetric synthesis and stereochemistry of chiral cis- and trans-3-alkyl-4-aminopiperidines. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-012-1052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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37
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Carroll FI, Lewin AH, Mascarella SW, Seltzman HH, Reddy PA. Designer drugs: a medicinal chemistry perspective. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1248:18-38. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Meyer MR, Dinger J, Schwaninger AE, Wissenbach DK, Zapp J, Fritschi G, Maurer HH. Qualitative studies on the metabolism and the toxicological detection of the fentanyl-derived designer drugs 3-methylfentanyl and isofentanyl in rats using liquid chromatography-linear ion trap-mass spectrometry (LC-MS(n)). Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:1249-55. [PMID: 22065349 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5528-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The opioid 3-methylfentanyl, a designer drug of the fentanyl type, was scheduled by the Controlled Substance Act due to its high potency and abuse potential. To overcome this regulation, isofentanyl, another designer fentanyl, was synthesized in a clandestine laboratory and seized by the German police. The aims of the presented study were to identify the phase I and phase II metabolites of 3-methylfentanyl and isofentanyl in rat urine, to identify the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes involved in their initial metabolic steps, and, finally, to test their detectability in urine. Using liquid chromatography (LC)-linear ion trap-mass spectrometry (MS(n)), nine phase I and five phase II metabolites of 3-methylfentanyl and 11 phase I and four phase II metabolites of isofentanyl could be identified. The following metabolic steps could be postulated for both drugs: N-dealkylation followed by hydroxylation of the alkyl and aryl moiety, hydroxylation of the propanamide side chain followed by oxidation to the corresponding carboxylic acid, and, finally, hydroxylation of the benzyl moiety followed by methylation. In addition, N-oxidation of isofentanyl could also be observed. All hydroxy metabolites were partly excreted as glucuronides. Using recombinant human isoenzymes, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5 were found to be involved in the initial metabolic steps. Our LC-MS(n) screening approach allowed the detection of 0.01 mg/L of 3-methylfentanyl and isofentanyl in spiked urine. However, in urine of rats after the administration of suspected recreational doses, the parent drugs could not be detected, but their common nor metabolite, which should therefore be the target for urine screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Saar, Germany.
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Scherer T, Hielkema W, Krijnen B, Hermant RM, Eijckelhoff C, Kerkhof F, Ng AKF, Verleg R, van der Tol EB, Brouwer AM, Verhoeven JW. Synthesis and exploratory photophysical investigation of donor-bridge-acceptor systems derived from N-substituted 4-piperidones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19931121005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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40
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Goldberg JS. Stereochemical basis for a unified structure activity theory of aromatic and heterocyclic rings in selected opioids and opioid peptides. PERSPECTIVES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2010; 4:1-10. [PMID: 20212915 PMCID: PMC2832284 DOI: 10.4137/pmc.s3898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel unified theory of the structure activity relationship of opioids and opioid peptides. It is hypothesized that a virtual or known heterocyclic ring exists in all opioids which have activity in humans, and this ring occupies relative to the aromatic ring of the drug, approximately the same plane in space as the piperidine ring of morphine. Since the rings of morphine are rigid, and the aromatic and piperidine rings are critical structural components for morphine's analgesic properties, the rigid morphine molecule allows for approximations of the aromatic and heterocyclic relationships in subsequent drug models where bond rotations are common. This hypothesis and five propositions are supported by stereochemistry and experimental observations.Proposition #1 The structure of morphine provides a template. Proposition #2 Steric hindrance of some centric portion of the piperidine ring explains antagonist properties of naloxone, naltrexone and alvimopam. Proposition #3 Methadone has an active conformation which contains a virtual heterocyclic ring which explains its analgesic activity and racemic properties. Proposition #4 The piperidine ring of fentanyl can assume the morphine position under conditions of nitrogen inversion. Proposition #5 The first 3 amino acid sequences of beta endorphin (l-try-gly-gly) and the active opioid dipeptide, l-tyr-pro, (as a result of a peptide turn and zwitterion bonding) form a virtual piperazine-like ring which is similar in size, shape and location to the heterocyclic rings of morphine, meperidine, and methadone. Potential flaws in this theory are discussed.This theory could be important for future analgesic drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel S Goldberg
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Duke University School of Medicine
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41
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Sato S, Suzuki S, Lee XP, Sato K. Studies on 1-(2-phenethyl)-4-(N-propionylanilino)piperidine (fentanyl) and related compounds. Forensic Sci Int 2010; 195:68-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hicks JD, Hyde AM, Cuezva AM, Buchwald SL. Pd-catalyzed N-arylation of secondary acyclic amides: catalyst development, scope, and computational study. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:16720-34. [PMID: 19886610 PMCID: PMC2805443 DOI: 10.1021/ja9044357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the efficient N-arylation of acyclic secondary amides and related nucleophiles with aryl nonaflates, triflates, and chlorides. This method allows for easy variation of the aromatic component in tertiary aryl amides. A new biaryl phosphine with P-bound 3,5-(bis)trifluoromethylphenyl groups was found to be uniquely effective for this amidation. The critical aspects of the ligand were explored through synthetic, mechanistic, and computational studies. Systematic variation of the ligand revealed the importance of (1) a methoxy group on the aromatic carbon of the "top ring" ortho to the phosphorus and (2) two highly electron-withdrawing P-bound 3,5-(bis)trifluoromethylphenyl groups. Computational studies suggest the electron-deficient nature of the ligand is important in facilitating amide binding to the LPd(II)(Ph)(X) intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline D. Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77
Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | | | | | - Stephen L. Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77
Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
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Simultaneous screening and quantification of 25 opioid drugs in post-mortem blood and urine by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2009; 186:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Revised: 12/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bosch J, Rubiralta M, Moral M, Valls M. A novel synthesis of 2-aryl-4-piperidones by mannich cyclization of iminoketals. J Heterocycl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570200319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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45
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Synthesis of (3S,4R)-4-benzylamino-3-methoxypiperidine, an important intermediate for (3S,4R)-Cisapride. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ojanperä I, Gergov M, Liiv M, Riikoja A, Vuori E. An epidemic of fatal 3-methylfentanyl poisoning in Estonia. Int J Legal Med 2008; 122:395-400. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-008-0230-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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47
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Studies on 1-(2-phenethyl)-4-(N-propionylanilino)piperidine (fentanyl) and its related compounds. VI. Structure-analgesic activity relationship for fentanyl, methyl-substituted fentanyls and other analogues. Forensic Toxicol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-007-0039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ojanperä I, Gergov M, Rasanen I, Lunetta P, Toivonen S, Tiainen E, Vuori E. Blood levels of 3-methylfentanyl in 3 fatal poisoning cases. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2007; 27:328-31. [PMID: 17133031 DOI: 10.1097/01.paf.0000188097.78132.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Three fatal poisoning cases due to 3-methylfentanyl are described. In each case, the death was accidental and occurred after injection of the opioid combined with amphetamine, heroin, or other drugs. The victims' ages, ranging from 30 to 41 years, were higher than those typically found in heroin poisonings in Finland. The blood concentrations of cis-3-methylfentanyl, measured here for the first time by a specific tandem mass spectrometric method, ranged from 0.3 to 0.9 microg/L (mean 0.5 microg/L). These values are significantly lower than the levels reported for alpha-methylfentanyl and fentanyl in fatal poisonings. Repeated seizures of fentanyl and its analogs have been reported in Europe close to the Russian border.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkka Ojanperä
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Dosen-Micovic L, Ivanovic M, Micovic V. Steric interactions and the activity of fentanyl analogs at the μ-opioid receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:2887-95. [PMID: 16376082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Revised: 11/24/2005] [Accepted: 12/02/2005] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fentanyl is a highly potent and clinically widely used narcotic analgesic. The synthesis of its analogs remains a challenge in the attempt to develop highly selective mu-opioid receptor agonists with specific pharmacological properties. In this paper, the use of flexible molecular docking in a study of the formation of complexes between a series of active fentanyl analogs and the mu-opioid receptor is described. The optimal position and orientation of fourteen fentanyl analogs in the binding pocket of the mu-receptor were determined. The major receptor amino acids and the ligand functional groups participating in the complex formation were identified. Stereochemical effects on the potency and binding are explained. The proposed model of ligand-receptor binding is in agreement with point mutation experiments explaining the role of the amino acids: Asp147, Tyr148, Asn230, His297, Trp318, His319, Cys321, and Tyr326 in the complex formation. In addition, the following amino acids were identified as being important for ligand binding or receptor activation: Ile322, Gly325, Val300, Met203, Leu200, Val143, and Ile144.
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Fakhraian H, Panbeh Riseh MB. TWO-STEP PROTIC SOLVENT-CATALYZED REACTION OF PHENYLETHYLAMINE WITH METHYL ACRYLATE. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/00304940509354990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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