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Meng Q, Ren X, Wang R, Han Y, Li X, Zhang Q, Li Z, Wang Y, Huang L, Yu H. Design, synthesis, anticonvulsant activity and structure-activity relationships of novel 7-Azaindole derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2023; 133:106430. [PMID: 36812828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
In search of new-structure compounds with good anticonvulsant activity and low neurotoxicity, a series of 3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine)-7-azaindole derivatives was designed and synthesized. Their anticonvulsant activities were evaluated by maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) test, and neurotoxicity was determined by the rotary rod method. In the PTZ-induced epilepsy model, compounds 4i, 4p and 5 k showed significant anticonvulsant activities with ED50 values at 30.55 mg/kg, 19.72 mg/kg and 25.46 mg/kg, respectively. However, these compounds did not show any anticonvulsant activity in the MES model. More importantly, these compounds have lower neurotoxicity with protective index (PI = TD50/ED50) values at 8.58, 10.29 and 7.41, respectively. In order to obtain a clearer structure-activity relationship, more compounds were designed rationally based on 4i, 4p and 5 k and their anticonvulsant activities were evaluated on PTZ models. The results demonstrated that the N-atom at the 7-position of the 7-azaindole and the double-bond in the 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine skeleton was essential for antiepileptic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfei Meng
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Xue Ren
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Yu Han
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Xiufen Li
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Zhenpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Yuexing Wang
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Longjiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory Base for Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 XiannongtanStreet, Xicheng district, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Haibo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 1 XiannongtanStreet, Xicheng district, Beijing 100050, China.
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Pal R, Singh K, Paul J, Khan SA, Naim MJ, Akhtar MJ. Overview of Chemistry and Therapeutic Potential of Non-Nitrogen Heterocyclics as Anticonvulsant Agents. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1519-1553. [PMID: 34344289 PMCID: PMC9881093 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210803144815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder, characterized by the predisposition of unprovoked seizures affecting the neurobiological, psychological, cognitive, economic, and social wellbeing of the patient. As per the 2019 report by World Health Organization, it affects nearly 80% of the population, which comes from middle to low-income countries. It has been suggested that 70% of such cases can be treated effectively if properly diagnosed. It is one of the most common neurological diseases affecting 50 million people globally. Most of the antiepileptic drugs used in clinical practice are only 60-80% effective in controlling the disease. These drugs suffer from serious drawbacks of non-selectivity and toxicity that limit their clinical usefulness. Hence, there is a need to search for safe, potent, and effective anti-epileptic drugs. One of the emerging strategies to discover and develop selective and non-toxic anticonvulsant molecules focuses on the design of non-nitrogen heterocyclic compounds (NNHC). Drugs such as valproic acid, gabapentin, viagabatrin, fluorofelbamate, tiagabine, progabide, pregabalin, gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), etc. do not contain a nitrogen heterocyclic ring but are as effective anticonvulsants as conventional heterocyclic nitrogen compounds. This review covers the various classes of NNHC which have been developed in the recent past as anticonvulsants along with their chemistry, percentage yield, structure-activity relationship and biological activity. The most potent compound in each series has been identified for comparative studies, for further structural modification and to improve the pharmacokinetic profile. Various optimized synthetic pathways and diverse functionalities other than nitrogen-containing rings discussed in the article may help medicinal chemists to design safe and effective anticonvulsant drugs in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Pal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur, Punjab, India;,These authors contributed equally to the review
| | - Karanvir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur, Punjab, India;,These authors contributed equally to the review
| | - Joyson Paul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur, Punjab, India
| | - Shah Alam Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, PO 620, PC 130, Azaiba, Bousher, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Mohd. Javed Naim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bhagwant University, Ajmer Rajasthan, India
| | - Md. Jawaid Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, PO 620, PC 130, Azaiba, Bousher, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman;,Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, PO 620, PC 130, Azaiba, Bousher, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman; E-mails: ,
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Kamal M, Jawaid T, Dar UA, Shah SA. Amide as a Potential Pharmacophore for Drug Designing of Novel Anticonvulsant Compounds. CHEMISTRY OF BIOLOGICALLY POTENT NATURAL PRODUCTS AND SYNTHETIC COMPOUNDS 2021:319-342. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119640929.ch11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Huang L, Ding J, Li M, Hou Z, Geng Y, Li X, Yu H. Discovery of [1,2,4]-triazolo [1,5-a]pyrimidine-7(4H)-one derivatives as positive modulators of GABAA1 receptor with potent anticonvulsant activity and low toxicity. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 185:111824. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Aboul-Enein MN, El-Azzouny AA, Amin KM, Aboutabl ME, Abo-Elmagd MI. Synthesis, molecular modeling studies, and anticonvulsant evaluation of novel 1-((2-hydroxyethyl)(aryl)amino)-N-substituted cycloalkanecarboxamides and their acetate esters. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2018; 351:e1800269. [PMID: 30461033 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201800269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of 1-((2-hydroxyethyl)(aryl)amino)-N-substituted cycloalkanecarboxamides IXa-l and their acetate esters Xa-l were designed and synthesized as new anticovulsant agents. The evaluation of the anticonvulsant effect was performed in vivo by subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (scPTZ) and maximal electroshock (MES) tests in mice. Further, neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and acute toxicity were determined. All the new candidates displayed 100% anticonvulsant activity in the scPTZ screen in the dose range of 0.0057-0.283 mmol/kg. The most potent compounds in the scPTZ screen were Xh (ED50 = 0.0012 mmol/kg), Xd (ED50 = 0.002 mmol/kg), Xf (ED50 = 0.004 mmol/kg), IXj (ED50 = 0.0047 mmol/kg), Xl (ED50 = 0.0076 mmol/kg), and Xi (ED50 = 0.008 mmol/kg). They exhibited higher fold activity in the anticonvulsant potential than the gold standards, phenobarbital and ethosuximide. Compound Xf was active in both scPTZ and MES screens. It showed ED50 of 0.016 mmol/kg in MES screen. In the neurotoxicity screens, none of the test compounds displayed any minimal motor impairment at the maximum administered dose. The 3D pharmacophore model using Biova 1 Discovery Studio 2016 programs exhibited high fit value. The anticonvulsant evaluation results were compatible with the molecular modeling study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed N Aboul-Enein
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry Group, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Aida A El-Azzouny
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry Group, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Kamilia M Amin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona E Aboutabl
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacology Group, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mai I Abo-Elmagd
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry Group, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Abuelhassan AH, Badran MM, Hassan HA, Abdelhamed D, Elnabtity S, Aly OM. Design, synthesis, anticonvulsant activity, and pharmacophore study of new 1,5-diaryl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide derivatives. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-2114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Liu XJ, Zhang HJ, Quan ZS. Synthesis and evaluation of the anticonvulsant activities of 2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione derivatives. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-1896-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Shaharyar M, Mazumder A, Salahuddin, Garg R, Pandey RD. Synthesis, characterization and pharmacological screening of novel benzimidazole derivatives. ARAB J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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9
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Aboul-Enein MN, El-Azzouny AA, Attia MI, Maklad YA, Aboutabl ME, Ragab F, Abd El-Hamid WHA. Anticonvulsant profiles of certain new 6-aryl-9-substituted-6,9-diazaspiro-[4.5]decane-8,10-diones and 1-aryl-4-substituted-1,4-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-3,5-diones. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:16911-35. [PMID: 25250910 PMCID: PMC4200821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150916911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis and anticonvulsant potential of certain new 6-aryl-9-substituted-6,9-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-8,10-diones (6a–l) and 1-aryl-4-substituted-1,4-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-3,5-diones (6m–x) are reported. The intermediates 1-[(aryl)(cyanomethyl)amino]cycloalkanecarboxamides (3a–f) were prepared via adopting Strecker synthesis on the proper cycloalkanone followed by partial hydrolysis of the obtained nitrile functionality and subsequent N-cyanomethylation. Compounds 3a–f were subjected to complete nitrile hydrolysis to give the respective carboxylic acid derivatives 4a–f which were cyclized under mild conditions to give the spiro compounds 5a–f. Ultimately, compounds 5a–f were alkylated or aralkylated to give the target compounds 6a–i and 6m–u. On the other hand, compounds 6j–l and 6v–x were synthesized from the intermediates 5a–f through alkylation, dehydration and finally tetrazole ring formation. Anticonvulsant screening of the target compounds 6a–x revealed that compound 6g showed an ED50 of 0.0043 mmol/kg in the scPTZ screen, being about 14 and 214 fold more potent than the reference drugs, Phenobarbital (ED50 = 0.06 mmol/kg) and Ethosuximide (ED50 = 0.92 mmol/kg), respectively. Compound 6e exhibited an ED50 of 0.019 mmol/kg, being about 1.8 fold more potent than that of the reference drug, Diphenylhydantoin (ED50 = 0.034 mmol/kg) in the MES screen. Interestingly, all the test compounds 6a–x did not show any minimal motor impairment at the maximum administered dose in the neurotoxicity screen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed N Aboul-Enein
- Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department (Medicinal Chemistry Group), Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt.
| | - Aida A El-Azzouny
- Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department (Medicinal Chemistry Group), Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed I Attia
- Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department (Medicinal Chemistry Group), Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt.
| | - Yousreya A Maklad
- Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department (Pharmacology Group) Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt.
| | - Mona E Aboutabl
- Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department (Pharmacology Group) Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt.
| | - Fatma Ragab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
| | - Walaa H A Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science & Technology, 6th of October City 12566, Egypt.
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Malik S, Ahuja P, Sahu K, Khan SA. Design and synthesis of new of 3-(benzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)-1-substituted pyrrolidine-2, 5-dione derivatives as anticonvulsants. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 84:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Anticonvulsant evaluation of clubbed indole-1,2,4-triazine derivatives: A synthetic approach. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 80:509-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Ahuja P, Husain A, Siddiqui N. Essential aminoacid incorporated GABA–phthalimide derivatives: synthesis and anticonvulsant evaluation. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-0949-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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New 6-bromoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carbohydrazide derivatives: synthesis and anticonvulsant studies. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0887-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Siddiqui N, Ahuja P, Malik S, Arya SK. Design of Benzothiazole-1,3,4-thiadiazole Conjugates: Synthesis and Anticonvulsant Evaluation. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2013; 346:819-31. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201300083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Siddiqui
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Jamia Hamdard; Hamdard Nagar New Delhi India
| | - Priya Ahuja
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Jamia Hamdard; Hamdard Nagar New Delhi India
| | - Sachin Malik
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Jamia Hamdard; Hamdard Nagar New Delhi India
| | - Satish K. Arya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Jamia Hamdard; Hamdard Nagar New Delhi India
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Ulloora S, Shabaraya R, Adhikari AV. Facile synthesis of new imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines carrying 1,2,3-triazoles via click chemistry and their antiepileptic studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3368-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Design and evaluation of new hybrid pharmacophore quinazolino-tetrazoles as anticonvulsant strategy. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ulloora S, Shabaraya R, Aamir S, Adhikari AV. New imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines carrying active pharmacophores: synthesis and anticonvulsant studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 23:1502-6. [PMID: 23352511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Five new series of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines carrying biologically active pyrazoline (4a-e), cyanopyridone (5a, b), cyanopyridine (6a-f), 2-aminopyrimidine (7a-f) and pyrimidine-2-thione (8a-d) systems were designed and synthesized as prominent anticonvulsant agents. The target compounds were screened for their in vivo anticonvulsant activity following maximal electroshock (MES) and subcutaneous pentylene tetrazole (scPTZ) methods at a small test dose of 10 mg/kg. Further, Rotarod toxicity method was used to study the toxicity profile of selected compounds. Compounds 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 7e and 8d possessing 4-fluorophenyl substituent at 2nd position of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine ring displayed potent anticonvulsant activity without displaying any toxicity. Enhanced activity profile was observed for new compounds in PTZ method over MES method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrikanth Ulloora
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangalore 575 025, Karnataka, India
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Kumar S, Kaushik D, Bawa S, Khan SA. Design, Synthesis and Screening of Quinoline-Incorporated Thiadiazole as a Potential Anticonvulsant. Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 79:104-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Siddiqui N, Ahsan W, Alam MS, Ali R, Srivastava K. Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Anticonvulsant Activity of Pyridinyl-Pyrrolidones: A Pharmacophore Hybrid Approach. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2011; 345:185-94. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Shaquiquzzaman M, Khan SA, Amir M, Alam MM. Synthesis, anticonvulsant and neurotoxicity evaluation of some new pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile derivatives. Saudi Pharm J 2011; 20:149-54. [PMID: 23960786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 2-[2-(substituted benzylidene) hydrazinyl]-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (3-16) were synthesized by refluxing 2-hydrazino-4-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (2) with different substituted aromatic aldehydes in glacial acetic acid and absolute alcohol mixture (8:2). The compounds were evaluated for their anticonvulsant and neurotoxicity effect. In MES test compounds 2-[2-(4-bromo-benzylidene)-hydrazinyl]-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (5), 2-[2-(4-hydroxy-benzylidene)-hydrazinyl]-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (9), and 2-[2-(3-fluoro-benzylidene)-hydrazinyl]-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (16) were found to be highly active at a dose level of 30 mgkg(-1) at 0.5 h time interval, indicating their ability to prevent seizure spread at a relatively low dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shaquiquzzaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110 062, India
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Pękala E, Waszkielewicz AM, Szneler E, Walczak M, Marona H. Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of trans- and cis-2-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)-N-(2- or 4-hydroxycyclohexyl)acetamides and their amine analogs. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:6927-34. [PMID: 21982794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A group of trans- and cis-2-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)-N-(2-hydroxycyclohexyl)acetamides (1-7) and -ethylamines (8-9) have been synthesized and investigated for their anticonvulsant activity. One of them, racemic trans-2-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)-N-(2-hydroxycyclohexyl)acetamide proved to be the most effective in MES (mice, ip), exhibiting ED(50)=42.97 mg/kg b.w. and TD(50)=105.67 mg/kg b.w. It also proved protection in focal seizures (electric kindling, rats, ip) and it raises seizure threshold. The mechanism of action is inhibition of voltage-gated sodium currents and enhancement of GABA effect. Safety pharmacology assay on threshold tonic extension revealed no lowering of the seizure threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Pękala
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University-Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Substituted 2-[2-(pyridin-3-yl) phenyl] acetamides and ureas: design, synthesis, and anticonvulsant screening in mice. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9717-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Poupaert JH, Hamoir G, Barbeaux P, Lambert D, Hénichart JP. Anticonvulsant Activity of Some N-Phenylphthalimide Derivatives in Rats and Mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1995.tb05741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques H Poupaert
- School of Pharmacy, University of Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, B-1200 Brussels
| | - Gaëtane Hamoir
- School of Pharmacy, University of Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, B-1200 Brussels
| | - Philippe Barbeaux
- School of Pharmacy, University of Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, B-1200 Brussels
| | - Didier Lambert
- School of Pharmacy, University of Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, B-1200 Brussels
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Siddiqui N, Ahsan W, Alam MS, Ali R, Srivastava K, Ahmed S. Anticonvulsant Activity of a Combined Pharmacophore of Pyrazolo-pyridines with Lesser Toxicity in Mice. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.2.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dhanawat M, Das N, Shrivastava SK. Design, synthesis, anticonvulsant screening and 5HT 1A/2A receptor affinity of N(3)-substituted 2,4-imidazolidinediones and oxazolidinediones. Drug Discov Ther 2011; 5:227-37. [DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2011.v5.5.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Dhanawat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University
| | - Nirupam Das
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University
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Siddiqui N, Arshad MF, Khan SA, Ahsan W. Sulfonamide derivatives of thiazolidin-4-ones with anticonvulsant activity against two seizure models: synthesis and pharmacological evaluation. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 25:485-91. [PMID: 20233086 DOI: 10.3109/14756360903282833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - M. Faiz Arshad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Suroor A. Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Waquar Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
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Synthesis, anticonvulsant and toxicity screening of newer pyrimidine semicarbazone derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:2467-72. [PMID: 20211511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A number of N-(4,6-substituted diphenylpyrimidin-2-yl) semicarbazones (4a-t) were synthesized and tested for their anticonvulsant activity against the two seizure models, maximal electroshock seizure (MES) and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (scPTZ). All the synthesized compounds possessed the four essential pharmacophoric elements for good anticonvulsant activity. Most of the compounds displayed good anticonvulsant activity with lesser neurotoxicity. To assess the unwanted effects of the compounds on liver, estimation of enzymes and proteins was carried out.
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Structure–activity relationship of phenytoinergic antiepileptic drugs related to ameltolide. Med Chem Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-007-9016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Shindikar AV, Khan F, Viswanathan CL. Design, synthesis and in vivo anticonvulsant screening in mice of Novel phenylacetamides. Eur J Med Chem 2006; 41:786-92. [PMID: 16647165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A set of seven novel N-substituted 2-anilinophenylacetamides were designed by pharmacophore generation and using flexible alignment module of MOE software. The novel molecules were synthesized and screened for anticonvulsant activity in Swiss albino mice by MES and ScPTZ induced seizure tests. Test compounds were found to be potent in MES test. Compounds 12 and 14 were found to be more potent with ED(50) values 24.0 and 8.0 mg kg(-1), respectively, and their activity was comparable to standard drugs (Phenytoin, Carbamazepine). Test compounds did not show significant activity in ScPTZ test. Compounds 12 and 14 also exhibited higher protective indices (20.3 and 87.5, respectively) when assessed for neurotoxicity by rotarod test as compared to the standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Shindikar
- The Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (East), Mumbai 400098, Maharashtra, India.
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Lazar C, Kluczyk A, Kiyota T, Konishi Y. Drug Evolution Concept in Drug Design: 1. Hybridization Method†. J Med Chem 2004; 47:6973-82. [PMID: 15615546 DOI: 10.1021/jm049637+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel concept, "drug evolution", is proposed to develop chemical libraries that have a high probability of finding drugs or drug candidates. It converts biological evolution into chemical evolution. In this paper, we present "hybridization" drug evolution, which is the equivalent of sexual recombination of parental genomes in biological evolution. The hybridization essentially shuffles the building blocks of the parent drugs and ought to drug(s); no drug evolution can otherwise occur. We hybridized two drugs, benzocaine and metoclopramide and generated 16 molecules that include the parent drugs, four known drugs, and two molecules whose therapeutic activities are reported. The unusually high number of drugs and drug candidates in the library encourages high expectations of finding new drug(s) or drug candidate(s) within the remaining eight compounds. Interestingly, the therapeutic applications of the eight drugs or drug candidates in the library are fairly diverse as 38 therapeutic applications and 25 molecular targets are counted. Therefore, the library fits as a general chemical library for unspecified therapeutic activities. The hybridization of other two drugs, aspirin and cresotamide, is also described to demonstrate the generality of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lazar
- Biotechnology Research Institute, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4P 2R2
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Soyer Z, Kiliç FS, Erol K, Pabuçcuoğlu V. Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of some ω-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-phenylacetamide and propionamide derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 59:595-600. [PMID: 15262528 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2003.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2003] [Accepted: 07/30/2003] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, eight new omega-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-phenylacetamide and propionamide derivatives having 2,6-dimethyl, 2,6-dichloro, 2-chloro-6-methyl and 2-isopropyl substitutions on N-phenyl ring were synthesized to evaluate anticonvulsant activity against maximal electroshock test. The most active compounds in the series were the derivatives bearing 2-isopropyl and 2,6-dimethyl substituents on N-phenyl ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Soyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
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Vamecq J, Bac P, Herrenknecht C, Maurois P, Delcourt P, Stables JP. Synthesis and anticonvulsant and neurotoxic properties of substituted N-phenyl derivatives of the phthalimide pharmacophore. J Med Chem 2000; 43:1311-9. [PMID: 10753468 DOI: 10.1021/jm990068t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of compounds including 4-amino (1), 3-amino (2), 4-nitro (3), 2-methyl-3-amino (4), 2-methyl-3-nitro (5), 2-methyl-4-amino (6), 2-methyl-4-nitro (7), 2-methyl-5-amino (8), 2-methyl-5-nitro (9), 2-methyl-6-amino (10), 2-methyl-6-nitro (11), 2,6-dimethyl (12), 2-methyl-3-carboxy (13), 2-methoxycarbonyl (14), 2-methyl-4-methoxy (15), 2,4-dimethoxy (16), 2-chloro-4-amino (17), and 2-chloro-4-nitro (18) N-phenyl substituents of phthalimide were evaluated along with N-[3-methyl-(2-pyridinyl)]phthalimide (19), N-(3-amino-2-methylphenyl)succinimide (20), and phenytoin for anticonvulsant and neurotoxic properties. Initial screening in the intraperitoneal (ip) maximal electroshock-induced seizure (MES) test and the subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol-induced seizure (scPtz) test in mice led to the selection of 1, 2, 4, 10, 12, 17, and 19 for oral MES evaluation in rats. The resultant ED(50) values for 4, 10, 17, and phenytoin were 8.0, 28.3, 5.7 and 29.8 mg/kg, respectively. In the batrachotoxin affinity assay, IC(50) values for 17 and phenytoin were 0.15 and 0.93 microM, respectively, and in the recently validated magnesium deficiency-dependent audiogenic seizure test, ED(50) values of 5.2 and 23 mg/kg were obtained for 17 and phenytoin, respectively. Electrophysiology studies on compound 17 point out its ability to (i) potentiate GABA-evoked current responses with a failure to directly activate the GABAA receptor and (ii) to affect, at 100 microM excitatory non NMDA, but not NMDA, receptors with a 25% block of kainate-evoked response. Electrophysiology measurements on voltage-gated sodium channels in N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells confirm voltage-dependent block of these channels by compound 17. In view of its interaction with multiple ion channels, one would predict that compound 17 might be active in a wide range of seizure models.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vamecq
- INSERM/Neuropaediatrics Department, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHU Lille, 2, Avenue Oscar Lembret, 59037 Lille, France
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Vamecq J, Lambert D, Poupaert JH, Masereel B, Stables JP. Anticonvulsant activity and interactions with neuronal voltage-dependent sodium channel of analogues of ameltolide. J Med Chem 1998; 41:3307-13. [PMID: 9719582 DOI: 10.1021/jm9608772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fifteen compounds related to ameltolide (LY 201116) were studied for (i) anticonvulsant potential in the maximal electroshock-induced seizures (MES) and the subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol (sc Ptz) tests in mice and rats and (ii) interactions with neuronal voltage-dependent sodium channels. Compounds were chosen ranging in anticonvulsant activity in mice from very active to inactive. The active compounds were defined as those protecting 50% of the animals at doses between 10 and 50 micromol/kg and inactive compounds as those protecting 50% of the animals at doses greater than 1 mmol/kg. The series studied included three N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)benzamides (compounds 1, 2 (ameltolide), and 3), three N-(2,2,6, 6-tetramethyl)piperidinyl-4-benzamides (compounds 4, 5, 6), one phenylthiourea (compound 7), five N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)phthalimides (compounds 8, 9, 10, 13, and 14), two N-phenylphthalimide derivatives (compounds 11 and 12), and one N-(2,2,6, 6-tetramethyl)piperidinyl-4-phthalimide (compound 15). Phenytoin (PHT) was employed as the reference prototype antiepileptic drug. After inital screening in mice, compounds 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 13, and 14 were selected for further testing in rats. Anticonvulsant ED50s (effective doses in at least 50% of animals tested) of compounds in the MES test were determined in rats dosed orally and amounted to 52 (1), 135 (2), 284 (3), 231 (8), 131 (9), 25 (10), 369 (13), 354 (14), and 121 (PHT) micromol/kg, compound 5 presenting with an ED50 value higher than 650 micromol/kg. In our hands, the apparent IC50s (inhibitory concentrations 50) of compounds toward binding to rat brain synaptosomes of [3H]batrachotoxinin-A-20alpha-benzoate were 0.25 (1), 0.97 (2), 0.35 (3), 25.8 (5), 161.3 (8), 183.5 (9), 0.11 (10), 1.86 (13), 47.8 (14), and 0.86 (PHT) microM. The relationship between the activity in the MES test and the capacity to interact in vitro with neuronal voltage-dependent sodium channels and the fact that the IC50 values obtained in the in vitro test are close to the brain concentrations at which anticonvulsant activities are reported to occur for ameltolide strongly suggest that the anticonvulsant properties of most compounds tested could be a direct result of their interaction with the neuronal voltage-dependent sodium channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vamecq
- INSERM/CHRU Lille, Domaine du Certia, 369 rue Jules Guesde, BP 39, 59651 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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Abstract
This paper reviews and reevaluates all of the published QSAR treatments of anticonvulsants and extends them to a new relationship. This reveals that in almost all cases, the Clog P relationship plays a significant part in the QSAR relationship whether the data stems from receptor to whole animal studies. In some cases the steric factors (B5, B1, and L) are important and, in one case, the log VW relationship is of marginal importance. Electronic effects, except for the Hammett's constant sigma, are comparatively unimportant. This suggests that the receptors involved possess a special stereochemical and electronic feature: The aromatic ring and the nitrogen moieties (e.g., an amide group) are the primary binding groups. The study shows that log P, as calculated by the Clog P program, is suitable for this form of QSAR study. Log Po of 2 was found to be ideal for passive penetration of these agents into the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hadjipavlou-Litina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Kanyonyo MR, Poupaert JH, Lambert DM. Anticonvulsant profile of 4-amino-(2-methyl-4-aminophenyl)benzamide in mice and rats. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 1998; 82:47-50. [PMID: 9527647 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1998.tb01397.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An original ameltolide analogue 4-amino-(2-methyl-4-aminophenyl)benzamide, in which a second amino group has been introduced, was synthesized and evaluated for anticonvulsant activity. After intraperitoneal administration to mice, 4-amino-(2-methyl-4-aminophenyl)benzamide was found active in the maximal electroshock seizure test and against the tonic seizures elicited either by bicuculline or 3-mercaptopropionic acid. 4-amino-(2-methyl-4-aminophenyl)benzamide (4A-2M4A-PB) gave anti maximal electroshock seizures ED50 of 63 micromol/kg (15.4 mg/kg) and a TD50 of 676 micromol/kg (163 mg/kg), yielding a PI of 10.7; the potency is similar to that of the 4-amino-(2-methyl-3-aminophenyl)phthalimide (4A-2M3A-PP), superior to that of 4-amino-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)phthalimide (4A-2,6-DMPP), close to that of phenytoin and carbamazepine and inferior to that of ameltolide. 4A-2M4A-PB with an ED50 of 41[28-60] micromol/kg (9.9 mg/kg) is as active after oral administration to rats as carbamazepine, more active than ameltolide, 4-A-2M3A-PP and phenytoin and slightly less active than the 4A-2,6-DMPP. The introduction of a second amino group on the substituted phenyl ring does not affect drastically the anticonvulsant potency after intraperitoneal administration to mice; moreover, it seems to enhance the activity after oral administration. 4A-2M4A-PB is a good candidate both for further pharmacokinetic studies and for the study of the precise mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Kanyonyo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Catholic University of Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
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40
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Diouf O, Bourhim M, Lambert DM, Poupaert JH, Stables JP, Vamecq J. Anticonvulsant and neurotoxicological properties of 4-amino-N-(2-ethylphenyl)benzamide, a potent ameltolide analogue. Biomed Pharmacother 1997; 51:131-6. [PMID: 9181049 DOI: 10.1016/s0753-3322(97)86911-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A well documented study on the anticonvulsant properties of 4-amino-N-(2-ethylphenyl)benzamide (4-AEPB) is here provided. Initial screening in mice dosed intraperitoneally and rats dosed orally indicated that 4-AEPB is active against maximal electroshock-induced seizures (MES), but does not protect animals against subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (sc Ptz)-induced seizures. Quantitative evaluation of anti-MES activity and neurotoxicity of 4-AEPB given intraperitoneally to mice provided ED50 and TD50 values amounting to 28.6 and 96.3 mumol/kg respectively, resulting in a protective index (PI = TD50/ED50) equal to 3.36. Further quantitative evaluation in rats dosed orally indicated that the respective ED50 and TD50 values for 4-AEPB were 29.8 and more than 1,530 mumol/kg, resulting in a very high PI value of over 51. Comparison anticonvulsant properties and neurotoxicity of 4-AEPB with those previously reported in the literature for two 4-aminobenzamide derivatives, 4-amino-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)benzamide (or ameltolide, an antiepileptic drug prototype developed by Eli Lilly), and phenytoin, underlines the value of 4-AEPB for future pharmacological development. In this perspective, an additional favorable element is represented by the ability of 4-AEPB to increase the seizure threshold in the intravenous Ptz seizure threshold test in mice dosed intraperitoneally. Molecular modeling studies show that the translocation of one carbon unit in the isomerization of the 2,6-dimethylphenyl moiety of ameltolide to the 2-ethylphenyl counterpart succeeds in maintaining the conformational low energy presentation adopted by ameltolide, providing clues as to why the 4-AEPB here described is an anticonvulsant agent derived from the 4-aminobenzamide pharmacophore platform as potent as ameltolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Diouf
- INSERM, Domaine du Certia, Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
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41
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Mussoi DL, Boswell GE, Mehta NB, Soroko FE, Burchall CJ. Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of a series of benzamides. Eur J Med Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0223-5234(96)80370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bailleux V, Vallée L, Nuyts JP, Hamoir G, Poupaert JH, Stables JP, Vamecq J. Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of some 4-nitro-N-phenylbenzamides. Eur J Med Chem 1995; 30:439-44. [DOI: 10.1016/0223-5234(96)88254-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/1994] [Accepted: 12/06/1994] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Saxena AK, Saxena M. Developments in anticonvulsants. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1995; 44:185-291. [PMID: 7644666 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7161-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A K Saxena
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Bailleux V, Vallée L, Nuyts JP, Vamecq J. Anticonvulsant activity of some 4-amino-N-phenylphthalimides and N-(3-amino-2-methylphenyl)phthalimides. Biomed Pharmacother 1994; 48:95-101. [PMID: 7919112 DOI: 10.1016/0753-3322(94)90083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of fifteen N-phenylphthalimides including 12 4-amino-N-phenylphthalimides and three N-(3-amino-2-methylphenyl)phthalimides was prepared and evaluated for anticonvulsant properties. The compounds were tested against seizures induced by electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazol (scPTZ) in mice dosed intraperitoneally. Their neurologic toxicity was assessed using the rotorod assay procedure. The most potent 4-amino-N-phenylphthalimides against MES were those possessing small lipophilic groups in either 2 or 2 and 6 positions of the N-phenyl ring. They also exhibited some activity against scPTZ and were the most toxic of the series. By contrast, no activity against scPTZ or neurotoxicity could be observed up to 300 mg/kg for members of the N-(3-amino-2- methylphenyl)phthalimide series. In this series, the order of anti-MES activity appears to correspond to the phthalimide ring substitution pattern of 4-amino > H > 4-methyl. Quantitation of anticonvulsant properties and toxicity of 4-amino-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)phthalimide (ADD 213063) previously initiated in rats has been, here, extended to mice dosed intraperitoneally but also orally. The confrontation of the two modes of administration in mice suggests that ADD 213063 presents with a good bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bailleux
- North France Center for the Study of Childhood Epilepsy, Centre hospitalier Universitaire, Lille France
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45
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Dimmock JR, Jonnalagadda SS, Hussein S, Tewari S, Quail JW, Reid RS, Delbaere LTJ, Prasad L. Evaluation of some thiosemicarbazones of arylidene ketones and analogues for anticonvulsant activities. Eur J Med Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0223-5234(90)90182-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Clark CR, McMillian CL. Comparative anticonvulsant activity of 4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide and prototype antiepileptic drugs in rodents. Epilepsia 1990; 31:474-9. [PMID: 2114972 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1990.tb05505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The anticonvulsant and toxic properties of 4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide (ADD 55051) were compared with phenytoin (PHT), phenobarbital (PB), ethosuximide (ESM), and valproate (VPA). These compounds were evaluated in mice and rats using well-standardized anti-convulsant test procedures. The results indicate that ADD 55051 is a very effective anticonvulsant in the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) model in mice after either intraperitoneal (i.p.) or oral administration and in rats after oral administration. In mice treated i.p. or orally, ADD 55051 was also effective in preventing seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ). The toxicity of ADD 55051 after oral administration was quite low, yielding high TD50 values in both mice and rats and producing a very high protective index (PI = TD50/ED50) in both species as compared with the prototype antiepileptic drugs (AEDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Clark
- Department of Pharmacal Sciences, Auburn University School of Pharmacy, AL 36849
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47
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Abstract
A series of mono-, di-, and trimethylated derivatives of 4-chloro- and 4-methoxybenzanilide was synthesized and evaluated for anticonvulsant activity. This series was prepared in the course of studies designed to examine the relationship between anticonvulsant effects and benzamide structure. The compounds were tested in mice against seizures induced by maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazole (scMet), as well as with the rotorod assay for neurologic deficit. In mice dosed intraperitoneally, 4-methoxy-2, 6-dimethylbenzanilide (4) showed a median anticonvulsant potency (ED50) of 18.58 mg/kg in the MES test and a median toxicity (TD50) of 133.72 mg/kg in the rotorod toxicity assay, yielding a protective index (PI = TD50/ED50) of 7.2. In mice dosed orally with 4, the anti-MES ED50 was 27.40 mg/kg and the TD50 dose was determined to be 342.58 mg/kg, resulting in a protective index of 12.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Clark
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacal Sciences, Auburn University, AL 36849
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48
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Robertson DW, Lawson RR, Rathbun RC, Leander JD. Pharmacology of LY201409, a potent benzamide anticonvulsant. Epilepsia 1988; 29:760-9. [PMID: 3191892 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1988.tb04232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
LY201116 [4-amino-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)benzamide], an effective anticonvulsant in several animal models, is rapidly metabolized by N-acetylation in rats, mice and monkeys. In an attempt to preclude metabolic N-acetylation sterically, we investigated LY201409, an analogue possessing two methyl groups ortho to the 4-amino substituent. This structural modification successfully altered the metabolic pathway, and LY201409 displayed potent anticonvulsant activity. LY201409 antagonized maximal electroshock (MES)-induced seizures with ED50 values of 16.2 and 4.2 mg/kg after oral administration to mice and rats, respectively. The compound did not effectively antagonize seizures induced by a variety of chemical convulsants in rats, but did block pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in mice. Thus, among the classic anticonvulsants, the profile of phenytoin most closely resembles that of LY201409. Studies conducted with the rotorod and horizontal screen assays in mice and behavioral studies in rats suggested that doses of LY201409 that produced CNS side-effects such as sedation or ataxia were well separated from the anti-MES doses. LY201409 was a potent, dose-dependent potentiator of hexobarbital-induced sleeping time in mice. Oral administration of 6.0 mg/kg led to a 372% increase in sleep time relative to control values. Although LY201409 is a potent and effective anticonvulsant, it is also one of the most potent potentiators of hexobarbital-induced sleep time yet described.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Robertson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285
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Clark CR. Comparative anticonvulsant activity and neurotoxicity of 4-amino-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)benzamide and prototype antiepileptic drugs in mice and rats. Epilepsia 1988; 29:198-203. [PMID: 2832143 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1988.tb04420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The anticonvulsant and toxic properties of 4-amino-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)benzamide, (ADD 75073), were compared with phenytoin (PHT), phenobarbital (PB), ethosuximide (ESM), and valproate (VPA). These compounds were evaluated in mice and rats using well-standardized anticonvulsant test procedures. The results indicate that ADD 75073 is a very potent anticonvulsant in the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) model. The compound was effective in nontoxic doses following intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration in mice and oral administration in both mice and rats. In mice, the i.p. administration of ADD 75073 resulted in an ED50 value of 2.6 mg/kg as compared with a value of 9.5 mg/kg for phenytoin (PHT) in the same assay. Compound ADD 75073 was ineffective in nontoxic doses against all other seizure models examined in this study, and thus has a pharmacologic profile similar to that of PHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Clark
- Department of Pharmacal Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Alabama 36849
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Leander JD, Robertson DW, Clark CR, Lawson RR, Rathbun RC. Pharmacological effects of enantiomers of 4-amino-N-(alpha-methylbenzyl)benzamide, a chemically novel anticonvulsant. Epilepsia 1988; 29:83-90. [PMID: 3338426 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1988.tb05103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
LY 188544,S,R-4-amino-N-(alpha-methylbenzyl) benzamide, and its two stereoisomers are structurally novel anticonvulsants. The anticonvulsant profile of LY 188544 after intraperitoneal administration to mice was determined in standard anticonvulsant tests: maximal electric shock (MES), strychnine tonic-extensor, and threshold tests using pentylenetetrazol, picrotoxin, and bicuculline. In this series of tests, LY 188544 had good activity in the MES test and some activity in the three threshold tests. Thus, its profile of activity was most similar to that of phenobarbital, and less similar to that of phenytoin and carbamazepine. After oral administration to mice and rats, LY188544 was effective in the MES test, but did not provide complete protection in the threshold pentylenetetrazol test. When the individual stereoisomers, LY188545 (S isomer) and LY188546 (R isomer), were evaluated after oral administration, LY188545 was 2.2 times more potent than LY188546 against MES-induced seizures. However, when evaluated after intravenous administration, the potency difference was only 1.1. LY188546 was the least toxic in terms of neurological impairment. All compounds had good protective indexes (ratio between doses for neurological impairment and doses for anticonvulsant efficacy in the MES test). LY188545 and LY188546 potentiated hexobarbital sleeping time after acute administration but not after chronic (4-day) administration. Tolerance did not develop to the effects of LY188546 on MES or neurological impairment after 4 days of administration. These results suggest that LY188546 is a chemically novel anticonvulsant with a promising pharmacological profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Leander
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
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