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Liu YH, Li CK, Nie MY, Wang FL, Ren XL, Jin LH, Zhou X. Sulfonate derivatives bearing an amide unit: design, synthesis and biological activity studies. BMC Chem 2024; 18:46. [PMID: 38449054 PMCID: PMC10919044 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-024-01151-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Pest disasters which occurs on crops is a serious problem that not only cause crop yield loss or even crop failure but can also spread a number of plant diseases.Sulfonate derivatives have been widely used in insecticide and fungicide research in recent years. On this basis, a series of sulfonate derivatives bearing an amide unit are synthesized and the biological activities are evaluated. The bioassay results showed that compounds A8, A13, A16, B1, B3, B4, B5, B10, B12 - 20, C3, C5, C9, C10, C14, C15, C17 and C19 showed 100% activity at a concentration of 500 µg/mL against the Plutella xylostella (P. xylostella). Among them, B15 which contains a thiadiazole sulfonate structure still shows 100% activity at 50 µg/mL concentration against P. xylostella and had the lowest median lethal concentration (LC50) (7.61 µg/mL) among the target compounds. Further mechanism studies are conducted on compounds with better insecticidal activity. Molecular docking results shows that B15 formed hydrophobic interactions π-π and hydrogen bonds with the indole ring of Trp532 and the carboxyl group of Asp384, respectively, with similar interaction distances or bond lengths as those of diflubenzuron. Moreover, chitinase inhibition assays are performed to further demonstrate its mode of action. In addition, the anti-bacterial activity of the series of compounds is also tested and the results showed that the series of compounds has moderate biological activity against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), with inhibition rates of 91%, 92% and 92%, 88% at the concentration of 100 µg/mL, respectively. Our study indicates that B15 can be used as a novel insecticide for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Hua Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Chang-Kun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Mao-Yu Nie
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Fa-Li Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xiao-Li Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Lin-Hong Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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Nassar AF, Wisnewski AV, Wu T, Lam TT, King I. Development and Validation of LC-MS-MS Assay for the Determination of the Emerging Alkylating Agent Laromustine and Its Active Metabolite in Human Plasma. J Chromatogr Sci 2019; 57:195-203. [PMID: 30395213 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmy100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to validate a method for the determination of laromustine (VNP40101M) and short-lived its active metabolite (VNP4090CE) that has a half-life in human blood of <90 s in human plasma by liquid chromatography (LC) with tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) detection. We overcome the stability dilemma by acidified the human plasma with citric acid. Laromustine "breaks" down on the source of mass spectrometry to give m/z 249 which is the same m/z for VNP4090CE. Because VNP4090CE and laromustine elute at approximate retention time of 1.93 and 2.94 min, respectively, we were able to quantify both of them in one method. VNP40101M, VNP4090CE and the internal standards were extracted from human plasma by liquid-liquid extraction into ethyl ether. The ethyl ether layer was evaporated, reconstituted and analyzed using LC with MS/MS detection. Validation parameters such as selectivity, limit of quantitation, linearity, precision, accuracy, recovery, autosampler viability, freeze-thaw cycles and compounds stability are evaluated for this method. Results were calculated using peak area ratios, and calibration curves were generated using a weighted (1/x2) linear least-squares regression. Calibration curves for VNP40101M and VNP4090CE in human plasma ranged from 1.00 to 1,000 ng/mL. In this study, both intra- and inter-assay results demonstrated a relative standard deviation for calibration standards (inter-assay) and quality control samples (intra- and inter-assay) to be ≤15.0%. In this method, there is ~1.79% isotopic interference of VNP40101M to VNP40101M-IS, and ~3.76% isotopic interference of VNP4090CE to VNP4090CE-IS. It was concluded that there was no significant carryover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala F Nassar
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Chemistry, 55 N. Eagleville Rd., University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Adam V Wisnewski
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Terence Wu
- West Campus Analytical Core, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tukiet T Lam
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale-Keck MS and Proteomics Resource, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ivan King
- Metastagen, Inc., Wilmington, DE, USA
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Nassar AF, Wisnewski AV, King I. Population pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of laromustine, an emerging alkylating agent, in cancer patients. Xenobiotica 2017; 47:394-407. [PMID: 27440490 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1201703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
1. Alkylating agents are capable of introducing an alkyl group into nucleophilic sites on DNA or RNA through covalent bond. Laromustine is an active member of a relatively new class of sulfonylhydrazine prodrugs under development as antineoplastic alkylating agents, and displays significant single-agent activity. 2. This is the first report of the population pharmacokinetic analysis of laromustine, 106 patients, 66 with hematologic malignancies and 40 with solid tumors, participated in five clinical trials worldwide. Of these, 104 patients were included in the final NONMEM analysis. 3. The population estimates for total clearance (CL) and volume of distribution of the central compartment (V1) were 96.3 L/h and 45.9 L, associated with high inter-patient variability of 52.9% and 79.8% and inter-occasion variability of 26.7% and 49.3%, respectively. The population estimates for Q and V2 were 73.2 L/h and 29.9 L, and inter-patient variability in V2 was 63.1%, respectively. 4. The estimate of Vss (75.8 L) exceeds total body water, indicating that laromustine is distributed to tissues. The half-life is short, less than 1 h, reflecting rapid clearance. Population PK analysis showed laromustine pharmacokinetics to be independent of dose and organ function with no effect on subsequent dosing cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala F Nassar
- a School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University , New Haven , CT , USA
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Storrs , CT , USA , and
| | - Adam V Wisnewski
- a School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Ivan King
- c Metastagen Inc , Wilmington , DE , USA
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Shyam K, Penketh PG, Baumann RP, Finch RA, Zhu R, Zhu YL, Sartorelli AC. Antitumor sulfonylhydrazines: design, structure-activity relationships, resistance mechanisms, and strategies for improving therapeutic utility. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3639-71. [PMID: 25612194 DOI: 10.1021/jm501459c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
1,2-Bis(sulfonyl)-1-alkylhydrazines (BSHs) were conceived as more specific DNA guanine O-6 methylating and chloroethylating agents lacking many of the undesirable toxicophores contained in antitumor nitrosoureas. O(6)-Alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (MGMT) is the sole repair protein for O(6)-alkylguanine lesions in DNA and has been reported to be absent in 5-20% of most tumor types. Many BSHs exhibit highly selective cytotoxicity toward cells deficient in MGMT activity. The development of clinically useful MGMT assays should permit the identification of tumors with this vulnerability and allow for the preselection of patient subpopulations with a high probability of responding. The BSH system is highly versatile, permitting the synthesis of many prodrug types with the ability to incorporate an additional level of tumor-targeting due to preferential activation by tumor cells. Furthermore, it may be possible to expand the spectrum of activity of these agents to include tumors with MGMT activity by combining them with tumor-targeted MGMT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamurthy Shyam
- †Department of Pharmacology and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Philip G Penketh
- †Department of Pharmacology and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Raymond P Baumann
- †Department of Pharmacology and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Rick A Finch
- ‡Department of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 650 Cool Water Drive, Bastrop, Texas 78602, United States
| | - Rui Zhu
- †Department of Pharmacology and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Yong-Lian Zhu
- †Department of Pharmacology and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Alan C Sartorelli
- †Department of Pharmacology and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
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Wisterowicz K, Gobis K, Foks H, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E. The synthesis and tuberculostatic activity of benzenesulfonohydrazide derivatives. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.20743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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De Marco R, Leggio A, Liguori A, Marino T, Perri F, Russo N. Site-selective methylation of N(beta)-nosyl hydrazides of N-nosyl protected alpha-amino acids. J Org Chem 2010; 75:3381-6. [PMID: 20405869 DOI: 10.1021/jo1003168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The methylation reaction of N(beta)-nosyl hydrazides of N-nosyl protected alpha-amino acids by using diazomethane shows a controlled regiochemical trend and makes it possible to obtain the corresponding products methylated at specific positions depending on the amount of diazomethane used. The observed selectivity is closely connected with the different acidity of sulfonyl hydrazide, sulfonamide, and acyl hydrazine protons present in the analyzed substrates. The reactivity order of these three diverse reactive sites is supported by theoretical calculations. The hydrazine derivatives considered in this work belong to a class of compounds with interesting biological activity and of great interest in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria De Marco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universit della Calabria, Ed. Polifunzionale, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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Rizzieri D, LoRusso S, Tse W, Khan K, Advani A, Moore J, Karsten V, Cahill A, Gerson SL. Phase I study of temozolomide and laromustine (VNP40101M) in patients with relapsed or refractory leukemia. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2010; 10:211-6. [PMID: 20511167 DOI: 10.3816/clml.2010.n.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although alkylators are known to be effective against some myeloid leukemias, resistance is often mediated via O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT). Temozolomide's inhibition of AGT may sensitize leukemia cells to the novel alkylator laromustine. We conducted a phase I translational study to evaluate the toxicities and estimate the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of laromustine when administered with temozolomide (TMZ) in patients with hematologic malignancies. PATIENTS AND METHODS TMZ was delivered twice daily for 5 doses followed by a single infusion of laromustine. The target TMZ dose was the dose that would reliably result in > 90% AGT depletion. Once the target TMZ dose was identified, the laromustine dose was escalated. A total of 35 patients with relapsed/refractory leukemia were treated. RESULTS Treatment with TMZ 300 mg for 5 doses resulted in > 90% depletion of AGT levels in 5 of 6 patients. The MTD of the combination was established at TMZ 1500 mg and laromustine 300 mg/m2. Three of the 7 patients assayed from cohort 1 achieved > 90% depletion of AGT activity (range, 77%-100% depletion; median, 88%). Five of 6 patients enrolled in cohort 2 achieved > 90% depletion of AGT activity (range, 92%-100% depletion; median, 93.5%). This established that the 300-mg dose of TMZ (1500 mg total) would be maintained in subsequent cohorts. The majority of adverse events were primarily hematologic, with infectious and pulmonary complications also noted. Three (9%) of the patients with previous refractory disease achieved a complete remission, and 5 (14%) of the patients achieved a morphologic, leukemia-free, but persistent hypocellular bone marrow status. CONCLUSION Laromustine in combination with TMZ is tolerable and manageable at doses that predictably suppress AGT. Reliable TMZ-induced inhibition of AGT was observed in doses that are clinically tolerable. Evidence of antitumor effect was observed with this combination, suggesting that further efficacy studies should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rizzieri
- Division of Cellular Therapy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Schiller GJ, O'Brien SM, Pigneux A, DeAngelo DJ, Vey N, Kell J, Solomon S, Stuart RK, Karsten V, Cahill AL, Albitar MX, Giles FJ. Single-Agent Laromustine, A Novel Alkylating Agent, Has Significant Activity in Older Patients With Previously Untreated Poor-Risk Acute Myeloid Leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:815-21. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.24.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose An international phase II study of laromustine (VNP40101M), a sulfonylhydrazine alkylating agent, was conducted in patients age 60 years or older with previously untreated poor-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Patients and Methods Laromustine 600 mg/m2 was administered as a single 60-minute intravenous infusion. Patients were age 70 years or older or 60 years or older with at least one additional risk factor—unfavorable AML karyotype, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) of 2, and/or cardiac, pulmonary, or hepatic comorbidities. Results Eighty-five patients (median age, 72 years; range, 60 to 87 years) were treated. Poor-risk features included age 70 years or older, 78%; adverse karyotype, 47%; PS of 2, 41%; pulmonary disease, 77%; cardiac disease, 73%; and hepatic disease, 3%. Ninety-six percent of patients had at least two risk factors, and 39% had at least four risk factors. The overall response rate (ORR) was 32%, with 20 patients (23%) achieving complete response (CR) and seven (8%) achieving CR with incomplete platelet recovery (CRp). ORR was 20% in patients with adverse cytogenetics; 32% in those age 70 years or older; 32% in those with PS of 2; 32% in patients with baseline pulmonary dysfunction; 34% in patients with baseline cardiac dysfunction; and 27% in 33 patients with at least four risk factors. Twelve (14%) patients died within 30 days of receiving laromustine therapy. Median overall survival was 3.2 months, with a 1-year survival of 21%; the median duration of survival for those who achieved CR/CRp was 12.4 months, with a 1-year survival of 52%. Conclusion Laromustine has significant single-agent activity in elderly patients with poor-risk AML. Adverse events are predominantly myelosuppressive or respiratory. Response rates are consistent across a spectrum of poor-risk features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J. Schiller
- From the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA; The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Cancer Therapy and Research Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX; Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK; Northside Hospital
| | - Susan M. O'Brien
- From the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA; The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Cancer Therapy and Research Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX; Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK; Northside Hospital
| | - Arnaud Pigneux
- From the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA; The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Cancer Therapy and Research Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX; Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK; Northside Hospital
| | - Daniel J. DeAngelo
- From the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA; The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Cancer Therapy and Research Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX; Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK; Northside Hospital
| | - Norbert Vey
- From the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA; The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Cancer Therapy and Research Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX; Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK; Northside Hospital
| | - Jonathan Kell
- From the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA; The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Cancer Therapy and Research Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX; Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK; Northside Hospital
| | - Scott Solomon
- From the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA; The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Cancer Therapy and Research Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX; Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK; Northside Hospital
| | - Robert K. Stuart
- From the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA; The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Cancer Therapy and Research Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX; Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK; Northside Hospital
| | - Verena Karsten
- From the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA; The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Cancer Therapy and Research Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX; Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK; Northside Hospital
| | - Ann L. Cahill
- From the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA; The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Cancer Therapy and Research Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX; Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK; Northside Hospital
| | - Maher X. Albitar
- From the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA; The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Cancer Therapy and Research Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX; Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK; Northside Hospital
| | - Francis J. Giles
- From the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA; The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Cancer Therapy and Research Center at The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX; Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK; Northside Hospital
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El-Ayache NC, Li SH, Warnock M, Lawrence DA, Emal CD. Novel bis-arylsulfonamides and aryl sulfonimides as inactivators of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 20:966-70. [PMID: 20056540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Inactivators of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) have been identified as possible treatments for a range of conditions, including atherosclerosis, venous thrombosis, and obesity. We describe the synthesis and inhibitory activity of a novel series of compounds based on bis-arylsulfonamide and aryl sulfonimide motifs that show potent and specific activity towards PAI-1. Inhibitors containing short linking units between the sulfonyl moieties and a 3,4-dihydroxy aryl substitution pattern showed the most potent inhibitory activity, and retained high specificity for PAI-1 over the structurally-related serpin anti-thrombin III (ATIII).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine C El-Ayache
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Michigan University, 225 Mark Jefferson, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, United States
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Giles FJ. Bendamustine and cloretazine: Alkylators with sharply contrasting activity in AML. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 48:1064-6. [PMID: 17577766 DOI: 10.1080/10428190701332464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francis J Giles
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Bai F, Minkin P, Fraga CH, O'Shaughnessy MA, Gururangan S, Stewart CF. Determination of Cloretazine (VNP40101M) and its active metabolite (VNP4090CE) in human plasma by liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 853:97-104. [PMID: 17446145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Revised: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive method for the determination of Cloretazine (VNP40101M) and its metabolite (VNP4090CE) with an internal standard (ISTD) in human plasma was developed using high-performance liquid chromatographic separation with tandem mass spectrometric detection. Acidified plasma samples (500 microL) were prepared using solid phase extraction (SPE) columns, and 25 microL of the reconstituted sample was injected onto an Ascentis C18 HPLC column (3 microm, 5 cmx2.1 mm) with an isocratic mobile phase. Analytes were detected with an API-3000 LC-MS/MS System at unit (Q1) and low (Q3) resolution in negative multiple reaction monitoring mode: m/z 249.0 (precursor ion) to m/z 114.9 (product ion) for both Cloretazine (at 3.64 min) and VNP4090CE (at 2.91 min), and m/z 253.0 (precursor ion) to m/z 116.9 (product ion) for the ISTD. The mean recovery for Cloretazine (VNP40101M) and its metabolite (VNP4090CE) was greater than 87% with a lower limit of quantification of 1.0 ng/mL for Cloretazine (S/N=9.7, CV<or=12%) and 0.5 ng/mL for VNP4090CE (S/N=11.3, CV<or=9.7%). This method was validated over a linear range of 1.0-1000 ng/mL for Cloretazine and 0.5-100 ng/mL for VNP4090CE, and results from a five day validation study demonstrated good within-day and between-day precision and accuracy. This method has been used to measure plasma Cloretazine and its metabolite concentrations in a Phase I study in children with recurrent progressive or refractory primary brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Bai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, and The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Giles F, Rizzieri D, Karp J, Vey N, Ravandi F, Faderl S, Khan KD, Verhoef G, Wijermans P, Advani A, Roboz G, Kantarjian H, Bilgrami SFA, Ferrant A, Daenen SMGJ, Karsten V, Cahill A, Albitar M, Mufti G, O'Brien S. Cloretazine (VNP40101M), a Novel Sulfonylhydrazine Alkylating Agent, in Patients Age 60 Years or Older With Previously Untreated Acute Myeloid Leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:25-31. [PMID: 17146105 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.07.0961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeCloretazine (VNP40101M) is a sulfonylhydrazine alkylating agent with significant antileukemia activity. A multicenter phase II study of cloretazine was conducted in patients 60 years of age or older with previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS).Patients and MethodsCloretazine 600 mg/m2was administered as a single intravenous infusion. Patients were stratified by age, performance score, cytogenetic risk category, type of AML, and comorbidity.ResultsOne hundred four patients, median age 72 years (range, 60 to 84 years), were treated on study. Performance status was 2 in 31 patients (30%) and no patient had a favorable karyotype. Forty-seven patients (45%) had cardiac disease, 25 patients (24%) had hepatic disease, and 19 patients (18%) had pulmonary disease, defined as per the Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation–Specific Comorbidity Index, at study entry. The overall response rate was 32%, with 29 patients (28%) achieving complete response (CR) and four patients (4%) achieving CR with incomplete platelet recovery. Response rates in 44 de novo AML patients, 45 secondary AML patients, and 15 high-risk MDS patients were 50%, 11%, and 40%, respectively. Response by cytogenetic risk category was 39% in 56 patients with intermediate cytogenetic risk and 24% in 46 patients with unfavorable cytogenetic risk. Nineteen (18%) patients died within 30 days of receiving cloretazine therapy. Median overall survival was 94 days, with a 1-year survival of 14%; the median duration of survival was 147 days, with a 1-year survival of 28% for those who achieved CR.ConclusionCloretazine has significant activity and modest extramedullary toxicity in elderly patients with AML or high-risk MDS. Response rates remain consistent despite increasing age and comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Giles
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Leukemia, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Giles F, Verstovsek S, Thomas D, Gerson S, Cortes J, Faderl S, Ferrajoli A, Ravandi F, Kornblau S, Garcia-Manero G, Jabbour E, O'Brien S, Karsten V, Cahill A, Yee K, Albitar M, Sznol M, Kantarjian H. Phase I study of cloretazine (VNP40101M), a novel sulfonylhydrazine alkylating agent, combined with cytarabine in patients with refractory leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 11:7817-24. [PMID: 16278404 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cloretazine (VNP40101M) is a novel sulfonylhydrazine alkylating agent with significant antileukemia activity. A phase I study of cloretazine combined with cytarabine (1-beta-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine, ara-C) was conducted in patients with refractory disease. DESIGN Ara-C was given i.v. at a fixed dose of 1.5 gm/m(2)/d by continuous infusion for 4 days (patients ages <65 years at time of diagnosis) or 3 days (patients ages > or =65 years). Cloretazine was given i.v. over 15 to 60 minutes on day 2 at a starting dose of 200 mg/m(2), with escalation in 100 mg/m(2) increments in cohorts of three to six patients until a maximum tolerated dose was established. The DNA repair enzyme O(6)-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) was measured at baseline. RESULTS Forty patients, including 32 with acute myeloid leukemia, received 47 courses of treatment. Complete responses were seen at cloretazine dose levels of > or =400 mg/m(2) in 10 of 37 (27%) evaluable patients, and in this patient subset, AGT activity was significantly lower in patients that responded to treatment than in patients who did not (P < or = 0.027). Dose-limiting toxicities (gastrointestinal and myelosuppression) were seen with 500 and 600 mg/m(2) of cloretazine combined with the 4-day ara-C schedule but not seen with the 3-day schedule. CONCLUSION The recommended cloretazine dose schedule for future studies is 600 mg/m(2) combined with 1.5 gm/m(2)/d continuous infusion of ara-C for 3 days. The cloretazine and ara-C regimen has significant antileukemic activity. AGT activity may be a predictor of response to cloretazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Giles
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 77030, USA.
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Giles F, Verstovsek S, Faderl S, Vey N, Karp J, Roboz G, Khan KD, Cooper M, Bilgrami SFA, Ferrant A, Daenen S, Karsten V, Cahill A, Albitar M, Kantarjian H, O'Brien S, Feldman E. A phase II study of cloretazine (VNP40101M), a novel sulfonylhydrazine alkylating agent, in patients with very high risk relapsed acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Res 2006; 30:1591-5. [PMID: 16574225 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2006.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2006] [Revised: 02/10/2006] [Accepted: 02/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cloretazine (VNP40101M) is a sulfonylhydrazine alkylating agent with significant anti-leukemia activity. A multicenter phase II study of cloretazine was conducted in patients with first relapse of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) following an initial complete remission (CR) of less than 12 months. Cloretazine was given as a single intravenous infusion at a dose of 600 mg/m(2). Fifty-three patients (median age 62 years (18-84), 41 of 44 (93%) evaluable with intermediate or high risk cytogenetics, 32 (60%) with initial CR durations < or =6 months) were treated on study. Two patients (4%) achieved a second CR. Five (9%) patients died within 30 days of receiving cloretazine therapy. Median overall survival (2.3 months) in the study cohort was directly comparable to that of 233 matched patients treated with other single agents. The study cloretazine regimen had minimal activity in a very high risk subset of patients with relapsed AML.
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Giles F, Thomas D, Garcia-Manero G, Faderl S, Cortes J, Verstovsek S, Ferrajoli A, Jeha S, Beran M, Koller C, Andreeff M, Cahill A, Clairmont C, Sznol M, Kantarjian H. A Phase I and Pharmacokinetic Study of VNP40101M, a Novel Sulfonylhydrazine Alkylating Agent, in Patients with Refractory Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:2908-17. [PMID: 15131024 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-03-0738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE VNP40101M is a novel sulfonylhydrazine alkylating agent with broad antitumor activity in animal models. As alkylating agents are important antileukemia drugs, a Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of VNP40101M was conducted in patients with refractory or relapsed leukemias or poor-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN VNP40101M was given as a single i.v. infusion over 15-70 min on day 1. Courses were repeated every 4 weeks according to antileukemic activity. The starting dose of 220 mg/m(2) was escalated by approximately 33% in cohorts of 3-6 patients until a maximum-tolerated dose was established. One additional cohort was treated with the maximum-tolerated dose divided over days 1 and 8. RESULTS Thirty-eight patients, including 28 with acute myeloid leukemia and 5 with MDS, received 52 courses of treatment. Nondose-limiting, reversible infusion-related toxicities were the most frequent adverse event, occurring in 24 (63%) patients on the first course. Dose escalation was terminated at 708 mg/m(2) for prolonged myelosuppression in 1 of 7 patients, and 600 mg/m(2) was selected as the recommended Phase II dose, with no significant extramedullary toxicity at this dose level. Two patients, 1 with MDS treated with 300 mg/m(2) and 1 with acute myeloid leukemia treated with 600 mg/m(2), achieved complete remission. CONCLUSIONS VNP40101M had significant antileukemic activity and minimal extramedullary toxicity in patients with relapsed or refractory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Giles
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Mao J, Xu Y, Wu D, Almassain B. Pharmacokinetics, mass balance, and tissue distribution of a novel DNA alkylating agent, VNP40101M, in rat. AAPS PHARMSCI 2002; 4:E24. [PMID: 12645996 PMCID: PMC2751313 DOI: 10.1208/ps040424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
VNP40101M (1,2-Bis(methylsulfonyl)-1-(2-chloroethyl)-2-[(2 methylamino)carbonyl] hydrazine), a novel DNA alkylating agent, is currently under clinical development for the treatment of cancer in Phase I clinical trials. This study investigated the pharmacokinetics, mass balance, and tissue distribution of [14C]-VNP40101M in rats following a single intravenous dose of 10 mg/kg. After 7 days, the total recovery of radioactivity was 85% for males and 79% for females. Most of the radioactivity was eliminated within 48 hours through urine (70%), with less excreted in feces (6%). Tissue contained relatively high radioactive residues with the highest concentrations in kidneys, liver, lung, and spleen. After 7 days, tissue still contained 9% of the dose. At both 5 minutes and 1 hour post-dose, brain contained relatively high radioactivity (5.9 and 3.3 micro g equivalence/g and 50% and 30% of the blood concentration, respectively), suggesting that VNP40101M penetrated the blood-brain barrier. The elimination half-life of VNP40101M was approximately 20 minutes, the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) averaged 11.3 micro g/mL, the volume of distribution (Vss) averaged 0.91 L/kg, and the total body clearance (Cl) averaged 33.5 mL/min/kg. The metabolite profile in urine was complex, indicating VNP40101M was extensively metabolized. There were no apparent sex differences in pharmacokinetic parameters of VNP40101M in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Mao
- Development, Vion Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Four Science Park, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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Krishna G, Hodnick WF, Lang W, Lin X, Karra S, Mao J, Almassian B. Pharmaceutical development and manufacturing of a parenteral formulation of a novel antitumor agent, VNP40101M. AAPS PharmSciTech 2001; 2:E14. [PMID: 14727873 PMCID: PMC2750579 DOI: 10.1208/pt020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop and manufacture a stable parenteral formulation for Phase I clinical trials of VNP40101M (1,2-Bis(methylsulfonyl)-1-(2-chloroethyl)-2-[(2-methylamino)carbonyl] hydrazine), a novel antitumor agent. The solubility and stability of the drug was determined. Solubility studies suggested that VNP40101M exhibited poor aqueous solubility but showed appreciable solubility in nonaqueous solvents. The aqueous solubility of the drug could not be increased by adjusting the pH. At a pH above 7, base-catalyzed decomposition of VNP40101M occurred. The low octanol-water partition coefficient of 0.75 suggested poor solubility in lipophilic solvents. Based on these preformulation observations, a parenteral formulation containing 10 mg/mL of VNP40101M was prepared in a solvent system consisting of 30% ethyl alcohol and 70% polyethylene glycol-300 (PEG-300). To minimize base-catalyzed hydrolytic degradation, citric acid at 0.6% concentration was included to acidify the formulation. Rubber closures, filter membranes, and liquid transfer tubing were selected on the basis of compatibility studies and absence of loss of drug due to adsorption of these components. The formulation was subjected to accelerated stability studies and dilution studies with large volume parenteral (LVP) solutions, normal saline, and 5% dextrose injection (D5W). The results of the dilution study indicated that the formulation could be diluted in these solutions up to 2 mg/mL for 8 hours without drug precipitation and degradation. Accelerated stability studies suggested that the product should be kept at 2 degrees C to 8 degrees C for long-term storage. The developed formulation was successfully scaled up and manufactured for use in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Krishna
- Vion Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 4 Science Park, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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Penketh PG, Shyam K, Sartorelli AC. Fluorometric assay for the determination of DNA-DNA cross-links utilizing Hoechst 33258 at neutral pH values. Anal Biochem 1997; 252:210-3. [PMID: 9324963 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1997.9996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P G Penketh
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Adeniyi AA, Patel KS. Dicarboxylic Acid Dihydrazide Complexes of Zinc(II) Tetrafluoroborate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/00945719608005142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Adeniyi AA, Patel KS. Dicarboxylic Acid Hydrazide Complexes of Cadmium(II) Tetrafluoroborate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/15533179308016630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Penketh PG, Divo AA, Shyam K, Patton CL, Sartorelli AC. The effects of the methylating agent 1,2-bis(methylsulfonyl)-1-methylhydrazine on morphology, DNA content and mitochondrial function of Trypanosoma brucei subspecies. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1991; 38:172-7. [PMID: 1880758 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1991.tb04425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Repeated exposure of trypanosomes in vitro or in vivo to low concentrations of the methylating agent 1,2-bis(methylsulfonyl)-1-methylhydrazine induces a series of moderately synchronous morphological and biochemical changes. Cell division halts and the long-slender bloodstream forms transform to short-stumpy forms via larger intermediate-stage cells which contain approximately double the normal G2 content of DNA. In common with naturally occurring short-stumpy trypanosomes, drug-induced short-stumpy forms do not infect rodents and when transferred to Cunningham's medium, transform to and replicate as procyclics. Furthermore, these short-stumpy forms exhibit alpha-ketoglutarate supported motility and oxygen consumption, acquire the ability to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium (NADH diaphorase positivity) and appear to be in the G1 or G0 stage of the cell cycle based upon DNA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Penketh
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
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Vo D, Agarwal KC, Knaus EE, Allen TM, Fathi-Afshar R. Heterocyclic 1,2-epoxyalkan-3-ones as cytotoxic agents. Eur J Med Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0223-5234(88)90165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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