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Minnick JL, Domyati D, Ammons R, Tahsini L. C-X (X = N, O) Cross-Coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Copper-Pincer Bis(N-Heterocyclic Carbene) Complexes. Front Chem 2019; 7:12. [PMID: 30766865 PMCID: PMC6365418 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)–copper catalysts have received considerable attention in organic synthesis. Despite the popularity of copper complexes containing monodentate NHC ligands and recent development of poly(NHC) platforms, their application in C–C and C–heteroatom cross-coupling reactions has been limited. Recently, we reported an air-assisted Sonogashira-type cross-coupling catalyzed by well-defined cationic copper-pincer bis(NHC) complexes. Herein, we report the application of these complexes in Ullmann-type C–X (X = N, O) coupling of azoles and phenols with aryl halides in a relatively short reaction time. In contrast to other well-defined copper(I) catalysts that require an inert atmosphere for an efficient C–X coupling, the employed Cu(I)-pincer bis(NHC) complexes provide good to excellent yields in air. The air-assisted reactivity, unlike that in the Sonogashira reaction, is also affected by the base employed and the reaction time. With Cs2CO3 and K2CO3, the oxygen-generated catalyst is more reactive than the catalyst formed under argon in a short reaction time (12 h). However, the difference in reactivity is compromised after a 24 h reaction with K2CO3. The efficient pincer Cu-NHC/O2/Cs2CO3 system provides great to excellent cross-coupling yields for electronically diverse aryl iodides and imidazole derivatives. The catalyst scope is controlled by a balance between nucleophilicity, coordinating ability, and the steric hindrance of aryl halides and N-/O-nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Minnick
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Doaa Domyati
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Rachel Ammons
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Laleh Tahsini
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
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Wozniak DI, Hicks AJ, Sabbers WA, Dobereiner GE. Imidazolyl-phenyl (IMP) anions: a modular structure for tuning solubility and coordinating ability. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:14138-14155. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03511g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The effect of counteranion upon a cation's solution-phase reactivity depends on a subtle interplay of weak interactions.
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Synthesis and characterization of 8-ethynyl-1,3-dihydro-benzo[b][1,4]diazepin-2-one derivatives: part 2. New potent non-competitive metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 18:1091-5. [PMID: 18096387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of 1,3-dihydro-benzo[b][1,4]diazepin-2-one derivatives was evaluated as non-competitive mGluR2/3 antagonists. Replacement of a cyano group by a five-membered heterocycle produced compounds inhibiting the binding of [(3)H]-LY354740 to rat mGluR2 with low nanomolar affinity and consistent functional effect at both mGluR2 and mGluR3. Further modification to improve the physicochemical properties led eventually to compounds with the ability to reverse LY354740-mediated inhibition of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the rat dentate gyrus.
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Grundt P, Carlson EE, Cao J, Bennett CJ, McElveen E, Taylor M, Luedtke RR, Newman AH. Novel Heterocyclic Trans Olefin Analogues of N-{4-[4-(2,3-Dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]butyl}arylcarboxamides as Selective Probes with High Affinity for the Dopamine D3 Receptor. J Med Chem 2005; 48:839-48. [PMID: 15689168 DOI: 10.1021/jm049465g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine D3 receptor subtypes have been hypothesized to play a pivotal role in modulating the reinforcing and drug-seeking effects induced by cocaine. However, definitive pharmacological investigations have been hampered by the lack of highly D3 receptor selective compounds that can be used in vivo. To address this problem, the potent and D3-receptor-selective antagonist NGB 2904 (1, 9H-fluorene-2-carboxylic acid {4-[(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-butyl}-amide, Ki (hD3) = 2.0 nM, Ki (hD2L) = 112 nM, D2/D3 selectivity ratio of 56) was chosen as a lead structure for chemical modification in an attempt to reduce its high lipophilicity (c log D = 6.94) while optimizing D3 receptor binding affinity and D2/D3 selectivity. A series of >30 novel analogues were synthesized, and their binding affinities were evaluated in competition binding assays in HEK 293 cells transfected with either D2(L), D3, or D4 human dopamine receptors using the high affinity, selective D2-like receptor antagonist (125)I-IABN. Structural diversity in the aryl amide end of the molecule was found to have a major influence on (sub)nanomolar D3 receptor affinity and D2/D3 selectivity, which was optimized using a more rigid trans-butenyl linker between the aryl amide and the piperazine. Several analogues demonstrated superior D3 receptor binding affinities and selectivities as compared to the parent ligand. Compound 29 (N-{4-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-trans-but-2-enyl}-4-pyridine-2-yl-benzamide) displayed the most promising pharmacological profile (Ki (hD3) = 0.7 nM, Ki (hD2L) = 93.3 nM, D2/D3 selectivity ratio of 133). In addition, this ligand inhibited quinpirole stimulation of mitogenesis at human dopamine D3 receptors transfected into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, with an EC50 value of 3.0 nM. Compound 29 was a nearly 5 times more potent antagonist at the D3 receptor than 1 (EC50 = 14.4 nM). Moreover, a decrease in c log D value of approximately 2 orders of magnitude was determined for this novel D3-receptor-preferring ligand, compared to 1. In summary, chemical modification of 1 has resulted in compounds with high affinity and selectivity for D3 receptors. The most promising candidate, compound 29, is currently being evaluated in animal models of cocaine abuse and will provide an important tool with which to elucidate the role of D3 receptors in drug reinforcement in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Grundt
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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Addition of lithioimidazoles to isocyanates followed by Pd-coupling: access to 4-substituted imidazole-2,5-dicarboxamides. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Loksha YM, Pedersen EB, El-Barbary AA, El-Badawi MA, Nielsen C. Studying the synthesis of 4-tert-butyl-1,3-dihydroimidazol-2-ones and their corresponding thiones. J Heterocycl Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570400406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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7
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Cyra?ski MK, Wawer I, Zieli?ska A, Mrozek A, Koleva V, Lozanova C. Structural studies of 1-(2-hydroxy-4-bromophenyl)-4-methyl-4-imidazolin-2-ones. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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8
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Gupta SP. Quantitative structure-activity relationships of cardiotonic agents. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2001; 55:235-82. [PMID: 11127965 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8385-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) of different cardiotonic agents are presented. A critical analysis of all QSARs provides a very vivid picture of the mechanisms of varying cardiotonic agents. The cardiotonics can be broadly put into 2 categories: cardiac glycosides and nonglycoside cardiotonics, which include phosphodiesterase of type III (PDE III) inhibitors, sympathomimetic (adrenergic) stimulants, A1-selective adenosine antagonists, Ca2+ channel activators and vasopressin antagonists. For cardiac glycosides, QSARs reveal that the position of carbonyl oxygen in their lactone moiety and shifting of the lactone ring from its original position or its replacement by another group would be crucial for their activity. The carbonyl group or its isostere like CN is indicated to be the sole binding entity and the hydrogen bonding through this group is considered to be the most likely binding force. For nonglycoside cardiotonics that include PDE III inhibitors and A1-selective antagonists, a five-point model has been established for their activity, the salient features of which are: (1) the presence of a strong dipole, (2) an adjacent acidic proton, (3) a methyl-sized lipophilic space, (4) a relatively flat overall topography and (5) a basic or hydrogen-bond acceptor site opposite to the dipole. For Ca2+ channel activators, the importance of steric, electrostatic, lipophilic and hydrogen-bonding properties of molecules is indicated, while for vasopressin antagonists the lipophilic and electronic properties are suggested to be the most important.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, India
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Dinsmore CJ, Zartman CB, Baginsky WF, O'Neill TJ, Koblan KS, Chen IW, McLoughlin DA, Olah TV, Huff JR. Synthesis of conformationally constrained 5,6,7, 8-Tetrahydroimidazo[1,5-a]pyridine inhibitors of farnesyltransferase. Org Lett 2000; 2:3473-6. [PMID: 11082012 DOI: 10.1021/ol0002424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Synthesis of the 8-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[1,5-a]pyridine ring system was accomplished by intramolecular cyclization of an iminium ion, derived from condensation of an amine and a substituted gamma-(1-imidazolyl)butyraldehyde. The reaction was used to produce conformationally restricted farnesyltransferase inhibitor analogues which exhibit improved in vivo metabolic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Dinsmore
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer Research, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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Carver DS, Lindell SD, Saville-Stones EA. Polyfunctionalisation of imidazole via sequential imidazolyl anion formation. Tetrahedron 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(97)00939-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Boggia R, Forina M, Fossa P, Mosti L. Chemometric Study and Validation Strategies in the Structure-Activity Relationships of New Cardiotonic Agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.19970160303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Relationship between the structure and effects of cardiotonics with nonglycoside and noncatecholamine structure. Pharm Chem J 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00772931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Abstract
With this minireview, concepts about how c-AMP and various inhibitor molecules interact with the phosphodiesterases seem to have come full-circle. It will be proposed and elaborated herein that an understanding of SAR for the newest, "second generation" PDE inhibitors is best accomplished by adopting a model that supposes that these compounds are transition state inhibitors. The analysis finds an interesting parallel with early studies where it was recognized that c-AMP adopts a trigonal bipyramid transition state during hydrolysis. The dynamic interaction of ligands with the phosphodiesterase enzymes will also be made evident when simple algebraic expressions are shown to be inadequate for predicting inhibitor potencies. The latter are apparently complicated by cooperative or synergistic relationships that occur among the various binding sites within the receptor. Finally, implications that can be derived from certain topographical features of the model are discussed relative to a range of potential therapeutic indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Erhardt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Berlex Laboratories, Inc., Cedar Knolls, New Jersey 07927-2095
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Narushyavichus ÉV, Garalene VN, Krauze AA, Dubur GY. Cardiotropic activity of pyridin-2(1H)-ones. Pharm Chem J 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00764710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Argentieri T, Cantor E, Wiggins JR. Antiarrhythmic peptide has no direct cardiac actions. EXPERIENTIA 1989; 45:737-8. [PMID: 2759204 DOI: 10.1007/bf01974573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The electrophysiologic, inotropic, and muscarinic effects of antiarrhythmic peptide (AAP) were examined in canine cardiac Purkinje fibers, ferret papillary muscle, and canine cardiac membranes, respectively. Aside from a prolongation of time to peak force in papillary muscle, no biologically significant effects of AAP could be determined in any preparation, suggesting that its antiarrhythmic effects are not mediated by direct membrane actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Argentieri
- Berlex Laboratories, Inc., Cedar Knolls, New Jersey 07927
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Owens AH, Goehring R, Lampe JW, Erhardt PW, Lumma WC, Wiggins J. Cardiotonic agents 4. Dimaprit analogues as potential cardiovascular selective H2-agonists. Eur J Med Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0223-5234(88)90013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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