1
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Okuda T, Lenz AK, Seitz F, Vogel J, Höbartner C. A SAM analogue-utilizing ribozyme for site-specific RNA alkylation in living cells. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1523-1531. [PMID: 37667013 PMCID: PMC10624628 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01320-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Post-transcriptional RNA modification methods are in high demand for site-specific RNA labelling and analysis of RNA functions. In vitro-selected ribozymes are attractive tools for RNA research and have the potential to overcome some of the limitations of chemoenzymatic approaches with repurposed methyltransferases. Here we report an alkyltransferase ribozyme that uses a synthetic, stabilized S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) analogue and catalyses the transfer of a propargyl group to a specific adenosine in the target RNA. Almost quantitative conversion was achieved within 1 h under a wide range of reaction conditions in vitro, including physiological magnesium ion concentrations. A genetically encoded version of the SAM analogue-utilizing ribozyme (SAMURI) was expressed in HEK293T cells, and intracellular propargylation of the target adenosine was confirmed by specific fluorescent labelling. SAMURI is a general tool for the site-specific installation of the smallest tag for azide-alkyne click chemistry, which can be further functionalized with fluorophores, affinity tags or other functional probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Okuda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Lenz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Seitz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Vogel
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Höbartner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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2
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Yang Y, Liang M, Wang R, He C. Chemical protein synthesis elucidates key modulation mechanism of the tyrosine-O-sulfation in inducing strengthened inhibitory activity of hirudin. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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3
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Man S, Lu Y, Yin L, Cheng X, Ma L. Potential and promising anticancer drugs from adenosine and its analogs. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1490-1500. [PMID: 33639248 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, many studies have shown that adenosine has efficacy for treating cancer. More importantly, some adenosine analogs have been successfully marketed to fulfill anticancer purposes. In this review, we summarize the anticancer effects of adenosine and its analogs in clinical trials and preclinical studies, with focus on their anticancer mechanisms. In addition, we link the anticancer activities of adenosine analogs with their structures through structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis, and highlight additional promising anticancer drug candidates. We hope that this review will be of help in understanding the importance of adenosine and its analogs with anticancer activities and directing future research and development of such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Man
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yingying Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Lijuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xinkuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Long Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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4
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Matyugina ES, Kochetkov SN, Khandazhinskaya AL. SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF AZA- AND DEAZA-ANALOGS OF PURINE NUCLEOSIDES. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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5
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Rodríguez D, Chakraborty S, Warnick E, Crane S, Gao ZG, O’Connor R, Jacobson KA, Carlsson J. Structure-Based Screening of Uncharted Chemical Space for Atypical Adenosine Receptor Agonists. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:2763-2772. [PMID: 27439119 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule screening libraries cover only a small fraction of the astronomical number of possible drug-like compounds, limiting the success of ligand discovery efforts. Computational screening of virtual libraries representing unexplored chemical space could potentially bridge this gap. Drug development for adenosine receptors (ARs) as targets for inflammation and cardiovascular diseases has been hampered by the paucity of agonist scaffolds. To identify novel AR agonists, a virtual library of synthetically tractable nucleosides with alternative bases was generated and structure-based virtual screening guided selection of compounds for synthesis. Pharmacological assays were carried out at three AR subtypes for 13 ribosides. Nine compounds displayed significant activity at the ARs, and several of these represented atypical agonist scaffolds. The discovered ligands also provided insights into receptor activation and revealed unknown interactions of endogenous and clinical compounds with the ARs. The results demonstrate that virtual compound databases provide access to bioactive matter from regions of chemical space that are sparsely populated in commercial libraries, an approach transferrable to numerous drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rodríguez
- Science
for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and
Center for Biomembrane Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Saibal Chakraborty
- Molecular
Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Eugene Warnick
- Molecular
Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Steven Crane
- Molecular
Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular
Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Robert O’Connor
- Molecular
Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular
Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jens Carlsson
- Science
for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O.
Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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6
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Wilson TJ, Liu Y, Domnick C, Kath-Schorr S, Lilley DMJ. The Novel Chemical Mechanism of the Twister Ribozyme. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:6151-62. [PMID: 27153229 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b11791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe the multifactorial origins of catalysis by the twister ribozyme. We provide evidence that the adenine immediately 3' to the scissile phosphate (A1) acts as a general acid. Substitution of ring nitrogen atoms indicates that very unusually the N3 of A1 is the proton donor to the oxyanion leaving group. A1 is accommodated in a specific binding pocket that raises its pKa toward neutrality, juxtaposes its N3 with the O5' to be protonated, and helps create the in-line trajectory required for nucleophilic attack. A1 performs general acid catalysis while G33 acts as a general base. A 100-fold stereospecific phosphorothioate effect at the scissile phosphate is consistent with a significant stabilization of the transition state by the ribozyme, and functional group substitution at G33 indicates that its exocyclic N2 interacts directly with the scissile phosphate. A model of the ribozyme active site is proposed that accommodates these catalytic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Wilson
- Cancer Research UK Nucleic Acid Structure Research Group, MSI/WTB Complex, The University of Dundee , Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Yijin Liu
- Cancer Research UK Nucleic Acid Structure Research Group, MSI/WTB Complex, The University of Dundee , Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Christof Domnick
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn , Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kath-Schorr
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn , Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - David M J Lilley
- Cancer Research UK Nucleic Acid Structure Research Group, MSI/WTB Complex, The University of Dundee , Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
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7
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Wu R, Smidansky ED, Oh HS, Takhampunya R, Padmanabhan R, Cameron CE, Peterson BR. Synthesis of a 6-methyl-7-deaza analogue of adenosine that potently inhibits replication of polio and dengue viruses. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7958-66. [PMID: 20964406 DOI: 10.1021/jm100593s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bioisosteric deaza analogues of 6-methyl-9-β-D-ribofuranosylpurine, a hydrophobic analogue of adenosine, were synthesized and evaluated for antiviral activity. Whereas the 1-deaza and 3-deaza analogues were essentially inactive in plaque assays of infectivity, a novel 7-deaza-6-methyl-9-β-D-ribofuranosylpurine analogue, structurally related to the natural product tubercidin, potently inhibited replication of poliovirus (PV) in HeLa cells (IC(50) = 11 nM) and dengue virus (DENV) in Vero cells (IC(50) = 62 nM). Selectivity against PV over cytotoxic effects to HeLa cells was >100-fold after incubation for 7 h. Mechanistic studies of the 5'-triphosphate of 7-deaza-6-methyl-9-β-D-ribofuranosylpurine revealed that this compound is an efficient substrate of PV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) and is incorporated into RNA mimicking both ATP and GTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzhi Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
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8
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Spitale RC, Volpini R, Mungillo MV, Krucinska J, Cristalli G, Wedekind JE. Single-atom imino substitutions at A9 and A10 reveal distinct effects on the fold and function of the hairpin ribozyme catalytic core. Biochemistry 2009; 48:7777-9. [PMID: 19634899 DOI: 10.1021/bi9011622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The hairpin ribozyme cleaves a phosphodiester bond within a cognate substrate. Structural and biochemical data indicate the conserved A9 and A10 bases reside close to the scissile bond but make distinct contributions to catalysis. To investigate these residues, we replaced the imino moiety of each base with N1-deazaadenosine. This single-atom change resulted in an 8-fold loss in k(obs) for A9 and displacement of the base from the active site; no effects were observed for A10. We propose that the imino moiety of A9 promotes a key water-mediated contact that favors transition-state formation, which suggests an enhanced chemical repertoire for RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Spitale
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 712, Rochester New York 14642, USA
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9
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Borrmann T, Abdelrahman A, Volpini R, Lambertucci C, Alksnis E, Gorzalka S, Knospe M, Schiedel AC, Cristalli G, Müller CE. Structure−Activity Relationships of Adenine and Deazaadenine Derivatives as Ligands for Adenine Receptors, a New Purinergic Receptor Family. J Med Chem 2009; 52:5974-89. [DOI: 10.1021/jm9006356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Borrmann
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Aliaa Abdelrahman
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Rosaria Volpini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Catia Lambertucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Edgars Alksnis
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles iela 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Simone Gorzalka
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Melanie Knospe
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anke C. Schiedel
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gloria Cristalli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Christa E. Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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10
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Spitale RC, Volpini R, Heller MG, Krucinska J, Cristalli G, Wedekind JE. Identification of an imino group indispensable for cleavage by a small ribozyme. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:6093-5. [PMID: 19354216 DOI: 10.1021/ja900450h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The hairpin ribozyme is a small, noncoding RNA (ncRNA) that catalyzes a site-specific phosphodiester bond cleavage reaction. Prior biochemical and structural analyses pinpointed the amidine moiety of base Ade38 as a key functional group in catalysis, but base changes designed to probe function resulted in localized misfolding of the active site. To define the requirements for chemical activity using a conservative modification, we synthesized and incorporated N1-deazaadenosine into the full-length ribozyme construct. This single-atom variant severely impairs activity, although the active-site fold remains intact in the accompanying crystal structures. The results demonstrate the essentiality of the imino moiety as well as the importance of its interaction with the substrate in the precatalytic and transition-state conformations. This work demonstrates the efficacy of single-atom approaches in the analysis of ncRNA structure-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Spitale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, RC Box 270216, Rochester, New York 14627-0216, USA
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11
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Llewellyn DB, Wahhab A. An efficient synthesis of base-substituted analogues of S-adenosyl-dl-homocysteine. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Saavedra OM, Isakovic L, Llewellyn DB, Zhan L, Bernstein N, Claridge S, Raeppel F, Vaisburg A, Elowe N, Petschner AJ, Rahil J, Beaulieu N, MacLeod AR, Delorme D, Besterman JM, Wahhab A. SAR around (l)-S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine, an inhibitor of human DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) enzymes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2747-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.03.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Regioselective N-alkylation of imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-4-oxide derivatives: an experimental and DFT study. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Cristalli G, Vittori S, Eleuteri A, Franchetti P, Grifantini M, Lupidi G, Capolongo L, Pesenti E. Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of 6–Substituted Purine and Deazapurine Nucleosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319108046454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Cristalli
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Diartimento di Biologia Cellulare , Universitá di Camerino , 62032 , Camerino
| | - Sauro Vittori
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Diartimento di Biologia Cellulare , Universitá di Camerino , 62032 , Camerino
| | - Alessandra Eleuteri
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Diartimento di Biologia Cellulare , Universitá di Camerino , 62032 , Camerino
| | - Palmarisa Franchetti
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Diartimento di Biologia Cellulare , Universitá di Camerino , 62032 , Camerino
| | - Mario Grifantini
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Diartimento di Biologia Cellulare , Universitá di Camerino , 62032 , Camerino
| | - Giulio Lupidi
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Diartimento di Biologia Cellulare , Universitá di Camerino , 62032 , Camerino
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15
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Pors K, Shnyder SD, Teesdale-Spittle PH, Hartley JA, Zloh M, Searcey M, Patterson LH. Synthesis of DNA-directed pyrrolidinyl and piperidinyl confined alkylating chloroalkylaminoanthraquinones: potential for development of tumor-selective N-oxides. J Med Chem 2007; 49:7013-23. [PMID: 17125254 DOI: 10.1021/jm0608154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of 1,4-disubstituted chloroethylaminoanthraquinones, containing alkylating chloroethylamino functionalities as part of a rigid piperidinyl or pyrrolidinyl ring-system, have been prepared. The target compounds were prepared by ipso-displacement of halides of various anthraquinone chromophores by either hydroxylated or chlorinated piperidinyl- or pyrrolidinyl-alkylamino side chains. The chloroethylaminoanthraquinones were shown to alkylate guanine residues of linearized pBR322 (1-20 microM), and two symmetrically 1,4-disubstituted anthraquinones (compounds 14 and 15) were shown to interstrand cross-link DNA in the low nM range. Several 1,4-disubstituted chloroethylaminoanthraquinones were potently cytotoxic (IC50 values: <or=40 nM) in human ovarian cancer A2780 cells. Two agents (compounds 18 and 19) exhibited mean GI50 values of 96 nM and 182 nM, respectively, in the NCI human tumor cell line panel. Derivatization of the potent DNA cross-linking agent 15 to an N-oxide resulted in loss of the DNA unwinding, DNA interstrand cross-linking and cytotoxic activity of the parent molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Pors
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
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16
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Devlin TA, Jebaratnam DJ. An Improved Procedure for the Synthesis of 1,3-Dideazaadenosine. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00397919508011408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Mikhailopoulo IA, Kalinichenko EN, Podkopaeva TL, Wenzel T, Rosemeyer H, Seela FL. Synthesis of 1-Deazaadenosine Analogues of (2′→5′) ApApA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319608002397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor A. Mikhailopoulo
- a Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Byelorussian Academy of Sciences , 220141 , Minsk , Byelorussia
| | - Elena N. Kalinichenko
- a Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Byelorussian Academy of Sciences , 220141 , Minsk , Byelorussia
| | - Tatjana L. Podkopaeva
- a Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Byelorussian Academy of Sciences , 220141 , Minsk , Byelorussia
| | - Thomas Wenzel
- b Laboratorium für Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universiat Osnabrück , D-49076 , Osnabrück , Germany
| | - Helmut Rosemeyer
- b Laboratorium für Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universiat Osnabrück , D-49076 , Osnabrück , Germany
| | - Frank L. Seela
- b Laboratorium für Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universiat Osnabrück , D-49076 , Osnabrück , Germany
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18
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Boehr DD, Farley AR, LaRonde FJ, Murdock TR, Wright GD, Cox JR. Establishing the principles of recognition in the adenine-binding region of an aminoglycoside antibiotic kinase [APH(3')-IIIa]. Biochemistry 2005; 44:12445-53. [PMID: 16156657 DOI: 10.1021/bi051085p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The protein-based molecular recognition of the adenine ring has implications throughout biological systems. In this paper, we discuss the adenine-binding region of an aminoglycoside antibiotic kinase [APH(3')-IIIa], which serves as an excellent model system for proteins that bind the adenine ring. This enzyme employs a hydrogen-bonding network involving water molecules along with enzyme backbone/side-chain atoms and a pi-pi stacking interaction to recognize the adenine ring. Our approach utilized site-directed mutagenesis, adenosine analogues and a variety of biophysical methods to probe the contacts in the adenine-binding region of APH(3')-IIIa. The results point to the polar nature of an adenine-Met90 contact in this binding pocket and the important role that Met90, the "gatekeeper" residue in structurally similar Ser/Thr protein kinases, plays in adenine binding. The results also suggest that small changes in the structure of the adenine ring can lead to significant changes in the ability of these analogues to occupy the adenine-binding region of the enzyme. Additional computational experiments indicate that both size and electronic factors are important in the binding of aromatic systems in this interaction-rich pocket. The principles governing adenine recognition established in this study may be applied to other protein-ligand complexes and used to navigate future studies directed at discovering potent and selective inhibitors of APH-type enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Boehr
- Antimicrobial Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Pors K, Plumb JA, Brown R, Teesdale-Spittle P, Searcey M, Smith PJ, Patterson LH. Development of Nonsymmetrical 1,4-Disubstituted Anthraquinones That Are Potently Active against Cisplatin-Resistant Ovarian Cancer Cells. J Med Chem 2005; 48:6690-5. [PMID: 16220985 DOI: 10.1021/jm050438f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of 1,4-disubstituted aminoanthraquinones were prepared by ipso-displacement of 1,4-difluoro-5,8-dihydroxyanthraquinones by hydroxylated piperidinyl- or pyrrolidinylalkylamino side chains. One aminoanthraquinone (13) was further derivatized to a chloropropylamino analogue by treatment with triphenylphosphine-carbon tetrachloride. The compounds were evaluated in the A2780 ovarian cancer cell line and its cisplatin-resistant variants (A2780/cp70 and A2780/MCP1). The novel anthraquinones were shown to possess up to 5-fold increased potency against the cisplatin-resistant cells compared to the wild-type cells. Growth curve analysis of the hydroxyethylaminoanthraquinone 8 in the osteosarcoma cell line U-2 OS showed that the cell cycle is not frozen, rather there is a late cell cycle arrest consistent with the action of a DNA-damaging topoisomerase II inhibitor. Accumulative apoptotic events, using time lapse photography, indicate that 8 is capable of fully engaging cell cycle arrest pathways in G2 in the absence of early apoptotic commitment. 8 and its chloropropyl analogue 13 retained significant activity against human A2780/cp70 xenografted tumors in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Pors
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London
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20
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Gorzalka S, Vittori S, Volpini R, Cristalli G, von Kügelgen I, Müller CE. Evidence for the functional expression and pharmacological characterization of adenine receptors in native cells and tissues. Mol Pharmacol 2004; 67:955-64. [PMID: 15604413 DOI: 10.1124/mol.104.006601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An orphan G protein-coupled receptor from rat has recently been discovered to be activated by the nucleobase adenine (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:8573-8578, 2002). In the present study, we show for the first time that the adenine receptor is expressed in membrane preparations of native tissues and cell lines in high density, including rat brain cortex, rat brain striatum, and the mouse neuroblastoma x rat glioma hybrid cell line NG108-15. Saturation analysis with [3H]adenine at rat brain cortical membranes exhibited a single high-affinity binding site with a KD value of 27.2 nM, and a binding capacity of 2.28 pmol/mg of protein. Kinetic studies revealed unusual binding kinetics of [3H]adenine with rapid association and slow dissociation. A series of compounds were investigated in [3H]adenine competition experiments at rat brain cortex. Only minor substitution of the adenine structure was tolerated, the most potent compounds of the present series being 2-fluoroadenine (Ki value of 620 nM), 8-thioadenine (Ki value of 2.77 microM), N6-methyladenine (Ki value of 3.64 microM), and 7-methyladenine (Ki value of 4.13 microM), all of which were partial agonists (40-60% intrinsic activity). Adenine dose dependently inhibited forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase in membrane preparations of NG108-15 cells as well as in intact cells, showing that the receptor is functional in NG108-15 cells. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction experiments followed by sequencing indicate that the NG108-15 cells express the murine ortholog of the adenine receptor. Moreover, preliminary radioligand binding studies with [3H]adenine at membranes of human astrocytoma 1321N1 cells suggest that a human ortholog of the rat adenine receptor exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Gorzalka
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Poppelsdorf, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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21
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Huang HS, Chiou JF, Fong Y, Hou CC, Lu YC, Wang JY, Shih JW, Pan YR, Lin JJ. Activation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase expression by some new symmetrical bis-substituted derivatives of the anthraquinone. J Med Chem 2003; 46:3300-7. [PMID: 12852760 DOI: 10.1021/jm020492l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As a part of our program aimed at exploring the biological activity of symmetrical substitution of side chains into the anthracene-9,10-dione chromophore, we have synthesized a series of 1,5-bisthioanthraquinones 2 and 1,5-bisacyloxyanthraquinones 3 that are related to the antitumor agent mitoxantrone. Since the telomerase enzyme is a novel target for potential anticancer therapy and stem cell expansion, we explore the biological effects of these compounds by evaluating their effects on telomerase activity and telomerase expression. Telomerase is required for telomere maintenance and is active in most human cancers and in germinal cells but not in most of the normal human somatic tissues. We found that most of the 1,5-disubstituted anthraquinones did not exhibit inhibitory activity at the concentration ranging from 20 to 30 microM. To facilitate the analysis of the expression of telomerase, we used cancer and normal cell lines that carry secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) gene under the control of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). The effects of these compounds on the expression of telomerease were analyzed using the cell-based reporter systems. While most of these compounds did not appear to selectively repress the expression of hTERT in cancer cells, compounds 3a, 3d, and 3i activated hTERT expression in normal cells. The effects of these three compounds on hTERT expression appear to be specific because they did not increase the expression of a CMV promoter-driven SEAP. Thus, in addition to anticancer functions, our finding raises the possibility that these compounds might also have a role in cell immortalization. The application of these anthraquinone derivatives in stem cell research and tissue engineering is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsu-Shan Huang
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, 161 Section 6, Minchuan E. Road, Neihu, 114, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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22
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Perrier S, Seela F, Schwartz A, Leng M, Chottard JC. The Human Telomeric Sequence (T2AG3)n is Efficiently Cross-Linked by AN1 Binding to the Platinum of a trans-Pt(NH3)2 Chelate of an Antisense Oligo-2′-O-Methylribonucleotide. Eur J Inorg Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200390216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Salvatori D, Volpini R, Vincenzetti S, Vita A, Costanzi S, Lambertucci C, Cristalli G, Vittori S. Adenine and deazaadenine nucleoside and deoxynucleoside analogues: inhibition of viral replication of sheep MVV (in vitro model for HIV) and bovine BHV-1. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:2973-80. [PMID: 12110319 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of N(6)-cycloalkyl-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine derivatives has been prepared by coupling of 2,6-dichloropurine to protected 2,3-dideoxyribose, followed by reaction with appropriate cycloalkylamines. Synthesized compounds, along with other purine nucleoside analogues previously synthesized in our laboratory, have been tested for their antiviral activity against Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) and sheep Maedi/Visna Virus (MVV), the latter being an in vitro and in vivo model of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). All compounds showed good antireplicative activity against MVV, with the N(6)-cycloheptyl-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (5b) being the most active [effective concentration (EC(50)) causing 50% reduction of cytopatic effects (CPE)=27 nM]. All compounds showed also a from low to very low cell toxicity, resulting in a cytotoxic dose 50 (CD(50))/EC(50) ratio in some cases higher than 1000.
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24
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Wanner MJ, Von Frijtag Drabbe Künzel JK, Ijzerman AP, Koomen GJ. 2-Nitro analogues of adenosine and 1-deazaadenosine: synthesis and binding studies at the adenosine A1, A2A and A3 receptor subtypes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:2141-4. [PMID: 10999489 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The influence of nitro substituents on the properties of adenosine and 1-deazaadenosine was studied. Combination of a nitro group at the 2-position with several N6 substituents such as cyclopentyl and m-iodobenzyl gave a series of analogues with good adenosine receptor affinity, showing directable selectivity for the A1, A2A and A3 adenosine receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Wanner
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Chemistry, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Nishikawa S, Kurono M, Shibayama K, Okuno S, Inagaki M, Kashimura N. Synthesis and cytokinin activity of fluorescent 7-Phenylethynylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine and its riboside. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2000; 48:2559-2564. [PMID: 10888584 DOI: 10.1021/jf0000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
7-Phenylethynylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine and its riboside have been newly developed as fluorescent carbon-substituted cytokinin analogues. Palladium-catalyzed coupling of 7-iodo-3-(tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine with phenylacetylene followed by ammonolysis afforded the 7-phenylethynyl riboside via its tri-O-acetate. Acid hydrolysis of the riboside provided its free base, which showed a marked enhancement in fluorescence intensity in an aqueous alkaline solution. The free base and its riboside were more active than the corresponding 6-phenylethynylpurine and its riboside, respectively, in Amaranthus betacyanin and tobacco callus bioassays. Surprisingly, the imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine base exhibited strong cytokinin activity comparable to that of N(6)-benzyladenine in the tobacco callus bioassay. This compound would be useful for studying localization and transport of cytokinins in cells or tissues of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nishikawa
- Department of Bioscience, Mie University, Tsu, Japan.
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26
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Hocek M, Holý A, Votruba I, Dvoráková H. Synthesis and cytostatic activity of substituted 6-phenylpurine bases and nucleosides: application of the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of 6-chloropurine derivatives with phenylboronic acids. J Med Chem 2000; 43:1817-25. [PMID: 10794698 DOI: 10.1021/jm991167+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Suzuki-Miyaura reaction of protected 6-chloropurine and 2-amino-6-chloropurine bases and nucleosides with substituted phenylboronic acids led to the corresponding protected 6-(substituted phenyl)purine derivatives 6-9. Their deprotection yielded a series of substituted 6-phenylpurine bases and nucleosides 10-13. Significant cytostatic activity (IC(50) 0.25-20 micromol/L) in CCRF-CEM, HeLa, and L1210 cell lines was found for several 6-(4-X-substituted phenyl)purine ribonucleosides 12 (X = H, F, Cl, and OR), while the 6-phenylpurine and 2-amino-6-phenylpurine bases 10 and 11, as well as 2-amino-6-phenylpurine ribosides 13, were entirely inactive against these cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hocek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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27
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Guckian KM, Morales JC, Kool ET. Structure and Base Pairing Properties of a Replicable Nonpolar Isostere for Deoxyadenosine. J Org Chem 1998; 63:9652-9656. [PMID: 20852720 DOI: 10.1021/jo9805100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, structure, and pairing properties in DNA of an isostere for deoxyadenosine which lacks all hydrogen-bonding functionality on the Watson-Crick pairing edge. A deoxyribo-nucleoside derivative of 4-methylbenzimidazole (1), which was recently shown to be inserted into DNA by Klenow DNA polymerase (Morales, J. C.; Kool, E. T. Nature Struct. Biol.1998, 5, 950), is prepared from 1-chloro-2-deoxy-3,5-bis-O-p-toluoyl-α-D-erythro-pentofuranose. The X-ray crystal structure of the nucleoside confirms that the compound is a close steric match for deoxyadenosine (2), although the methylbenzimidazole base is in the syn glycosidic orientation in the crystal. In D(2)O solution, 1H NMR studies show that 1 and 2 have similar (60% vs 70% S) sugar conformations and anti glycosidic orientations. Compound 1 is incorporated into a 12mer oligodeoxynucleotide and its base pairing properties in duplexes assessed by thermal denaturation. The results show that 1 has low affinity for the four natural bases but displays a stronger preference for being situated opposite a nonpolar difluorotoluene nucleoside analogue of thymine (3). The structural similarities of 1 and 2, combined with recent polymerase studies, add support to the hypothesis that steric complementarity plays an important role in base pair replication by polymerase enzymes and that Watson-Crick hydrogen bonds are not absolute requirements. Compound 1 should have significant utility as a probe of the importance of electrostatic effects in protein-DNA and protein-nucleotide binding as well as in DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Guckian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627
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28
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Barbieri D, Franceschi C, Camaioni E, Costanzi S, Vittori S, Volpini R, Cristalli G. Modulation of apoptosis in human lymphocytes by adenosine analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:2533-8. [PMID: 9873575 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We previously described that 2-chloroadenosine (2CA) and 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine (2CdA) induced apoptosis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). In this study we tested different adenosine analogues on PBMC and we found that the modifications introduced in the 2CA structure prevented the molecule from exerting its apoptotic effect. On the other hand, substitutions on 2CdA are tolerated, although with a significant decrease in activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Barbieri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena, Italy
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29
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Seela F, Debelak H, Usman N, Burgin A, Beigelman L. 1-Deazaadenosine: synthesis and activity of base-modified hammerhead ribozymes. Nucleic Acids Res 1998; 26:1010-8. [PMID: 9461461 PMCID: PMC147336 DOI: 10.1093/nar/26.4.1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of 1-deazaadenosine (c1A, 1b) into a hammerhead ribozyme and the resulting catalytic activity is described. For this purpose the phosphoramidite 2a and the 3'-phosphonate 2b as well as Fractosil-linked 1-deazaadenosine (3b) were prepared. The methoxyacetyl group was used for the 6-amino group protection and the triisopropylsilyl residue was introduced as the 2'-OH protecting group. Replacement of residues A14and A15.1 of the hammerhead ribozyme by 1-deazaadenosine resulted in a significantly reduced catalytic activity. Substitution of the A6, A9 and A13 residues has only a minor influence. The findings observed on ribozymes modified with 1-deazaadenosine were compared with those containing other adenosine analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Seela
- Laboratorium für Organische und Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany.
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30
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Cristalli G, Camaioni E, Di Francesco E, Eleuteri A, Vittori S, Volpini R. Potent and Selective Ligands for Adenosine Binding Sites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319708006189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Zhu Z, Townsend LB. Regioselective ribosylation of 6,7-dichloroimidazo[4,5-b]quinolin-2-one. Tetrahedron Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(96)00529-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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32
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Bolli M, Litten JC, Schütz R, Leumann CJ. Bicyclo-DNA: a Hoogsteen-selective pairing system. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 1996; 3:197-206. [PMID: 8807846 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(96)90263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The natural nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) can adopt a variety of structures besides the antiparallel double helix described by Watson and Crick, depending on base sequence and solvent conditions. Specifically base-paired DNA structures with regular backbone units include left-handed and parallel duplexes and triple and quadruple helical arrangements. Given the base-pairing pattern of the natural bases, preferences for how single strands associate are determined by the structure and flexibility of the sugar-phosphate backbone. We set out to determine the role of the backbone in complex formation by designing DNA analogs with well defined modifications in backbone structure. RESULTS We recently developed a DNA analog (bicyclo-DNA) in which one (gamma) of the six torsion angles (alpha-zeta) describing the DNA-backbone conformation is fixed in an orientation that deviates from that observed in B-DNA duplexes by about + 100 degrees , a shift from the synclinal to the antiperiplanar range. Upon duplex formation between homopurine and homopyrimidine sequences, this analog preferentially selects the Hoogsteen and reversed Hoogsteen mode, forming A-T and G-C+ base pairs. Base-pair formation is highly selective, but degeneracy is observed with respect to strand orientation in the duplex. CONCLUSIONS The flexibility and orientation of the DNA backbone can influence the preferences of the natural bases for base-pairing modes, and can alter the relative stability of duplexes and triplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bolli
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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33
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Devlin TA, Lacrosaz-Rouanet E, Duc Vo, Jebaratnam DJ. Glycosylation reactions of 6-nitro-1,3-dideazapurine and 6-nitro-1-deazapurine. Tetrahedron Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(95)00098-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Franchetti P, Messini L, Cappellacci L, Sheikha GA, Grifantini M, Guarracino P, Montis AD, Loi AG, Marongiu ME, Colla PL. 8-Aza-1-deazapurine Nucleosides as Antiviral Agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/15257779408009477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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Cristalli G, Vittori S, Eleuteri A, Volpini R, Camaioni E, Lupidi G. Synthesis of 2′-Deoxyribonucleoside Derivatives of 1-Deazapurine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/15257779408013282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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37
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Mikhailopulo IA, Zinchenko AI, Bokut SB, Dudchik NV, Baraj VN, Kalinichenko EN, Rosemeyer H, Seela F. 1-Deaza and 3-deazapurines in the reaction of microbiological transglycosylation. Biotechnol Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01020623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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38
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Franchetti P, Cappellacci L, Grifantini M, Lupidi G, Nocentini G, Barzi A. 8-Aza Analogues of Deaza Purine Nucleosides. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 8-Aza-1-deazaadenosine and 2′-Deoxy-8-aza-1-deazaadenosine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319208021168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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39
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Kurz LC, Moix L, Riley MC, Frieden C. The rate of formation of transition-state analogues in the active site of adenosine deaminase is encounter-controlled: implications for the mechanism. Biochemistry 1992; 31:39-48. [PMID: 1731884 DOI: 10.1021/bi00116a008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that purine riboside, when bound to adenosine deaminase, forms a complex in which C-6 of the purine is tetrahedral [Kurz, L. C., & Frieden, C. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 8450]. We now report the rates of formation of enzyme-inhibitor complexes of two types, those which do and those which do not form such tetrahedral intermediates. In both cases, the rates are encounter-controlled since the progress curves for formation of the complexes are well-described by a simple second-order approach to equilibrium and the rate constants show an inverse solvent viscosity dependence. Assuming that the formation of the intermediate-analogue complex is preceded by an initial ground-state analogue complex, the lifetime of that ground-state complex must be less than approximately 20 microseconds. All of the enzyme-inhibitor complexes studied share three characteristics: (1) the complexes generate large UV-difference spectra; (2) a substantial solvent isotope effect is found on the enzyme's affinity for the inhibitors; and (3) a new signal appears in the CD spectra of the complexes. Two of the nucleosides studied, 1-deazapurine riboside and 1-deaza-adenosine, form complexes which appear to mimic a ground-state rather than a reactive intermediate when bound to adenosine deaminase. We find that the values for the association rate constants for those inhibitors which form intermediate analogues are very similar to that for adenosine. The presence of a significant solvent isotope effect on the affinity of all inhibitors is attributable in part to a large transfer isotope effect on the free ligand and in part to an effect on the bound ligand. This complicates use of the solvent isotope effect in applications of the multiple isotope method for estimating intrinsic isotope effects and commitment factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Kurz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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40
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Reddy AM, Reimer MLJ, Schram KH, Grifantini M, Cristalli G. Differentiation of isomeric 1-, 3- and 7-deazaadenosines by electron ionization mass spectrometry. J Heterocycl Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570270524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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