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Dilmore C, DeStefano JJ. HIV Reverse Transcriptase Pre-Steady-State Kinetic Analysis of Chain Terminators and Translocation Inhibitors Reveals Interactions between Magnesium and Nucleotide 3'-OH. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:14621-14628. [PMID: 34124485 PMCID: PMC8190884 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Deoxythymidine triphosphate analogues with various 3' substituents in the sugar ring (-OH (dTTP)), -H, -N3, -NH2, -F, -O-CH3, no group (2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine triphosphate (d4TTP)), and those retaining the 3'-OH but with 4' additions (4'-C-methyl, 4'-C-ethyl) or sugar ring modifications (d-carba dTTP) were evaluated using pre-steady-state kinetics in low (0.5 mM) and high (6 mM) Mg2+ with HIV reverse transcriptase (RT). Analogues showed diminished observed incorporation rate constants (k obs) compared to dTTP ranging from about 2-fold (3'-H, -N3, and d4TTP with high Mg2+) to >10-fold (3'-NH2 and 3'-F with low Mg2+), while 3'-O-CH3 dTTP incorporated much slower than other analogues. Illustrating the importance of interactions between Mg2+ and the 3'-OH, k obs using 5 μM dTTP and 0.5 mM Mg2+ was only modestly slower (1.6-fold) than with 6 mM Mg2+, while analogues with 3' alterations incorporated 2.8-5.1-fold slower in 0.5 mM Mg2+. In contrast, 4'-C-methyl and d-carba dTTP, which retain the 3'-OH, were not significantly affected by Mg2+. Consistent with these results, analogues with 3' modifications were better inhibitors in 6 versus 0.5 mM Mg2+. Equilibrium dissociation constant (K D) and maximum incorporation rate (k pol) determinations for dTTP and analogues lacking a 3'-OH indicated that low Mg2+ caused a several-fold greater reduction in k pol with the analogues but did not significantly affect K D, results consistent with a role for 3'-OH/Mg2+ interactions in catalysis rather than nucleotide binding. Overall, results emphasize the importance of previously unreported interactions between Mg2+ and the 3'-OH of the incoming nucleotide and suggest that inhibitors with 3'-OH groups may have advantages in low free Mg2+ in physiological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher
R. Dilmore
- Cell
Biology and Molecular Genetics, 3130 Bioscience Research
Building, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jeffrey J. DeStefano
- Cell
Biology and Molecular Genetics, 3130 Bioscience Research
Building, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Maryland
Pathogen Research Institute, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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2
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Tse CH, Comer J, Wang Y, Chipot C. Link between Membrane Composition and Permeability to Drugs. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:2895-2909. [PMID: 29771515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Prediction of membrane permeability to small molecules represents an important aspect of drug discovery. First-principles calculations of this quantity require an accurate description of both the thermodynamics and kinetics that underlie translocation of the permeant across the lipid bilayer. In this contribution, the membrane permeability to three drugs, or drug-like molecules, namely, 9-anthroic acid (ANA), 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (DDA), and hydrocortisone (HYL), are estimated in a pure 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) and in a POPC:cholesterol (2:1) mixture. On the basis of independent 2-5-μs free-energy calculations combined with a time-fractional Smoluchowski determination of the diffusivity, the estimated membrane permeabilities to these chemically diverse permeants fall within an order of magnitude from the experimental values obtained in egg-lecithin bilayers, with the exception of HYL in pure POPC. This exception is particularly interesting because the calculated permeability of the sterol-rich bilayer to HYL, in close agreement with the experimental value, is about 600 times lower than that of the pure POPC bilayer to HYL. In contrast, the permeabilities to ANA and DDA differ by less than a factor of 10 between the pure POPC and POPC:cholesterol bilayers. The unusual behavior of HYL, a large, amphiphilic compound, may be linked with the longer range perturbation of the lipid bilayer it induces, compared to ANA and DDA, suggestive of a possibly different translocation mechanism. We find that the tendency of lower permeabilities of the POPC:cholesterol bilayer relative to those of the pure POPC one is a consequence of increased free-energy barriers. Beyond reporting accurate estimates of the membrane permeability, the present contribution also demonstrates that rigorous free-energy calculations and a fractional-diffusion model are key in revealing the molecular phenomena linking the composition of a membrane to its permeability to drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Hang Tse
- Shenzhen Research Institute , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong SAR , China.,Department of Physics , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Jeffrey Comer
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine and Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State, Department of Anatomy and Physiology , Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas 66506 , United States
| | - Yi Wang
- Shenzhen Research Institute , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong SAR , China.,Department of Physics , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Christophe Chipot
- Laboratoire International Associé Centre, National de la Recherche Scientifique et University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Unité Mixte de Recherche No. 7019 , Université de Lorraine , B.P. 70239, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex , France.,Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 405 North Mathews Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States.,Department of Physics , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1110 West Green Street , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
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3
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Hitchcock MJM, Woods K, De Boeck H, Ho HT. Biochemical Pharmacology of 2′-Fluoro-2′,3′-Dideoxyarabinosyladenine, an Inhibitor of HIV with Improved Metabolic and Chemical Stability over 2′,3′-Dideoxyadenosine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029000100507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated some properties of the acid stable, 2′-arafluoro-substituted congeners of dideoxyadenosine (ddA) and dideoxyinosine (ddl) in order to understand their potential for in vivo utility as anti-HIV agents. Activities of 2′-fluoro-2′,3′-dideoxyarabinosyl-adenine (FddA) and hypoxanthine (Fddl) against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in cells are similar and are about an order of magnitude lower than those of ddA and ddl. FddA is a much poorer substrate than ddA for adenosine deaminase, and is deaminated about 50-fold slower at pharmacological concentrations. The product Fddl is (in contrast to ddl) resistant to cleavage by purine nucleoside phosphorylase. As for ddl, Fddl is phosphorylated by a 5′-nucleotidase, using inosine monophosphate (IMP) as the phosphate donor. In cells, both FddA and Fddl are phosphorylated to the triphosphate of FddA (FddATP). However, the concentration of FddATP produced from FddA is about two-to five-fold higher than from Fddl. FddATP is extremely stable in cells and persists with a half-life of 20 h after removal of FddA from the medium. Using HIV reverse transcriptase, FddATP is a less efficient inhibitor than ddATP by about 20-fold. Thus the activity of these compounds against HIV in cells correlates well with the intracellular concentration and potency of their triphosphates. If the efficacy of ddl in clinical trials is the result of its activity in certain cell types, the fluoro congeners could be active in similar cells since they use the same enzymes for activation to the active triphosphorylated forms. The reduction in potency may, to some extent, be offset by the greater stability to acid and enzyme degradation. Thus further evaluation of FddA and Fddl as anti-HIV agents is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. J. M. Hitchcock
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company PO Box 5100, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - K. Woods
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company PO Box 5100, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - H. De Boeck
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company PO Box 5100, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
| | - H.-T. Ho
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company PO Box 5100, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA
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4
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Cox S. Metabolism of 3′-Azido-3′-Deoxythymidine and 3′-Fluoro-3′-Deoxythymidine in Combination in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Lymphoblastoid Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029200300306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A combination of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT) with 3′-fluoro-3′-deoxythymidine (FLT) has been shown previously to give synergistic inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus replication and greatly reduced cytotoxicity in vitro. The phosphorylation of the compounds, and their effect upon the natural deoxynucleoside triphosphate pools, were compared in CEM, H9, and HIV-infected H9 lymphoblastoid cells, both for the compounds when used alone and when combined together. Higher levels of FLT triphosphate than AZT triphosphate, and higher levels of AZT monophosphate than FLT monosphosphate, were formed in all cell types. Both compounds were phosphorylated most efficiently in CEM cells, whereas they were least efficiently phosphorylated in infected H9 cells. Owing to competition, the phosphorylation of both analogues was reduced when used in combination, compared to the phosphorylation of the separate compounds. The phosphorylation of the separate compounds was therefore at a maximum and was not increased by combining the compounds. The two compounds competed equally with each other for phosphorylation when used at a ratio of AZT: FLT of 5: 1. Both analogues severely reduced the deoxynucleoside triphosphate pools in uninfected and human immunodeficiency virus-infected H9 cells, but not in CEM cells. The effects of the two compounds were similar to those found when the compounds were combined, and thus H9 cells were shown to be much more sensitive to the effects of the analogues upon deoxynucleoside triphosphate pools than CEM cells were. Thus the synergistic combination of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine and 3′-fluoro-3′-deoxythymidine was shown to have a similar metabolism and a similar effect upon cellular deoxynucleoside triphosphate pools to the individual compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Cox
- Department of Virology, National Bacteriological Laboratory, and Department of Virology, Karolinska Institute, S 105 21 Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Abstract
The evaluation and development of didanosine as a therapy for HIV-infection has demonstrated that results of cell-culture studies are only approximate predictors of clinical effects. Whereas the antiviral activity of didanosine is achieved in cell culture at concentrations much higher than those of zidovudine, the two drugs appear to achieve similar effects on markers of HIV-infection at similar clinical doses. The effect of the differing intracellular-half-life of the respective nucleoside triphosphates on the clinical effects is unknown. Similarly, preclinical toxicology studies, while suggesting a low potential for didanosine-induced haematological toxicities, did not predict the findings of peripheral neuropathy and pancreatitis in clinical studies. Thus, the results of controlled clinical studies are required in order to more fully define the therapeutic and safety profile of didanosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. McLaren
- Antiviral Clinical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wallingford, CT, USA
| | - R. Datema
- Virology Department, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wallingford, CT, USA
| | - C. A. Knupp
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - R. A. Buroker
- Toxicology Department, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Syracuse, NY, USA
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6
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Taylor EW, Van Roey P, Schinazi RF, Chu CK. A Stereochemical Rationale for the Activity of Anti-HIV Nucleosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029000100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Crystallographic studies have shown that, in the solid state, nucleosides active against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) generally exhibit moderate to extreme S-type furanose conformations (pseudorotational phase angle up to 215°). Following this lead, it is shown that using principles of conformational analysis, one can rationalize the activity or inactivity of other nucleoside analogues (including many not yet studied by X-ray methods) in terms of the effects of substituents on the furanose ring conformation. An analysis of the various 1,4 interactions of the O4′ lone pairs, O4′ itself, and the substituents on C2′ and C3′ shows that S-type conformations are stabilized (relative to N-type) in all the active ribose analogues, whereas this effect is absent in most inactive compounds. The gauche effect is a major determinant of activity, and the O4′ lone pairs, which have been neglected in many previous force field studies, may also be involved in stabilizing extreme S-type conformations. In such conformations (particularly for P > 180°) the + sc orientation of O5′ is destabilized, increasing access to the ap orientation, which may be more favourable for activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. W. Taylor
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - P. Van Roey
- The Medical Foundation of Buffalo Inc., Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - R. F. Schinazi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and the Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - C. K. Chu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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7
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De Clercq E. Dancing with chemical formulae of antivirals: a personal account. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:711-25. [PMID: 23876344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A chemical structure is a joy forever, and this is how I perceived the chemical structures of a number of antiviral compounds with which I have been personally acquainted over the past 3 decades: (1) amino acid esters of acyclovir (i.e. valaciclovir); (2) 5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridines (i.e. brivudin); (3) 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogues (i.e. stavudine); (4) acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) (i.e. cidofovir, adefovir); (5) tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and drug combinations therewith; (6) tenofovir alafenamide (TAF, GS-7340), a new phosphonoamidate prodrug of tenofovir; (7) pro-prodrugs of PMEG (i.e. GS-9191 and GS-9219); (8) new ANPs: O-DAPy and 5-aza-C phosphonates; (9) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs): HEPT and TIBO derivatives; and (10) bicyclam derivatives (i.e. AMD3100).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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8
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Kiuru E, Ora M, Beigelman L, Blatt L, Lönnberg H. Synthesis and enzymatic deprotection of biodegradably protected dinucleoside-2',5'-monophosphates: 3-(acetyloxy)-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl phosphoesters of 3'-O-(acyloxymethyl)adenylyl-2',5'-adenosines. Chem Biodivers 2011; 8:266-86. [PMID: 21337500 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
As a first step towards a viable prodrug strategy for short oligoribonucleotides, such as 2-5A and its congeners, adenylyl-2',5'-adenosines bearing a 3-(acetyloxy)-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl group at the phosphate moiety, and an (acetyloxy)methyl- or a (pivaloyloxy)methyl-protected 3'-OH group of the 2'-linked nucleoside have been prepared. The enzyme-triggered removal of these protecting groups by hog liver carboxyesterase at pH 7.5 and 37° has been studied. The (acetyloxy)methyl group turned out to be too labile for the 3'-O-protection, being removed faster than the phosphate-protecting group, which results in 2',5'- to 3',5'-isomerization of the internucleosidic phosphoester linkage. In addition, the starting material was unexpectedly converted to the 5'-O-acetylated derivative. (Pivaloyloxy)methyl group appears more appropriate for the purpose. The fully deprotected 2',5'-ApA was accumulated as a main product, although, even in this case, the isomerization of the starting material takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Kiuru
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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9
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Flores R, Rustullet A, Alibés R, Álvarez-Larena A, de March P, Figueredo M, Font J. Synthesis of Purine Nucleosides Built on a 3-Oxabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane Scaffold. J Org Chem 2011; 76:5369-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200775x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Flores
- Departament de Quı́mica and ‡Unitat de Crystal·lografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Albert Rustullet
- Departament de Quı́mica and ‡Unitat de Crystal·lografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ramon Alibés
- Departament de Quı́mica and ‡Unitat de Crystal·lografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Angel Álvarez-Larena
- Departament de Quı́mica and ‡Unitat de Crystal·lografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Pedro de March
- Departament de Quı́mica and ‡Unitat de Crystal·lografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Figueredo
- Departament de Quı́mica and ‡Unitat de Crystal·lografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Josep Font
- Departament de Quı́mica and ‡Unitat de Crystal·lografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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10
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Khalil A, Mathé C, Périgaud C. Rapid synthesis of 2′,3′-dideoxy-3′β-fluoro-pyrimidine nucleosides from 2′-deoxypyrimidine nucleosides. Bioorg Chem 2010; 38:271-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Neumann A, Cech D, Schubert F. Über eine einfache und schnelle Synthese von anomerenreinem 9-(β-D-Xylofuranosyl)-adenin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/zfch.19890290813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Sivets GG, Kalinichenko EN, Mikhailopulo IA, Detorio MA, McBrayer TR, Whitaker T, Schinazi RF. Synthesis and antiviral activity of purine 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-difluoro-D-arabinofuranosyl nucleosides. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2010; 28:519-36. [PMID: 20183600 DOI: 10.1080/15257770903053979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
9-(2',3'-Dideoxy-2',3'-difluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)adenine (20), 2-chloro-9-(2',3'-dideoxy-2,3-difluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)adenine (22), as well as their respective alpha-anomers 21 and 23, were synthesized by the nucleobase anion glycosylation of intermediate 5-O-benzoyl-2,3-dideoxy-2,3-difluoro-alpha-D-arabinofuranosyl bromide (13) starting from methyl 5-O-benzyl-3-deoxy-3-fluoro-alpha-D-ribofuranoside (3) and methyl 5-O-benzoyl-alpha-D-xylofuranoside (10). These compounds were evaluated as potential inhibitors of HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus in human PBM and Huh-7 Replicon cells, respectively. The adenosine analog 20 demonstrated potent activity against HIV-1 in primary human lymphocytes with no apparent cytotoxicity. Conformation of pentofuranose ring of nucleoside 20 in solution was studied by PSEUROT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigorii G Sivets
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences, Minsk, Belarus
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13
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasu Nair
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA, 52242
| | - Greg S. Buenger
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA, 52242
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, Athens, GA 30602
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16
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Katayama S, Takamatsu S, Hirose N, Izawa K, Maruyama T. Synthesis of fluorinated nucleosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 1:Unit 1.12. [PMID: 18428944 DOI: 10.1002/0471142700.nc0112s25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two practical synthetic approaches to the production of lodenosine [FddA, 9-(2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-threo-pentofuranosyl)adenine] via 6-chloropurine riboside or 6-chloropurine 3'-deoxyriboside are described. The reaction sequence contains new fluorination methods and new applications of radical reduction. The reagents and reaction conditions of each step have been carefully selected to ensure robustness and safety.
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17
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Manta S, Agelis G, Botić T, Cencic A, Komiotis D. Unsaturated fluoro-ketopyranosyl nucleosides: Synthesis and biological evaluation of 3-fluoro-4-keto-β-d-glucopyranosyl derivatives of N4-benzoyl cytosine and N6-benzoyl adenine. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:420-8. [PMID: 17548129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Revised: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The protected beta-nucleosides 1-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-3-fluoro-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)-N(4)-benzoyl cytosine (2a) and 9-(2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-3-fluoro-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)-N(6)-benzoyl adenine (2b), were synthesized by the coupling of peracetylated 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-d-glucopyranose (1) with silylated N(4)-benzoyl cytosine and N(6)-benzoyl adenine, respectively. The nucleosides were deacetylated and several subsequent protection and deprotection steps afforded the partially acetylated nucleosides of cytosine 7a and adenine 7b, respectively. Finally, direct oxidation of the free hydroxyl group at 4'-position of 7a and 7b, and simultaneous elimination reaction of the beta-acetoxyl group, afforded the desired unsaturated 3-fluoro-4-keto-beta-d-glucopyranosyl derivatives. These newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their potential antitumor and antiviral activities. Compared to 5FU, the newly synthesized derivatives showed to be more efficient as antitumor growth inhibitors and they exhibited direct antiviral effect toward rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Manta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, University of Thessaly, 26 Ploutonos Street, 41221 Larissa, Greece
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18
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Sivets G, Kalinichenko E, Mikhailopulo I. Synthesis and Conformational Analysis of 1′- and 3′-Substituted 2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-D-ribofuranosyl Nucleosides. Helv Chim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200790191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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19
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Herdewijn P, Aerschot AV, Kerremans L. Synthesis of Nucleosides Fluorinated in the Sugar Moiety. The Application of Diethylaminosulfur Trifluoride to the Synthesis of Fluorinated Nucleosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328318908054159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Hegde VR, Seley KL, Chen X, Schneller SW. The Synthesis of Carbocyclic 5′-Nor Thymidine and an Isomer as Oligonucleotide Monomers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319908044851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Synthesis of 2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxynucleosides having variations at either or both of the 2′- and 3′-positions. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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A synthesis of 3′-α-fluoro-2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine via a bromine rearrangement during fluorination with MOST reagent. J Fluor Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2005.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Torii T, Onishi T, Tanji S, Izawa K. Synthesis study of 3'-alpha-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyguanosine. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2005; 24:1051-4. [PMID: 16248090 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-200060053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic method was established for 3'-alpha-fluoro-2','3-dideoxyguanosine 1 from guanosine 2 in 27% overall yield and 6 steps. A byproduct 6a of fluorination was identified by NMR studies, its presence strongly supporting our supposition that the fluorination itself proceeded via a bromonium cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Torii
- AminoScience Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
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24
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Ghazi H, Lee-Ruff E. Synthesis of fluorocyclobutanones and their use in the synthesis of fluoronucleosides. J Fluor Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Vilar S, Estrada E, Uriarte E, Santana L, Gutierrez Y. In Silico Studies toward the Discovery of New Anti-HIV Nucleoside Compounds through the Use of TOPS-MODE and 2D/3D Connectivity Indices. 2. Purine Derivatives. J Chem Inf Model 2005; 45:502-14. [PMID: 15807516 DOI: 10.1021/ci049662o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The TOPological Substructural MOlecular DEsign (TOPS-MODE) approach has been used to predict the anti-HIV activity in MT-4 assays (Estrada et al., 2002) of a diverse range of purine-based nucleosides. A database of 206 nucleosides has been selected from the literature and a theoretical virtual screening model has been developed. The model is able of discriminating between compounds that have anti-HIV activity and those that do not, with a good classification level of 85% in the training and 82.8% in the cross-validation series. On the basis of the information generated by the model, the correct classification of practically 80% of compounds from an external prediction set has been achieved using the theoretical model. Furthermore, the contribution of a range of molecular fragments to the pharmacological action has been calculated and this could provide a powerful tool in the design of nucleoside analogues that show activity against the HIV. Finally, a QSAR model has been developed that allows quantitative data to be obtained regarding the pharmacological potency shown by this type of compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Vilar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
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26
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Oksman P, Hakala H, Zavgorodny S, Polianski M, Azhayev A, van Aerschot A, Herdewijn P, Lönnberg H. Solution conformations and hydrolytic stability of 2′ - and 3′ -substituted 2′,3′-dideoxyribonucleosides, including some potential inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.610051106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Woltermann CJ, Lapin YA, Kunnen KB, Tueting DR, Sanchez IH. A stereoselective synthesis of 9-(3-O-benzyl-5-O-tetrahydropyranyl-β-d-arabinofuranosyl)adenine, a potentially useful intermediate for ribonucleoside synthesis. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Caille JC, Miel H, Armstrong P, McKervey M. A new synthetic approach to 2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-β-d-threo-pentofuranose, the fluorofuranose unit of the anti-HIV-active nucleoside, β-FddA. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2003.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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29
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Izawa K, Takamatsu S, Katayama S, Hirose N, Kozai S, Maruyama T. An industrial process for synthesizing Lodenosine (FddA). NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2003; 22:507-17. [PMID: 14565226 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120021951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Two industrial synthetic approaches to Lodenosine (1, FddA, 9-(2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-threo-pentofuranosyl) adenine) via a purine riboside or a purine 3'-deoxyriboside are described. Several novel applications of deoxygenation and fluorination methods are compared considering reaction yields, economy, safety and environmental concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunisuke Izawa
- AminoScience Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Japan.
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30
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Oba M, Suyama M, Shimamura A, Nishiyama K. Radical-based transformation of vicinal diols to olefins via thioxocarbamate derivatives: a simple approach to 2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxynucleosides. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(03)00847-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Choudhury A, Jin F, Wang D, Wang Z, Xu G, Nguyen D, Castoro J, Pierce ME, Confalone PN. A concise synthesis of anti-viral agent F-ddA, starting from (S)-dihydro-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2(3H)-furanone. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)02532-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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32
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Meier C. cycloSal-Pronucleotides—Design of the Concept, Chemistry, and Antiviral Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1075-8593(03)04006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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33
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Johnson MD, Chen J, Anderson BD. Investigation of the mechanism of enhancement of central nervous system delivery of 2'-beta-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyinosine via a blood-brain barrier adenosine deaminase-activated prodrug. Drug Metab Dispos 2002; 30:191-8. [PMID: 11792690 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.30.2.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced central nervous system (CNS) delivery of certain poorly penetrating 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides has been achieved by designing prodrugs that are substrates for enzymes, such as adenosine deaminase (ADA), that are present at high activities in brain tissue. In this study, the potential role of adenosine deaminase localized within the endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in providing enhanced intracellular and CNS delivery of an ADA-activated prodrug is assessed in vitro using cell culture models of the BBB. The kinetics of uptake and bioconversion of 2'-beta-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (F-ddA), a model ADA-activated prodrug of 2'-beta-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyinosine, were determined in primary cultured bovine brain microvascular endothelial cells. Model-based simulations of CNS availability derived from in vitro estimates of parameters for simple passive diffusion and ADA-catalyzed deamination suggest that ADA that is localized within the BBB plays an important role in the conversion of F-ddA to 2'-beta-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyinosine during its passage across the BBB. Consistent with in vivo observations, these simulations demonstrate that elevated levels of certain enzymes, such as ADA, in the brain microvascular endothelial cells of the BBB may be exploited in the design of brain-targeted prodrugs or drug-carrier conjugates, which brain tissue selectively converts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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34
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Radical deoxygenation and dehalogenation of nucleoside derivatives with hypophosphorous acid and dialkyl phosphites. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)01617-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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35
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(2R,3S,5S)-2-Acetoxy-3-fluoro-5-(p-toluoyloxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran: a key intermediate for the practical synthesis of 9-(2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-β-d-threo-pentofuranosyl)adenine (FddA). Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00855-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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Takamatsu S, Izawa K, Maruyama T, Katayama S, Hirose N, De Clercq E. Synthesis and in vitro antiviral activity evaluation of 9-(2-azido-2,3-dideoxy-beta-D-threo-pentofuranosyl)adenine derivatives. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2001; 20:1053-7. [PMID: 11562957 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-100002490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
9-(2-Azido-2,3-dideoxy-beta-D-threo-pentofuranosyl)adenine derivatives (1a-e) containing a lipophilic function at the N-6 position in the purine ring were prepared and evaluated for their antiviral activity. The compounds 1a-e turned out to be inactive as antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Takamatsu
- AminoScience Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co., Inc. 1-1, Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
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37
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Takamatsu S, Maruyama T, Katayama S, Hirose N, Naito M, Izawa K. Practical synthesis of 9-(2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-β- d - threo -pentofuranosyl)adenine (FddA) via a purine 3′-deoxynucleoside. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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38
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Takamatsu S, Maruyama T, Katayama S, Hirose N, Izawa K. Improved synthesis of 9-(2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-β- d - threo -pentofuranosyl)adenine (FddA) using triethylamine trihydrofluoride. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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39
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Anantharaman V, Moen LK. Effects of Nucleoside Analogs on Native and Site-Directed Mutants of HTLV Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase. Bioorg Chem 2000; 28:293-305. [PMID: 11133148 DOI: 10.1006/bioo.2000.1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A bacterial assay was developed for testing HTLV-1 reverse transcriptase sensitivity to common nucleoside analog inhibitors in an Escherichia coli strain characterized by a temperature sensitive PolI/RecA deletion phenotype. This genetic complementation assay exploits the ability of HTLV-1 reverse transcriptase to functionally replace these missing activities at nonpermissive temperatures. The four inhibitors tested, dideoxyinosine, dideoxyadenosine, deoxythymidine, and didehydrodeoxythymidine are well-known inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase. All except dideoxyadenosine showed a strong activity against HTLV-1 reverse transcriptase with IC(50); in the nanomolar range. Sequence alignments were used to identify amino acid residues in HTLV-1 reverse transcriptase, which correspond to those identified as important for drug-resistance in HIV reverse transcriptase. Mutations of some of these HTLV-1 residues altered the IC(50) for the inhibitors as expected, which suggests that these amino acids have a function in HTLV-1 reverse transcriptase similar to that of their homologs in HIV reverse transcriptase. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Anantharaman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, 23529-0126
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40
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41
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Srinivas NR, Shyu WC. Single dose and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of 2'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine and 2'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyinosine, anti-HIV agents, in rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1999; 24:329-34. [PMID: 10892896 DOI: 10.1007/bf03190041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A single and multiple dose pharmacokinetic (PK) study was conducted in rats following oral administration of 2'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (FddA) and 2'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyinosine (FddI) at three dose levels. Six rats/gender were assigned to one of the three FddA or FddI dose levels: 40, 250, and 1000 mg/kg/day. Three rats/gender were assigned to the PK study on day 1, while the remaining 3 rats/gender were assigned to the PK study on day 14. The rats received the appropriate doses of either FddA or FddI orally by gavage once a day for 14 days. Serial blood samples up to 24 h and cumulative urine samples (0-24 h) were collected on both days 1 and 14. Plasma and urine samples were analyzed for the concentrations of intact FddA and/or FddI using a validated assay. The data were subjected to non-compartmental PK analyses. Over the dose range of 40-1000 mg/kg. both FddA and FddI exhibited dose dependent pharmacokinetics in rats. Following FddA administration, there was a rapid and extensive in vivo conversion of FddA to FddI; FddI was the major circulating moiety as reflected by Cmax and AUC values (generally 2-3-fold greater than those of FddA at each dose level) as well as the amount excreted (%UR) in the urine. In contrast, following FddI administration, Cmax, AUC, and %UR values were 2-5-fold lower as compared to the FddI generated from FddA administration at each dose level, which also suggested that FddI was not absorbed as extensively as FddA. Based on the findings of this study, FddA is an excellent prodrug of FddI.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Srinivas
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
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42
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Shafiee M, Gosselin G, Imbach JL, Divita G, Eriksson S, Maury G. Study of human deoxycytidine kinase binding properties using intrinsic fluorescence or new fluorescent ligands. Eur J Med Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(99)80092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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43
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Lavaire S, Plantier-Royon R, Portella C, de Monte M, Kirn A, Aubertin AM. 3′-Deoxy-3′-C-trifluoromethyl Nucleosides: Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319808004316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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44
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McAtee JJ, Schinazi RF, Liotta DC. A Completely Diastereoselective Electrophilic Fluorination of a Chiral, Noncarbohydrate Sugar Ring Precursor: Application to the Synthesis of Several Novel 2‘-Fluoronucleosides. J Org Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9717898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Siddiqui MA, Driscoll JS, Marquez VE. A new synthetic approach to the clinically useful, anti-HIV-active nucleoside, 9-(2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-β-D-threo-pentofuranosyl)adenine (β-FddA). Introduction of a 2′-β-fluoro substituent via inversion of a readily obtainable 2′-α-fluoro isomer. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)00014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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46
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Poopeiko NE, Khripach NB, Kazimierczuk Z, Balzarini J, De Clercq E, Mikhailopulo IA. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 2′,3′-Dideoxy-3′-Fluororibofuranosyl Purine Nucleosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319708006137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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47
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Barchi JJ, Jeong LS, Siddiqui MA, Marquez VE. Conformational analysis of the complete series of 2' and 3' monofluorinated dideoxyuridines. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 1997; 34:11-29. [PMID: 9089381 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-022x(96)00032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The solution conformations of a set of uridine 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides, where each of the hydrogens at the 2'- and 3'-positions of the sugar ring were individually replaced with a fluorine atom, were studied by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and pseudorotational analysis. The distribution of the north/south (N/S) puckering equilibrium for each compound was calculated by coupling constant analysis aided by the program PSEUROT. The data confirmed that the pseudorotational equilibrium of the fluorinated glycones is governed by the position of the fluorine atom. The preferred rotamer populations about the C4'-C5' (gamma) and C1'-N1' (chi) bonds calculated from coupling constant and NOE analysis, respectively, were also influenced by the presence of fluorine. Proton coupling to the fluorine atom was also used to qualitatively estimate the N/S equilibrium population. Through space, long range 1H-19F coupling constants were observed in compounds where the fluorine atom was above the plane of the ring ('up'). The pseudorotational parameters of the compounds described were tempered by the anomeric effect which drives the pseudorotational equilibrium towards the 2'-exo/3'-endo (northern) pucker. Ab initio calculations using the 3-21 G* basis set yielded a measure of the energy differences between the N and S local minima in each compound. These results agree with previous conformational studies of other fluorinated nucleoside analogues and prove that the furanose ring pucker is governed by the highly electronegative fluorine atom. However, the competing anomeric effect plays a major role in determining the mole fraction of the minor conformer of these compounds in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Barchi
- Division of Basic Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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48
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Convergent syntheses and cytostatic properties of 2-chloro-2′-deoxy-2′-fluoroadenosine and its N7-isomer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(95)00524-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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49
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Tsai CH, Doong SL, Johns DG, Driscoll JS, Cheng YC. Effect of anti-HIV 2'-beta-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogs on the cellular content of mitochondrial DNA and on lactate production. Biochem Pharmacol 1994; 48:1477-81. [PMID: 7945448 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(94)90573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Many dideoxynucleosides that are effective against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) also are potent inhibitors of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) synthesis, and the resulting mtDNA decrease could be responsible for the delayed clinical toxicity sometimes observed with these drugs. The following compounds have been examined for their toxicity to human lymphoid CEM cells, and their ability to suppress mtDNA content: 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC), 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (ddA), 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddI) and 2',3'-dideoxyguanosine (ddG); and their 2'-beta-fluoro analogs; beta-F-ddC, beta-F-ddA, beta-F-ddI and beta-F-ddG. Two other fluoro analogs, 5-F-ddC and 2'-beta,5-di-F-ddC were also examined. The ratio of C-IC50 (concentration that inhibited cell growth by 50%) to mt-IC50 (concentration that inhibited mtDNA synthesis by 50%) was determined for each compound. The rank-order of this ratio was ddC > 5-F-ddC >> ddA > ddI > ddG > beta-F-ddC > beta-F-ddA > beta-F-ddG with the highest ratios indicating the greatest potential for delayed toxicity. In comparison with ddC, beta-F-ddC and beta-F-ddA were 5,000 and 22,000 times less potent, respectively, in suppressing cellular mtDNA content, while their anti-HIV potencies were decreased only modestly relative to their unfluorinated parent compounds. beta-F-ddI and 2'-beta,5-di-F-ddC produced neither cellular toxicity nor mtDNA suppression at concentrations of 500 and 1000 microM, respectively. Lactic acid, the product of compensatory glycolysis that results from the inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, was measured after cells were treated with these compounds. There appears to be a concentration-related correlation between the increase of lactic acid and the extent of mtDNA inhibition for the compounds examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Tsai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
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50
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Jeong LS, Lim BB, Marquez VE. Synthesis of a 2,3-dideoxy-2,3-difluorofuranose with the D-lyxo configuration. An intramolecular rearrangement of methyl 5-O-benzoyl-2,3-dideoxy-2,3-difluoro-D-lyxofuranoside observed during the attempted synthesis of 1-(2,3-dideoxy-2,3-difluoro-beta-D-lyxofuranosyl)thymine. Carbohydr Res 1994; 262:103-14. [PMID: 7954518 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(94)84007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A new sugar, methyl 5-O-benzoyl-2,3-dideoxy-2,3-difluoro-D-lyxofuranoside (8), which features fluorine substituents on adjacent carbon positions above the plane of the tetrahydrofuran ring, was synthesized from 1,2: 5,6-di-O-isopropylidine-alpha-D-allofuranose in seven steps and 22% overall yield. During the synthesis, introduction of the second fluorine atom required conditions more forceful than those normally used with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST). An attempt to use 8 in the synthesis of the all-cis nucleoside, 1-(2,3-dideoxy-2,3-difluoro-beta-D-lyxofuranosyl)thymine, failed to give the desired product, providing instead 1-(3-deoxy-3-fluoro-2-O-methyl-beta-D-xylofuranosyl)thymine (11), the structure of which was confirmed by an independent synthesis. Formation of the rearranged product occurred with the concurrent loss of fluorine and retention of the methoxy group which was transposed from the anomeric to the 2'-position. The present work highlights the reactive nature of this novel dideoxydifluoro sugar precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Jeong
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
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