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Zhou M, Gamage ST, Tran KA, Bartee D, Wei X, Yin B, Berger S, Meier JL, Marmorstein R. Molecular Basis for RNA Cytidine Acetylation by NAT10. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.27.587050. [PMID: 38585770 PMCID: PMC10996708 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.27.587050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Human NAT10 acetylates the N4 position of cytidine in RNA, predominantly on rRNA and tRNA, to facilitate ribosome biogenesis and protein translation. NAT10 has been proposed as a therapeutic target in cancers as well as aging-associated pathologies such as Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS). The ∼120 kDa NAT10 protein uses its acetyl-CoA-dependent acetyltransferase, ATP-dependent helicase, and RNA binding domains in concert to mediate RNA-specific N4-cytidine acetylation. While the biochemical activity of NAT10 is well known, the molecular basis for catalysis of eukaryotic RNA acetylation remains relatively undefined. To provide molecular insights into the RNA-specific acetylation by NAT10, we determined the single particle cryo-EM structures of Chaetomium thermophilum NAT10 ( Ct NAT10) bound to a bisubstrate cytidine-CoA probe with and without ADP. The structures reveal that NAT10 forms a symmetrical heart-shaped dimer with conserved functional domains surrounding the acetyltransferase active sites harboring the cytidine-CoA probe. Structure-based mutagenesis with analysis of mutants in vitro supports the catalytic role of two conserved active site residues (His548 and Tyr549 in Ct NAT10), and two basic patches, both proximal and distal to the active site for RNA-specific acetylation. Yeast complementation analyses and senescence assays in human cells also implicates NAT10 catalytic activity in yeast thermoadaptation and cellular senescence. Comparison of the NAT10 structure to protein lysine and N-terminal acetyltransferase enzymes reveals an unusually open active site suggesting that these enzymes have been evolutionarily tailored for RNA recognition and cytidine-specific acetylation.
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2
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Magaña AJ, Sklenicka J, Pinilla C, Giulianotti M, Chapagain P, Santos R, Ramirez MS, Tolmasky ME. Restoring susceptibility to aminoglycosides: identifying small molecule inhibitors of enzymatic inactivation. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1591-1602. [PMID: 37731693 PMCID: PMC10507813 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00226h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing resistance to antimicrobial medicines is a critical health problem that must be urgently addressed. Adding to the increasing number of patients that succumb to infections, there are other consequences to the rise in resistance like the compromise of several medical procedures and dental work that are heavily dependent on infection prevention. Since their introduction in the clinics, aminoglycoside antibiotics have been a critical component of the armamentarium to treat infections. Still, the increase in resistance and their side effects led to a decline in their utilization. However, numerous current factors, like the urgent need for antimicrobials and their favorable properties, led to renewed interest in these drugs. While efforts to design new classes of aminoglycosides refractory to resistance mechanisms and with fewer toxic effects are starting to yield new promising molecules, extending the useful life of those already in use is essential. For this, numerous research projects are underway to counter resistance from different angles, like inhibition of expression or activity of resistance components. This review focuses on selected examples of one aspect of this quest, the design or identification of small molecule inhibitors of resistance caused by enzymatic modification of the aminoglycoside. These compounds could be developed as aminoglycoside adjuvants to overcome resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel J Magaña
- Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton Fullerton CA 92831 USA
| | - Jan Sklenicka
- Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton Fullerton CA 92831 USA
| | - Clemencia Pinilla
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University Port St. Lucie FL 34987 USA
| | - Marc Giulianotti
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University Port St. Lucie FL 34987 USA
| | - Prem Chapagain
- Department of Physics, Florida International University Miami FL 33199 USA
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University Miami FL 33199 USA
| | - Radleigh Santos
- Department of Mathematics, Nova Southeastern University Fort Lauderdale FL 33314 USA
| | - Maria Soledad Ramirez
- Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton Fullerton CA 92831 USA
| | - Marcelo E Tolmasky
- Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton Fullerton CA 92831 USA
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Zhang G, Richardson SL, Mao Y, Huang R. Design, synthesis, and kinetic analysis of potent protein N-terminal methyltransferase 1 inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4149-54. [PMID: 25712161 PMCID: PMC4857722 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00120j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The protein N-terminal methyltransferase 1 (NTMT1) methylates the α-N-terminal amines of proteins. NTMT1 is upregulated in a variety of cancers and knockdown of NTMT1 results in cell mitotic defects. Therefore, NTMT1 inhibitors could be potential anticancer therapeutics. This study describes the design and synthesis of the first inhibitor targeting NTMT1. A novel bisubstrate analogue (NAM-TZ-SPKRIA) was shown to be a potent inhibitor (Ki = 0.20 μM) for NTMT1 and was selective versus protein lysine methyltransferase G9a and arginine methyltransferase 1. NAM-TZ-SPKRIA was found to exhibit a competitive inhibition pattern for both substrates, and mass spectrometry experiments revealed that the inhibitor substantially suppressed the methylation progression. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using a triazole group to link an S-adenosyl-L-methionine analog with a peptide substrate to construct bisubstrate analogues as NTMT1 potent and selective inhibitors. This study lays a foundation to further discover small molecule NTMT1 inhibitors to interrogate its biological functions, and suggests a general strategy for the development of selective protein methyltransferase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and the Institute of Structural Biology & Drug Discovery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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4
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip A. Cole
- Department
of Pharmacology
and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Hunterian 316, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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5
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Gillard RM, Sperry J. Synthesis of 2-(3'-Indolyl)tetrahydrofurans by oxidative cycloetherification. J Org Chem 2015; 80:2900-6. [PMID: 25679438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-(3'-indolyl)tetrahydrofurans have been prepared by a DDQ-mediated oxidative cycloetherification process. Performing the reaction under biphasic conditions prevents reductive cleavage of the products by the spent oxidant (DDQH2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Gillard
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland , 23 Symonds St., Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
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6
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Zhang JL, Zheng QC, Li ZQ, Zhang HX. Theoretical evaluation and improvement on the potency of the rhodanine-based inhibitors for human serotoninN-acetyltransferase. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2013.854894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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7
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Prashant K, Kumar H, Prasad CVSS. in-silico study of arylalkylamine-nacetyltransferase enzyme to regulate circadian rhythmicity. Bioinformation 2013; 9:771-6. [PMID: 24023419 PMCID: PMC3766309 DOI: 10.6026/97320630009771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian Rhythmicity is present in the sleeping and breeding patterns of animals, including human beings and also related with brain wave activity, hormone production, cell regeneration and other biological activities. Melatonin is thought to play important roles in regulating circadian rhytmicity of the animals. Arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) is an enzyme which is responsible for the melatonin metabolism. In this study AANAT enzyme is targeted for the control of sleeping sickness and other irregular circadian rhythmicity by regulating the melatonin formation. AANAT protein 3D-structure was modeled, followed by loop modeling, refinement through energy minimization processes by molecular dynamics simulation and validation. Analysis of the Ramachandran plot shows 90.9% amino acids falls in the allowed region. The modeled protein was docked with N-Acetyl Serotonin. Combinatorial library was generated by using N-Acetyl Serotonin as a reference molecule and molecules having 80% similarity to N-Acetyl Serotonin was selected from Zinc database. These molecules were virtually screened by MOLEGRO virtual docker and top 5 molecules were selected and docked by using AutoDock. The AutoDock result shows that the ZINC01587152 molecule is having best interactions with the receptor protein. On the basis of this study we can suggest that the ZINC01587152 molecule is the best ligand against AANAT enzyme. It may be further synthesized and tested for sleep related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Prashant
- Division of Applied Sciences and IRCB, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad-211012, India
| | - Himansu Kumar
- Division of Applied Sciences and IRCB, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad-211012, India
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Furdas SD, Shekfeh S, Kannan S, Sippl W, Jung M. Rhodaninecarboxylic acids as novel inhibitors of histoneacetyltransferases. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md00211f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Virtual screening has identified rhodanine containing carboxylic acids as new inhibitors of histone acetyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silviya D. Furdas
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Albert-Ludwigs-Unversity of Freiburg
- Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Suhaib Shekfeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg
- Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg
- Germany
| | - Manfred Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Albert-Ludwigs-Unversity of Freiburg
- Freiburg
- Germany
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9
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Le Calvez PB, Scott CJ, Migaud ME. Multisubstrate adduct inhibitors: drug design and biological tools. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 24:1291-318. [PMID: 19912064 DOI: 10.3109/14756360902843809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In drug discovery, different methods exist to create new inhibitors possessing satisfactory biological activity. The multisubstrate adduct inhibitor (MAI) approach is one of these methods, which consists of a covalent combination between analogs of the substrate and the cofactor or of the multiple substrates used by the target enzyme. Adopted as the first line of investigation for many enzymes, this method has brought insights into the enzymatic mechanism, structure, and inhibitory requirements. In this review, the MAI approach, applied to different classes of enzyme, is reported from the point of view of biological activity.
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10
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Lepailleur A, Lemaître S, Feng X, Sopkova-de Oliveira Santos J, Delagrange P, Boutin J, Renard P, Bureau R, Rault S. Receptor- and Ligand-Based Study on Novel 2,2′-Bithienyl Derivatives as Non-Peptidic AANAT Inhibitors. J Chem Inf Model 2010; 50:446-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ci9004805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alban Lepailleur
- Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, UPRES EA 4258, INC3M FR CNRS 3038, Université de Caen−Basse Normandie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Boulevard Becquerel, 14032 Caen Cedex, France, and Laboratoires Servier, 125, Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Stéphane Lemaître
- Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, UPRES EA 4258, INC3M FR CNRS 3038, Université de Caen−Basse Normandie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Boulevard Becquerel, 14032 Caen Cedex, France, and Laboratoires Servier, 125, Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Xiao Feng
- Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, UPRES EA 4258, INC3M FR CNRS 3038, Université de Caen−Basse Normandie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Boulevard Becquerel, 14032 Caen Cedex, France, and Laboratoires Servier, 125, Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Jana Sopkova-de Oliveira Santos
- Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, UPRES EA 4258, INC3M FR CNRS 3038, Université de Caen−Basse Normandie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Boulevard Becquerel, 14032 Caen Cedex, France, and Laboratoires Servier, 125, Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Philippe Delagrange
- Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, UPRES EA 4258, INC3M FR CNRS 3038, Université de Caen−Basse Normandie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Boulevard Becquerel, 14032 Caen Cedex, France, and Laboratoires Servier, 125, Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Jean Boutin
- Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, UPRES EA 4258, INC3M FR CNRS 3038, Université de Caen−Basse Normandie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Boulevard Becquerel, 14032 Caen Cedex, France, and Laboratoires Servier, 125, Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Pierre Renard
- Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, UPRES EA 4258, INC3M FR CNRS 3038, Université de Caen−Basse Normandie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Boulevard Becquerel, 14032 Caen Cedex, France, and Laboratoires Servier, 125, Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Ronan Bureau
- Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, UPRES EA 4258, INC3M FR CNRS 3038, Université de Caen−Basse Normandie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Boulevard Becquerel, 14032 Caen Cedex, France, and Laboratoires Servier, 125, Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Sylvain Rault
- Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, UPRES EA 4258, INC3M FR CNRS 3038, Université de Caen−Basse Normandie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Boulevard Becquerel, 14032 Caen Cedex, France, and Laboratoires Servier, 125, Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
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11
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Wu J, Xie N, Wu Z, Zhang Y, Zheng YG. Bisubstrate Inhibitors of the MYST HATs Esa1 and Tip60. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 17:1381-6. [PMID: 19114310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2008] [Revised: 11/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Esa1 (essential Sas2-related acetyltransferase 1) and Tip60 (HIV-1 TAT-interactive protein, 60 kDa) are key members of the MYST family of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and play important functions in many cellular processes. In this work, we designed, synthesized and evaluated a series of substrate-based analogs for the inhibition of Esa1 and Tip60. The structures of these analogs feature that coenzyme A is covalently linked to the side chain amino group of the acetyl lysine residues in the histone peptide substrates. These bisubstrate analogs exhibit stronger potency in the inhibition of Esa1 and Tip60 compared to the small molecules curcumin and anacardic acid. In particular, H4K16CoA was tested as one of the most potent inhibitors for both Esa1 and Tip60. These substrate-based analog inhibitors will be useful mechanistic tools for analyzing biochemical mechanisms of Esa1 and Tip60, defining their functional roles in particular biological pathways, and facilitating protein crystallization and structural determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, PO Box 4098, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
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12
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Szewczuk LM, Saldanha SA, Ganguly S, Bowers EM, Javoroncov M, Karanam B, Culhane JC, Holbert MA, Klein DC, Abagyan R, Cole PA. De novo discovery of serotonin N-acetyltransferase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5330-8. [PMID: 17924613 DOI: 10.1021/jm0706463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin N-acetyltransferase (arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase, AANAT) is a member of the GCN5 N-acetyltransferase (GNAT) superfamily and catalyzes the penultimate step in the biosynthesis of melatonin; a large daily rhythm in AANAT activity drives the daily rhythm in circulating melatonin. We have used a structure-based computational approach to identify the first druglike and selective inhibitors of AANAT. Approximately 1.2 million compounds were virtually screened by 3D high-throughput docking into the active site of X-ray structures for AANAT, and in total 241 compounds were tested as inhibitors. One compound class, containing a rhodanine scaffold, exhibited low micromolar competitive inhibition against acetyl-CoA (AcCoA) and proved to be effective in blocking melatonin production in pineal cells. Compounds from this class are predicted to bind as bisubstrate inhibitors through interactions with the AcCoA and serotonin binding sites. Overall, this study demonstrates the feasibility of using virtual screening to identify small molecules that are selective inhibitors of AANAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Szewczuk
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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13
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Hwang Y, Ganguly S, Ho AK, Klein DC, Cole PA. Enzymatic and cellular study of a serotonin N-acetyltransferase phosphopantetheine-based prodrug. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:2147-55. [PMID: 17258461 PMCID: PMC1831523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Revised: 12/02/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin N-acetyltransferase (arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase, AANAT) regulates the daily rhythm in the production of melatonin and is therefore an attractive target for pharmacologic modulation of the synthesis of this hormone. Previously prepared bisubstrate analogs show potent inhibition of AANAT but have unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties due to the presence of phosphate groups which prevents transfer across the plasma membrane. Here, we examine a bis-pivaloyloxymethylene (POM)-tryptamine-phosphopantetheine prodrug (2) and its biotransformations in vitro by homogenates and pineal cells. Compound 2 is an efficient porcine liver esterase substrate for POM cleavage in vitro although cyclization of the phosphate moiety is a potential side product. Tryptamine phosphopantetheine (3) is converted to tryptamine-coenzyme A (CoA) bisubstrate analog (1) by human phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase (PPAT) and dephosphocoenzyme A kinase (DPCK) in vitro. Compound 2 was found to inhibit melatonin production in rat pineal cell culture. It was also found that the POM groups are readily removed to generate 3; however, further processing to tryptamine-CoA (1) is much slower in pineal extracts or cell culture. Implications for CoA prodrug development based on the strategy used here are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousang Hwang
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Surajit Ganguly
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Section on Neuroendocrinology, Office of Scientific Director, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Anthony K. Ho
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7
| | - David C. Klein
- Section on Neuroendocrinology, Office of Scientific Director, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Philip A. Cole
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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Gao F, Yan X, Baettig OM, Berghuis AM, Auclair K. Regio- and chemoselective 6'-N-derivatization of aminoglycosides: bisubstrate inhibitors as probes to study aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 44:6859-62. [PMID: 16206301 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200501399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H3A 2K6, Canada
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15
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Gao F, Yan X, Baettig OM, Berghuis AM, Auclair K. Regio- and Chemoselective 6′-N-Derivatization of Aminoglycosides: Bisubstrate Inhibitors as Probes To Study Aminoglycoside 6′-N-Acetyltransferases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200501399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Ferry G, Ubeaud C, Mozo J, Péan C, Hennig P, Rodriguez M, Scoul C, Bonnaud A, Nosjean O, Galizzi JP, Delagrange P, Renard P, Volland JP, Yous S, Lesieur D, Boutin JA. New substrate analogues of human serotonin N-acetyltransferase produce in situ specific and potent inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:418-28. [PMID: 14717709 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is synthesized by an enzymatic pathway, in which arylalkylamine (serotonin) N-acetyltransferase catalyzes the rate-limiting step. A previous study reported the discovery of bromoacetyltryptamine (BAT), a new type of inhibitor of this enzyme. This compound is the precursor of a potent bifunctional inhibitor (analogue of the transition state), capable of interfering with both the substrate and the cosubstrate binding sites. This inhibitor is biosynthesized by the enzyme itself in the presence of free coenzyme A. In the present report, we describe the potency of new N-halogenoacetyl derivatives leading to a strong in situ inhibition of serotonin N-acetyltransferase. The new concept behind the mechanism of action of these precursors was studied by following the biosynthesis of the inhibitor from tritiated-BAT in a living cell. The fate of tritiated-phenylethylamine (PEA), a natural substrate of the enzyme, in the presence or absence of [(3)H]BAT was also followed, leading to their incorporation into the reaction product or the inhibitor (N-acetyl[(3)H]PEA and coenzyme A-S[(3)H]acetyltryptamine, respectively). The biosynthesis of this bifunctional inhibitor derived from BAT was also followed by nuclear magnetic resonance during its catalytic production by the pure enzyme. In a similar manner we studied the production of another inhibitor generated from N-[2-(7-hydroxynaphth-1-yl)ethyl]bromoacetamide. New derivatives were also screened for their capacity to inhibit a purified enzyme, in addition to enzyme overexpressed in a cellular model. Some of these compounds proved to be extremely potent, with IC(50)s of approximately 30 nM. As these compounds, by definition, closely resemble the natural substrates of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase, we also show that they are potent ligands at the melatonin receptors. Nevertheless, these inhibitors form a series of pharmacological tools that could be used to understand more closely the inhibition of pineal melatonin production in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Ferry
- Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut de Recherches SERVIER, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
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17
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Zheng W, Cole PA. Novel bisubstrate analog inhibitors of serotonin N-acetyltransferase: the importance of being neutral. Bioorg Chem 2003; 31:398-411. [PMID: 12941292 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-2068(03)00081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Linker modified novel bisubstrate analog inhibitors 4-7 for serotonin N-acetyltransferase (arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase, AANAT) have been designed and synthesized. Examination of these inhibitors with AANAT in vitro suggested that: (i) linker hydrogen bonding makes only modest contributions to the affinity of bisubstrate analog inhibitors studied; (ii) greater than or equal to four methylene groups between the indole and the coenzyme A (CoASH) moieties are required for a bisubstrate analog inhibitor to achieve strong AANAT inhibition; (iii) the AANAT active site appears not to accommodate positively charged linkers as well as neutral ones; and (iv) substrate amine pKa depression may constitute one strategy for AANAT substrate recognition and catalysis. The results reported here have enhanced our understanding of AANAT substrate recognition/catalysis, and are important for novel inhibitor design. Since AANAT belongs to the GCN5-related N-acetyltransferase (GNAT) superfamily, our experimental strategies should find applications for other acetyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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18
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Cebrat M, Kim CM, Thompson PR, Daugherty M, Cole PA. Synthesis and analysis of potential prodrugs of coenzyme A analogues for the inhibition of the histone acetyltransferase p300. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:3307-13. [PMID: 12837541 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00265-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Lys-CoA (1) is a selective inhibitor of p300 histone acetyltransferase (HAT) but shows poor pharmacokinetic properties because of its multiply charged phosphates. In an effort to overcome this limitation, truncated derivatives of 1 were designed, synthesized and tested as p300HAT inhibitors as well as substrates for the CoA biosynthetic bifunctional enzyme phosphopantetheine adenylyltransferase-dephospho-CoA kinase (PPAT/DPCK). Lys-pantetheine (3) and Lys-phosphopantetheine (2) showed no detectable p300HAT inhibition whereas 3'-dephospho-Lys-CoA (5) was a modest p300 inhibitor with IC(50) of 1.6 microM (compared to IC(50) of approximately 50 nM for 1 blocking p300). Compound 2 was shown to be an efficient substrate for PPAT whereas 5 was a very poor DPCK substrate. Further analysis with 3'-dephospho-Me-SCoA (7) indicated that DPCK shows relatively narrow capacity to accept substrates with sulfur substitution. While these results suggest that truncated derivatives of 1 will be of limited value as lead agents for p300 blockade in vivo, they augur well for prodrug versions of CoA analogues that do not require 3'-phosphate substitution for efficient binding to their targets, such as the GCN-5 related N-acetyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Cebrat
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Wolf E, De Angelis J, Khalil EM, Cole PA, Burley SK. X-ray crystallographic studies of serotonin N-acetyltransferase catalysis and inhibition. J Mol Biol 2002; 317:215-24. [PMID: 11902838 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2001.5371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The structure of serotonin N-acetyltransferase (also known as arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase; AANAT) bound to a potent bisubstrate analog inhibitor has been determined at 2.0 A resolution using a two-edge (Se, Br) multiwavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) experiment. This acetyl-CoA dependent enzyme is a member of the GCN5-related family of N-acetyltransferases (GNATs), which share four conserved sequence motifs (A-D). In serotonin N-acetyltransferase, motif A adopts an alpha/beta conformation characteristic of the phylogenetically invariant cofactor binding site seen in all previously characterized GNATs. Motif B displays a significantly lower level of conservation among family members, giving rise to a novel alpha/beta structure for the serotonin binding slot. Utilization of a brominated CoA-S-acetyl-tryptamine-bisubstrate analog inhibitor and the MAD method permitted conclusive identification of two radically different conformations for the tryptamine moiety in the catalytic site (cis and trans). A second high-resolution X-ray structure of the enzyme bound to a bisubstrate analog inhibitor, with a longer tether between the acetyl-CoA and tryptamine moieties, demonstrates only the trans conformation. Given a previous proposal that AANAT can catalyze an alkyltransferase reaction in a conformationally altered active site relative to its acetyltransferase activity, it is possible that the two conformations of the bisubstrate analog observed crystallographically correspond to these alternative reaction pathways. Our findings may ultimately lead to the design of analogs with improved AANAT inhibitory properties for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Wolf
- Laboratories of Molecular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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