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Pharmacological activity and mechanism of pyrazines. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115544. [PMID: 37300915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heterocycles are common in the structure of drugs used clinically to deal with diseases. Such drugs usually contain nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, which possess electron-accepting capacity and can form hydrogen bonds. These properties often bring enhanced target binding ability to these compounds when compared to alkanes. Pyrazine is a nitrogen-containing six-membered heterocyclic ring and many of its derivatives are identified as bioactive molecules. We review here the most active pyrazine compounds in terms of their structure, activity in vitro and in vivo (mainly antitumor activity) and the reported mechanisms of action. References have been downloaded through Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar and SciFinder Scholar. Publications reporting only the chemistry of pyrazine derivatives are beyond the scope of this review and have not been included. We found that compounds in which a pyrazine ring was fused into other heterocycles especially pyrrole or imidazole were the highly studied pyrazine derivatives, whose antineoplastic activity had been widely investigated. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review of pyrazine derivatives and their bioactivity, especially their antitumor activity. This review should be useful for those engaged in development of medications based on heterocyclic compounds especially those based on pyrazine.
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Polyfunctionalized α-Phenyl-tert-butyl(benzyl)nitrones: Multifunctional Antioxidants for Stroke Treatment. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091735. [PMID: 36139811 PMCID: PMC9495348 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, most stroke patients are treated exclusively with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, a drug with serious side effects and limited therapeutic window. For this reason, and because of the known effects of oxidative stress on stroke, a more tolerable and efficient therapy for stroke is being sought that focuses on the control and scavenging of highly toxic reactive oxygen species by appropriate small molecules, such as nitrones with antioxidant properties. In this context, herein we report here the synthesis, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties of twelve novel polyfunctionalized α-phenyl-tert-butyl(benzyl)nitrones. The antioxidant capacity of these nitrones was investigated by various assays, including the inhibition of lipid peroxidation induced by AAPH, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, ABTS+-decoloration assay, DPPH scavenging assay, and inhibition of soybean lipoxygenase. The inhibitory effect on monoamine oxidases and cholinesterases and inhibition of β-amyloid aggregation were also investigated. As a result, (Z)-N-benzyl-1-(2-(3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)phenyl)methanimine oxide (5) was found to be one of the most potent antioxidants, with high ABTS+ scavenging activity (19%), and potent lipoxygenase inhibitory capacity (IC50 = 10 µM), selectively inhibiting butyrylcholinesterase (IC50 = 3.46 ± 0.27 µM), and exhibited neuroprotective profile against the neurotoxicant okadaic acid in a neuronal damage model. Overall, these results pave the way for the further in-depth analysis of the neuroprotection of nitrone 5 in in vitro and in vivo models of stroke and possibly other neurodegenerative diseases in which oxidative stress is identified as a critical player.
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Synthesis of pyrazine‐2,3‐dicarbonitriles via the one‐pot three‐component reaction of 4‐benzoyl‐5‐phenylamino‐2,3‐dihydrothiophene‐2,3‐dione, diaminomaleonitrile, and functionalized alcohols in acetonitrile. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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5
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Copper-catalyzed aerobic oxidative cyclization protocol for the synthesis of quinazolines via amination of C(sp3)-H bonds of methylazaarenes. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Synthesis of 2,3-dicyanopyrazine and ethyl 5-amino-4,6-dicyanobiphenyl-3-carboxylate derivatives from ethyl aroylpyruvates. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2017-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractReactions of ethyl 4-aryl-2,4-dioxobutanoates1a–cat ambient temperature with diaminomaleonitrile in glacial acetic acid and with malononitrile in ethanol/H2O (1:1) led to the formation of 5-(2-aryl-2-oxoethyl)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrazine-2,3-dicarbontrile2a–cand ethyl 5-amino-4,6-dicyanobiphenyl-3-carboxylate derivatives3a–c, respectively.
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Pyrimidinylacetamide-based 2-pyridylureas as Angiogenesis Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation. Arch Med Res 2017; 48:333-342. [PMID: 28882321 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND VEGFR-2 inhibitors have been widely used in the treatment of cancer. In our continued efforts to search for potent and novel VEGFR-2 inhibitors as antitumor agents, we have identified a series of ureas and amides bearing a oxazolopyrimidine scaffold. AIM OF THE STUDY To discover more potent VEGFR-2 inhibitors with stronger binding affinity and better physical and chemical properties. METHODS 23 pyrimidinylacetamide-based ureas were designed and synthesized. Replacement of oxazolopyrimidine with a pyrimidinylacetamide generated a series of novel VEGFR-2 inhibitors. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS In HUVEC inhibition assay, the most potent compound (compound 16) possessed an IC50 value of 0.43 μM. Compound 16 also inhibited the migration and capillary like tube formation of HUVECs with inhibition rate at 22% (1 μM) and 17.5% (0.8 μM) respectively. These results support the further investigation of compound 16 as a potential anti-cancer agent.
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Reactions of 4-benzoyl-5-phenylamino-2,3-dihydrothiophene-2,3-dione and diaminomaleonitrile in the presence of alcohols as reactant and solvent. J Sulphur Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2017.1307983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Visible-light-mediated C3-azolylation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines with 2-bromoazoles. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:5318-5324. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00883j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
3-Heterocycle-substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines were produced by a visible-light-mediated coupling reaction of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines with 2-bromoazoles.
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Diarylureas and Diarylamides with Oxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine Scaffold as Angiogenesis Inhibitors. Chem Biodivers 2016; 13:1230-1239. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Trifluoromethylpyridine-SubstitutedN-Heterocyclic Carbenes Related to Natural Products: Synthesis, Structure, and Potential Antitumor Activity of some Corresponding Gold(I), Rhodium(I), and Iridium(I) Complexes. Helv Chim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201500529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel oxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidines as potent VEGFR-2 inhibitors. Chem Biodivers 2016; 12:528-37. [PMID: 25879498 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201400270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis is mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and other protein kinases. Inhibition of these kinases presents an attractive approach for developing anticancer therapeutics. In this work, a series of 2,5,7-trisubstituted oxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidines were synthesized, and their inhibitory activities were investigated against VEGFR-2 and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in vitro. Compound 9n exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 0.33 and 0.29 μM for VEGFR-2 kinase and HUVEC, respectively. A further kinase selectivity assay revealed that these compounds exhibit good VEGFR and moderate EGFR inhibitory activities. Docking analysis suggested a common mode of interaction at the ATP-binding site of VEGFR-2.
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Novel 1,2,4-oxadiazoles and trifluoromethylpyridines related to natural products: synthesis, structural analysis and investigation of their antitumor activity. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6-Alkoxy-5-aryl-3-pyridinecarboxamides, a new series of bioavailable cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) antagonists including peripherally selective compounds. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9874-96. [PMID: 24175572 DOI: 10.1021/jm4010708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We identified 6-alkoxy-5-aryl-3-pyridinecarboxamides as potent CB1 receptor antagonists with high selectivity over CB2 receptors. The series was optimized to reduce lipophilicity compared to rimonabant to achieve peripherally active molecules with minimal central effects. Several compounds that showed high plasma exposures in rats were evaluated in vivo to probe the contribution of central vs peripheral CB1 agonism to metabolic improvement. Both rimonabant and 14g, a potent brain penetrant CB1 receptor antagonist, significantly reduced the rate of body weight gain. However, 14h, a molecule with markedly reduced brain exposure, had no significant effect on body weight. PK studies confirmed similarly high exposure of both 14h and 14g in the periphery but 10-fold lower exposure in the brain for 14h. On the basis of these data, which are consistent with reported effects in tissue-specific CB1 receptor KO mice, we conclude that the metabolic benefits of CB1 receptor antagonists are primarily centrally mediated as originally believed.
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Selective synthesis of poly-substituted fluorine-containing pyridines and dihydropyrimidines via cascade C–F bond cleavage protocol. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:5682-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05371j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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A New Strategy for the Synthesis of Poly-Substituted 3-H, 3-Fluoro, or 3-Trifluoromethyl Pyridines via the Tandem C−F Bond Cleavage Protocol. Org Lett 2010; 12:4376-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol101859p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Friedel-Crafts heteroarylation of (hetero)arenes: A facile entry to 4-(hetero)aryl quinazolines and quinolines. J Heterocycl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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(Dimethoxy- and Dihalopyridyl)boronic Acids and Highly Functionalized Heteroarylpyridines by Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reactions. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200701156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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In Silico Prediction of Inhibition Activity of Pyrazine–Pyridine Biheteroaryls as VEGFR-2 Inhibitors Based on Least Squares Support Vector Machines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200630154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Syntheses of tetrahydrothiophenes and tetrahydrofurans and studies of their derivatives as melanocortin-4 receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.11.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel pyridine acid esters of podophyllotoxin and esters of 4′-demethylepipodophyllotoxin. Med Chem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-007-9010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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IB05204, a dichloropyridodithienotriazine, inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:2675-85. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Our purpose was to determine the effects of six cigarette toxicants (pyridine, nicotine, 2-ethylpyridine, 3-ethylpyridine, p-cresol, and pyrazine) on three types of cultured mammalian cells (human umbilical vein endothelial cells [HUVECs], human microvascular endothelial cells [HMVECs], and NIH 3T3 cells) using a cell proliferation/survival assay. Synchronized cells were cultured in proliferation or survival medium containing various doses (10(-18)M-10(-2)M) of the tested chemicals. After 48 h, cells were counted using a hemacytometer. The no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL), lowest observable adverse effect level (LOAEL), and the efficacy were determined for each compound in the cell proliferation and survival assays. Pyridine and p-cresol did not show significant effects with any cell types, except at high doses. Derivitization of the pyridine ring altered its potency, especially when an ethyl group or nitrogen was added. In survival medium, nicotine stimulated proliferation of all three cell types at doses found in smoker's serum (10(-8)M-10(-7)M). For HUVEC and HMVEC, 2-ethylpyridine, 3-ethylpyridine, and pyrazine inhibited proliferation in proliferation medium and induced cell death in survival medium at attomolar and femtomolar doses. All chemicals, except pyridine and pyrazine, stimulated NIH 3T3 cell proliferation at low doses and induced cell death at high doses. LOAELs and efficacies revealed that endothelial cells from a developing organ (umbilical cord) were more sensitive to these chemicals than endothelial cells from an adult organ (lung). 3-Ethylpyridine and pyrazine, which induced cell death at low doses, are added to consumer products and should be subjected to further toxicological testing.
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