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Negi A, Perveen S, Gupta R, Singh PP, Sharma R. Unraveling Dilemmas and Lacunae in the Escalating Drug Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to Bedaquiline, Delamanid, and Pretomanid. J Med Chem 2024; 67:2264-2286. [PMID: 38351709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Delamanid, bedaquiline, and pretomanid have been recently added in the anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) treatment regimens and have emerged as potential solutions for combating drug-resistant TB. These drugs have proven to be effective in treating drug-resistant TB when used in combination. However, concerns have been raised about the eventual loss of these drugs due to evolving resistance mechanisms and certain adverse effects such as prolonged QT period, gastrointestinal problems, hepatotoxicity, and renal disorders. This Perspective emphasizes the properties of these first-in-class drugs, including their mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics profiles, clinical studies, adverse events, and underlying resistance mechanisms. A brief coverage of efforts toward the generation of best-in-class leads in each class is also provided. The ongoing clinical trials of new combinations of these drugs are discussed, thus providing a better insight into the use of these drugs while designing an effective treatment regimen for resistant TB cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Negi
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Summaya Perveen
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Ria Gupta
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Parvinder Pal Singh
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Rashmi Sharma
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
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2
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Bueno B, Heurtaux S, Gagnon A. Synthesis of 1-Methylcyclopropyl Aryl Ethers from Phenols Using an Alkenylation-Cyclopropanation Sequence. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13351-13357. [PMID: 37616498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
1-Methylcyclopropyl aryl ethers (McPAEs) can be viewed as cyclized derivatives of their O-tert-butyl counterparts. Although these compounds can find use in medicinal chemistry, they are much less represented in the literature than their aryl cyclopropyl ether analogues. McPAEs are generally prepared via an SNAr reaction using 1-methylcyclopropanol. However, this method works exclusively with highly deactivated arenes. We report herein a two-step sequence to access McPAEs consisting of the 1-methylvinylation of phenols followed by cyclopropanation of the corresponding 1-methylvinyl aryl ethers. Isomeric mono- and dimethyl analogues were also prepared using this sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Bueno
- Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Suzanne Heurtaux
- Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Alexandre Gagnon
- Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
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3
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Fernandes GFS, Manieri KF, Bonjorno AF, Campos DL, Ribeiro CM, Demarqui FM, Ruiz DAG, Nascimento-Junior NM, Denny WA, Thompson AM, Pavan FR, Dos Santos JL. Synthesis and Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis Activity of Imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine Derivatives against Multidrug-Resistant Strains. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300015. [PMID: 37002895 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis has raised concerns due to the greater difficulties in patient treatment and higher mortality rates. Herein, we revisited the 2-nitro-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine scaffold and identified potent new carbamate derivatives having MIC90 values of 0.18-1.63 μM against Mtb H37Rv. Compounds 47-49, 51-53, and 55 exhibited remarkable activity against a panel of clinical isolates, displaying MIC90 values below 0.5 μM. In Mtb-infected macrophages, several compounds demonstrated a 1-log greater reduction in mycobacterial burden than rifampicin and pretomanid. The compounds tested did not exhibit significant cytotoxicity against three cell lines or any toxicity to Galleria mellonella. Furthermore, the imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine derivatives did not show substantial activity against other bacteria or fungi. Finally, molecular docking studies revealed that the new compounds could interact with the deazaflavin-dependent nitroreductase (Ddn) in a similar manner to pretomanid. Collectively, our findings highlight the chemical universe of imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazines and their promising potential against MDR-TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme F S Fernandes
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú, Araraquara, 14800903, Brazil
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Present address: Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Karyn F Manieri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú, Araraquara, 14800903, Brazil
| | - Andressa F Bonjorno
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú, Araraquara, 14800903, Brazil
| | - Debora L Campos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú, Araraquara, 14800903, Brazil
| | - Camila M Ribeiro
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú, Araraquara, 14800903, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M Demarqui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú, Araraquara, 14800903, Brazil
| | - Daniel A G Ruiz
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Rua Professor Francisco Degni, 55, Araraquara, 14800060, Brazil
| | - Nailton M Nascimento-Junior
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Rua Professor Francisco Degni, 55, Araraquara, 14800060, Brazil
| | - William A Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrew M Thompson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Fernando R Pavan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú, Araraquara, 14800903, Brazil
| | - Jean L Dos Santos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú, Araraquara, 14800903, Brazil
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Functionalized Nitroimidazole Scaffold Construction and Their Pharmaceutical Applications: A 1950–2021 Comprehensive Overview. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050561. [PMID: 35631389 PMCID: PMC9144801 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroimidazole represents one of the most essential and unique scaffolds in drug discovery since its discovery in the 1950s. It was K. Maeda in Japan who reported in 1953 the first nitroimidazole as a natural product from Nocardia mesenterica with antibacterial activity, which was later identified as Azomycin 1 (2-nitroimidazole) and remained in focus until now. This natural antibiotic was the starting point for synthesizing numerous analogs and regio-isomers, leading to several life-saving drugs and clinical candidates against a number of diseases, including infections (bacterial, viral, parasitic) and cancers, as well as imaging agents in medicine/diagnosis. In the present decade, the nitroimidazole scaffold has again been given two life-saving drugs (Delamanid and Pretomanid) used to treat MDR (multi-drug resistant) tuberculosis. Keeping in view the highly successful track-record of the nitroimidazole scaffold in providing breakthrough therapeutic drugs, this comprehensive review focuses explicitly on presenting the activity profile and synthetic chemistry of functionalized nitroimidazole (2-, 4- and 5-nitroimidazoles as well as the fused nitroimidazoles) based drugs and leads published from 1950 to 2021. The present review also presents the miscellaneous examples in each class. In addition, the mutagenic profile of nitroimidazole-based drugs and leads and derivatives is also discussed.
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Scarim CB, Pavan FR. Recent advancement in drug development of nitro(NO 2 )-heterocyclic compounds as lead scaffolds for the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Drug Dev Res 2022; 83:842-858. [PMID: 35106801 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused predominantly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). It was responsible for approximately 1.4 million deaths worldwide in 2019. The lack of new drugs to treat drug-resistant strains is a principal factor for the slow rise in TB infections. Our aim is to aid the development of new TB treatments by describing improvements (last decade, 2011-2021) to nitro(NO2 )-based compounds that have shown activity or pharmacological properties (e.g., anti-proliferative, anti-kinetoplastid) against Mtb. For all compounds, we have included final correlations of minimum inhibitory concentrations against Mtb (H37 Rv).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cauê Benito Scarim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center (UMMC), Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Fernando Rogério Pavan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Pretomanid for tuberculosis treatment: an update for clinical purposes. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 3:100128. [PMID: 36105740 PMCID: PMC9461242 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic determined a 10 years-set back in tuberculosis (TB) control programs. Recent advances in available therapies may help recover the time lost. While Linezolid (LZD) and Bedaquiline (BDQ), previously Group D second line drugs (SLDs) for TB, have been relocated to Group A, other drugs are currently being studied in regimens for drug resistant TB (DR-TB). Among these, Pretomanid (PA), a recently introduced antimycobacterial drug derived from nitroimidazole with both solid bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect, and with an excellent effectiveness and tolerability profile, is in the spotlight. Following promising data obtained from recently published and ongoing randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the World Health Organization (WHO) determined to include PA in its guidelines for the treatment of rifampicin-resistant (RR), multi drug resistant (MDR) and pre-extensively drug resistant TB (pre-XDR-TB) with BDQ, LZD and Moxifloxacine (MFX) in a 6-month regimen. Although further studies on the subject are needed, PA may also represent a treatment option for drug-susceptible TB (DS-TB), latent TB infection (LTBI) and non tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). This narrative review aims to examine current implementation options and future possibilities for PA in the never-ending fight against TB.
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7
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Čėnas N, Nemeikaitė-Čėnienė A, Kosychova L. Single- and Two-Electron Reduction of Nitroaromatic Compounds by Flavoenzymes: Mechanisms and Implications for Cytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168534. [PMID: 34445240 PMCID: PMC8395237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds (ArNO2) maintain their importance in relation to industrial processes, environmental pollution, and pharmaceutical application. The manifestation of toxicity/therapeutic action of nitroaromatics may involve their single- or two-electron reduction performed by various flavoenzymes and/or their physiological redox partners, metalloproteins. The pivotal and still incompletely resolved questions in this area are the identification and characterization of the specific enzymes that are involved in the bioreduction of ArNO2 and the establishment of their contribution to cytotoxic/therapeutic action of nitroaromatics. This review addresses the following topics: (i) the intrinsic redox properties of ArNO2, in particular, the energetics of their single- and two-electron reduction in aqueous medium; (ii) the mechanisms and structure-activity relationships of reduction in ArNO2 by flavoenzymes of different groups, dehydrogenases-electrontransferases (NADPH:cytochrome P-450 reductase, ferredoxin:NADP(H) oxidoreductase and their analogs), mammalian NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, bacterial nitroreductases, and disulfide reductases of different origin (glutathione, trypanothione, and thioredoxin reductases, lipoamide dehydrogenase), and (iii) the relationships between the enzymatic reactivity of compounds and their activity in mammalian cells, bacteria, and parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narimantas Čėnas
- Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-5-223-4392
| | - Aušra Nemeikaitė-Čėnienė
- State Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Santariškių St. 5, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Lidija Kosychova
- Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
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8
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New drug approvals for 2019: Synthesis and clinical applications. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 205:112667. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Showalter HD. Recent Progress in the Discovery and Development of 2-Nitroimidazooxazines and 6-Nitroimidazooxazoles to Treat Tuberculosis and Neglected Tropical Diseases. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184137. [PMID: 32927749 PMCID: PMC7576498 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroimidazole drugs have a long history as therapeutic agents to treat bacterial and parasitic diseases. The discovery in 1989 of a bicyclic nitroimidazole lead, displaying in vitro and in vivo antitubercular activity, spurred intensive exploration of this and related scaffolds, which led to the regulatory approval of pretomanid and delamanid as a new class of tuberculosis drugs. Much of the discovery work related to this took place over a 20-year period ending in 2010, which is covered in a number of cited reviews. This review highlights subsequent research published over the 2011–August 2020 timeframe, and captures detailed structure–activity relationship studies and synthetic strategies directed towards uncovering newer generation drugs for both tuberculosis and selected neglected tropical diseases. Additionally, this review presents in silico calculations relating to the drug-like properties of lead compounds and clinical agents, as well as chemical development and manufacturing processes toward providing bulk drug supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollis D Showalter
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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10
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Formulation technologies and advances for oral delivery of novel nitroimidazoles and antimicrobial peptides. J Control Release 2020; 324:728-749. [PMID: 32380201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has become a global crisis, driving the exploration for novel antibiotics and novel treatment approaches. Among these research efforts two classes of antibiotics, bicyclic nitroimidazoles and antimicrobial peptides, have recently shown promise as novel antimicrobial agents with the possibility to treat multi-drug resistant infections. However, they suffer from the issue of poor oral bioavailability due to disparate factors: low solubility in the case of nitroimidazoles (BCS class II drugs), and low permeability in the case of peptides (BCS class III drugs). Moreover, antimicrobial peptides present another challenge as they are susceptible to chemical and enzymatic degradation, which can present an additional pharmacokinetic hurdle for their oral bioavailability. Formulation technologies offer a potential means for improving the oral bioavailability of poorly permeable and poorly soluble drugs, but there are still drawbacks and limitations associated with this approach. This review discusses in depth the challenges associated with oral delivery of nitroimidazoles and antimicrobial peptides and the formulation technologies that have been used to overcome these problems, including an assessment of the drawbacks and limitations associated with the technologies that have been applied. Furthermore, the potential for supercritical fluid technology to overcome the shortcomings associated with conventional drug formulation methods is reviewed.
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Miura S, Fukuda K, Masada S, Usutani H, Kanematsu M, Cork DG, Kawamoto T. Rapid and efficient synthesis of a novel cholinergic muscarinic M 1 receptor positive allosteric modulator using flash chemistry. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8166-8174. [PMID: 31464336 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01718f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Continuous flow-flash synthesis of a 2-bromobenzaldehyde derivative 18 as a key intermediate of a novel cholinergic muscarinic M1 positive allosteric modulator 1 bearing an isoindolin-1-one ring system as a pharmacophore has been achieved using flow microreactors through selective I/Li exchange of 1-bromo-2-iodobenzene derivative 17 with BuLi and subsequent formylation at -40 °C of the highly reactive 2-bromophenyllithium intermediate using DMF, which is difficult to achieve by a conventional batch process due to the conversion of the highly reactive 2-bromophenyllithium intermediate into benzyne even at -78 °C. Late-stage cyclization to give the isoindolin-1-one ring system, through reductive amination of 18 followed by palladium-catalyzed carbonylation with carbon monoxide and intramolecular cyclization, efficiently afforded 1 for its further research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Miura
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Koichiro Fukuda
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Masada
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Hirotsugu Usutani
- Process Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Makoto Kanematsu
- Process Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - David G Cork
- Process Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Kawamoto
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
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Tao X, Gao C, Huang ZG, Luo W, Liu KL, Peng CT, Ding CZ, Li J, Chen SH, Yu LT. Discovery and evaluation of novel nitrodihydroimidazooxazoles as promising anti-tuberculosis agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2511-2515. [PMID: 31353295 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
New analogues of antitubercular drug Delamanid were prepared, seeking drug candidates with enhanced aqueous solubility and high efficacy. The strategy involved replacement of phenoxy linker proximal to the 2-nitroimidazooxazole of Delamanid by piperidine fused 5 or 6-membered ring heterocycles (ring A). The new compounds were all more hydrophilic than Delamanid, and several class of analogues showed remarkable activities against M. bovis. And among these series, the tetrahydro-naphthyridine-linked nitroimidazoles displayed excellent antimycobacterial activity against both replicating (MABA) and nonreplicating (LORA) M. tb H37Rv and low cytotoxicity. Compared to Delamanid, these new compounds (6, 7, 45) demonstrated dramatically improved physicochemical properties and are suitable for further in vitro and in vivo evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Changzhou Yinsheng Pharmacy Co., Ltd., Weitang Chemical Industry Zone, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Huang
- WuXi AppTec. Co. Ltd., 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Wei Luo
- WuXi AppTec. Co. Ltd., 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Kun-Lin Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Cui-Ting Peng
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Charles Z Ding
- WuXi AppTec. Co. Ltd., 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jian Li
- WuXi AppTec. Co. Ltd., 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Shu-Hui Chen
- WuXi AppTec. Co. Ltd., 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Luo-Ting Yu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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13
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Penteado F, Lopes EF, Alves D, Perin G, Jacob RG, Lenardão EJ. α-Keto Acids: Acylating Agents in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2019; 119:7113-7278. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Penteado
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa - LASOL - CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Eric F. Lopes
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa - LASOL - CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego Alves
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa - LASOL - CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Gelson Perin
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa - LASOL - CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Raquel G. Jacob
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa - LASOL - CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Eder J. Lenardão
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa - LASOL - CCQFA - Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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14
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Veale CGL. Unpacking the Pathogen Box-An Open Source Tool for Fighting Neglected Tropical Disease. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:386-453. [PMID: 30614200 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Pathogen Box is a 400-strong collection of drug-like compounds, selected for their potential against several of the world's most important neglected tropical diseases, including trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, cryptosporidiosis, toxoplasmosis, filariasis, schistosomiasis, dengue virus and trichuriasis, in addition to malaria and tuberculosis. This library represents an ensemble of numerous successful drug discovery programmes from around the globe, aimed at providing a powerful resource to stimulate open source drug discovery for diseases threatening the most vulnerable communities in the world. This review seeks to provide an in-depth analysis of the literature pertaining to the compounds in the Pathogen Box, including structure-activity relationship highlights, mechanisms of action, related compounds with reported activity against different diseases, and, where appropriate, discussion on the known and putative targets of compounds, thereby providing context and increasing the accessibility of the Pathogen Box to the drug discovery community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
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15
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Abstract
The nitro group is considered to be a versatile and unique functional group in medicinal chemistry. Despite a long history of use in therapeutics, the nitro group has toxicity issues and is often categorized as a structural alert or a toxicophore, and evidence related to drugs containing nitro groups is rather contradictory. In general, drugs containing nitro groups have been extensively associated with mutagenicity and genotoxicity. In this context, efforts toward the structure-mutagenicity or structure-genotoxicity relationships have been undertaken. The current Perspective covers various aspects of agents that contain nitro groups, their bioreductive activation mechanisms, their toxicities, and approaches to combat their toxicity issues. In addition, recent advances in the field of anticancer, antitubercular and antiparasitic agents containing nitro groups, along with a patent survey on hypoxia-activated prodrugs containing nitro groups, are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Nepali
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy , Taipei Medical University , 250 Wuxing Street , Taipei 11031 , Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Yun Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy , Taipei Medical University , 250 Wuxing Street , Taipei 11031 , Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy , Taipei Medical University , 250 Wuxing Street , Taipei 11031 , Taiwan
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16
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Derosa J, O'Duill ML, Holcomb M, Boulous MN, Patman RL, Wang F, Tran-Dubé M, McAlpine I, Engle KM. Copper-Catalyzed Chan-Lam Cyclopropylation of Phenols and Azaheterocycles. J Org Chem 2018; 83:3417-3425. [PMID: 29498847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Small molecules containing cyclopropane-heteroatom linkages are commonly needed in medicinal chemistry campaigns yet are problematic to prepare using existing methods. To address this issue, a scalable Chan-Lam cyclopropylation reaction using potassium cyclopropyl trifluoroborate has been developed. With phenol nucleophiles, the reaction effects O-cyclopropylation, whereas with 2-pyridones, 2-hydroxybenzimidazoles, and 2-aminopyridines the reaction brings about N-cyclopropylation. The transformation is catalyzed by Cu(OAc)2 and 1,10-phenanthroline and employs 1 atm of O2 as the terminal oxidant. This method is operationally convenient to perform and provides a simple, strategic disconnection toward the synthesis of cyclopropyl aryl ethers and cyclopropyl amine derivatives bearing an array of functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Derosa
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Miriam L O'Duill
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Matthew Holcomb
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Mark N Boulous
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Ryan L Patman
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry , 10770 Science Center Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Fen Wang
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry , 10770 Science Center Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Michelle Tran-Dubé
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry , 10770 Science Center Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Indrawan McAlpine
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry , 10770 Science Center Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Keary M Engle
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
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17
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Thompson AM, Bonnet M, Lee HH, Franzblau SG, Wan B, Wong GS, Cooper CB, Denny WA. Antitubercular Nitroimidazoles Revisited: Synthesis and Activity of the Authentic 3-Nitro Isomer of Pretomanid. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:1275-1280. [PMID: 29259747 PMCID: PMC5733301 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
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A published
study of structural features associated with the aerobic
and anaerobic activities of 4- and 5-nitroimidazoles had found that
the 3-nitro isomer of pretomanid, 8, displayed interesting
potencies, including against nitroreductase mutant Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. However, recent nuclear magnetic resonance
analyses of two trace byproducts, isolated from early process optimization
studies toward a large-scale synthesis of pretomanid, raised structural
assignment queries, particularly for 8, stimulating further
investigation. Following our discovery that the reported compound
was a 6-nitroimidazooxazole derivative, we developed a de
novo synthesis of authentic 8 via nitration
of the chiral des-nitro imidazooxazine alcohol 26 in
trifluoroacetic or acetic anhydride, and verified its identity through
an X-ray crystal structure. Unfortunately, 8 displayed
no antitubercular activity (MICs > 128 μM), whereas the second
byproduct (3′-methyl pretomanid) was eight-fold more potent
than pretomanid in the aerobic assay. These findings further clarify
target specificities for bicyclic nitroimidazoles, which may become
important in the event of any future clinical resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Thompson
- Auckland
Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Muriel Bonnet
- Auckland
Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ho H. Lee
- Auckland
Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Scott G. Franzblau
- Institute
for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Baojie Wan
- Institute
for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - George S. Wong
- Summit CMC Alliance LLC, 61 Hawthorne
Place, Summit, New Jersey 07901, United States
| | - Christopher B. Cooper
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, 40 Wall Street, New York, New York 10005, United States
| | - William A. Denny
- Auckland
Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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18
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Fan D, Lu J, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Zhang W. Rh-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of racemic aldimines via dynamic kinetic resolution. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Landge S, Ramachandran V, Kumar A, Neres J, Murugan K, Sadler C, Fellows MD, Humnabadkar V, Vachaspati P, Raichurkar A, Sharma S, Ravishankar S, Guptha S, Sambandamurthy VK, Balganesh TS, Ugarkar BG, Balasubramanian V, Bandodkar BS, Panda M. Nitroarenes as Antitubercular Agents: Stereoelectronic Modulation to Mitigate Mutagenicity. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:331-9. [PMID: 26751718 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitroarenes are less preferred in drug discovery due to their potential to be mutagenic. However, several nitroarenes were shown to be promising antitubercular agents with specific modes of action, namely, nitroimidazoles and benzothiazinones. The nitro group in these compounds is activated through different mechanisms, both enzymatic and non-enzymatic, in mycobacteria prior to binding to the target of interest. From a whole-cell screening program, we identified a novel lead nitrobenzothiazole (BT) series that acts by inhibition of decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribose 2'-epimerase (DprE1) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The lead was found to be mutagenic to start with. Our efforts to mitigate mutagenicity resulted in the identification of 6-methyl-7-nitro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-benzothiazoles (cBTs), a novel class of antitubercular agents that are non-mutagenic and exhibit an improved safety profile. The methyl group ortho to the nitro group decreases the electron affinity of the series, and is hence responsible for the non-mutagenic nature of these compounds. Additionally, the co-crystal structure of cBT in complex with Mtb DprE1 established the mode of binding. This investigation led to a new non-mutagenic antitubercular agent and demonstrates that the mutagenic nature of nitroarenes can be solved by modulation of stereoelectronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Landge
- iMED Infection, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - Vasanthi Ramachandran
- iMED Infection, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - Anupriya Kumar
- iMED Infection, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - João Neres
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kannan Murugan
- iMED Infection, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - Claire Sadler
- iMED Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TF, UK
| | - Mick D Fellows
- iMED Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TF, UK
| | - Vaishali Humnabadkar
- iMED Infection, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - Prakash Vachaspati
- iMED Infection, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - Anandkumar Raichurkar
- iMED Infection, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - Sreevalli Sharma
- iMED Infection, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - Sudha Ravishankar
- iMED Infection, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - Supreeth Guptha
- iMED Infection, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - Vasan K Sambandamurthy
- iMED Infection, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - Tanjore S Balganesh
- iMED Infection, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - Bheemarao G Ugarkar
- iMED Infection, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - V Balasubramanian
- iMED Infection, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | | | - Manoranjan Panda
- iMED Infection, AstraZeneca India Pvt. Ltd., Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India. .,Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Biocon Park, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore, 560099, India.
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20
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Rakesh, Bruhn DF, Scherman MS, Singh AP, Yang L, Liu J, Lenaerts AJ, Lee RE. Synthesis and evaluation of pretomanid (PA-824) oxazolidinone hybrids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 26:388-391. [PMID: 26711150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pretomanid (PA-824) is an important nitroimidazole antitubercular agent in late stage clinical trials. However, pretomanid is limited by poor solubility and high protein binding, which presents opportunities for improvement in its physiochemical properties. Conversely, the oxazolidinone linezolid has excellent physicochemical properties and has recently shown impressive activity for the treatment of drug resistant tuberculosis. In this study we explore if incorporation of the outer ring elements found in first and second generation oxazolidinones into the nitroimidazole core of pretomanid can be used to improve its physicochemical and antitubercular properties. The synthesis of pretomanid outer oxazolidinone ring hybrids was successfully performed producing hybrids that maintained antitubercular activity and had improved in vitro physicochemical properties. Three lead compounds were identified and evaluated in a chronic model of tuberculosis infection in mice. However, the compounds lacked efficacy suggesting that portions of PA-824 tail not found in the hybrid molecules are required for in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David F Bruhn
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michael S Scherman
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Aman P Singh
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jiuyu Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Anne J Lenaerts
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Richard E Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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21
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Thompson AM, Blaser A, Palmer BD, Franzblau SG, Wan B, Wang Y, Ma Z, Denny WA. Biarylmethoxy 2-nitroimidazooxazine antituberculosis agents: Effects of proximal ring substitution and linker reversal on metabolism and efficacy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3804-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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22
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Engle KM, Lu G, Luo SX, Henling LM, Takase MK, Liu P, Houk KN, Grubbs RH. Origins of Initiation Rate Differences in Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalysts Containing Chelating Benzylidenes. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:5782-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b01144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keary M. Engle
- Arnold
and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Gang Lu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Shao-Xiong Luo
- Arnold
and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Lawrence M. Henling
- Arnold
and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Michael K. Takase
- Arnold
and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Robert H. Grubbs
- Arnold
and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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23
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Palmer BD, Sutherland HS, Blaser A, Kmentova I, Franzblau SG, Wan B, Wang Y, Ma Z, Denny WA, Thompson AM. Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationships for Extended Side Chain Analogues of the Antitubercular Drug (6S)-2-Nitro-6-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]oxy}-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine (PA-824). J Med Chem 2015; 58:3036-59. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501608q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Palmer
- Auckland
Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Hamish S. Sutherland
- Auckland
Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Adrian Blaser
- Auckland
Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Iveta Kmentova
- Auckland
Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Scott G. Franzblau
- Institute
for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Baojie Wan
- Institute
for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Yuehong Wang
- Institute
for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Zhenkun Ma
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, 40 Wall Street, New York, New York 10005, United States
| | - William A. Denny
- Auckland
Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrew M. Thompson
- Auckland
Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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24
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Lakshminarayana SB, Boshoff HIM, Cherian J, Ravindran S, Goh A, Jiricek J, Nanjundappa M, Nayyar A, Gurumurthy M, Singh R, Dick T, Blasco F, Barry CE, Ho PC, Manjunatha UH. Pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics analysis of bicyclic 4-nitroimidazole analogs in a murine model of tuberculosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105222. [PMID: 25141257 PMCID: PMC4139342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
PA-824 is a bicyclic 4-nitroimidazole, currently in phase II clinical trials for the treatment of tuberculosis. Dose fractionation pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic studies in mice indicated that the driver of PA-824 invivo efficacy is the time during which the free drug concentrations in plasma are above the MIC (fT>MIC). In this study, a panel of closely related potent bicyclic 4-nitroimidazoles was profiled in both invivo PK and efficacy studies. In an established murine TB model, the efficacy of diverse nitroimidazole analogs ranged between 0.5 and 2.3 log CFU reduction compared to untreated controls. Further, a retrospective analysis was performed for a set of seven nitroimidazole analogs to identify the PK parameters that correlate with invivo efficacy. Our findings show that the invivo efficacy of bicyclic 4-nitroimidazoles correlated better with lung PK than with plasma PK. Further, nitroimidazole analogs with moderate-to-high volume of distribution and Lung to plasma ratios of >2 showed good efficacy. Among all the PK-PD indices, total lung T>MIC correlated the best with invivo efficacy (rs = 0.88) followed by lung Cmax/MIC and AUC/MIC. Thus, lung drug distribution studies could potentially be exploited to guide the selection of compounds for efficacy studies, thereby accelerating the drug discovery efforts in finding new nitroimidazole analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helena I. M. Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joseph Cherian
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Anne Goh
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jan Jiricek
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Amit Nayyar
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Ramandeep Singh
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas Dick
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Clifton E. Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul C. Ho
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ujjini H. Manjunatha
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (SBL); (UHM)
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25
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Yang K, Zhang C, Wang P, Zhang Y, Ge H. Nickel-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Acylation of Heteroarenes by sp2CH Functionalization. Chemistry 2014; 20:7241-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Ladraa S, Berrée F, Bouraiou A, Bouacida S, Roisnel T, Carboni B, Belfaitah A. Efficient synthesis and X-ray structures of new α-quinolin-3-yl-α-aminonitriles and derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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27
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Yan M, Ma S. Recent Advances in the Research of Heterocyclic Compounds as Antitubercular Agents. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:2063-75. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Chopra S, Koolpe GA, Tambo-Ong AA, Matsuyama KN, Ryan KJ, Tran TB, Doppalapudi RS, Riccio ES, Iyer LV, Green CE, Wan B, Franzblau SG, Madrid PB. Discovery and optimization of benzotriazine di-N-oxides targeting replicating and nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6047-60. [PMID: 22691154 DOI: 10.1021/jm300123s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Compounds bactericidal against both replicating and nonreplicating Mtb may shorten the length of TB treatment regimens by eliminating infections more rapidly. Screening of a panel of antimicrobial and anticancer drug classes that are bioreduced into cytotoxic species revealed that 1,2,4-benzotriazine di-N-oxides (BTOs) are potently bactericidal against replicating and nonreplicating Mtb. Medicinal chemistry optimization, guided by semiempirical molecular orbital calculations, identified a new lead compound (20q) from this series with an MIC of 0.31 μg/mL against H37Rv and a cytotoxicity (CC(50)) against Vero cells of 25 μg/mL. 20q also had equivalent potency against a panel of single-drug resistant strains of Mtb and remarkably selective activity for Mtb over a panel of other pathogenic bacterial strains. 20q was also negative in a L5178Y MOLY assay, indicating low potential for genetic toxicity. These data along with measurements of the physiochemical properties and pharmacokinetic profile demonstrate that BTOs have the potential to be developed into a new class of antitubercular drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidharth Chopra
- Center for Infectious Disease and Biodefense Research, Bioscience Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025-3493, USA
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29
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Menendez C, Chollet A, Rodriguez F, Inard C, Pasca MR, Lherbet C, Baltas M. Chemical synthesis and biological evaluation of triazole derivatives as inhibitors of InhA and antituberculosis agents. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 52:275-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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30
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A Study of Fluorinated β-Nitrostyrenes as Antimicrobial Agents. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/app2010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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