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Carvalho SG, Haddad FF, Dos Santos AM, Scarim CB, Ferreira LMB, Meneguin AB, Chorilli M, Gremião MPD. Chitosan surface modification modulates the mucoadhesive, permeation and anti-angiogenic properties of gellan gum/bevacizumab nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130272. [PMID: 38373560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Bevacizumab (BVZ) was the first monoclonal antibody approved by the FDA and has shown an essential advance in the antitumor therapy of colorectal cancer (CRC), however, the systemic action of BVZ administered intravenously can trigger several adverse effects. The working hypothesis of the study was to promote the modulation of the mucoadhesion properties and permeability of the BVZ through the formation of nanoparticles (NPs) with gellan gum (GG) with subsequent surface modification with chitosan (CS). NPs comprising BVZ and GG were synthesized through polyelectrolyte complexation, yielding spherical nanosized particles with an average diameter of 264.0 ± 2.75 nm and 314.0 ± 0.01 nm, polydispersity index of 0.182 ± 0.01 e 0.288 ± 0.01, and encapsulation efficiency of 29.36 ± 0.67 e 60.35 ± 0.27 mV, for NPs without (NP_BVZ) and with surface modification (NP_BVZ + CS). The results showed a good ability of nanoparticles with surface modification to modulate the NPs biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Gonçalves Carvalho
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Falcão Haddad
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Martins Dos Santos
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Cauê Benito Scarim
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Miziara Barboza Ferreira
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Andréia Bagliotti Meneguin
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Palmira Daflon Gremião
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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2
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Souza AD, Scarim CB, Cotrim PC, Junior FB, Rocha BA, Calixto LA, Correia CJ, de Barros Araújo GL, Löbenberg R, Bou-Chacra NA, Breithaupt-Faloppa AC. Hydroxymethylnitrofurazone lymphatic uptake with nanostructured lipid carrier after oral administration in rats. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2024; 19:293-301. [PMID: 38270378 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Leishmaniasis, caused by the protozoan Leishmania sp., infects phagocyte cells present in lymphatic organs. This study demonstrates the influence of nanostructured lipid carrier-loaded hydroxymethylnitrofurazone (NLC-NFOH) on lymphatic uptake using a chylomicron-blocking flow model in rats. Method: Lymphatic uptake of NFOH was assessed 1 h after oral administration of dimethyl sulfoxide with NFOH or NLC-NFOH with and without cycloheximide pretreatment. Result: Dimethyl sulfoxide with NFOH and NLC-NFOH showed NFOH serum concentrations of 0.0316 and 0.0291 μg/ml, respectively. After chylomicron blocking, NFOH was not detected. Conclusion: Despite log P below 5, NFOH was successfully taken up by the lymphatic system. Long-chain fatty acids and particle size might be main factors in these findings. NLC-NFOH is a promising and convenient platform for treating leishmaniasis via oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline de Souza
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Cauê Benito Scarim
- Department of Drugs & Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, 14800-901, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cesar Cotrim
- Seroepidemiology, Cellular & Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar 470, Jardim América, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Fernando Barbosa Junior
- Laboratory of Toxicology & Essentiality of Metals, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Bruno Alves Rocha
- Laboratory of Toxicology & Essentiality of Metals, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Leandro Augusto Calixto
- Federal University of São Paulo, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Diadema - SP, 09913-030, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Jesus Correia
- Laboratório de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Fisiopatologia da Circulação (LIM-11), Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil
| | | | - Raimar Löbenberg
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2T9, Canada
| | - Nádia Araci Bou-Chacra
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Breithaupt-Faloppa
- Laboratório de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Fisiopatologia da Circulação (LIM-11), Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil
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3
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Bonjorno AF, Pavan AR, Fernandes GFS, Scarim CB, Castagnolo D, Dos Santos JL. BacPROTACs targeting Clp protease: a promising strategy for anti-mycobacterial drug discovery. Front Chem 2024; 12:1358539. [PMID: 38357296 PMCID: PMC10864484 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1358539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) has claimed more lives over the course of two millennia than any other infectious disease worldwide. In 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 10.6 million people were diagnosed with TB, resulting in the deaths of 1.4 million HIV-negative individuals. The emergence of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), defined as resistance to at least rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH), and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB), poses the primary challenge to overcome in the coming years. We have recently conducted an extensive analysis of investments and research endeavours in the field, with the overarching objective of achieving the established milestone of TB eradication by the year 2030. Over the past several years, there has been notable progress in advancing a multitude of promising compounds, each possessing distinct mechanisms of action, into clinical phases of development. However, it is worth noting that strains of mycobacteria resistant to current antitubercular drugs have already emerged for some of these compounds The exploration of the innovative Proteolytic Target Chimeras (PROTACs) protein degradation approach has emerged as a viable avenue for the discovery of novel antimicrobials. While the ubiquitin system is exclusive to eukaryotic cells, certain bacteria use a similar degradation system that relies on the recognition of phosphorylated arginine residues (pArg) by the ClpC:ClpP (ClpCP) protease, thereby leading to protein degradation. In this opinion article, we have described and analized the advances in the use of PROTACs that leverage bacterial proteolytic machinery (BacPROTACs) to design new antitubercular agents. Scope Statement. The development of novel pharmaceuticals for tuberculosis treatment is deemed urgently necessary due to the emergence of resistant strains. In this context, the introduction of new technologies capable of alleviating the disease and attaining the objectives outlined by the World Health Organization is imperative. Among the innovative strategies, the degradation of proteins that are crucial for the survival of the bacillus holds promise for generating new medications, particularly those that are effective at treating latent (non-replicating) Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Within this perspective, we present the advancements and obstacles encountered in the exploration of new BacPROTAC compounds, with the intention of encouraging research and illuminating challenges associated with the implementation of BacPROTACs to address to the global tuberculosis crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aline Renata Pavan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | | | - Cauê Benito Scarim
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Daniele Castagnolo
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Fernandes LDR, Lopes JR, Bonjorno AF, Prates JLB, Scarim CB, Dos Santos JL. The Application of Prodrugs as a Tool to Enhance the Properties of Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. Viruses 2023; 15:2234. [PMID: 38005911 PMCID: PMC10675571 DOI: 10.3390/v15112234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) is an effective treatment for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which has transformed the highly lethal disease, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), into a chronic and manageable condition. However, better methods need to be developed for enhancing patient access and adherence to therapy and for improving treatment in the long term to reduce adverse effects. From the perspective of drug discovery, one promising strategy is the development of anti-HIV prodrugs. This approach aims to enhance the efficacy and safety of treatment, promoting the development of more appropriate and convenient systems for patients. In this review, we discussed the use of the prodrug approach for HIV antiviral agents and emphasized nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. We comprehensively described various strategies that are used to enhance factors such as water solubility, bioavailability, pharmacokinetic parameters, permeability across biological membranes, chemical stability, drug delivery to specific sites/organs, and tolerability. These strategies might help researchers conduct better studies in this field. We also reported successful examples from the primary therapeutic classes while discussing the advantages and limitations. In this review, we highlighted the key trends in the application of the prodrug approach for treating HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean Leandro Dos Santos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil; (L.d.R.F.); (J.R.L.); (A.F.B.); (J.L.B.P.); (C.B.S.)
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5
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Prates JLB, Lopes JR, Chin CM, Ferreira EI, Dos Santos JL, Scarim CB. Discovery of Novel Inhibitors of Cruzain Cysteine Protease of Trypanosoma cruz. Curr Med Chem 2023; 31:CMC-EPUB-134920. [PMID: 37888814 DOI: 10.2174/0109298673254864230921090519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is a parasitic disease endemic in several developing countries. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 6-8 million people worldwide are inflicted by CD. The scarcity of new drugs, mainly for the chronic phase, is the main reason for treatment limitation in CD. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover new targets for which new therapeutical agents could be developed. Cruzain cysteine protease (CCP) is a promising alternative because this enzyme exhibits pleiotropic effects by acting as a virulence factor, modulating host immune cells, and interacting with host cells. This systematic review was conducted to discover new compounds that act as cruzain inhibitors, and their effects in vitro were studied through enzymatic assays and molecular docking. Additionally, the advances and perspectives of these inhibitors are discussed. These findings are expected to contribute to medicinal chemistry in view of the design of new, safe, and efficacious inhibitors against Trypanosoma cruzi CCP detected in the last decade (2013-2022) to provide scaffolds for further optimization, aiming toward the discovery of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Lucas Bruno Prates
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Chemistry Institute Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Romano Lopes
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Chung Man Chin
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Union of the Colleges of the Great Lakes (UNILAGO), School of Medicine, Advanced Research Center in Medicine, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Igne Ferreira
- Universidade de São Paulo Pharmacy São Paulo Brazil
- University of São Paulo (USP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, LAPEN-Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutic Agents Potentially Active on Neglected Diseases, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jean Leandro Dos Santos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Chemistry Institute Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Cauê Benito Scarim
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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6
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Fernandes GFS, Scarim CB, Kim SH, Wu J, Castagnolo D. Oxazolidinones as versatile scaffolds in medicinal chemistry. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:823-847. [PMID: 37252095 PMCID: PMC10211318 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00415a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxazolidinone is a five-member heterocyclic ring with several biological applications in medicinal chemistry. Among the three possible isomers, 2-oxazolidinone is the most investigated in drug discovery. Linezolid was pioneered as the first approved drug containing an oxazolidinone ring as the pharmacophore group. Numerous analogues have been developed since its arrival on the market in 2000. Some have succeeded in reaching the advanced stages of clinical studies. However, most oxazolidinone derivatives reported in recent decades have not reached the initial stages of drug development, despite their promising pharmacological applications in a variety of therapeutic areas, including antibacterial, antituberculosis, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, neurologic, and metabolic diseases, among other areas. Therefore, this review article aims to compile the efforts of medicinal chemists who have explored this scaffold over the past decades and highlight the potential of the class for medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cauê Benito Scarim
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University Araraquara 14800903 Brazil
| | - Seong-Heun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street WC1H 0AJ London UK
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London 150 Stamford Street SE1 9NH London UK
| | - Jingyue Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street WC1H 0AJ London UK
| | - Daniele Castagnolo
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street WC1H 0AJ London UK
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7
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Scarim CB, Pavan FR. Recent advancement in drug development of nitro(NO 2 )-heterocyclic compounds as lead scaffolds for the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Drug Dev Res 2022; 83:842-858. [PMID: 35106801 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused predominantly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). It was responsible for approximately 1.4 million deaths worldwide in 2019. The lack of new drugs to treat drug-resistant strains is a principal factor for the slow rise in TB infections. Our aim is to aid the development of new TB treatments by describing improvements (last decade, 2011-2021) to nitro(NO2 )-based compounds that have shown activity or pharmacological properties (e.g., anti-proliferative, anti-kinetoplastid) against Mtb. For all compounds, we have included final correlations of minimum inhibitory concentrations against Mtb (H37 Rv).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cauê Benito Scarim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center (UMMC), Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Fernando Rogério Pavan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Scarim CB, Pavan FR. An overview of sulfonamide-based conjugates: Recent advances for tuberculosis treatment. Drug Dev Res 2022; 83:567-577. [PMID: 35040503 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, tuberculosis (TB) caused approximately 1.4 million deaths around the world. TB is an infectious respiratory disease mainly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The lack of new drugs to treat drug-resistant strains is a principal factor for the continuous slow rise in TB infections. Sulfonamides are active moieties in various drugs used against several sicknesses, including TB. Our aim is to aid the development of new TB treatments and drugs by describing recent improvements (2011-2021) to sulfonamide-based compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cauê Benito Scarim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center (UMMC), Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Fernando Rogério Pavan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Scarim CB, Andrade CRD, Falcone R, Ambrozini LM, Senhorelli VI, Rosa JAD, Chin CM. Hydroxymethylnitrofurazone (NFOH) decreases parasitaemia, parasitism and tissue lesion caused by infection with the Bolivia Trypanosoma cruzi type I strain in Swiss and C57BL/6 mice. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rossana Falcone
- Sao Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, UNESP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Chung Man Chin
- Sao Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, UNESP, Brazil
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Scarim CB, Chin CM. Recent Trends for Drug Development for the treatment of Adenocarcinoma breast cancer: Thiazole, Triazole, and Thiosemicarbazone Analogues as Efficient Scaffolds. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:2204-2240. [PMID: 34852749 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666211201152815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thiazoles, triazoles, and thiosemicarbazones function as efficient scaffolds in compounds for the treatment of several illnesses, including cancers. In this review article, we demonstrate the various studies involving these three pharmacophore classes (thiazoles, triazoles, and thiosemicarbazones) in the medicinal chemistry field over the last decade (2011-2021), with a focus on MCF-7 adenocarcinoma breast cancer cells. Our objective is to facilitate drug discovery of novel chemotherapeutic agents by detailing anti-proliferative compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cauê Benito Scarim
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903. Brazil
| | - Chung Man Chin
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903. Brazil
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Scarim CB, de Farias RL, Chiba DE, Chin CM. Insight into Recent Drug Discoveries against Trypanosomatids and Plasmodium spp Parasites: New Metal-based Compounds. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2334-2381. [PMID: 34533436 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210917114912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Scaffolds of metal-based compounds can act as pharmacophore groups in several ligands to treat various diseases, including tropical infectious diseases (TID). In this review article, we investigate the contribution of these moieties to medicinal inorganic chemistry in the last seven years against TID, including American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease), human African trypanosomiasis (HAT, sleeping sickness), leishmania, and malaria. The most potent metal-based complexes are displayed and highlighted in figures, tables and graphics; according to their pharmacological activities (IC50 > 10µM) against Trypanosomatids and Plasmodium spp parasites. We highlight the current progresses and viewpoints of these metal-based complexes, with a specific focus on drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cauê Benito Scarim
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Renan Lira de Farias
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, 14800-060, Araraquara-SP, Brazil
| | - Diego Eidy Chiba
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Chung Man Chin
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
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Scarim CB, Olmo F, Ferreira EI, Chin CM, Kelly JM, Fortes Francisco A. Image-Based In Vitro Screening Reveals the Trypanostatic Activity of Hydroxymethylnitrofurazone against Trypanosoma cruzi. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136930. [PMID: 34203228 PMCID: PMC8268475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxymethylnitrofurazone (NFOH) is a therapeutic candidate for Chagas disease (CD). It has negligible hepatotoxicity in a murine model compared to the front-line drug benznidazole (BZN). Here, using Trypanosoma cruzi strains that express bioluminescent and/or fluorescent reporter proteins, we further investigated the in vitro and in vivo activity of NFOH to define whether the compound is trypanocidal or trypanostatic. The in vitro activity was assessed by exploiting the fluorescent reporter strain using wash-out assays and real-time microscopy. For animal experimentation, BALB/c mice were inoculated with the bioluminescent reporter strain and assessed by highly sensitive in vivo and ex vivo imaging. Cyclophosphamide treatment was used to promote parasite relapse in the chronic stage of infection. Our data show that NFOH acts by a trypanostatic mechanism, and that it is more active than BZN in vitro against the infectious trypomastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi. We also found that it is more effective at curing experimental infections in the chronic stage, compared with the acute stage, a feature that it shares with BZN. Therefore, given its reduced toxicity, enhanced anti-trypomastigote activity, and curative properties, NFOH can be considered as a potential therapeutic option for Chagas disease, perhaps in combination with other trypanocidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cauê Benito Scarim
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Sao Paulo 14800-903, Brazil; (C.B.S.); (C.M.C.)
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (F.O.); (J.M.K.)
| | - Francisco Olmo
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (F.O.); (J.M.K.)
| | - Elizabeth Igne Ferreira
- LAPEN—Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutic Agents Potentially Active on Neglected Diseases, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo 05508-9000, Brazil;
| | - Chung Man Chin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Sao Paulo 14800-903, Brazil; (C.B.S.); (C.M.C.)
- Advanced Research Center in Medicine, School of Medicine, Union of the Colleges of the Great Lakes (UNILAGO), São José do Rio Preto, Sao Paulo 15030-070, Brazil
| | - John M. Kelly
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (F.O.); (J.M.K.)
| | - Amanda Fortes Francisco
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (F.O.); (J.M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-207-612-7864
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Scarim CB, Lira de Farias R, Vieira de Godoy Netto A, Chin CM, Leandro Dos Santos J, Pavan FR. Recent advances in drug discovery against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Metal-based complexes. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 214:113166. [PMID: 33550181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metal-based drugs are privileged motifs that act as primary pharmacophores in bioactive compounds for various diseases, including tuberculosis (TB). This potentially life-threatening and extremely contagious infectious disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In 2018, TB infected about 10 million people and caused 1.2 million deaths worldwide. A large number of ligands are promising scaffolds in drug design, including heterocyclic, phosphines, schiff bases, thio and semicarbazones, aliphatic amines, cyclopalladated, cyanometallates and miscellaneous. Moreover, several metal-based complexes have been studied for the treatment of numerous illnesses, including infectious diseases. To contribute to drug design, we identified the metal-based organometallic complexes against Mtb. Thus, in this review article, we analysed the recent contributions of metal-based scaffolds for design of new anti-Mtb drugs in the last decade (2011-2020). Besides, metal-based approaches will be presented in order to find out new antitubercular agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cauê Benito Scarim
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Renan Lira de Farias
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, SP, 14800-900, Brazil
| | | | - Chung Man Chin
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil; School of Medicine, Union of the Colleges of the Great Lakes (UNILAGO), São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15030-070, Brazil
| | - Jean Leandro Dos Santos
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil; Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, SP, 14800-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rogério Pavan
- Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil.
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Farias RL, Polez AMR, Silva DES, Zanetti RD, Moreira MB, Batista VS, Reis BL, Nascimento-Júnior NM, Rocha FV, Lima MA, Oliveira AB, Ellena J, Scarim CB, Zambom CR, Brito LD, Garrido SS, Melo APL, Bresolin L, Tirloni B, Pereira JCM, Netto AVG. In vitro and in silico assessment of antitumor properties and biomolecular binding studies for two new complexes based on Ni II bearing k 2N,S-donor ligands. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2020; 121:111815. [PMID: 33579459 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This work deals with two new molecule-based materials, namely NiII-complexes of general formulae [Ni(L1)2] (Ni1) and [Ni(L2)2] (Ni2), where L1 = trans-cinnamaldehyde-N(4)-methyl thiosemicarbazone and L2 = trans-cinnamaldehyde-N(4)-ethyl thiosemicarbazone, as potential antitumor agents. Both compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductivity and spectroscopic techniques (FTIR and NMR). Their molecular structures were obtained by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Each one crystallizes in a monoclinic space group P 21/c, also the asymmetric unit comprises of one NiII ion located on an inversion centre and one anionic ligand, which acts as a κ2N,S-donor affording a five-membered metallaring. The compounds were screened against two selected tumour cell lines (MCF-7 and A549) and non-tumour fibroblasts cell line (MRC-5) via MTT assays. In both tumour cells, all compounds exhibited higher cytotoxicity than the control drug (cisplatin). The IC50 values ranges of 3.70 - 41.37 μM and 1.06 - 14.91 μM were found for MCF-7 and A549, respectively. Importantly, all of them were less toxicity than cisplatin in MRC-5 with SI values ranged at 11.80 - 86.60. The red blood cell (RBC) assay revealed Ni2 as non-toxic due to its reduced haemolytic effect (0--9% at 1--10 μM). The DNA binding was investigated through a combination of spectrophotometric absorption and emission titrations, electrophoresis, and circular dichroism experiments. As a result, these metal complexes were not able to strongly binding to DNA (Kb values ~104 mol L--1) but suggesting groove-binding interactions. The scavenging ability of them towards 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical was also evaluated in this work, but no important antioxidant behaviour was detected. Further, the interaction of Ni1 and Ni2 to human serum albumin (HSA) was explored by quenching of tryptophan emission, warfarin competitive assay, and molecular docking protocols. The HSA binding analyses indicated good affinity of both complexes to Sudlow site I (Kb values ⁓103 mol L-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Farias
- Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Físico-Química e Inorgânica, Araraquara, Brazil.
| | - A M R Polez
- Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Físico-Química e Inorgânica, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - D E S Silva
- Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Físico-Química e Inorgânica, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - R D Zanetti
- Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Físico-Química e Inorgânica, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - M B Moreira
- Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Físico-Química e Inorgânica, Araraquara, Brazil; Univ. Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Departamento de Química, Londrina, Brazil
| | - V S Batista
- Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Química, Laboratório de Química Medicinal, Síntese Orgânica e Modelagem Molecular (LaQMedSOMM), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - B L Reis
- Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Química, Laboratório de Química Medicinal, Síntese Orgânica e Modelagem Molecular (LaQMedSOMM), Araraquara, Brazil; Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Dresden, Germany
| | - N M Nascimento-Júnior
- Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Química, Laboratório de Química Medicinal, Síntese Orgânica e Modelagem Molecular (LaQMedSOMM), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - F V Rocha
- Univ. Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Departamento de Química, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - M A Lima
- Univ. Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Departamento de Química, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - A B Oliveira
- Univ. Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Departamento de Química, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - J Ellena
- Univ. de São Paulo (USP), Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - C B Scarim
- Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - C R Zambom
- Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica e Química Orgânica, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - L D Brito
- Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica e Química Orgânica, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - S S Garrido
- Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica e Química Orgânica, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - A P L Melo
- Univ. Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Escola de Química e Alimentos, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - L Bresolin
- Univ. Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Escola de Química e Alimentos, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - B Tirloni
- Univ. Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Departamento de Química, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - J C M Pereira
- Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Físico-Química e Inorgânica, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - A V G Netto
- Univ. Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Físico-Química e Inorgânica, Araraquara, Brazil
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15
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Machado MGM, Scarim CB, de Andrade CR, dos Santos JL, Chin CM. Synthesis and anti-inflammatory intestinal activity of new glucocorticoid derivatives. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02474-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Scarim CB, Jornada DH, Machado MGM, Ferreira CMR, Dos Santos JL, Chung MC. Thiazole, thio and semicarbazone derivatives against tropical infective diseases: Chagas disease, human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), leishmaniasis, and malaria. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 162:378-395. [PMID: 30453246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thiazole, thiosemicarbazone and semicarbazone moieties are privileged scaffolds (acting as primary pharmacophores) in many compounds that are useful to treat several diseases, mainly tropical infectious diseases. In this review article, we critically analyzed the contribution of these scaffolds to medicinal chemistry in the last five years, focusing on tropical infectious diseases, such as Chagas disease, human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), leishmaniasis, and malaria. We also present perspectives for their use in drug design in order to contribute to the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cauê Benito Scarim
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Jean Leandro Dos Santos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Man Chin Chung
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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17
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Scarim CB, Jornada DH, Chelucci RC, de Almeida L, Dos Santos JL, Chung MC. Current advances in drug discovery for Chagas disease. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 155:824-838. [PMID: 30033393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is one of the 17 neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) according to World Health Organization. It is estimated that 8-10 million people are infected worldwide, mainly in Latin America. Chagas disease is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and is characterized by two phases: acute and chronic. The current therapy for Chagas disease is limited to drugs such as nifurtimox and benznidazole, which are effective in treating only the acute phase of the disease. In addition, several side effects ranging from hypersensitivity to bone marrow depression and peripheral polyneuropathy have been associated with these drugs. Therefore, the current challenge is to find new effective and safe drugs against this NTD. The aim of this review is to describe the advances in the medicinal chemistry of new anti-chagasic compounds reported in the literature in the last five years. We report promising prototypes for drug discovery identified through target-based and phenotype-based strategies and present some important targets for the development of new synthetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cauê Benito Scarim
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Hartmann Jornada
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Consolin Chelucci
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Leticia de Almeida
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Brazil
| | - Jean Leandro Dos Santos
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Man Chin Chung
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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de Souza A, Marins DSS, Mathias SL, Monteiro LM, Yukuyama MN, Scarim CB, Löbenberg R, Bou-Chacra NA. Promising nanotherapy in treating leishmaniasis. Int J Pharm 2018; 547:421-431. [PMID: 29886097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniases are infectious diseases caused by an intracellular protozoan in humans by 20 different species of Leishmania among more than 53 species. There are at least twelve million cases of infections worldwide and three hundred and fifty million people are at risk in at least 98 developing countries in Africa, South-East Asia, and the Americas. Only Brazil presented high burden for both visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and cutaneous (CL). Chemotherapy is the main means of dealing with this infection. Nevertheless, only a few effective drugs are available, and each has a particular disadvantage; toxicity and long-term regimens compromise most chemotherapeutic options, which decreases patient compliance and adherence to the treatment and consequently the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Nano drug delivery systems (NanoDDS) can direct antileishmanial drug substances for intracellular localization in macrophage-rich organs such as bone marrow, liver, and spleen. This strategy can improve the therapeutic efficacy and reduce the toxic effects of several antileishmanial drug substances. This review is an effort to comprehensively compile recent findings, with the aim of advancing understanding of the importance of nanotechnology for treating leishmaniases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline de Souza
- University of São Paulo, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prof. Lineu Prestes Avenue, 580, Bl-13/15, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Débora Soares Souza Marins
- University of São Paulo, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prof. Lineu Prestes Avenue, 580, Bl-13/15, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Samir Leite Mathias
- Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, João Leme dos Santos Highway, Km 110, 18052-780 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Lis Marie Monteiro
- University of São Paulo, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prof. Lineu Prestes Avenue, 580, Bl-13/15, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Megumi Nishitani Yukuyama
- University of São Paulo, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prof. Lineu Prestes Avenue, 580, Bl-13/15, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cauê Benito Scarim
- São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Rodovia Araraquara Jaú, Km 01 - s/n, 14800-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Raimar Löbenberg
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Edmonton, AB T6G 2N8, Canada.
| | - Nádia Araci Bou-Chacra
- University of São Paulo, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prof. Lineu Prestes Avenue, 580, Bl-13/15, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Scarim CB, Ribeiro AR, Rosa JAD, Chin CM. Response to different benznidazole doses in animal models of chronic phase Chagas disease: a critical review. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2018; 51:133-140. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0337-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chung Man Chin
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Brazil
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