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Ojomoko LO, Kryukova EV, Egorova NS, Salikhov AI, Epifanova LA, Denisova DA, Khomutov AR, Sukhov DA, Vassilevski AA, Khomutov MA, Tsetlin VI, Shelukhina IV. Inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by oligoarginine peptides and polyamine-related compounds. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1327603. [PMID: 38169863 PMCID: PMC10758494 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1327603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Oligoarginine peptides, known mostly for their cell-penetrating properties, are also inhibitors of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Since octa-arginine (R8) inhibits α9α10 nAChR and suppresses neuropathic pain, we checked if other polycationic compounds containing amino and/or guanidino groups could be effective and tested the activity of the disulfide-fixed "cyclo"R8, a series of biogenic polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine), C-methylated spermine analogs, agmatine and its analogs, as well as acylpolyamine argiotoxin-636 from spider venom. Their inhibitory potency on muscle-type, α7 and α9α10 nAChRs was determined using radioligand analysis, electrophysiology, and calcium imaging. "Cyclo"R8 showed similar activity to that of R8 against α9α10 nAChR (IC50 ≈ 60 nM). Biogenic polyamines as well as agmatine and its analogs displayed low activity on muscle-type Torpedo californica, as well as α7 and α9α10 nAChRs, which increased with chain length, the most active being spermine and its C-methylated derivatives having IC50 of about 30 μM against muscle-type T. californica nAChR. Argiotoxin-636, which contains a polyamine backbone and terminal guanidino group, also weakly inhibited T. californica nAChR (IC50 ≈ 15 μM), but it revealed high potency against rat α9α10 nAChR (IC50 ≈ 200 nM). We conclude that oligoarginines and similar polycationic compounds effectively inhibiting α9α10 nAChR may serve as a basis for the development of analgesics to reduce neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy O. Ojomoko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V. Kryukova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalya S. Egorova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Arthur I. Salikhov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lyubov A. Epifanova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria A. Denisova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alex R. Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Sukhov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Vassilevski
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim A. Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor I. Tsetlin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina V. Shelukhina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Khomutov MA, Salikhov AI, Mitkevich VA, Tunitskaya VL, Smirnova OA, Korolev SP, Chizhov AO, Gottikh MB, Kochetkov SN, Khomutov AR. C-Methylated Spermidine Derivatives: Convenient Syntheses and Antizyme-Related Effects. Biomolecules 2023; 13:916. [PMID: 37371496 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The biogenic polyamines, spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm), are present at millimolar concentrations in all eukaryotic cells, where they participate in the regulation of vitally important cellular functions. Polyamine analogs and derivatives are a traditional and important instrument for the investigation of the cellular functions of polyamines, enzymes of their metabolism, and the regulation of the biosynthesis of antizyme-a key downregulator of polyamine homeostasis. Here, we describe convenient gram-scale syntheses of a set of C-methylated analogs of Spd. The biochemical properties of these compounds and the possibility for the regulation of their activity by moving a methyl group along the polyamine backbone and by changing the stereochemistry of the chiral center(s) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim A Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Arthur I Salikhov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Mitkevich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vera L Tunitskaya
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Olga A Smirnova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey P Korolev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander O Chizhov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii Prosp. 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Marina B Gottikh
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey N Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alex R Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Khomutov MA, Khomutov AR. Synthesis of 2-Methylidene Spermidine and its N1-Acetylated Derivative. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162022060140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Role of Polyamine-Induced Dimerization of Antizyme in Its Cellular Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094614. [PMID: 35563006 PMCID: PMC9104013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The polyamines, spermine (Spm) and spermidine (Spd), are important for cell growth and function. Their homeostasis is strictly controlled, and a key downregulator of the polyamine pool is the polyamine-inducible protein, antizyme 1 (OAZ1). OAZ1 inhibits polyamine uptake and targets ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate-limiting enzyme of polyamine biosynthesis, for proteasomal degradation. Here we report, for the first time, that polyamines induce dimerization of mouse recombinant full-length OAZ1, forming an (OAZ1)2-Polyamine complex. Dimerization could be modulated by functionally active C-methylated spermidine mimetics (MeSpds) by changing the position of the methyl group along the Spd backbone—2-MeSpd was a poor inducer as opposed to 1-MeSpd, 3-MeSpd, and Spd, which were good inducers. Importantly, the ability of compounds to inhibit polyamine uptake correlated with the efficiency of the (OAZ1)2-Polyamine complex formation. Thus, the (OAZ1)2-Polyamine complex may be needed to inhibit polyamine uptake. The efficiency of polyamine-induced ribosomal +1 frameshifting of OAZ1 mRNA could also be differentially modulated by MeSpds—2-MeSpd was a poor inducer of OAZ1 biosynthesis and hence a poor downregulator of ODC activity unlike the other MeSpds. These findings offer new insight into the OAZ1-mediated regulation of polyamine homeostasis and provide the chemical tools to study it.
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Biogenic Polyamines and Related Metabolites. Biomolecules 2021; 12:biom12010014. [PMID: 35053162 PMCID: PMC8773558 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Chemical activation of SAT1 corrects diet-induced metabolic syndrome. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:2904-2920. [PMID: 32376874 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0550-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological targeting of polyamine metabolism is currently under the spotlight for its potential in the prevention and treatment of several age-associated disorders. Here, we report the finding that triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride (TETA), a copper-chelator agent that can be safely administered to patients for the long-term treatment of Wilson disease, exerts therapeutic benefits in animals challenged with hypercaloric dietary regimens. TETA reduced obesity induced by high-fat diet, excessive sucrose intake, or leptin deficiency, as it reduced glucose intolerance and hepatosteatosis, but induced autophagy. Mechanistically, these effects did not involve the depletion of copper from plasma or internal organs. Rather, the TETA effects relied on the activation of an energy-consuming polyamine catabolism, secondary to the stabilization of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase-1 (SAT1) by TETA, resulting in enhanced enzymatic activity of SAT. All the positive effects of TETA on high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome were lost in SAT1-deficient mice. Altogether, these results suggest novel health-promoting effects of TETA that might be taken advantage of for the prevention or treatment of obesity.
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Khomutov M, Hyvönen MT, Simonian A, Formanovsky AA, Mikhura IV, Chizhov AO, Kochetkov SN, Alhonen L, Vepsäläinen J, Keinänen TA, Khomutov AR. Unforeseen Possibilities To Investigate the Regulation of Polyamine Metabolism Revealed by Novel C-Methylated Spermine Derivatives. J Med Chem 2019; 62:11335-11347. [PMID: 31765147 PMCID: PMC7076719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The biogenic polyamines, spermine (Spm) and spermidine, are organic polycations present in millimolar concentrations in all eukaryotic cells participating in the regulation of vital cellular functions including proliferation and differentiation. The design and biochemical evaluation of polyamine analogues are cornerstones of polyamine research. Here we synthesized and studied novel C-methylated Spm analogues: 2,11-dimethylspermine (2,11-Me2Spm), 3,10-dimethylspermine (3,10-Me2Spm), 2-methylspermine, and 2,2-dimethylspermine. The tested analogues overcame growth arrest induced by a 72 h treatment with α-difluoromethylornithine, an ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) inhibitor, and entered into DU145 cells via the polyamine transporter. 3,10-Me2Spm was a poor substrate of spermine oxidase and spermidine/spermine-N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) when compared with 2,11-Me2Spm, thus resembling 1,12-dimethylspermine, which lacks the substrate properties required for the SSAT reaction. The antizyme (OAZ1)-mediated downregulation of ODC and inhibition of polyamine transport are crucial in the maintenance of polyamine homeostasis. Interestingly, 3,10-Me2Spm was found to be the first Spm analogue that did not induce OAZ1 and, consequently, was a weak downregulator of ODC activity in DU145 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Khomutov
- Engelhardt
Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Mervi T. Hyvönen
- School
of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio, University
of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Alina Simonian
- Engelhardt
Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | | | - Irina V. Mikhura
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov
Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Alexander O. Chizhov
- N.D.
Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey N. Kochetkov
- Engelhardt
Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Leena Alhonen
- School
of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio, University
of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Jouko Vepsäläinen
- School
of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio, University
of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Tuomo A. Keinänen
- School
of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio, University
of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Alex R. Khomutov
- Engelhardt
Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Khomutov MA, Mikhura IV, Kochetkov SN, Khomutov AR. C-Methylated Analogs of Spermine and Spermidine: Synthesis and Biological Activity. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162019060207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Khomutov MA, Chizhov AO, Kochetkov SN, Khomutov AR. Synthesis of (R)- and (S)-isomers of 2-methylspermidine. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2019.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Acetylated derivatives of C-methylated analogues of spermidine: synthesis and interaction with N1-acetylpolyamine oxidase. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Grigorenko NA, Khomutov MA, Simonian AR, Kochetkov SN, Khomutov AR. Synthesis of 2,11-bis(methylidene)spermine, a new inhibitor of spermine oxidase. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162016030080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Khomutov MA, Keinanen TA, Hyvonen MT, Weisell J, Vepsalainen J, Alhonen L, Kochetkov SN, Khomutov AR. [Enantioselective Synthesis of (R)- and (S)-3-Methylspermidines]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016; 41:612-8. [PMID: 26762100 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162015050064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Earlier unknown enantiomerically pure (R)- and (S)-1,8-diamino-3-methyl-4-azaoctane's (3-MeSpd's) were synthesized with high overall yields and optical purity starting from commercially available R- and S-isomers of N-Boc-2-aminopropanol-1. Application of R- and S-isomers of 3-MeSpd for the investigation of the stereospecificity of spermidine transporter and peculiarities of deoxyhypusine synthase reaction are discussed.
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Kim SH, Wang Y, Khomutov M, Khomutov A, Fuqua C, Michael AJ. The Essential Role of Spermidine in Growth of Agrobacterium tumefaciens Is Determined by the 1,3-Diaminopropane Moiety. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:491-9. [PMID: 26682642 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous polyamine spermidine is indispensable for eukaryotic growth and cell proliferation. A conserved vital function of spermidine across eukaryotes is conferred by its aminobutyl group that is transferred to a single lysine in translation factor eIF5A to form the essential hypusine post-translational modification required for cellular translation. In direct contrast, although spermidine is absolutely essential for growth of α-proteobacterial plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens, we have found, by employing a suite of natural polyamines and synthetic methylated spermidine analogues together with spermidine biosynthetic mutants, that it is solely the 1,3-diaminopropane moiety of spermidine that is required for growth. Indeed, any polyamine containing an intact terminal 1,3-diaminopropane moiety can replace spermidine for growth, including the simple diamine 1,3-diaminopropane itself, a paradigm shift in understanding polyamine function in bacteria. We have identified for the first time a spermidine retroconversion activity in bacteria, producing diamine putrescine from triamine spermidine; however, exogenously supplied tetraamine spermine is resistant to retroconversion. When spermidine levels are pharmacologically decreased, synthesis of spermine from spermidine is induced via the same biosynthetic enzymes, carboxyspermidine dehydrogenase and carboxyspermidine decarboxylase that produce spermidine from putrescine, the first identification of a spermine biosynthetic pathway in bacteria. This also suggests that spermidine represses spermine biosynthesis, but when spermidine levels decrease, it is then converted by carboxyspermidine dehydrogenase and decarboxylase enzymes to spermine, which is resistant to retroconversion and constitutes a sequestered pool of protected 1,3-diaminopropane modules required for growth. We also identify an efficient N-acetylspermidine deacetylase activity, indicative of a sophisticated bacterial polyamine homeostasis system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sok Ho Kim
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Yi Wang
- Department
of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Maxim Khomutov
- Engelhardt
Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexey Khomutov
- Engelhardt
Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Clay Fuqua
- Department
of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Anthony J. Michael
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
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Hyvönen MT, Khomutov M, Petit M, Weisell J, Kochetkov SN, Alhonen L, Vepsäläinen J, Khomutov AR, Keinänen TA. Enantiomers of 3-methylspermidine selectively modulate deoxyhypusine synthesis and reveal important determinants for spermidine transport. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1417-24. [PMID: 25689365 DOI: 10.1021/cb500938e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) is essential for cell proliferation, becoming functionally active only after post-translational conversion of a specific Lys to hypusine [N(ε)-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)lysine]. Deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) is the rate-limiting enzyme of this two-step process, and the polyamine spermidine is the only natural donor of the butylamine group for this reaction, which is very conserved-hypusine biosynthesis suffers last when the intracellular spermidine pool is depleted. DHS has a very strict substrate specificity, and only a few spermidine analogs are substrates of the enzyme and can support long-term growth of spermidine-depleted cells. Herein, we compared the biological properties of earlier unknown enantiomers of 3-methylspermidine (3-MeSpd) in deoxyhypusine synthesis, in supporting cell growth and in polyamine transport. Long-term treatment of DU145 cells with α-difluoromethylornithine (inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis) and (R)-3-MeSpd did not cause depletion of hypusinated eIF5A, and the cells were still able to grow, whereas the combination of α-difluoromethylornithine with a racemate or (S)-3-MeSpd caused cessation of cell growth. Noticeably, DHS preferred the (R)- over the (S)-enantiomer as a substrate. (R)-3-MeSpd competed with [(14)C]-labeled spermidine for cellular uptake less efficiently than the (S)-3-MeSpd (Ki = 141 μM vs 19 μM, respectively). The cells treated with racemic 3-MeSpd accumulated intracellularly mainly (S)-3-MeSpd, but not DHS substrate (R)-3-MeSpd, explaining the inability of the racemate to support long-term growth. The distinct properties of 3-MeSpd enantiomers can be exploited in designing polyamine uptake inhibitors, facilitating drug delivery and modulating deoxyhypusine synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervi T Hyvönen
- †School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Biocenter Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maxim Khomutov
- ‡Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Marine Petit
- §Université Paris Diderot - Paris, U.F.R. Sciences du Vivant, 35 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France
| | - Janne Weisell
- †School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Biocenter Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sergey N Kochetkov
- ‡Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Leena Alhonen
- †School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Biocenter Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jouko Vepsäläinen
- †School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Biocenter Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alex R Khomutov
- ‡Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Tuomo A Keinänen
- †School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Biocenter Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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15
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Keinänen TA, Hyvönen MT, Alhonen L, Vepsäläinen J, Khomutov AR. Selective regulation of polyamine metabolism with methylated polyamine analogues. Amino Acids 2013; 46:605-20. [PMID: 24022706 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyamine metabolism is intimately linked to the physiological state of the cell. Low polyamines levels promote growth cessation, while increased concentrations are often associated with rapid proliferation or cancer. Delicately balanced biosynthesis, catabolism, uptake and excretion are very important for maintaining the intracellular polyamine homeostasis, and deregulated polyamine metabolism is associated with imbalanced metabolic red/ox state. Although many cellular targets of polyamines have been described, the precise molecular mechanisms in these interactions are largely unknown. Polyamines are readily interconvertible which complicate studies on the functions of the individual polyamines. Thus, non-metabolizable polyamine analogues, like carbon-methylated analogues, are needed to circumvent that problem. This review focuses on methylated putrescine, spermidine and spermine analogues in which at least one hydrogen atom attached to polyamine carbon backbone has been replaced by a methyl group. These analogues allow the regulation of both metabolic and catabolic fates of the parent molecule. Substituting the natural polyamines with methylated analogue(s) offers means to study either the functions of an individual polyamine or the effects of altered polyamine metabolism on cell physiology. In general, gem-dimethylated analogues are considered to be non-metabolizable by polyamine catabolizing enzymes spermidine/spermine-N¹-acetyltransferase and acetylpolyamine oxidase and they support short-term cellular proliferation in many experimental models. Monomethylation renders the analogues chiral, offering some advantage over gem-dimethylated analogues in the specific regulation of polyamine metabolism. Thus, methylated polyamine analogues are practical tools to meet existing biological challenges in solving the physiological functions of polyamines.
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Spermidine promotes adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells by preventing interaction of ANP32 with HuR and PP2A. Biochem J 2013; 453:467-74. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20130263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that the polyamine spermidine is indispensable for differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. In the present study, we examined the mechanism of spermidine function by using the polyamine biosynthesis inhibitor α-difluoromethylornithine in combination with the metabolically stable polyamine analogues γ-methylspermidine or (R,R)-α,ω-bismethylspermine. At the early phase of differentiation, spermidine-depleted 3T3-L1 cells showed decreased translation of the transcription factor C/EBPβ (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β), decreased PP2A (protein phosphatase 2A) activity and increased cytoplasmic localization of the RNA-binding protein HuR (human antigen R). The amount of HuR bound to C/EBPβ mRNA was reduced, whereas the amount of bound CUGBP2, an inhibitor of C/EBPβ translation, was increased. ANP32 (acidic nuclear phosphoprotein 32) proteins, which are known PP2A inhibitors and HuR ligands, bound more PP2A and HuR in spermidine-depleted than in control cells, whereas immunodepletion of ANP32 proteins from the lysate of spermidine-depleted cells restored PP2A activity. Taken together, our data shows that spermidine promotes C/EBPβ translation in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells, and that this process is controlled by the interaction of ANP32 with HuR and PP2A.
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Korovina AN, Tunitskaya VL, Khomutov MA, Simonian AR, Khomutov AR, Ivanov AV, Kochetkov SN. Biogenic polyamines spermine and spermidine activate RNA polymerase and inhibit RNA helicase of hepatitis C virus. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 77:1172-80. [PMID: 23157297 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Influence of the biogenic polyamines spermine, spermidine, and putrescine as well as their derivatives on the replication enzymes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) was investigated. It was found that spermine and spermidine activate HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NS5B protein). This effect was not caused by the stabilization of the enzyme or by competition with template-primer complex, but rather it was due to achievement of true maximum velocity V(max). Natural polyamines and their derivatives effectively inhibited the helicase reaction catalyzed by another enzyme of HCV replication - helicase/NTPase (NS3 protein). However, these compounds affected neither the NTPase reaction nor its activation by polynucleotides. Activation of the HCV RNA polymerase and inhibition of the viral helicase were shown at physiological concentrations of the polyamines. These data suggest that biogenic polyamines may cause differently directed effects on the replication of the HCV genome in an infected cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Korovina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Hyvönen MT, Keinänen TA, Khomutov M, Simonian A, Vepsäläinen J, Park JH, Khomutov AR, Alhonen L, Park MH. Effects of novel C-methylated spermidine analogs on cell growth via hypusination of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A. Amino Acids 2012; 42:685-95. [PMID: 21861168 PMCID: PMC3223563 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0984-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The polyamines, putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, are ubiquitous multifunctional cations essential for cellular proliferation. One specific function of spermidine in cell growth is its role as a butylamine donor for hypusine synthesis in the eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A). Here, we report the ability of novel mono-methylated spermidine analogs (α-MeSpd, β-MeSpd, γ-MeSpd, and ω-MeSpd) to function in the hypusination of eIF5A and in supporting the growth of DFMO-treated DU145 cells. We also tested them as substrates and inhibitors for deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) in vitro. Of these compounds, α-MeSpd, β-MeSpd, and γ-MeSpd (but not ω-MeSpd) were substrates for DHS in vitro, while they all inhibited the enzyme reaction. As racemic mixtures, only α-MeSpd and β-MeSpd supported long-term growth (9-18 days) of spermidine-depleted DU145 cells, whereas γ-MeSpd and ω-MeSpd did not. The S-enantiomer of α-MeSpd, which supported long-term growth, was a good substrate for DHS in vitro, whereas the R-isomer was not. The long-term growth of DFMO-treated cells correlated with the hypusine modification of eIF5A by intracellular methylated spermidine analogs. These results underscore the critical requirement for hypusine modification in mammalian cell proliferation and provide new insights into the specificity of the deoxyhypusine synthase reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervi T. Hyvönen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomo A. Keinänen
- Department of Biosciences, Laboratory of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maxim Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alina Simonian
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Jouko Vepsäläinen
- Department of Biosciences, Laboratory of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jong Hwan Park
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alex R. Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Leena Alhonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Myung Hee Park
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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