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Ojomoko LO, Kryukova EV, Egorova NS, Salikhov AI, Epifanova LA, Denisova DA, Khomutov AR, Sukhov DA, Vassilevski AA, Khomutov MA, Tsetlin VI, Shelukhina IV. Inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by oligoarginine peptides and polyamine-related compounds. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1327603. [PMID: 38169863 PMCID: PMC10758494 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1327603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Oligoarginine peptides, known mostly for their cell-penetrating properties, are also inhibitors of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Since octa-arginine (R8) inhibits α9α10 nAChR and suppresses neuropathic pain, we checked if other polycationic compounds containing amino and/or guanidino groups could be effective and tested the activity of the disulfide-fixed "cyclo"R8, a series of biogenic polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine), C-methylated spermine analogs, agmatine and its analogs, as well as acylpolyamine argiotoxin-636 from spider venom. Their inhibitory potency on muscle-type, α7 and α9α10 nAChRs was determined using radioligand analysis, electrophysiology, and calcium imaging. "Cyclo"R8 showed similar activity to that of R8 against α9α10 nAChR (IC50 ≈ 60 nM). Biogenic polyamines as well as agmatine and its analogs displayed low activity on muscle-type Torpedo californica, as well as α7 and α9α10 nAChRs, which increased with chain length, the most active being spermine and its C-methylated derivatives having IC50 of about 30 μM against muscle-type T. californica nAChR. Argiotoxin-636, which contains a polyamine backbone and terminal guanidino group, also weakly inhibited T. californica nAChR (IC50 ≈ 15 μM), but it revealed high potency against rat α9α10 nAChR (IC50 ≈ 200 nM). We conclude that oligoarginines and similar polycationic compounds effectively inhibiting α9α10 nAChR may serve as a basis for the development of analgesics to reduce neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy O. Ojomoko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V. Kryukova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalya S. Egorova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Arthur I. Salikhov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lyubov A. Epifanova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria A. Denisova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alex R. Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Sukhov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Vassilevski
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim A. Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor I. Tsetlin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina V. Shelukhina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Stewart TM, Foley JR, Holbert CE, Khomutov M, Rastkari N, Tao X, Khomutov AR, Zhai RG, Casero RA. Difluoromethylornithine rebalances aberrant polyamine ratios in Snyder-Robinson syndrome. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e17833. [PMID: 37702369 PMCID: PMC10630878 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202317833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Snyder-Robinson syndrome (SRS) results from mutations in spermine synthase (SMS), which converts the polyamine spermidine into spermine. Affecting primarily males, common manifestations of SRS include intellectual disability, osteoporosis, hypotonia, and seizures. Symptom management is the only treatment. Reduced SMS activity causes spermidine accumulation while spermine levels are reduced. The resulting exaggerated spermidine:spermine ratio is a biochemical hallmark of SRS that tends to correlate with symptom severity. Our studies aim to pharmacologically manipulate polyamine metabolism to correct this imbalance as a therapeutic strategy for SRS. Here we report the repurposing of 2-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an FDA-approved inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis, in rebalancing spermidine:spermine ratios in SRS patient cells. Mechanistic in vitro studies demonstrate that, while reducing spermidine biosynthesis, DFMO also stimulates the conversion of spermidine into spermine in hypomorphic SMS cells and induces uptake of exogenous spermine, altogether reducing the aberrant ratios. In a Drosophila SRS model characterized by reduced lifespan, DFMO improves longevity. As nearly all SRS patient mutations are hypomorphic, these studies form a strong foundation for translational studies with significant therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Murray Stewart
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer CenterJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Jackson R Foley
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer CenterJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Cassandra E Holbert
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer CenterJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Maxim Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular BiologyRussian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
| | - Noushin Rastkari
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer CenterJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Xianzun Tao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular PharmacologyUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Alex R Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular BiologyRussian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
| | - R Grace Zhai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular PharmacologyUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Robert A Casero
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer CenterJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
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3
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Khomutov MA, Giovannercole F, Onillon L, Demiankova MV, Vasilieva BF, Salikhov AI, Kochetkov SN, Efremenkova OV, Khomutov AR, De Biase D. A Desmethylphosphinothricin Dipeptide Derivative Effectively Inhibits Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis Growth. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1451. [PMID: 37892133 PMCID: PMC10604730 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
New antibiotics are unquestionably needed to fight the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria. To date, antibiotics targeting bacterial central metabolism have been poorly investigated. By determining the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of desmethylphosphinothricin (Glu-γ-PH), an analogue of glutamate with a phosphinic moiety replacing the γ-carboxyl group, we previously showed its promising antibacterial activity on Escherichia coli. Herein, we synthetized and determined the growth inhibition exerted on E. coli by an L-Leu dipeptide derivative of Glu-γ-PH (L-Leu-D,L-Glu-γ-PH). Furthermore, we compared the growth inhibition obtained with this dipeptide with that exerted by the free amino acid, i.e., Glu-γ-PH, and by their phosphonic and non-desmethylated analogues. All the tested compounds were more effective when assayed in a chemically-defined minimal medium. The dipeptide L-Leu-D,L-Glu-γ-PH had a significantly improved antibacterial activity (2 μg/mL), at a concentration between the non-desmethytaled (0.1 μg/mL) and the phosphonic (80 μg/mL) analogues. Also, in Bacillus subtilis, the dipeptide L-Leu-D,L-Glu-γ-PH displayed an activity comparable to that of the antibiotic amoxicillin. This work highlights the antibacterial relevance of the phosphinic pharmacophore and proposes new avenues for the development of novel antimicrobial drugs containing the phosphinic moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim A. Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.K.); (A.I.S.); (S.N.K.)
| | - Fabio Giovannercole
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, I-04100 Latina, Italy; (F.G.); (L.O.)
| | - Laura Onillon
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, I-04100 Latina, Italy; (F.G.); (L.O.)
| | - Marija V. Demiankova
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, Bol’shaya Pirogovskaya 11, 119021 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.D.); (B.F.V.); (O.V.E.)
| | - Byazilya F. Vasilieva
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, Bol’shaya Pirogovskaya 11, 119021 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.D.); (B.F.V.); (O.V.E.)
| | - Arthur I. Salikhov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.K.); (A.I.S.); (S.N.K.)
| | - Sergey N. Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.K.); (A.I.S.); (S.N.K.)
| | - Olga V. Efremenkova
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, Bol’shaya Pirogovskaya 11, 119021 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.D.); (B.F.V.); (O.V.E.)
| | - Alex R. Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.K.); (A.I.S.); (S.N.K.)
| | - Daniela De Biase
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, I-04100 Latina, Italy; (F.G.); (L.O.)
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Shilova SA, Matyuta IO, Khrenova MG, Nikolaeva AY, Klyachko NL, Minyaev ME, Khomutov AR, Boyko KM, Popov VO, Bezsudnova EY. In search for structural targets for engineering d-amino acid transaminase: modulation of pH optimum and substrate specificity. Biochem J 2023; 480:1267-1284. [PMID: 37548495 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of biocatalysts requires reorganization of the enzyme's active site to facilitate the productive binding of the target substrate and improve turnover number at desired conditions. Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) - dependent transaminases are highly efficient biocatalysts for asymmetric amination of ketones and keto acids. However, transaminases, being stereoselective enzymes, have a narrow substrate specificity due to the ordered structure of the active site and work only in neutral-alkaline media. Here, we investigated the d-amino acid transaminase from Aminobacterium colombiense, with the active site organized differently from that of the canonical d-amino acid transaminase from Bacillus sp. YM-1. Using a combination of site-directed mutagenesis, kinetic analysis, molecular modeling, and structural analysis we determined the active site residues responsible for substrate binding, substrate differentiation, thermostability of a functional dimer, and affecting the pH optimum. We demonstrated that the high specificity toward d-glutamate/α-ketoglutarate is due to the interactions of a γ-carboxylate group with K237 residue, while binding of other substrates stems from the effectiveness of their accommodation in the active site optimized for d-glutamate/α-ketoglutarate binding. Furthermore, we showed that the K237A substitution shifts the catalytic activity optimum to acidic pH. Our findings are useful for achieving target substrate specificity and demonstrate the potential for developing and optimizing transaminases for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia A Shilova
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Centre of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya O Matyuta
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Centre of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria G Khrenova
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Centre of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alena Y Nikolaeva
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Centre of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Complex of NBICS Technologies, National Research Center 'Kurchatov Institute', Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia L Klyachko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail E Minyaev
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alex R Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin M Boyko
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Centre of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir O Popov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Centre of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Yu Bezsudnova
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Centre of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Filonov VL, Khomutov MA, Sergeev AV, Khandazhinskaya AL, Kochetkov SN, Gromova ES, Khomutov AR. [Interaction of DNA Methyltransferase Dnmt3a with Phosphorus Analogs of S-Adenosylmethionine and S-Adenosylhomocysteine]. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2023; 57:717-725. [PMID: 37528794 DOI: 10.31857/s0026898423040079, edn: qlcjbh] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic methyltransferase reactions are of crucial importance for cell metabolism. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) is a main donor of the methyl group. DNA, RNA, proteins, and low-molecular-weight compounds are substrates of methyltransferases. In mammals, DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3a de novo methylates the C5 position of cytosine residues in CpG sequences in DNA. The methylation pattern is one of the factors that determine the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Here, interactions with the catalytic domain of Dnmt3a was for the first time studied for phosphonous and phosphonic analogs of AdoMet and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (AdoHcy), in which the carboxyl group was substituted for respective phosphorus-containing group. These AdoMet analogs were shown to be substrates of Dnmt3a, and the methylation efficiency was only halved as compared with that of natural AdoMet. Both phosphorus-containing analogs of AdoHcy, which is a natural methyltransferase inhibitor, showed similar inhibitory activities toward Dnmt3a and were approximately four times less active than AdoHcy. The finding that the phosphonous and phosphonic analogs are similar in activity was quite unexpected because the geometry and charge of their phosphorus-containing groups differ substantially. The phosphorus-containing analogs of AdoMet and AdoHcy are discussed as promising tools for investigation of methyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Filonov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - M A Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - A V Sergeev
- Chemical Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - A L Khandazhinskaya
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - S N Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - E S Gromova
- Chemical Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - A R Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991 Russia
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Khomutov MA, Salikhov AI, Mitkevich VA, Tunitskaya VL, Smirnova OA, Korolev SP, Chizhov AO, Gottikh MB, Kochetkov SN, Khomutov AR. C-Methylated Spermidine Derivatives: Convenient Syntheses and Antizyme-Related Effects. Biomolecules 2023; 13:916. [PMID: 37371496 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The biogenic polyamines, spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm), are present at millimolar concentrations in all eukaryotic cells, where they participate in the regulation of vitally important cellular functions. Polyamine analogs and derivatives are a traditional and important instrument for the investigation of the cellular functions of polyamines, enzymes of their metabolism, and the regulation of the biosynthesis of antizyme-a key downregulator of polyamine homeostasis. Here, we describe convenient gram-scale syntheses of a set of C-methylated analogs of Spd. The biochemical properties of these compounds and the possibility for the regulation of their activity by moving a methyl group along the polyamine backbone and by changing the stereochemistry of the chiral center(s) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim A Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Arthur I Salikhov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Mitkevich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vera L Tunitskaya
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Olga A Smirnova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey P Korolev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander O Chizhov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii Prosp. 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Marina B Gottikh
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey N Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alex R Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
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7
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Stewart TRM, Foley JR, Holbert CE, Khomutov MA, Rastkari N, Tao X, Khomutov AR, Zhai RG, Casero RA. Difluoromethylornithine rebalances aberrant polyamine ratios in Snyder-Robinson syndrome: mechanism of action and therapeutic potential. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.30.534977. [PMID: 37034775 PMCID: PMC10081208 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.30.534977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Snyder-Robinson Syndrome (SRS) is caused by mutations in the spermine synthase (SMS) gene, the enzyme product of which converts the polyamine spermidine into spermine. Affecting primarily males, common manifestations of SRS include intellectual disability, osteoporosis, hypotonic musculature, and seizures, along with other more variable symptoms. Currently, medical management focuses on treating these symptoms without addressing the underlying molecular cause of the disease. Reduced SMS catalytic activity in cells of SRS patients causes the accumulation of spermidine, while spermine levels are reduced. The resulting exaggeration in spermidine-to-spermine ratio is a biochemical hallmark of SRS that tends to correlate with symptom severity in the patient. Our studies aim to pharmacologically manipulate polyamine metabolism to correct this polyamine imbalance and investigate the potential of this approach as a therapeutic strategy for affected individuals. Here we report the use of difluoromethylornithine (DFMO; eflornithine), an FDA-approved inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis, in re-establishing normal spermidine-to-spermine ratios in SRS patient cells. Through mechanistic studies, we demonstrate that, while reducing spermidine biosynthesis, DFMO also stimulates the conversion of existing spermidine into spermine in cell lines with hypomorphic variants of SMS. Further, DFMO treatment induces a compensatory uptake of exogenous polyamines, including spermine and spermine mimetics, cooperatively reducing spermidine and increasing spermine levels. In a Drosophila SRS model characterized by reduced lifespan, adding DFMO to the feed extended lifespan. As nearly all known SRS patient mutations are hypomorphic, these studies form a foundation for future translational studies with significant therapeutic potential.
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Hyvönen MT, Khomutov M, Vepsäläinen J, Khomutov AR, Keinänen TA. α-Difluoromethylornithine-Induced Cytostasis is Reversed by Exogenous Polyamines, Not by Thymidine Supplementation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050707. [PMID: 34068700 PMCID: PMC8151227 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamine spermidine is essential for the proliferation of eukaryotic cells. Administration of polyamine biosynthesis inhibitor α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) induces cytostasis that occurs in two phases; the early phase which can be reversed by spermidine, spermine, and some of their analogs, and the late phase which is characterized by practically complete depletion of cellular spermidine pool. The growth of cells at the late phase can be reversed by spermidine and by very few of its analogs, including (S)-1-methylspermidine. It was reported previously (Witherspoon et al. Cancer Discovery 3(9); 1072–81, 2013) that DFMO treatment leads to depletion of cellular thymidine pools, and that exogenous thymidine supplementation partially prevents DFMO-induced cytostasis without affecting intracellular polyamine pools in HT-29, SW480, and LoVo colorectal cancer cells. Here we show that thymidine did not prevent DFMO-induced cytostasis in DU145, LNCaP, MCF7, CaCo2, BT4C, SV40MES13, HepG2, HEK293, NIH3T3, ARPE19 or HT-29 cell lines, whereas administration of functionally active mimetic of spermidine, (S)-1-methylspermidine, did. Thus, the effect of thymidine seems to be specific only for certain cell lines. We conclude that decreased polyamine levels and possibly also distorted pools of folate-dependent metabolites mediate the anti-proliferative actions of DFMO. However, polyamines are necessary and sufficient to overcome DFMO-induced cytostasis, while thymidine is generally not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervi T. Hyvönen
- Kuopio Campus, School of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (J.V.); (T.A.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Maxim Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Jouko Vepsäläinen
- Kuopio Campus, School of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (J.V.); (T.A.K.)
| | - Alex R. Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Tuomo A. Keinänen
- Kuopio Campus, School of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (J.V.); (T.A.K.)
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9
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Hyvönen MT, Keinänen TA, Nuraeva GK, Yanvarev DV, Khomutov M, Khurs EN, Kochetkov SN, Vepsäläinen J, Zhgun AA, Khomutov AR. Hydroxylamine Analogue of Agmatine: Magic Bullet for Arginine Decarboxylase. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E406. [PMID: 32155745 PMCID: PMC7175277 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The biogenic polyamines, spermine, spermidine (Spd) and putrescine (Put) are present at micro-millimolar concentrations in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells (many prokaryotes have no spermine), participating in the regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation. In mammalian cells Put is formed exclusively from L-ornithine by ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and many potent ODC inhibitors are known. In bacteria, plants, and fungi Put is synthesized also from agmatine, which is formed from L-arginine by arginine decarboxylase (ADC). Here we demonstrate that the isosteric hydroxylamine analogue of agmatine (AO-Agm) is a new and very potent (IC50 3•10-8 M) inhibitor of E. coli ADC. It was almost two orders of magnitude less potent towards E. coli ODC. AO-Agm decreased polyamine pools and inhibited the growth of DU145 prostate cancer cells only at high concentration (1 mM). Growth inhibitory analysis of the Acremonium chrysogenum demonstrated that the wild type (WT) strain synthesized Put only from L-ornithine, while the cephalosporin C high-yielding strain, in which the polyamine pool is increased, could use both ODC and ADC to produce Put. Thus, AO-Agm is an important addition to the set of existing inhibitors of the enzymes of polyamine biosynthesis, and an important instrument for investigating polyamine biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervi T. Hyvönen
- School of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (T.A.K.); (J.V.)
| | - Tuomo A. Keinänen
- School of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (T.A.K.); (J.V.)
| | - Gulgina K. Nuraeva
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (G.K.N.); (A.A.Z.)
| | - Dmitry V. Yanvarev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.V.Y.); (M.K.); (E.N.K.); (S.N.K.)
| | - Maxim Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.V.Y.); (M.K.); (E.N.K.); (S.N.K.)
| | - Elena N. Khurs
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.V.Y.); (M.K.); (E.N.K.); (S.N.K.)
| | - Sergey N. Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.V.Y.); (M.K.); (E.N.K.); (S.N.K.)
| | - Jouko Vepsäläinen
- School of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (T.A.K.); (J.V.)
| | - Alexander A. Zhgun
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (G.K.N.); (A.A.Z.)
| | - Alex R. Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.V.Y.); (M.K.); (E.N.K.); (S.N.K.)
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Khomutov M, Hyvönen MT, Simonian A, Formanovsky AA, Mikhura IV, Chizhov AO, Kochetkov SN, Alhonen L, Vepsäläinen J, Keinänen TA, Khomutov AR. Unforeseen Possibilities To Investigate the Regulation of Polyamine Metabolism Revealed by Novel C-Methylated Spermine Derivatives. J Med Chem 2019; 62:11335-11347. [PMID: 31765147 PMCID: PMC7076719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The biogenic polyamines, spermine (Spm) and spermidine, are organic polycations present in millimolar concentrations in all eukaryotic cells participating in the regulation of vital cellular functions including proliferation and differentiation. The design and biochemical evaluation of polyamine analogues are cornerstones of polyamine research. Here we synthesized and studied novel C-methylated Spm analogues: 2,11-dimethylspermine (2,11-Me2Spm), 3,10-dimethylspermine (3,10-Me2Spm), 2-methylspermine, and 2,2-dimethylspermine. The tested analogues overcame growth arrest induced by a 72 h treatment with α-difluoromethylornithine, an ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) inhibitor, and entered into DU145 cells via the polyamine transporter. 3,10-Me2Spm was a poor substrate of spermine oxidase and spermidine/spermine-N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) when compared with 2,11-Me2Spm, thus resembling 1,12-dimethylspermine, which lacks the substrate properties required for the SSAT reaction. The antizyme (OAZ1)-mediated downregulation of ODC and inhibition of polyamine transport are crucial in the maintenance of polyamine homeostasis. Interestingly, 3,10-Me2Spm was found to be the first Spm analogue that did not induce OAZ1 and, consequently, was a weak downregulator of ODC activity in DU145 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Khomutov
- Engelhardt
Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Mervi T. Hyvönen
- School
of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio, University
of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Alina Simonian
- Engelhardt
Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | | | - Irina V. Mikhura
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov
Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Alexander O. Chizhov
- N.D.
Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey N. Kochetkov
- Engelhardt
Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Leena Alhonen
- School
of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio, University
of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Jouko Vepsäläinen
- School
of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio, University
of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Tuomo A. Keinänen
- School
of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio, University
of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Alex R. Khomutov
- Engelhardt
Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
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11
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Khomutov MA, Chizhov AO, Kochetkov SN, Khomutov AR. Synthesis of (R)- and (S)-isomers of 2-methylspermidine. Mendeleev Communications 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2019.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Keinänen TA, Grigorenko N, Khomutov AR, Huang Q, Uimari A, Alhonen L, Hyvönen MT, Vepsäläinen J. Controlling the regioselectivity and stereospecificity of FAD-dependent polyamine oxidases with the use of amine-attached guide molecules as conformational modulators. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180527. [PMID: 30006473 PMCID: PMC6131205 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes generally display strict stereospecificity and regioselectivity for their substrates. Here by using FAD-dependent human acetylpolyamine oxidase (APAO), human spermine (Spm) oxidase (SMOX) and yeast polyamine oxidase (Fms1), we demonstrate that these fundamental properties of the enzymes may be regulated using simple guide molecules, being either covalently attached to polyamines or used as a supplement to the substrate mixtures. APAO, which naturally metabolizes achiral N1-acetylated polyamines, displays aldehyde-controllable stereospecificity with chiral 1-methylated polyamines, like (R)- and (S)-1-methylspermidine (1,8-diamino-5-azanonane) (1-MeSpd). Among the novel N1-acyl derivatives of MeSpd, isonicotinic acid (P4) or benzoic acid (Bz) with (R)-MeSpd had Km of 3.6 ± 0.6/1.2 ± 0.7 µM and kcat of 5.2 ± 0.6/4.6 ± 0.7 s-1 respectively, while N1 -AcSpd had Km 8.2 ± 0.4 µM and kcat 2.7 ± 0.0 s-1 On the contrary, corresponding (S)-MeSpd amides were practically inactive (kcat < 0.03 s-1) but they retained micromole level Km for APAO. SMOX did not metabolize any of the tested compounds (kcat < 0.05 s-1) that acted as non-competitive inhibitors having Ki ≥ 155 µM for SMOX. In addition, we tested (R,R)-1,12-bis-methylspermine (2,13-diamino-5,10-diazatetradecane) (R,R)-(Me2Spm) and (S,S)-Me2Spm as substrates for Fms1. Fms1 preferred (S,S)- to (R,R)-diastereoisomer, but with notably lower kcat in comparison with spermine. Interestingly, Fms1 was prone to aldehyde supplementation in its regioselectivity, i.e. the cleavage site of spermidine. Thus, aldehyde supplementation to generate aldimines or N-terminal substituents in polyamines, i.e. attachment of guide molecule, generates novel ligands with altered charge distribution changing the binding and catalytic properties with polyamine oxidases. This provides means for exploiting hidden capabilities of polyamine oxidases for controlling their regioselectivity and stereospecificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo A Keinänen
- School of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Nikolay Grigorenko
- BASF Schweiz AG, Dispersions and Pigments Division, Klybeckstrasse 141, P.O. Box CH 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alex R Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Qingqiu Huang
- MacCHESS at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source, Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853-8001, U.S.A
| | - Anne Uimari
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Natural Resources Division, Neulaniementie 5, Kuopio FI-70210, Finland
| | - Leena Alhonen
- School of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Mervi T Hyvönen
- School of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Jouko Vepsäläinen
- School of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
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13
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Smirnova OA, Keinanen TA, Ivanova ON, Hyvonen MT, Khomutov AR, Kochetkov SN, Bartosch B, Ivanov AV. Hepatitis C virus alters metabolism of biogenic polyamines by affecting expression of key enzymes of their metabolism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 483:904-909. [PMID: 28082202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) induces liver fibrosis and cancer. In particular metabolic alterations and associated oxidative stress induced by the virus play a key role in disease progression. Albeit the pivotal role of biogenic polyamines spermine and spermidine in the regulation of liver metabolism and function and cellular control of redox homeostasis, their role in the viral life cycle has not been studied so far. Here we show that in cell lines expressing two viral proteins, capsid and the non-structural protein 5A, expression of the two key enzymes of polyamine biosynthesis and degradation, respectively, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and spermidine/spermine-N1-acetyl transferase (SSAT), increases transiently. In addition, both HCV core and NS5A induce sustained expression of spermine oxidase (SMO), an enzyme that catalyzes conversion of spermine into spermidine. Human hepatoma Huh7 cells harboring a full-length HCV replicon exhibited suppressed ODC and SSAT levels and elevated levels of SMO leading to decreased intracellular concentrations of spermine and spermidine. Thus, role of HCV-driven alterations of polyamine metabolism in virus replication and development of HCV-associated liver pathologies should be explored in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Smirnova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tuomo A Keinanen
- School of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olga N Ivanova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mervi T Hyvonen
- School of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alex R Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey N Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Birke Bartosch
- Inserm U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France; DevWeCan Laboratories of Excellence Network (Labex), France
| | - Alexander V Ivanov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Khomutov MA, Keinanen TA, Hyvonen MT, Weisell J, Vepsalainen J, Alhonen L, Kochetkov SN, Khomutov AR. [Enantioselective Synthesis of (R)- and (S)-3-Methylspermidines]. Bioorg Khim 2016; 41:612-8. [PMID: 26762100 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162015050064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Earlier unknown enantiomerically pure (R)- and (S)-1,8-diamino-3-methyl-4-azaoctane's (3-MeSpd's) were synthesized with high overall yields and optical purity starting from commercially available R- and S-isomers of N-Boc-2-aminopropanol-1. Application of R- and S-isomers of 3-MeSpd for the investigation of the stereospecificity of spermidine transporter and peculiarities of deoxyhypusine synthase reaction are discussed.
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15
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Ucal S, Khomutov AR, Häkkinen MR, Turhanen PA, Vepsäläinen JJ, Weisella J. Selective acetylation of primary amino groups with phenyl acetate; simple synthesis of N,N´-diacetyl polyamines. ARKIVOC 2015. [DOI: 10.3998/ark.5550190.p009.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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16
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Hyvönen MT, Khomutov M, Petit M, Weisell J, Kochetkov SN, Alhonen L, Vepsäläinen J, Khomutov AR, Keinänen TA. Enantiomers of 3-methylspermidine selectively modulate deoxyhypusine synthesis and reveal important determinants for spermidine transport. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1417-24. [PMID: 25689365 DOI: 10.1021/cb500938e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) is essential for cell proliferation, becoming functionally active only after post-translational conversion of a specific Lys to hypusine [N(ε)-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)lysine]. Deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) is the rate-limiting enzyme of this two-step process, and the polyamine spermidine is the only natural donor of the butylamine group for this reaction, which is very conserved-hypusine biosynthesis suffers last when the intracellular spermidine pool is depleted. DHS has a very strict substrate specificity, and only a few spermidine analogs are substrates of the enzyme and can support long-term growth of spermidine-depleted cells. Herein, we compared the biological properties of earlier unknown enantiomers of 3-methylspermidine (3-MeSpd) in deoxyhypusine synthesis, in supporting cell growth and in polyamine transport. Long-term treatment of DU145 cells with α-difluoromethylornithine (inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis) and (R)-3-MeSpd did not cause depletion of hypusinated eIF5A, and the cells were still able to grow, whereas the combination of α-difluoromethylornithine with a racemate or (S)-3-MeSpd caused cessation of cell growth. Noticeably, DHS preferred the (R)- over the (S)-enantiomer as a substrate. (R)-3-MeSpd competed with [(14)C]-labeled spermidine for cellular uptake less efficiently than the (S)-3-MeSpd (Ki = 141 μM vs 19 μM, respectively). The cells treated with racemic 3-MeSpd accumulated intracellularly mainly (S)-3-MeSpd, but not DHS substrate (R)-3-MeSpd, explaining the inability of the racemate to support long-term growth. The distinct properties of 3-MeSpd enantiomers can be exploited in designing polyamine uptake inhibitors, facilitating drug delivery and modulating deoxyhypusine synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervi T Hyvönen
- †School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Biocenter Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maxim Khomutov
- ‡Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Marine Petit
- §Université Paris Diderot - Paris, U.F.R. Sciences du Vivant, 35 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France
| | - Janne Weisell
- †School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Biocenter Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sergey N Kochetkov
- ‡Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Leena Alhonen
- †School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Biocenter Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jouko Vepsäläinen
- †School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Biocenter Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alex R Khomutov
- ‡Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Tuomo A Keinänen
- †School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Biocenter Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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17
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Khomutov MA, Weisell J, Hyvönen M, Keinänen TA, Vepsäläinen J, Alhonen L, Khomutov AR, Kochetkov SN. Hydroxylamine derivatives for regulation of spermine and spermidine metabolism. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2013; 78:1431-46. [PMID: 24490733 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913130051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The biogenic polyamines spermine, spermidine, and their precursor putrescine are present in micro-to-millimolar concentrations in all cell types and are vitally important for their normal growth. High intracellular content of spermine and spermidine determines the multiplicity of the cellular functions of the polyamines. Many of these functions are not well characterized at the molecular level, ensuring the ongoing development of this field of biochemistry. Tumor cells have elevated polyamine level if compared with normal cells, and this greatly stimulates the search for new opportunities to deplete the intracellular pool of spermine and spermidine resulting in decrease in cell growth and even cell death. O-Substituted hydroxylamines occupy their own place among chemical regulators of the activity of the enzymes of polyamine metabolism. Varying the structure of the alkyl substituent made it possible to obtain within one class of chemical compounds highly effective inhibitors and regulators of the activity of all the enzymes of putrescine, spermine and spermidine metabolism (with the exception of FAD-dependent spermine oxidase and acetylpolyamine oxidase), effectors of the polyamine transport system, and even actively transported in cells "proinhibitor" of ornithine decarboxylase. Some principles for the design of specific inhibitors of these enzymes as well as the peculiarities of cellular effects of corresponding O-substituted hydroxylamines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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18
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Keinänen TA, Hyvönen MT, Alhonen L, Vepsäläinen J, Khomutov AR. Selective regulation of polyamine metabolism with methylated polyamine analogues. Amino Acids 2013; 46:605-20. [PMID: 24022706 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyamine metabolism is intimately linked to the physiological state of the cell. Low polyamines levels promote growth cessation, while increased concentrations are often associated with rapid proliferation or cancer. Delicately balanced biosynthesis, catabolism, uptake and excretion are very important for maintaining the intracellular polyamine homeostasis, and deregulated polyamine metabolism is associated with imbalanced metabolic red/ox state. Although many cellular targets of polyamines have been described, the precise molecular mechanisms in these interactions are largely unknown. Polyamines are readily interconvertible which complicate studies on the functions of the individual polyamines. Thus, non-metabolizable polyamine analogues, like carbon-methylated analogues, are needed to circumvent that problem. This review focuses on methylated putrescine, spermidine and spermine analogues in which at least one hydrogen atom attached to polyamine carbon backbone has been replaced by a methyl group. These analogues allow the regulation of both metabolic and catabolic fates of the parent molecule. Substituting the natural polyamines with methylated analogue(s) offers means to study either the functions of an individual polyamine or the effects of altered polyamine metabolism on cell physiology. In general, gem-dimethylated analogues are considered to be non-metabolizable by polyamine catabolizing enzymes spermidine/spermine-N¹-acetyltransferase and acetylpolyamine oxidase and they support short-term cellular proliferation in many experimental models. Monomethylation renders the analogues chiral, offering some advantage over gem-dimethylated analogues in the specific regulation of polyamine metabolism. Thus, methylated polyamine analogues are practical tools to meet existing biological challenges in solving the physiological functions of polyamines.
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Korovina AN, Tunitskaya VL, Khomutov MA, Simonian AR, Khomutov AR, Ivanov AV, Kochetkov SN. Biogenic polyamines spermine and spermidine activate RNA polymerase and inhibit RNA helicase of hepatitis C virus. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2013; 77:1172-80. [PMID: 23157297 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Influence of the biogenic polyamines spermine, spermidine, and putrescine as well as their derivatives on the replication enzymes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) was investigated. It was found that spermine and spermidine activate HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NS5B protein). This effect was not caused by the stabilization of the enzyme or by competition with template-primer complex, but rather it was due to achievement of true maximum velocity V(max). Natural polyamines and their derivatives effectively inhibited the helicase reaction catalyzed by another enzyme of HCV replication - helicase/NTPase (NS3 protein). However, these compounds affected neither the NTPase reaction nor its activation by polynucleotides. Activation of the HCV RNA polymerase and inhibition of the viral helicase were shown at physiological concentrations of the polyamines. These data suggest that biogenic polyamines may cause differently directed effects on the replication of the HCV genome in an infected cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Korovina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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20
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Hyvönen MT, Weisell J, Khomutov AR, Alhonen L, Vepsäläinen J, Keinänen TA. Metabolism of Triethylenetetramine and 1,12-Diamino-3,6,9-Triazadodecane by the Spermidine/Spermine-N1-Acetyltransferase and Thialysine Acetyltransferase. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 41:30-2. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.047274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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21
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Hyvönen MT, Keinänen TA, Khomutov M, Simonian A, Vepsäläinen J, Park JH, Khomutov AR, Alhonen L, Park MH. Effects of novel C-methylated spermidine analogs on cell growth via hypusination of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A. Amino Acids 2012; 42:685-95. [PMID: 21861168 PMCID: PMC3223563 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0984-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The polyamines, putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, are ubiquitous multifunctional cations essential for cellular proliferation. One specific function of spermidine in cell growth is its role as a butylamine donor for hypusine synthesis in the eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A). Here, we report the ability of novel mono-methylated spermidine analogs (α-MeSpd, β-MeSpd, γ-MeSpd, and ω-MeSpd) to function in the hypusination of eIF5A and in supporting the growth of DFMO-treated DU145 cells. We also tested them as substrates and inhibitors for deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) in vitro. Of these compounds, α-MeSpd, β-MeSpd, and γ-MeSpd (but not ω-MeSpd) were substrates for DHS in vitro, while they all inhibited the enzyme reaction. As racemic mixtures, only α-MeSpd and β-MeSpd supported long-term growth (9-18 days) of spermidine-depleted DU145 cells, whereas γ-MeSpd and ω-MeSpd did not. The S-enantiomer of α-MeSpd, which supported long-term growth, was a good substrate for DHS in vitro, whereas the R-isomer was not. The long-term growth of DFMO-treated cells correlated with the hypusine modification of eIF5A by intracellular methylated spermidine analogs. These results underscore the critical requirement for hypusine modification in mammalian cell proliferation and provide new insights into the specificity of the deoxyhypusine synthase reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervi T. Hyvönen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomo A. Keinänen
- Department of Biosciences, Laboratory of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maxim Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alina Simonian
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Jouko Vepsäläinen
- Department of Biosciences, Laboratory of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jong Hwan Park
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alex R. Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Leena Alhonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Myung Hee Park
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Tunitskaya VL, Khomutov AR, Kochetkov SN, Kotovskaya SK, Charushin VN. Inhibition of DNA Gyrase by Levofloxacin and Related Fluorine-Containing Heterocyclic Compounds. Acta Naturae 2011. [DOI: 10.32607/20758251-2011-3-4-94-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Jin HT, Lämsä T, Nordback PH, Hyvönen MT, Grigorenko N, Khomutov AR, Nordback I, Räty S, Pörsti I, Alhonen L, Sand J. Association between remote organ injury and tissue polyamine homeostasis in acute experimental pancreatitis – treatment with a polyamine analogue bismethylspermine. Pharmacol Rep 2011; 63:999-1008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(11)70616-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Hyvönen MT, Keinänen TA, Khomutov M, Simonian A, Weisell J, Kochetkov SN, Vepsäläinen J, Alhonen L, Khomutov AR. The use of novel C-methylated spermidine derivatives to investigate the regulation of polyamine metabolism. J Med Chem 2011; 54:4611-8. [PMID: 21639123 DOI: 10.1021/jm200293r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The polyamines are organic polycations present at millimolar concentrations in eukaryotic cells where they participate in the regulation of vital cellular functions including proliferation and differentiation. Biological evaluation of rationally designed polyamine analogs is one of the cornerstones of polyamine research. Here we have synthesized and characterized novel C-methylated spermidine analogs, that is, 2-methylspermidine, 3-methylspermidine, and 8-methylspermidine. 3-Methylspermidine was found to be metabolically stable in DU145 cells, while 8-methylspermidine was a substrate for spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT) and 2-methylspermidine was a substrate for both SSAT and acetylpolyamine oxidase. All the analogs induced the splicing of the productive mRNA splice variant of SSAT, overcame growth arrest induced by 72-h treatment with ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) inhibitor α-difluoromethylornithine, and were transported via the polyamine transporter. Surprisingly, 2-methylspermidine was a weak downregulator of ODC activity in DU145 cells. Our data demonstrates that it is possible to radically alter the biochemical properties of a polyamine analog by changing the position of the methyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervi T Hyvönen
- AI Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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25
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Khomutov AR, Weisell J, Khomutov MA, Grigorenko NA, Simonian AR, Häkkinen MR, Keinänen TA, Hyvönen MT, Alhonen L, Kochetkov SN, Vepsäläinen J. Methylated polyamines as research tools. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 720:449-461. [PMID: 21318892 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-034-8_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Earlier unknown racemic β-methylspermidine (β-MeSpd) and γ-methylspermidine (γ-MeSpd) were -synthesized starting from crotononitrile or methacrylonitrile and putrescine. Lithium aluminum hydride reduction of the intermediate di-Boc-nitriles resulted in corresponding di-Boc-amines, which after deprotection gave target β- and γ-MeSpd's. To prepare α-MeSpd, the starting compound, 3-amino-1-butanol, was converted into N-Cbz-3-amino-1-butyl methanesulfonate, which alkylated putrescine to give (after deprotection of amino group) the required α-MeSpd. Novel β- and γ-MeSpd's in combination with earlier α-MeSpd are useful tools for studying enzymology and cell biology of polyamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex R Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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26
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Weisell J, Hyvönen MT, Häkkinen MR, Grigorenko NA, Pietilä M, Lampinen A, Kochetkov SN, Alhonen L, Vepsäläinen J, Keinänen TA, Khomutov AR. Synthesis and biological characterization of novel charge-deficient spermine analogues. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5738-48. [PMID: 20684609 DOI: 10.1021/jm100439p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biogenic polyamines, spermidine and spermine, are positively charged at physiological pH. They are present in all cells and essential for their growth and viability. Here we synthesized three novel derivatives of the isosteric charge-deficient spermine analogue 1,12-diamino-3,6,9-triazadodecane (SpmTrien, 5a) that are N(1)-Ac-SpmTrien (5c), N(12)-Ac-SpmTrien (5b), and N(1),N(12)-diethyl-1,12-diamino-3,6,9-triazadodecane (N(1),N(12)-Et(2)-SpmTrien, 5d). 5a and 5d readily accumulated in DU145 cells at the same concentration range as natural polyamines and moderately competed for the uptake with putrescine (1) but not with spermine (4a) or spermidine (2). 5a efficiently down-regulated ornithine decarboxylase and decreased polyamine levels, while 5d proved to be inefficient, compared with N(1),N(11)-diethylnorspermine (6). None of the tested analogues were substrates for human recombinant spermine oxidase, but those having free aminoterminus, including 1,8-diamino-3,6-diazaoctane (Trien, 3a), were acetylated by mouse recombinant spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase. 5a was acetylated to 5c and 5b, and the latter was further metabolized by acetylpolyamine oxidase to 3a, a drug used to treat Wilson's disease. Thus, 5a is a bioactive precursor of 3a with enhanced bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Weisell
- Department of Biosciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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27
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Hyvönen MT, Sinervirta R, Keinänen TA, Fashe T, Grigorenko N, Khomutov AR, Vepsäläinen J, Alhonen L. Acute pancreatitis induced by activated polyamine catabolism is associated with coagulopathy: effects of alpha-methylated polyamine analogs on hemostasis. Pancreatology 2010; 10:208-21. [PMID: 20453551 DOI: 10.1159/000243730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Polyamines are ubiquitous organic cations essential for cellular proliferation and tissue integrity. We have previously shown that pancreatic polyamine depletion in rats overexpressing the catabolic enzyme, spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT), results in the development of severe acute pancreatitis, and that therapeutic administration of metabolically stable alpha-methylated polyamine analogs protects the animals from pancreatitis-associated mortality. Our aim was to elucidate the therapeutic mechanism(s) of alpha-methylspermidine (MeSpd). METHODS The effect of MeSpd on hemostasis and the extent of organ failure were studied in SSAT transgenic rats with either induced pancreatitis or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced coagulopathy. The effect of polyamines on fibrinolysis and coagulation was also studied in vitro. RESULTS Pancreatitis caused a rapid development of intravascular coagulopathy, as assessed by prolonged coagulation times, decreased plasma fibrinogen level and antithrombin activity, enhanced fibrinolysis, reduced platelet count and presence of schistocytes. Therapeutic administration of MeSpd restored these parameters to almost control levels within 24 h. In vitro, polyamines dose-dependently inhibited fibrinolysis and intrinsic coagulation pathway. In LPS-induced coagulopathy, SSAT transgenic rats were more sensitive to the drug than their syngeneic littermates, and MeSpd-ameliorated LPS-induced coagulation disorders. CONCLUSION Pancreatitis-associated mortality in SSAT rats is due to coagulopathy that is alleviated by treatment with MeSpd.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Hyvönen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
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28
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Häkkinen MR, Hyvönen MT, Auriola S, Casero RA, Vepsäläinen J, Khomutov AR, Alhonen L, Keinänen TA. Metabolism of N-alkylated spermine analogues by polyamine and spermine oxidases. Amino Acids 2010; 38:369-81. [PMID: 20012116 PMCID: PMC2992990 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
N-alkylated polyamine analogues have potential as anticancer and antiparasitic drugs. However, their metabolism in the host has remained incompletely defined thus potentially limiting their utility. Here, we have studied the degradation of three different spermine analogues N,N'-bis-(3-ethylaminopropyl)butane-1,4-diamine (DESPM), N-(3-benzyl-aminopropyl)-N'-(3-ethylaminopropyl)butane-1,4-diamine (BnEtSPM) and N,N'-bis-(3-benzylaminopropyl)butane-1,4-diamine (DBSPM) and related mono-alkylated derivatives as substrates of recombinant human polyamine oxidase (APAO) and spermine oxidase (SMO). APAO and SMO metabolized DESPM to EtSPD [K(m(APAO)) = 10 microM, k(cat(APAO)) = 1.1 s(-1) and K(m(SMO)) = 28 microM, k(cat(SMO)) = 0.8 s(-1), respectively], metabolized BnEtSPM to EtSPD [K(m(APAO)) = 0.9 microM, k(cat(APAO)) = 1.1 s(-1) and K(m(SMO)) = 51 microM, k(cat(SMO)) = 0.4 s(-1), respectively], and metabolized DBSPM to BnSPD [K(m(APAO)) = 5.4 microM, k(cat(APAO)) = 2.0 s(-1) and K(m(SMO)) = 33 microM, k(cat(SMO)) = 0.3 s(-1), respectively]. Interestingly, mono-alkylated spermine derivatives were metabolized by APAO and SMO to SPD [EtSPM K(m(APAO)) = 16 microM, k(cat(APAO)) = 1.5 s(-1); K(m(SMO)) = 25 microM, k(cat(SMO)) = 8.2 s(-1); BnSPM K(m(APAO) )= 6.0 microM, k(cat(APAO)) = 2.8 s(-1); K(m(SMO)) = 19 muM, k(cat(SMO)) = 0.8 s(-1), respectively]. Surprisingly, EtSPD [K(m(APAO)) = 37 microM, k(cat(APAO)) = 0.1 s(-1); K(m(SMO)) = 48 microM, k(cat(SMO)) = 0.05 s(-1)] and BnSPD [K(m(APAO)) = 2.5 microM, k(cat(APAO)) = 3.5 s(-1); K(m(SMO)) = 60 microM, k(cat(SMO)) = 0.54 s(-1)] were metabolized to SPD by both the oxidases. Furthermore, we studied the degradation of DESPM, BnEtSPM or DBSPM in the DU145 prostate carcinoma cell line. The same major metabolites EtSPD and/or BnSPD were detected both in the culture medium and intracellularly after 48 h of culture. Moreover, EtSPM and BnSPM were detected from cell samples. Present data shows that inducible SMO parallel with APAO could play an important role in polyamine based drug action, i.e. degradation of parent drug and its metabolites, having significant impact on efficiency of these drugs, and hence for the development of novel N-alkylated polyamine analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merja R Häkkinen
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Biosciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Kuopio, P.O.Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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29
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Nayvelt I, Hyvönen MT, Alhonen L, Pandya I, Thomas T, Khomutov AR, Vepsäläinen J, Patel R, Keinänen TA, Thomas TJ. DNA Condensation by Chiral α-Methylated Polyamine Analogues and Protection of Cellular DNA from Oxidative Damage. Biomacromolecules 2009; 11:97-105. [DOI: 10.1021/bm900958c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Nayvelt
- Departments of Medicine, Environmental & Community Medicine and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and the Cancer Institute of New Jersey, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Kuopio, Finland, Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Biosciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Kuopio, Finland,
| | - Mervi T. Hyvönen
- Departments of Medicine, Environmental & Community Medicine and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and the Cancer Institute of New Jersey, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Kuopio, Finland, Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Biosciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Kuopio, Finland,
| | - Leena Alhonen
- Departments of Medicine, Environmental & Community Medicine and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and the Cancer Institute of New Jersey, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Kuopio, Finland, Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Biosciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Kuopio, Finland,
| | - Ipsit Pandya
- Departments of Medicine, Environmental & Community Medicine and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and the Cancer Institute of New Jersey, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Kuopio, Finland, Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Biosciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Kuopio, Finland,
| | - Thresia Thomas
- Departments of Medicine, Environmental & Community Medicine and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and the Cancer Institute of New Jersey, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Kuopio, Finland, Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Biosciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Kuopio, Finland,
| | - Alex R. Khomutov
- Departments of Medicine, Environmental & Community Medicine and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and the Cancer Institute of New Jersey, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Kuopio, Finland, Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Biosciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Kuopio, Finland,
| | - Jouko Vepsäläinen
- Departments of Medicine, Environmental & Community Medicine and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and the Cancer Institute of New Jersey, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Kuopio, Finland, Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Biosciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Kuopio, Finland,
| | - Rajesh Patel
- Departments of Medicine, Environmental & Community Medicine and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and the Cancer Institute of New Jersey, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Kuopio, Finland, Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Biosciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Kuopio, Finland,
| | - Tuomo A. Keinänen
- Departments of Medicine, Environmental & Community Medicine and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and the Cancer Institute of New Jersey, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Kuopio, Finland, Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Biosciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Kuopio, Finland,
| | - T. J. Thomas
- Departments of Medicine, Environmental & Community Medicine and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and the Cancer Institute of New Jersey, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Kuopio, Finland, Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Biosciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Kuopio, Finland,
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Vuohelainen S, Pirinen E, Cerrada-Gimenez M, Keinänen TA, Uimari A, Pietilä M, Khomutov AR, Jänne J, Alhonen L. Spermidine is indispensable in differentiation of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts to adipocytes. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 14:1683-92. [PMID: 19538475 PMCID: PMC3829030 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00808.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired adipogenesis has been shown to predispose to disturbed adipocyte function and development of metabolic abnormalities. Previous studies indicate that polyamines are essential in the adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 fibroblasts. However, the specific roles of individual polyamines during adipogenesis have remained ambiguous as the natural polyamines are readily interconvertible inside the cells. Here, we have defined the roles of spermidine and spermine in adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells by using (S’)- and (R’)- isomers of α-methylspermidine and (S,S’)-, (R,S)- and (R,R’)-diastereomers of α,ω-bismethylspermine. Polyamine depletion caused by α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, prevented adipocyte differentiation by suppressing the expression of its key regulators, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α. Adipogenesis was restored by supplementation of methylspermidine isomers but not of bismethylspermine diastereomers. Although both spermidine analogues supported adipocyte differentiation only (S)-methylspermidine was able to fully support cell growth after extended treatment with α-DFMO. The distinction between the spermidine analogues in maintaining growth was found to be in their different capability to maintain functional hypusine synthesis. However, the differential ability of spermidine analogues to support hypusine synthesis did not correlate with their ability to support differentiation. Our results show that spermidine, but not spermine, is essential for adipogenesis and that the requirement of spermidine for adipogenesis is not strictly associated with hypusine modification. The involvement of polyamines in the regulation of adipogenesis may offer a potential application for the treatment of dysfunctional adipocytes in patients with obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Vuohelainen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
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31
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Khomutov AR, Keinanen TA, Grigorenko NA, Hyvonen MT, Uimari A, Pietila M, Cerrada-Gimenez M, Simonian AR, Khomutov MA, Verspalainen J, Alhonen L, Janne J. [Methylated analogues of spermine and spermidine as tools to investigate cellular functions of polyamines and the enzymes of their metabolism]. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2009; 43:274-85. [PMID: 19425496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic amines spermine and spermidine are essential factors of cellular growth. Polyamine analogues are widely used to investigate and to regulate the enzymes of polyamine metabolism and functions of spermine and spermidine in vitro and in vivo. Recently, it was demonstrated that alpha-methylated derivatives of spermine and spermidine are capable to fulfill key cellular functions of polyamines, moreover in some cases of (R)- and (S)-isomers are actually different. Using these alpha-methylated spermine and spermidine analogues it turned possible to prevent the development of acute pancreatitis of SSAT-transgenic rats and to demostrate for the first time that polyamine oxidase, spermine oxidase and deoxyhypusine synthase have dormant stereospecificity. An original approach to regulate the stereospecificity of polyamine oxidase was suggested. It was also demonstrated that the depletion of the intracellular polyamine pool has both hypusine-related consequences and also the consequences unrelated to the posttranslational modification of eukaryotic initiation translation factor eIF5A. Possible applications of a new family of C-methylated polyamine analogues for the investigation and regulation of polyamine metabolism in vitro and in vivo are discussed.
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32
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Hyvönen MT, Keinänen TA, Cerrada-Gimenez M, Sinervirta R, Grigorenko N, Khomutov AR, Vepsäläinen J, Alhonen L, Jänne J. Role of hypusinated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A in polyamine depletion-induced cytostasis. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:34700-6. [PMID: 17901051 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704282200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We have earlier shown that alpha-methylated spermidine and spermine analogues rescue cells from polyamine depletion-induced growth inhibition and maintain pancreatic integrity under severe polyamine deprivation. However, because alpha-methylspermidine can serve as a precursor of hypusine, an integral part of functional eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A required for cell proliferation, and because alpha, omega-bismethylspermine can be converted to methylspermidine, it is not entirely clear whether the restoration of cell growth is actually attributable to hypusine formed from these polyamine analogues. Here, we have used optically active isomers of methylated spermidine and spermine and show that polyamine depletion-induced acute cytostasis in cultured cells could be reversed by all the isomers of the methylpolyamines irrespective of whether they served or not as precursors of hypusine. In transgenic rats with activated polyamine catabolism, all the isomers similarly restored liver regeneration and reduced plasma alpha-amylase activity associated with induced pancreatitis. Under the above experimental conditions, the (S, S)- but not the (R, R)-isomer of bismethylspermine was converted to methylspermidine apparently through the action of spermine oxidase strongly preferring the (S, S)-isomer. Of the analogues, however, only (S)-methylspermidine sustained cell growth during prolonged (more than 1 week) inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis. It was also the only isomer efficiently converted to hypusine, indicating that deoxyhypusine synthase likewise possesses hidden stereospecificity. Taken together, the results show that growth inhibition in response to polyamine depletion involves two phases, an acute and a late hypusine-dependent phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervi T Hyvönen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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33
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Häkkinen MR, Keinänen TA, Vepsäläinen J, Khomutov AR, Alhonen L, Jänne J, Auriola S. Analysis of underivatized polyamines by reversed phase liquid chromatography with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 45:625-34. [PMID: 17945452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A reversed phase liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometric method (RP-LC-ESI-MS/MS) was developed to separate and detect polyamines with minimal sample pre-treatment and without any derivatization. Prior to MS/MS analysis, a complete chromatographic separation of polyamines was achieved by a linear gradient elution using heptafluorobutyric acid as a volatile ion-pair modifier, and signal suppression was prevented by post-column addition of 75% propionic acid in isopropanol to the column flow. The developed method was successfully applied to the identification of metabolites formed from N(1),N(12)-diethylspermine in the reaction catalyzed by recombinant human polyamine oxidase and to the detection of eight different polyamines in a standard mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merja R Häkkinen
- Department of Biosciences, Laboratory of Chemistry, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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34
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Keinänen TA, Järvinen A, Uimari A, Vepsäläinen J, Khomutov AR, Grigorenko NA, Hyvönen MT, Cerrada-Gimenez M, Alhonen L, Jänne J. Alpha-methylated polyamines as potential drugs and experimental tools in enzymology. Mini Rev Med Chem 2007; 7:813-20. [PMID: 17692042 DOI: 10.2174/138955707781387867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe synthesis of alpha-methylated analogues of the natural polyamines and their use as tools in unraveling polyamine functions. Experiments with alpha-methylated spermidine and spermine revealed that the polyamines are exchangeable in supporting cellular growth. Degradation of the analogues by polyamine oxidase disclosed hidden, aldehyde-guided stereospecificity of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo A Keinänen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
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35
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Grillo MA, Battaglia V, Colombatto S, Rossi CA, Simonian AR, Salvi M, Khomutov AR, Toninello A. Inhibition of agmatine transport in liver mitochondria by new charge-deficient agmatine analogues. Biochem Soc Trans 2007; 35:401-4. [PMID: 17371286 DOI: 10.1042/bst0350401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The charge of the agmatine analogues AO-Agm [N-(3-aminooxypropyl)guanidine], GAPA [N-(3-aminopropoxy)guanidine] and NGPG [N-(3-guanidinopropoxy)guanidine] is deficient as compared with that of agmatine and they are thus able to inhibit agmatine transport in liver mitochondria. The presence of the guanidine group is essential for an optimal effect, since AO-Agm and NGPG display competitive inhibition, whereas that of GAPA is non-competitive. NGPG is the most effective inhibitor (Ki=0.86 mM). The sequence in the inhibitory efficacy is not directly dependent on the degree of protonation of the molecules; in fact NGPG has almost the same charge as GAPA. When the importance of the guanidine group for agmatine uptake is taken into account, this observation suggests that the agmatine transporter is a single-binding, centre-gated pore rather than a channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Grillo
- Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology, University of Turin, Italy
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36
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Khomutov AR, Grigorenko NA, Skuridin SG. Novel approach to design an isosteric charge-deficient analogue of spermine and its biochemically important derivatives. Biochem Soc Trans 2007; 35:369-73. [PMID: 17371280 DOI: 10.1042/bst0350369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of SpmTrien (1,12-diamino-3,6,9-triazadodecane), an isosteric and charge-deficient analogue of spermine with excellent chelating properties towards Cu2+ ions, as well as novel N1- and N12-Ac-SpmTriens and bis-Et-SpmTrien (N1,N12-diethyl-1,12-diamino-3,6,9-triazadodecane) are described. Possible applications of SpmTrien and its derivatives to the investigation of the enzymes of polyamine metabolism and spermine cellular functions, including interaction with DNA, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St, 32, Moscow, Russia.
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37
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Singh S, Mukherjee A, Khomutov AR, Persson L, Heby O, Chatterjee M, Madhubala R. Antileishmanial effect of 3-aminooxy-1-aminopropane is due to polyamine depletion. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 51:528-34. [PMID: 17101681 PMCID: PMC1797741 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01055-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are organic cations that are required for cell growth and differentiation. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway, catalyzes the conversion of ornithine to putrescine. As the polyamine biosynthetic pathway is essential for the growth and survival of Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, inhibition of the pathway is an important leishmaniacidal strategy. In the present study, we examined for the first time the effects of 3-aminooxy-1-aminopropane (APA), an ODC inhibitor, on the growth of L. donovani. APA inhibited the growth of both promastigotes in vitro and amastigotes in the macrophage model, with the 50% inhibitory concentrations being 42 and 5 microM, respectively. However, concentrations of APA up to 200 microM did not affect the viability of macrophages. The effects of APA were completely abolished by the addition of putrescine or spermidine. APA induced a significant decrease in ODC activity and putrescine, spermidine, and trypanothione levels in L. donovani promastigotes. Parasites were transfected with an episomal ODC construct, and these ODC overexpressers exhibited significant resistance to APA and were concomitantly resistant to sodium antimony gluconate (Pentostam), indicating a role for ODC overexpression in antimonial drug resistance. Clinical isolates with sodium antimony gluconate resistance were also found to overexpress ODC and to have significant increases in putrescine and spermidine levels. However, no increase in trypanothione levels was observed. The ODC overexpression in these clinical isolates alleviated the antiproliferative effects of APA. Collectively, our results demonstrate that APA is a potent inhibitor of L. donovani growth and that its leishmaniacidal effect is due to inhibition of ODC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Singh
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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38
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Simonian AR, Vespalainen J, Khomutov AR. [Aminooxy analogues of spermine and their monoacetyl derivatives]. Bioorg Khim 2006; 32:643-50. [PMID: 17180915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Convenient methods of synthesis of 1-aminooxy-3,8-diaza-11-aminoundecane, its earlier unknown N1-and N1 -acetyl derivatives, and also 1,10-bis(aminooxy)-3,8-diazadecane are suggested. It is shown a possibility to selectively delete the acid-labile ethoxyethylidene protection of aminooxy group by hydrosulfates in the presence of N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl group.
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39
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Hyvönen MT, Herzig KH, Sinervirta R, Albrecht E, Nordback I, Sand J, Keinänen TA, Vepsäläinen J, Grigorenko N, Khomutov AR, Krüger B, Jänne J, Alhonen L. activated polyamine catabolism in acute pancreatitis: alpha-methylated polyamine analogues prevent trypsinogen activation and pancreatitis-associated mortality. Am J Pathol 2006; 168:115-22. [PMID: 16400014 PMCID: PMC1592678 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines are essential for normal cellular growth and function. Activation of polyamine catabolism in transgenic rats overexpressing spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase, the key enzyme in polyamine catabolism, results in severe acute pancreatitis. Here, we investigated the role of polyamine catabolism in pancreatitis and studied the effect of polyamine analogues on the outcome of the disease. Polyamine depletion was associated with arginine- and cerulein-induced pancreatitis as well as with human acute necrotizing and chronic secondary pancreatitis. Substitution of depleted polyamine pools with methylspermidine partially prevented arginine-induced necrotizing pancreatitis whereas cerulein-induced edematous pancreatitis remained unaffected. Transgenic rats receiving methylated polyamine analogues after the induction of pancreatitis showed less pancreatic damage than the untreated rats. Most importantly, polyamine analogues dramatically rescued the animals from pancreatitis-associated mortality. Induction of spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase in acinar cells isolated from transgenic rats resulted in increased trypsinogen activation. Pretreatment of acini with bismethylspermine prevented trypsinogen activation, indicating that premature proteolytic activation is one of the effects triggered by polyamine depletion. Our data suggest that activation of polyamine catabolism is a general pathway in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis and that experimental disease can be ameliorated with stable polyamine analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervi T Hyvönen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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40
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Järvinen A, Keinänen TA, Grigorenko NA, Khomutov AR, Uimari A, Vepsäläinen J, Närvänen A, Alhonen L, Jänne J. Guide molecule-driven stereospecific degradation of alpha-methylpolyamines by polyamine oxidase. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:4589-95. [PMID: 16354669 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m509959200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
FAD-dependent polyamine oxidase (PAO; EC 1.5.3.11) is one of the key enzymes in the catabolism of polyamines spermidine and spermine. The natural substrates for the enzyme are N1-acetylspermidine, N1-acetylspermine, and N1,N12-diacetylspermine. Here we report that PAO, which normally metabolizes achiral substrates, oxidized (R)-isomer of 1-amino-8-acetamido-5-azanonane and N1-acetylspermidine as efficiently while (S)-1-amino-8-acetamido-5-azanonane was a much less preferred substrate. It has been shown that in the presence of certain aldehydes, the substrate specificity of PAO and the kinetics of the reaction are changed to favor spermine and spermidine as substrates. Therefore, we examined the effect of several aldehydes on the ability of PAO to oxidize different enantiomers of alpha-methylated polyamines. PAO supplemented with benzaldehyde predominantly catalyzed the cleavage of (R)-isomer of alpha-methylspermidine, whereas in the presence of pyridoxal the (S)-alpha-methylspermidine was preferred. PAO displayed the same stereospecificity with both singly and doubly alpha-methylated spermine derivatives when supplemented with the same aldehydes. Structurally related ketones proved to be ineffective. This is the first time that the stereospecificity of FAD-dependent oxidase has been successfully regulated by changing the supplementary aldehyde. These findings might facilitate the chemical regulation of stereospecificity of the enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Järvinen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Kuopio, Finland
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41
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Järvinen AJ, Cerrada-Gimenez M, Grigorenko NA, Khomutov AR, Vepsäläinen JJ, Sinervirta RM, Keinänen TA, Alhonen LI, Jänne JE. Alpha-methyl polyamines: efficient synthesis and tolerance studies in vivo and in vitro. First evidence for dormant stereospecificity of polyamine oxidase. J Med Chem 2006; 49:399-406. [PMID: 16392825 DOI: 10.1021/jm050872h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Efficient syntheses of metabolically stable alpha-methylspermidine 1, alpha-methylspermine 2, and bis-alpha,alpha'-methylated spermine 3 starting from ethyl 3-aminobutyrate are described. The biological tolerance for these compounds was tested in wild-type mice and transgenic mice carrying the metallothionein promoter-driven spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase gene (MT-SSAT). The efficient substitution of natural polyamines by their derivatives was confirmed in vivo with the rats harboring the same MT-SSAT transgene and in vitro with the immortalized fibroblasts derived from these animals. Enantiomers of previously unknown 1-amino-8-acetamido-5-azanonane dihydrochloride 4 were synthesized starting from enantiomerically pure (R)- and (S)-alaninols. The studies with recombinant human polyamine oxidase (PAO) showed that PAO (usually splits achiral substrates) strongly favors the (R)-isomer of 4 that demonstrates for the first time that the enzyme has hidden potency for stereospecificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki J Järvinen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
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42
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Simonian AR, Grigorenko NA, Vepsalainen J, Khomutov AR. [New charge-deficient agmatine analogs]. Bioorg Khim 2005; 31:645-50. [PMID: 16363138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
N,N'-Di-Boc-N"-triflylguanidine was demonstrated to be an efficient guanidinylation reagent for O-substituted hydroxylamines. N-(3-Aminooxypropyl)- and N-(3-aminopropoxy)guanidines, previously unknown isosteric and charge-deficient agmatine analogues, have been synthesized. The possibilities of using these compounds in studying polyamine metabolism are discussed. The English version of the paper: Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry, 2005, vol. 31, no. 6; see also http://www.maik.ru.
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43
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Kukhanova MK, Zakirova NF, Ivanov AV, Alexandrova LA, Jasco MV, Khomutov AR. Hypophosphoric acid is a unique substrate of pyrophosphorolysis catalyzed by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 338:1335-41. [PMID: 16271706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyrophosphate analogues, namely, pyrophosphorous, hypophosphoric, and hypophosphorous acids, were evaluated as inhibitors in elongation reactions and substrates in pyrophosphorolysis reaction catalyzed by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase I (the Klenow fragment). The substrate efficacy of hypophosphoric acid in pyrophosphorolysis reaction exceeded that of pyrophosphate for both enzymes by more than ten times. The product of the reaction was a dNTP analogue bearing a hypophosphate in the beta,gamma-position. Pyrophosphorous and hypophosphorous acids were neither inhibitors nor substrates for the enzymes. Kinetic parameters of the pyrophosphorolysis reaction catalyzed by HIV reverse transcriptase in the presence of hypophosphoric acid were evaluated. The dTMP analogue bearing a hypophosphate in the beta,gamma-position was synthesized and its substrate properties in elongation reaction catalyzed by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase were similar to those of natural dTTP. Hypophosphoric acid was capable of removing ddTMP, ddTMP(3'N3), and ddTMP(3'NH2) from the 3'-end of primers with an equal efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina K Kukhanova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov St., Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
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44
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Grigorenko NA, Vepsalainen J, Jarvinen A, Keinanen TA, Alhonen L, Janne J, Khomutov AR. [New syntheses of alpha-methyl- and alpha,alpha'-dimethylspermine]. Bioorg Khim 2005; 31:200-5. [PMID: 15889795 DOI: 10.1007/s11171-005-0025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
alpha-Methylspermine and alpha,alpha'-dimethylspermine were synthesized in high overall yields starting from N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-3-aminobutanol in order to study polyamine biochemistry in vitro and in vivo.
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45
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Das Gupta R, Krause-Ihle T, Bergmann B, Müller IB, Khomutov AR, Müller S, Walter RD, Lüersen K. 3-Aminooxy-1-aminopropane and derivatives have an antiproliferative effect on cultured Plasmodium falciparum by decreasing intracellular polyamine concentrations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:2857-64. [PMID: 15980361 PMCID: PMC1168667 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.7.2857-2864.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intraerythrocytic development of Plasmodium falciparum correlates with increasing levels of the polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine in the infected red blood cells; and compartmental analyses revealed that the majority is associated with the parasite. Since depletion of cellular polyamines is a promising strategy for inhibition of parasite proliferation, new inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis were tested for their antimalarial activities. The ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) inhibitor 3-aminooxy-1-aminopropane (APA) and its derivatives CGP 52622A and CGP 54169A as well as the S-adenosylmethionine decarboxlyase (AdoMetDC) inhibitors CGP 40215A and CGP 48664A potently affected the bifunctional P. falciparum ODC-AdoMetDC, with K(i) values in the low nanomolar and low micromolar ranges, respectively. Furthermore, the agents were examined for their in vitro plasmodicidal activities in 48-h incubation assays. APA, CGP 52622A, CGP 54169A, and CGP 40215A were the most effective, with 50% inhibitory concentrations below 3 microM. While the effects of the ODC inhibitors were completely abolished by the addition of putrescine, growth inhibition by the AdoMetDC inhibitor CGP 40215A could not be antagonized by putrescine or spermidine. Moreover, CGP 40215A did not affect the cellular polyamine levels, indicating a mechanism of action against P. falciparum independent of polyamine synthesis. In contrast, the ODC inhibitors led to decreased cellular putrescine and spermidine levels in P. falciparum, supporting the fact that they exert their antimalarial activities by inhibition of the bifunctional ODC-AdoMetDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Das Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany
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46
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Grigorenko NA, Vepsalainen J, Jarvinen A, Keinanen TA, Alhonen L, Janne J, Kritsyn AM, Khomutov AR. [A new synthesis of alpha-methylspermidine]. Bioorg Khim 2005; 30:441-5. [PMID: 15469020 DOI: 10.1023/b:rubi.0000037268.98349.ce] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A five-step synthesis of alpha-methylspermidine (1,8-diamino-5-azanonane), the first polyamine analogue preventing pathological consequences of spermidine depletion in transgenic rats overproducing spermine/spermidine N'-acetyltransferase, from ethyl 3-aminobutyrate was achieved in a high overall yield.
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47
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Khomutov AR, Grigorenko NA, Demin AV, Vepsalainen J, Casero RA, Woster PM. A Charge-Deficient Analogue of Spermine with Chelating Properties. Russ J Bioorg Chem 2005; 31:303-11. [PMID: 16004389 DOI: 10.1007/s11171-005-0037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
1,12-Diamino-3,6,9-triazadodecane, a new isosteric and charge-deficient analogue of spermine, is synthesized. Unlike spermine, the new analogue is an excellent chelator of Cu2+ ions. Possible applications of this compound for studying enzymes of polyamine metabolism and cellular functions of spermine are discussed. The English version of the paper: Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry, 2005, vol. 31, no. 3; see also http://www.maik.ru.
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48
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Abstract
A new isosteric charge-deficient spermine analogue, 1,12-diamino-4,9-diaza-5-oxadodecan, and O-(7-amino-4-azaheptyl)oxime of 3-aminopropanal, a stable analogue of the Schiff base intermediate in the enzymatic oxidation of spermine, were synthesized. The possible use of these compounds for the inhibition of spermine oxidase is discussed.
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49
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Järvinen A, Grigorenko N, Khomutov AR, Hyvönen MT, Uimari A, Vepsäläinen J, Sinervirta R, Keinänen TA, Vujcic S, Alhonen L, Porter CW, Jänne J. Metabolic stability of alpha-methylated polyamine derivatives and their use as substitutes for the natural polyamines. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:6595-601. [PMID: 15611107 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m412788200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolically stable polyamine derivatives may serve as useful surrogates for the natural polyamines in studies aimed to elucidate the functions of individual polyamines. Here we studied the metabolic stability of alpha-methylspermidine, alpha-methylspermine, and bis-alpha-methylspermine, which all have been reported to fulfill many of the putative physiological functions of the natural polyamines. In vivo studies were performed with the transgenic rats overexpressing spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase. alpha-Methylspermidine effectively accumulated in the liver and did not appear to undergo any further metabolism. On the other hand, alpha-methylspermine was readily converted to alpha-methylspermidine and spermidine; similarly, bis-alpha-methylspermine was converted to alpha-methylspermidine to some extent, both conversions being inhibited by the polyamine oxidase inhibitor N(1), N(2)-bis(2,3-butadienyl)-1,4-butanediamine. Furthermore, we used recombinant polyamine oxidase, spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase, and the recently discovered spermine oxidase in the kinetic studies. In vitro studies confirmed that methylation did not protect spermine analogs from degradation, whereas the spermidine analog was stable. Both alpha-methylspermidine and bis-alpha-methylspermine overcame the proliferative block of early liver regeneration in transgenic rats and reversed the cytostasis induced by an inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase in cultured fetal fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Järvinen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Kuopio, P. O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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50
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Grigorenko NA, Vepsalainen J, Jarvinen A, Keinanen T, Alhonen L, Janne J, Khomutov AR. Synthesis of (R)- and (S)-isomers of 1-methylspermidine. Mendeleev Communications 2005. [DOI: 10.1070/mc2005v015n04abeh002120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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