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Li H, Li X, Sun L, He Y, Wang L, Gao Y, Zeng D, Pang X, Xu J. 18F-Radiolabeling and Evaluation of an AMD3465 Derivative for PET Imaging of CXCR4 in a Mouse Breast Tumor Model. Bioconjug Chem 2024; 35:567-574. [PMID: 38634516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The exploration of pharmaceutically active agents and positron emission tomography (PET) tracers targeting CXCR4 has been a focal point in cancer research given its pivotal role in the development and progression of various cancers. While significant strides have been made in PET imaging with radiometal-labeled tracers, the landscape of 18F-labeled small molecule tracers remains relatively limited. Herein, we introduce a novel and promising derivative, [18F]SFB-AMD3465, as a targeted PET tracer for CXCR4. The compound was synthesized by modifying the pyridine ring of AMD3465, which was subsequently labeled with 18F using [18F]SFB. The study provides comprehensive insights into the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of [18F]SFB-AMD3465. In vitro and in vivo assessments demonstrated the CXCR4-dependent, specific, and sensitive uptake of [18F]SFB-AMD3465 in the CXCR4-overexpressing 4T1 cell line and the corresponding xenograft-bearing mouse model. These findings contribute to bridging the gap in 18F-labeled PET tracers for CXCR4 and underscore the potential of [18F]SFB-AMD3465 as a PET radiotracer for in vivo CXCR4 imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiang Li
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Novel Molecular Probes and Clinical Translation in Nuclear Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital & the People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Xiaochen Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Novel Molecular Probes and Clinical Translation in Nuclear Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital & the People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Lingyi Sun
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Yanjie He
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Li Wang
- Henan Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Yongju Gao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Novel Molecular Probes and Clinical Translation in Nuclear Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital & the People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Dexing Zeng
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Xinchang Pang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Junling Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Novel Molecular Probes and Clinical Translation in Nuclear Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital & the People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
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2
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Jin W, Zheng M, Chen Y, Xiong H. Update on the development of TGR5 agonists for human diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116462. [PMID: 38691888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1) or TGR5 is widely distributed across organs, including the small intestine, stomach, liver, spleen, and gallbladder. Many studies have established strong correlations between TGR5 and glucose homeostasis, energy metabolism, immune-inflammatory responses, and gastrointestinal functions. These results indicate that TGR5 has a significant impact on the progression of tumor development and metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus and obesity. Targeting TGR5 represents an encouraging therapeutic approach for treating associated human ailments. Notably, the GLP-1 receptor has shown exceptional efficacy in clinical settings for diabetes management and weight loss promotion. Currently, numerous TGR5 agonists have been identified through natural product-based approaches and virtual screening methods, with some successfully progressing to clinical trials. This review summarizes the intricate relationships between TGR5 and various diseases emphasizing recent advancements in research on TGR5 agonists, including their structural characteristics, design tactics, and biological activities. We anticipate that this meticulous review could facilitate the expedited discovery and optimization of novel TGR5 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangrui Jin
- Institute for Advanced Study, and College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yihua Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Hai Xiong
- Institute for Advanced Study, and College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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3
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Fleishman JS, Kumar S. Bile acid metabolism and signaling in health and disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:97. [PMID: 38664391 PMCID: PMC11045871 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01811-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bile acids, once considered mere dietary surfactants, now emerge as critical modulators of macronutrient (lipid, carbohydrate, protein) metabolism and the systemic pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory balance. Bile acid metabolism and signaling pathways play a crucial role in protecting against, or if aberrant, inducing cardiometabolic, inflammatory, and neoplastic conditions, strongly influencing health and disease. No curative treatment exists for any bile acid influenced disease, while the most promising and well-developed bile acid therapeutic was recently rejected by the FDA. Here, we provide a bottom-up approach on bile acids, mechanistically explaining their biochemistry, physiology, and pharmacology at canonical and non-canonical receptors. Using this mechanistic model of bile acids, we explain how abnormal bile acid physiology drives disease pathogenesis, emphasizing how ceramide synthesis may serve as a unifying pathogenic feature for cardiometabolic diseases. We provide an in-depth summary on pre-existing bile acid receptor modulators, explain their shortcomings, and propose solutions for how they may be remedied. Lastly, we rationalize novel targets for further translational drug discovery and provide future perspectives. Rather than dismissing bile acid therapeutics due to recent setbacks, we believe that there is immense clinical potential and a high likelihood for the future success of bile acid therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Fleishman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA.
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4
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Patil M, Casari I, Warne LN, Falasca M. G protein-coupled receptors driven intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1 reprogramming for obesity: Hope or hype? Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 172:116245. [PMID: 38340396 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
'Globesity' is a foremost challenge to the healthcare system. The limited efficacy and adverse effects of available oral pharmacotherapies pose a significant obstacle in the fight against obesity. The biology of the leading incretin hormone glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) has been highly captivated during the last decade owing to its multisystemic pleiotropic clinical outcomes beyond inherent glucoregulatory action. That fostered a pharmaceutical interest in synthetic GLP-1 analogues to tackle type-2 diabetes (T2D), obesity and related complications. Besides, mechanistic insights on metabolic surgeries allude to an incretin-based hormonal combination strategy for weight loss that emerged as a forerunner for the discovery of injectable 'unimolecular poly-incretin-agonist' therapies. Physiologically, intestinal enteroendocrine L-cells (EECs) are the prominent endogenous source of GLP-1 peptide. Despite comprehending the potential of various G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to stimulate endogenous GLP-1 secretion, decades of translational GPCR research have failed to yield regulatory-approved endogenous GLP-1 secretagogue oral therapy. Lately, a dual/poly-GPCR agonism strategy has emerged as an alternative approach to the traditional mono-GPCR concept. This review aims to gain a comprehensive understanding by revisiting the pharmacology of a few potential GPCR-based complementary avenues that have drawn attention to the design of orally active poly-GPCR agonist therapy. The merits, challenges and recent developments that may aid future poly-GPCR drug discovery are critically discussed. Subsequently, we project the mechanism-based therapeutic potential and limitations of oral poly-GPCR agonism strategy to augment intestinal GLP-1 for weight loss. We further extend our discussion to compare the poly-GPCR agonism approach over invasive surgical and injectable GLP-1-based regimens currently in clinical practice for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Patil
- Metabolic Signalling Group, Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Ilaria Casari
- Metabolic Signalling Group, Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Leon N Warne
- Little Green Pharma, West Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia
| | - Marco Falasca
- University of Parma, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy.
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5
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Sinha P, Kumar Yadav A. Structural, Electronic, Spectroscopic and Molecular Docking Analysis of Novel Hetero Oxetane Ring Compound. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2022.113919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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6
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Zhang F, Xiao X, Li Y, Wu H, Deng X, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Wang J, Ma X, Zhao Y. Therapeutic Opportunities of GPBAR1 in Cholestatic Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:805269. [PMID: 35095513 PMCID: PMC8793736 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.805269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
GPBAR1, a transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor for bile acids, is widely expressed in multiple tissues in humans and rodents. In recent years, GPBAR1 has been thought to play an important role in bile homeostasis, metabolism and inflammation. This review specifically focuses on the function of GPBAR1 in cholestatic liver disease and summarizes the various pathways through which GPBAR1 acts in cholestatic models. GPBAR1 mainly regulates cholestasis in a holistic system of liver-gallbladder-gut formation. In the state of cholestasis, the activation of GPBAR1 could regulate liver inflammation, induce cholangiocyte regeneration to maintain the integrity of the biliary tree, control the hydrophobicity of the bile acid pool and promote the secretion of bile HCO3−. All these functions of GPBAR1 might be clear ways to protect against cholestatic diseases and liver injury. However, the characteristic of GPBAR1-mediated proliferation increases the risk of proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma in malignant transformed cholangiocytes. This dichotomous function of GPBAR1 limits its use in cholestasis. During disease treatment, simultaneous activation of GPBAR1 and FXR receptors often results in improved outcomes, and this strategy may become a crucial direction in the development of bile acid-activated receptors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolin Xiao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hefei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinxiao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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7
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Zhao S, Li X, Peng W, Wang L, Ye W, Zhao Y, Yin W, Chen WD, Li W, Wang YD. Ligand-based pharmacophore modeling, virtual screening and biological evaluation to identify novel TGR5 agonists. RSC Adv 2021; 11:9403-9409. [PMID: 35423434 PMCID: PMC8695346 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10168k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) is emerging as an important and promising target for the development of anti-diabetic drugs. To understand the structural characteristics of TGR5 agonists, the common feature pharmacophore models were generated and molecular docking was performed. The ligand-based virtual screening combined with pharmacophore mapping and molecular docking was performed to identify novel nonsteroidal TGR5 agonists. Finally, 20 compounds were screened for in vitro TGR5 agonistic activity assay, and results showed most compounds exhibiting TGR5 agonistic activity at 40 μM. Among these compounds, V12 and V14 displayed obvious TGR5 agonist activity, with the EC50 values of 19.5 μM and 7.7 μM, respectively. Compounds V12 and V14 could be considered potential TGR5 agonist candidates and also may be used as initial hits for developing novel TGR5 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, People's Hospital of Hebi, School of Medicine, Henan University Henan China
| | - Xinping Li
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, People's Hospital of Hebi, School of Medicine, Henan University Henan China
| | - Wenjing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, People's Hospital of Hebi, School of Medicine, Henan University Henan China
| | - Le Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, People's Hospital of Hebi, School of Medicine, Henan University Henan China
| | - Wenling Ye
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, People's Hospital of Hebi, School of Medicine, Henan University Henan China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, People's Hospital of Hebi, School of Medicine, Henan University Henan China
| | - Wenbo Yin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District Shenyang 110016 PR China
| | - Wei-Dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, People's Hospital of Hebi, School of Medicine, Henan University Henan China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University Hohhot China
| | - Weiguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, People's Hospital of Hebi, School of Medicine, Henan University Henan China
| | - Yan-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
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8
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Finn PD, Rodriguez D, Kohler J, Jiang Z, Wan S, Blanco E, King AJ, Chen T, Bell N, Dragoli D, Jacobs JW, Jain R, Leadbetter M, Siegel M, Carreras CW, Koo-McCoy S, Shaw K, Le C, Vanegas S, Hsu IH, Kozuka K, Okamoto K, Caldwell JS, Lewis JG. Intestinal TGR5 agonism improves hepatic steatosis and insulin sensitivity in Western diet-fed mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G412-G424. [PMID: 30605011 PMCID: PMC6459286 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00300.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) agonists induce systemic release of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) from intestinal L cells, a potentially therapeutic action against metabolic diseases such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and Type 2 diabetes. Historically, TGR5 agonist use has been hindered by side effects, including inhibition of gallbladder emptying. Here, we characterize RDX8940, a novel, orally administered TGR5 agonist designed to have minimal systemic effects and investigate its activity in mice fed a Western diet, a model of NAFLD and mild insulin resistance. Agonist activity, binding selectivity, toxicity, solubility, and permeability of RDX8940 were characterized in standard in vitro models. RDX8940 pharmacokinetics and effects on GLP secretion, insulin sensitivity, and liver steatosis were assessed in C57BL/6 mice fed normal or Western diet chow and given single or repeated doses of RDX8940 or vehicle, with or without dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors. Gallbladder effects were assessed in CD-1 mice fed normal chow and given RDX8940 or a systemic TGR5 agonist or vehicle. Our results showed that RDX8940 is minimally systemic, potent, and selective, and induces incretin (GLP-1, GLP-2, and peptide YY) secretion. RDX8940-induced increases in plasma active GLP-1 (aGLP-1) levels were enhanced by repeated dosing and by coadministration of DPP4 inhibitors. RDX8940 increased hepatic exposure to aGLP-1 without requiring coadministration of a DPP4 inhibitor. In mice fed a Western diet, RDX8940 improved liver steatosis and insulin sensitivity. Unlike systemic TGR5 agonists, RDX8940 did not inhibit gallbladder emptying. These results indicate that RDX8940 may have therapeutic potential in patients with NAFLD/NASH. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) agonists have potential as a treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) but have until now been associated with undesirable side effects associated with systemic TGR5 agonism, including blockade of gallbladder emptying. We demonstrate that RDX8940, a potent, selective, minimally systemic oral TGR5 agonist, improves liver steatosis and insulin sensitivity in a mouse model of NAFLD and does not inhibit gallbladder emptying in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sindy Wan
- Ardelyx, Incorporated, Fremont, California
| | | | | | - Tao Chen
- Ardelyx, Incorporated, Fremont, California
| | - Noah Bell
- Ardelyx, Incorporated, Fremont, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Karen Shaw
- Ardelyx, Incorporated, Fremont, California
| | - Cathy Le
- Ardelyx, Incorporated, Fremont, California
| | | | - I-Hsin Hsu
- Ardelyx, Incorporated, Fremont, California
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9
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Discovery of ((1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)ureidyl derivatives as selective non-steroidal agonists of the G-protein coupled bile acid receptor-1. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2504. [PMID: 30792450 PMCID: PMC6385358 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38840-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The G-protein bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1) has emerged in the last decade as prominent target for the treatment of metabolic and inflammatory diseases including type 2 diabetes, obesity, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. To date numerous bile acid derivatives have been identified as GPBAR1 agonists, however their clinical application is hampered by the lack of selectivity toward the other bile acid receptors. Therefore, non-steroidal GPBAR1 ligands able to selectively activate the receptor are urgently needed. With this aim, we here designed, synthesized and biologically evaluated ((1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl) urea derivatives as novel potent GPBAR1 agonists. Particularly, compounds 9 and 10 induce the mRNA expression of the GPBAR1 target gene pro-glucagon and show high selectivity over the other bile acid receptors FXR, LXRα, LXRβ and PXR, and the related receptors PPARα and PPARγ. Computational studies elucidated the binding mode of 10 to GPBAR1, providing important structural insights for the design of non-steroidal GPBAR1 agonists. The pharmacokinetic properties of 9 and 10 suggest that the ((1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)ureydil scaffold might be exploited to achieve effective drug candidates to treat GPBAR1 related disorders.
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10
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Chen T, Reich NW, Bell N, Finn PD, Rodriguez D, Kohler J, Kozuka K, He L, Spencer AG, Charmot D, Navre M, Carreras CW, Koo-McCoy S, Tabora J, Caldwell JS, Jacobs JW, Lewis JG. Design of Gut-Restricted Thiazolidine Agonists of G Protein-Coupled Bile Acid Receptor 1 (GPBAR1, TGR5). J Med Chem 2018; 61:7589-7613. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | | | - Noah Bell
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Patricia D. Finn
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - David Rodriguez
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Jill Kohler
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Kenji Kozuka
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Limin He
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Andrew G. Spencer
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Dominique Charmot
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Marc Navre
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | | | - Samantha Koo-McCoy
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Jocelyn Tabora
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Jeremy S. Caldwell
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Jeffrey W. Jacobs
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
| | - Jason Gustaf Lewis
- Ardelyx, Inc., 34175 Ardenwood Blvd, Fremont, California 94555, United States
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11
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A novel partial agonist of GPBA reduces blood glucose level in a murine glucose tolerance test. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 814:130-137. [PMID: 28823924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
GPBA is a G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by bile acids. Because activation of GPBA leads to increased cAMP levels and secretion of incretins and insulin, GPBA has been proposed as a promising drug target for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Previously, we have developed a ligand-screening system to identify novel agonists of GPBA by means of a fusion protein of GPBA with G protein stimulatory α subunit (Gsα) and by a [35S]GTPγS-binding assay. To express the GPBA-Gsα fusion protein, transgenic silkworms were employed in this study, and cell membrane fractions were prepared from their fat body or pupae. We applied them to the screening of a chemical library that contains 10,625 compounds from the RIKEN Natural Products Depository (NPDepo). Eventually, a unique partial agonist, GUM2, was successfully identified. Our results indicated that the GPCR-Gα fusion proteins were beneficial for ligand identification and that the transgenic silkworms were useful for large-scale production of GPCRs. In HEK293 cells transiently expressing GPBA, GUM2 showed 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 3.5 ± 2.4μM and induced GPBA internalization as effectively as did an endogenous agonist, TLC. We also confirmed that GUM2 stimulates insulin secretion in MIN6 cells. Moreover, a single 2mg/kg dose of GUM2 significantly reduced blood glucose levels in mice during an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test even though GUM2 is only a partial agonist with a low intrinsic activity. We concluded that GUM2 is a good candidate for research on GPBA signaling under physiological conditions and for the development of GPBA-targeting therapeutic compounds.
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12
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Zhang X, Wall M, Sui Z, Kauffman J, Hou C, Chen C, Du F, Kirchner T, Liang Y, Johnson DL, Murray WV, Demarest K. Discovery of Orally Efficacious Tetrahydrobenzimidazoles as TGR5 Agonists for Type 2 Diabetes. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:560-565. [PMID: 28523111 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We have discovered a novel series of tetrahydrobenzimidazoles 3 as TGR5 agonists. Initial structure-activity relationship studies with an assay that measured cAMP levels in murine enteroendocrine cells (STC-1 cells) led to the discovery of potent agonists with submicromolar EC50 values for mTGR5. Subsequent optimization through methylation of the 7-position of the core tetrahydrobenzimidazole ring resulted in the identification of potent agonists for both mTGR5 and hTGR5 (human enteroendocrine NCI-H716 cells). While the lead compounds displayed low to moderate exposure after oral dosing, they significantly reduced blood glucose levels in C57 BL/6 mice at 30 mg/kg and induced a 13-22% reduction in the area under the blood glucose curve (AUC)0-120 min in oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuqing Zhang
- Cardiovascular
and Metabolic
Research, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean
Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Mark Wall
- Cardiovascular
and Metabolic
Research, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean
Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Zhihua Sui
- Cardiovascular
and Metabolic
Research, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean
Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Jack Kauffman
- Cardiovascular
and Metabolic
Research, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean
Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Cuifen Hou
- Cardiovascular
and Metabolic
Research, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean
Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Cailin Chen
- Cardiovascular
and Metabolic
Research, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean
Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Fuyong Du
- Cardiovascular
and Metabolic
Research, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean
Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Thomas Kirchner
- Cardiovascular
and Metabolic
Research, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean
Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Yin Liang
- Cardiovascular
and Metabolic
Research, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean
Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Dana L. Johnson
- Cardiovascular
and Metabolic
Research, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean
Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - William V. Murray
- Cardiovascular
and Metabolic
Research, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean
Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Keith Demarest
- Cardiovascular
and Metabolic
Research, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Welsh and McKean
Roads, P.O. Box 776, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
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13
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Zhang X, Sui Z, Kauffman J, Hou C, Chen C, Du F, Kirchner T, Liang Y, Johnson D, Murray WV, Demarest K. Evaluation of anti-diabetic effect and gall bladder function with 2-thio-5-thiomethyl substituted imidazoles as TGR5 receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1760-1764. [PMID: 28285911 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of 2-thio-5-thiomethyl substituted imidazoles was discovered to be potent TGR5 agonists that possessed glucose-lowering effects while inhibiting gall bladder emptying in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuqing Zhang
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, United States.
| | - Zhihua Sui
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Jack Kauffman
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Cuifen Hou
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Cailin Chen
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Fuyong Du
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Thomas Kirchner
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Yin Liang
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Dana Johnson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - William V Murray
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
| | - Keith Demarest
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, United States
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14
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Saturated Heterocycles with Applications in Medicinal Chemistry. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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3-Azidoazetidines as the first scaffolds for β-amino azetidine carboxylic acid peptidomimetics: azetidine iminosugars containing an acetamido group do not inhibit β- N -acetylhexosaminidases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Unusual amino acids are fundamental building blocks of modern medicinal chemistry. The combination of readily functionalized amine and carboxyl groups attached to a chiral central core along with one or two potentially diverse side chains provides a unique three-dimensional structure with a high degree of functionality. This makes them invaluable as starting materials for syntheses of complex molecules, highly diverse elements for SAR campaigns, integral components of peptidomimetic drugs, and potential drugs on their own. This Perspective highlights the diversity of unnatural amino acid structures found in hit-to-lead and lead optimization campaigns and clinical stage and approved drugs, reflecting their increasingly important role in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A T Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland Australia 4072
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17
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Bull JA, Croft RA, Davis OA, Doran R, Morgan KF. Oxetanes: Recent Advances in Synthesis, Reactivity, and Medicinal Chemistry. Chem Rev 2016; 116:12150-12233. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Bull
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary A. Croft
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Owen A. Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Doran
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kate F. Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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18
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Parisi G, Zenzola M, Capitanelli E, Carlucci C, Romanazzi G, Pisano L, Degennaro L, Luisi R. Exploiting structural and conformational effects for a site-selective lithiation of azetidines. PURE APPL CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2016-0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AbstractInterest in molecular structures bearing four-membered heterocycles (FMHs) is growing due to the possibility to explore new regions of the chemical space and get new lead molecules. Our interest in the development of divergent synthesis of functionalized FMHs, prompted us to disclose factors affecting the reactivity of nitrogen-bearing FMHs towards metalating agents. Our investigations demonstrated that structural factors and conformational preferences need to be considered in planning a site-selective functionalization of azetidines. It will be showed how such factors could have pivotal importance in the reactivity of FMHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Parisi
- 1Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro” Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 – Italy
| | - Marina Zenzola
- 1Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro” Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 – Italy
| | - Emanuela Capitanelli
- 1Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro” Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 – Italy
| | - Claudia Carlucci
- 1Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro” Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 – Italy
| | - Giuseppe Romanazzi
- 2DICATECh, Politecnico di Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 – Italy
- 3CNR NANOTEC−Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Polo di Nanotecnologia c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Luisa Pisano
- 4Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 – Italy
| | - Leonardo Degennaro
- 1Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro” Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 – Italy
| | - Renzo Luisi
- 1Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro” Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 – Italy
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19
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Intestinally-targeted TGR5 agonists equipped with quaternary ammonium have an improved hypoglycemic effect and reduced gallbladder filling effect. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28676. [PMID: 27339735 PMCID: PMC4919643 DOI: 10.1038/srep28676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
TGR5 activation of enteroendocrine cells increases glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) release, which maintains glycemic homeostasis. However, TGR5 activation in the gallbladder and heart is associated with severe side effects. Therefore, intestinally-targeted TGR5 agonists were suggested as potential hypoglycemic agents with minimal side effects. However, until now no such compounds with robust glucose-lowering effects were reported, especially in diabetic animal models. Herein, we identify a TGR5 agonist, 26a, which was proven to be intestinally-targeted through pharmacokinetic studies. 26a was used as a tool drug to verify the intestinally-targeted strategy. 26a displayed a robust and long-lasting hypoglycemic effect in ob/ob mice (once a day dosing (QD) and 18-day treatment) owing to sustained stimulation of GLP-1 secretion, which suggested that robust hypoglycemic effect could be achieved with activation of TGR5 in intestine alone. However, the gallbladder filling effect of 26a was rather complicated. Although the gallbladder filling effect of 26a was decreased in mice after once a day dosing, this side effect was still not eliminated. To solve the problem above, several research strategies were raised for further optimization.
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20
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Xu Y. Recent Progress on Bile Acid Receptor Modulators for Treatment of Metabolic Diseases. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6553-79. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Xu
- Lilly Research
Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, DC 1910, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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21
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Agarwal S, Patil A, Aware U, Deshmukh P, Darji B, Sasane S, Sairam KVV, Priyadarsiny P, Giri P, Patel H, Giri S, Jain M, Desai RC. Discovery of a Potent and Orally Efficacious TGR5 Receptor Agonist. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:51-5. [PMID: 26819665 PMCID: PMC4716599 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TGR5 is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), activation of which promotes secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and modulates insulin secretion. The 2-thio-imidazole derivative 6g was identified as a novel, potent, and selective TGR5 agonist (hTGR5 EC50 = 57 pM, mTGR5 = 62 pM) with a favorable pharmacokinetic profile. The compound 6g was found to have potent glucose lowering effects in vivo during an oral glucose tolerance test in DIO C57 mice with ED50 of 7.9 mg/kg and ED90 of 29.2 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Agarwal
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila
Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla
N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Amit Patil
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila
Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla
N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Umesh Aware
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila
Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla
N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Prashant Deshmukh
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila
Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla
N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Brijesh Darji
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila
Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla
N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Santosh Sasane
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila
Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla
N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Kalapatapu V. V.
M. Sairam
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila
Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla
N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Priyanka Priyadarsiny
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila
Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla
N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Poonam Giri
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila
Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla
N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Harilal Patel
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila
Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla
N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Suresh Giri
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila
Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla
N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Mukul Jain
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila
Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla
N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
| | - Ranjit C. Desai
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila
Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla
N.H. No. 8 A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382 210, India
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22
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TGR5 and Immunometabolism: Insights from Physiology and Pharmacology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:847-857. [PMID: 26541439 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade substantial progress has been made in understanding how the insurgence of chronic low-grade inflammation influences the physiology of several metabolic diseases. Tissue-resident immune cells have been identified as central players in these processes, linking inflammation to metabolism. The bile acid-responsive G-protein-coupled receptor TGR5 is expressed in monocytes and macrophages, and its activation mediates potent anti-inflammatory effects. Herein, we summarize recent advances in TGR5 research, focusing on the downstream effector pathways that are modulated by TGR5 activators, and on its therapeutic potential in inflammatory and metabolic diseases.
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23
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The azetidine derivative, KHG26792 protects against ATP-induced activation of NFAT and MAPK pathways through P2X7 receptor in microglia. Neurotoxicology 2015; 51:198-206. [PMID: 26522449 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Azetidine derivatives are of interest for drug development because they may be useful therapeutic agents. However, their mechanisms of action remain to be completely elucidated. Here, we have investigated the effects of 3-(naphthalen-2-yl(propoxy)methyl)azetidine hydrochloride (KHG26792) on ATP-induced activation of NFAT and MAPK through P2X7 receptor in the BV-2 mouse microglial cell line. KHG26792 decreased ATP-induced TNF-α release from BV-2 microglia by suppressing, at least partly, P2X7 receptor stimulation. KHG26792 also inhibited the ATP-induced increase in IL-6, PGE2, NO, ROS, CXCL2, and CCL3. ATP induced NFAT activation through P2X7 receptor, with KHG26792 reducing the ATP-induced NFAT activation. KHG26792 inhibited an ATP-induced increase in iNOS protein and ERK phosphorylation. KHG26792 prevented an ATP-induced increase in MMP-9 activity through the P2X7 receptor as a result of degradation of TIMP-1 by cathepsin B. Our data provide mechanistic insights into the role of KHG26792 in the inhibition of TNF-α produced via P2X7 receptor-mediated activation of NFAT and MAPK pathways in ATP-treated BV-2 cells. This study highlights the potential use of KHG26792 as a therapeutic agent for the many diseases of the CNS related to activated microglia.
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24
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Briere DA, Ruan X, Cheng CC, Siesky AM, Fitch TE, Dominguez C, Sanfeliciano SG, Montero C, Suen CS, Xu Y, Coskun T, Michael MD. Novel Small Molecule Agonist of TGR5 Possesses Anti-Diabetic Effects but Causes Gallbladder Filling in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136873. [PMID: 26312995 PMCID: PMC4551797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of TGR5 via bile acids or bile acid analogs leads to the release of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) from intestine, increases energy expenditure in brown adipose tissue, and increases gallbladder filling with bile. Here, we present compound 18, a non-bile acid agonist of TGR5 that demonstrates robust GLP-1 secretion in a mouse enteroendocrine cell line yet weak GLP-1 secretion in a human enteroendocrine cell line. Acute administration of compound 18 to mice increased GLP-1 and peptide YY (PYY) secretion, leading to a lowering of the glucose excursion in an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), while chronic administration led to weight loss. In addition, compound 18 showed a dose-dependent increase in gallbladder filling. Lastly, compound 18 failed to show similar pharmacological effects on GLP-1, PYY, and gallbladder filling in Tgr5 knockout mice. Together, these results demonstrate that compound 18 is a mouse-selective TGR5 agonist that induces GLP-1 and PYY secretion, and lowers the glucose excursion in an OGTT, but only at doses that simultaneously induce gallbladder filling. Overall, these data highlight the benefits and potential risks of using TGR5 agonists to treat diabetes and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Briere
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Xiaoping Ruan
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Christine C. Cheng
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Angela M. Siesky
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Fitch
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Carmen Dominguez
- Centro de Investigación, Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Montero
- Centro de Investigación, Eli Lilly and Company, Alcobendas, Spain
| | - Chen S. Suen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Yanping Xu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Tamer Coskun
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - M. Dodson Michael
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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26
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Liu Z, Jenkinson SF, Vermaas T, Adachi I, Wormald MR, Hata Y, Kurashima Y, Kaji A, Yu CY, Kato A, Fleet GWJ. 3-Fluoroazetidinecarboxylic Acids and trans,trans-3,4-Difluoroproline as Peptide Scaffolds: Inhibition of Pancreatic Cancer Cell Growth by a Fluoroazetidine Iminosugar. J Org Chem 2015; 80:4244-58. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zilei Liu
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Sarah F. Jenkinson
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Tom Vermaas
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Isao Adachi
- Department
of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Mark R. Wormald
- Glycobiology
Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Yukako Hata
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa 920-1181, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kurashima
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa 920-1181, Japan
| | - Akira Kaji
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa 920-1181, Japan
| | - Chu-Yi Yu
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- National
Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P.R. China
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Department
of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - George W. J. Fleet
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
- National
Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P.R. China
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27
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Duan H, Ning M, Zou Q, Ye Y, Feng Y, Zhang L, Leng Y, Shen J. Discovery of Intestinal Targeted TGR5 Agonists for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3315-28. [PMID: 25710631 DOI: 10.1021/jm500829b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Activation of TGR5 stimulates intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) release, but activation of the receptors in gallbladder and heart has been shown to cause severe on-target side effects. A series of low-absorbed TGR5 agonists was prepared by modifying compound 2 with polar functional groups to limit systemic exposure and specifically activate TGR5 in the intestine. Compound 15c, with a molecular weight of 1401, a PSA value of 223 Å(2), and low permeability on Caco-2 cells, exhibited satisfactory potency both in vitro and in vivo. Low levels of 15c were detected in blood, bile, and gallbladder tissue, and gallbladder-related side effects were substantially decreased compared to the absorbed small-molecule TGR5 agonist 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mengmeng Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qingan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yangliang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ying Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ying Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianhua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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28
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Abstract
After many years of research, obesity is still a disease with an unmet medical need. Very few compounds have been approved, acting mainly on neuromediators; researches, in recent years, pointed toward compounds potentially safer than first-generation antiobesity drugs, able to interact with one or more (multitarget therapy) receptors for substances produced by the gut, adipose tissue and other targets outside CNS. Other holistic approaches, such as those involving gut microbiota and plant extracts, appeared recently in the literature, and undoubtedly will contribute to the discovery of a valuable therapy for this disease. This review deals with the positive results and the pitfalls obtained following these approaches, with a view on their clinical trial studies.
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29
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Parisi G, Capitanelli E, Pierro A, Romanazzi G, Clarkson GJ, Degennaro L, Luisi R. Easy access to constrained peptidomimetics and 2,2-disubstituted azetidines by the unexpected reactivity profile of α-lithiated N-Boc-azetidines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:15588-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06323j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The unprecedented reactivity profile of lithiatedN-Boc-2-arylazetidines gave access either to new azetidine-based peptidomimetics or to the regioselective functionalization of the azetidine ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Parisi
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences
- University of Bari
- Bari 70125
- Italy
| | | | - Antonella Pierro
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences
- University of Bari
- Bari 70125
- Italy
| | | | | | | | - Renzo Luisi
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences
- University of Bari
- Bari 70125
- Italy
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Högenauer K, Arista L, Schmiedeberg N, Werner G, Jaksche H, Bouhelal R, Nguyen DG, Bhat BG, Raad L, Rauld C, Carballido JM. G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1, TGR5) agonists reduce the production of proinflammatory cytokines and stabilize the alternative macrophage phenotype. J Med Chem 2014; 57:10343-54. [PMID: 25411721 DOI: 10.1021/jm501052c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
GPBAR1 (also known as TGR5) is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that triggers intracellular signals upon ligation by various bile acids. The receptor has been studied mainly for its function in energy expenditure and glucose homeostasis, and there is little information on the role of GPBAR1 in the context of inflammation. After a high-throughput screening campaign, we identified isonicotinamides exemplified by compound 3 as nonsteroidal GPBAR1 agonists. We optimized this series to potent derivatives that are active on both human and murine GPBAR1. These agonists inhibited the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-12 but not the antiinflammatory IL-10 in primary human monocytes. These effects translate in vivo, as compound 15 inhibits LPS induced TNF-α and IL-12 release in mice. The response was GPBAR1 dependent, as demonstrated using knockout mice. Furthermore, agonism of GPBAR1 stabilized the phenotype of the alternative, noninflammatory, M2-like type cells during differentiation of monocytes into macrophages. Overall, our results illustrate an important regulatory role for GPBAR1 agonists as controllers of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klemens Högenauer
- Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, and §Center for Proteomic Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Kern N, Felten AS, Weibel JM, Pale P, Blanc A. Robust Synthesis of N-Sulfonylazetidine Building Blocks via Ring Contraction of α-Bromo N-Sulfonylpyrrolidinones. Org Lett 2014; 16:6104-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol5029496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Kern
- Laboratoire de Synthèse,
Réactivité Organiques et Catalyse, Institut de Chimie,
UMR 7177−CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue
Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Felten
- Laboratoire de Synthèse,
Réactivité Organiques et Catalyse, Institut de Chimie,
UMR 7177−CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue
Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Marc Weibel
- Laboratoire de Synthèse,
Réactivité Organiques et Catalyse, Institut de Chimie,
UMR 7177−CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue
Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
| | - Patrick Pale
- Laboratoire de Synthèse,
Réactivité Organiques et Catalyse, Institut de Chimie,
UMR 7177−CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue
Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
| | - Aurélien Blanc
- Laboratoire de Synthèse,
Réactivité Organiques et Catalyse, Institut de Chimie,
UMR 7177−CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue
Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
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32
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Calmus Y, Poupon R. Shaping macrophages function and innate immunity by bile acids: mechanisms and implication in cholestatic liver diseases. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2014; 38:550-6. [PMID: 25176586 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The liver is selectively enriched in innate immune cells, macrophages (Kupffer cells), natural killer, and natural killer T cells. These cells release an array of mediators with cytotoxic, pro- and anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, fibrogenic, and mitogenic activity that function to fight infections, limit tissue injury, and promote wound healing. The diverse activity of macrophages is mediated by distinct subpopulations that develop in response to signals within their microenvironment. Understanding the mechanisms and role of the microenvironment contributing to modulation of macrophage populations is crucial for comprehension of the pathophysiology of liver injury in diverse conditions. Several studies initiated in the 1990s have shown that bile acids modulate innate and adaptive immunity. In the last decade, bile acids turned into hormones and signalling molecules involved in many metabolic and inflammatory processes. Biological properties of bile acids are thought to be mediated mainly through activation of the nuclear receptor FXR, the membrane receptor TGR5, as well as PK, ERK, MAP kinases signalling pathways. FXR and TGR5 agonists are currently under development for clinical purpose. This review analyses the mechanisms involved in the immunomodulatory effects of bile acids on the macrophage and discuss their implications in the pathophysiology of cholestasis, primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvon Calmus
- Centre de référence des maladies inflammatoires des voies biliaire, Service d'hépatologie et Centre de transplantation hépatique, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, 75571 Paris cedex 12, France; France Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Raoul Poupon
- Centre de référence des maladies inflammatoires des voies biliaire, Service d'hépatologie et Centre de transplantation hépatique, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, 75571 Paris cedex 12, France; France Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, 75006 Paris, France.
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