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Tang K, Wang S, Gao W, Song Y, Yu B. Harnessing the cyclization strategy for new drug discovery. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:4309-4326. [PMID: 36562004 PMCID: PMC9764076 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of new ligands with high affinity and specificity against the targets of interest has been a central focus in drug discovery. As one of the most commonly used methods in drug discovery, the cyclization represents a feasible strategy to identify new lead compounds by increasing structural novelty, scaffold diversity and complexity. Such strategy could also be potentially used for the follow-on drug discovery without patent infringement. In recent years, the cyclization strategy has witnessed great success in the discovery of new lead compounds against different targets for treating various diseases. Herein, we first briefly summarize the use of the cyclization strategy in the discovery of new small-molecule lead compounds, including the proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTAC) molecules. Particularly, we focus on four main strategies including fused ring cyclization, chain cyclization, spirocyclization and macrocyclization and highlight the use of the cyclization strategy in lead generation. Finally, the challenges including the synthetic intractability, relatively poor pharmacokinetics (PK) profiles and the absence of the structural information for rational structure-based cyclization are also briefly discussed. We hope this review, not exhaustive, could provide a timely overview on the cyclization strategy for the discovery of new lead compounds.
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2
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Sun L, Liu B, Zhao Y, Chang J, Kong L, Wang F, Deng WQ, Li X. Rhodium(iii)-catalyzed asymmetric [4+1] spiroannulations of O-pivaloyl oximes with α-diazo compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8268-8271. [PMID: 34323257 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02888j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chiral RhIII catalysts can catalyze the asymmetric [4+1] spiroannulation of O-pivaloyl oximes with α-diazo homophthalimides under redox-neutral and acid/base-neutral conditions, leading to formation of chiral spirocyclic imines as a result of C-H activation and N-O cleavage. The reaction proceeded with high efficiency and features broad substrate scope, mild reaction conditions, and high to excellent enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lincong Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
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3
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Han X, Kong L, Feng J, Li X. Rhodium(iii)-catalyzed synthesis of spirocyclic isoindole N-oxides and isobenzofuranones via C–H activation and spiroannulation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:5528-5531. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00830c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rhodium(iii)-catalyzed C–H activation of oximes and benzoic acids has been realized in oxidative annulation with quinone diazides for synthesis of spirocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Han
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of MOE
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi’an 710062
- China
| | - Lingheng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of MOE
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi’an 710062
- China
| | - Jiami Feng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of MOE
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi’an 710062
- China
| | - Xingwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of MOE
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi’an 710062
- China
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4
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Wang D, Lu B, Song YL, Sun HM, Shen Q. Fe(III)-catalyzed oxidative coupling of alkylnitriles with aromatic carboxylic acids: Facile access to cyanomethyl esters. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.150969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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5
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Tárraga WA, Garda HA, Toledo JD, Gonzalez MC. Potential Inhibitors of the Activity of the Cholesterol-Ester Transfer Protein. J Comput Biol 2019; 26:1458-1469. [PMID: 31356116 DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2018.0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The cholesterol-ester transfer protein (CETP) exchanges lipids between high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) and low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). The excessive transport of lipids from HDLs to LDLs mediated by this protein can cause an alteration in the deposition of lipoproteins onto the arterial walls, thus promoting the development of arteriosclerosis. Different CETP inhibitors have been tested in recent years, but none has been confirmed as being effectively palliative for the disease. We employed in silico databases and molecular docking as a computational method to predict how potential CETP inhibitors could interact with the active site of the CETP protein. Upon previously comparing two computer software packages to determine which generated a greater number of accurate CETP-inhibitor-complex structures, we chose the more appropriate program for our studies. We then abstracted a series of databases of known CETP inhibitors and noninhibitors exhibiting different 50% concentrations of CETP-inhibitory (INH) activity, to generate virtual structures for docking with different combinations of the CETP receptor. From this process, we obtained as the most suitable structure 4F2A_1OB_C_PCW-it accordingly having a greater area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. The molecular docking of known compounds in comparison with the respective conformation of this inhibitor enabled us to obtain ΔGs (in kcal/mol) from which data we made a first exploration of unknown compounds for CETP-INH activity. Thus, the 4F2A_1OB_C_PCW structure was docked with DrugBank-Approved commercial compounds in an extensive database, whose status had already been established from pharmacokinetics and toxicology. In this study, we present a group of potential compounds as CETP-inhibitor candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Alberto Tárraga
- Institute of Biochemical Research of La Plata Rodolfo Brenner (INIBIOLP), CONICET-CCT La Plata, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Horacio Alberto Garda
- Institute of Biochemical Research of La Plata Rodolfo Brenner (INIBIOLP), CONICET-CCT La Plata, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan Domingo Toledo
- Institute of Biochemical Research of La Plata Rodolfo Brenner (INIBIOLP), CONICET-CCT La Plata, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marina Cecilia Gonzalez
- Institute of Biochemical Research of La Plata Rodolfo Brenner (INIBIOLP), CONICET-CCT La Plata, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
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6
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Yang W, Wang X, Jin X, Sun H, Guo R, Xu W, Cai Q. Copper‐Catalysed Double
O
‐Arylation for Enantioselective Synthesis of
oxa
‐Spirocycles. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Yang
- College of pharmacyLinyi University Shuangling Road Linyi 276000 People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyuan Wang
- College of pharmacyLinyi University Shuangling Road Linyi 276000 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Jin
- College of pharmacyLinyi University Shuangling Road Linyi 276000 People's Republic of China
| | - Han Sun
- College of pharmacyLinyi University Shuangling Road Linyi 276000 People's Republic of China
| | - Runan Guo
- College of pharmacyLinyi University Shuangling Road Linyi 276000 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of PharmacyJinan University No.601 Huangpu Avenue West Guangzhou 510530 People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Cai
- College of PharmacyJinan University No.601 Huangpu Avenue West Guangzhou 510530 People's Republic of China
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7
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He Y, Wang Y, Gao J, Zeng L, Li S, Wang W, Zheng X, Zhang S, Gu L, Li G. Catalytic, metal-free alkylheteroarylation of alkenes via distal heteroaryl ipso-migration. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:7499-7502. [PMID: 29923554 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc03911a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A new direct alkylheteroarylation of alkenes with simple alkylnitriles via distal heteroaryl ipso-migration has been accomplished under metal-free conditions, in which inexpensive alkylnitriles served as radical precursors, which together with ease of operation makes this process a very practical protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui He
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Yaqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Liang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Shusheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shanxi Province 710069, P. R. China
| | - Shengyong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shanxi Province 710032, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Gu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Ganpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650500, P. R. China.
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8
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Kumar RS, Antonisamy P, Almansour AI, Arumugam N, Periyasami G, Altaf M, Kim HR, Kwon KB. Functionalized spirooxindole-indolizine hybrids: Stereoselective green synthesis and evaluation of anti-inflammatory effect involving TNF-α and nitrite inhibition. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 152:417-423. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Wang X, Li W, Hao L, Xie H, Hao C, Liu C, Li W, Xiong X, Zhao D. The therapeutic potential of CETP inhibitors: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2018; 28:331-340. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2018.1439476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lijuan Hao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Honglei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chenzhou Hao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chunchi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuqiong Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dongmei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith P. Reber
- Department of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
| | - Hannah E. Burdge
- Department of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
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11
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Yamada K, Brousseau M, Honma W, Iimura A, Imase H, Iwaki Y, Kawanami T, LaSala D, Liang G, Mitani H, Nonomura K, Ohmori O, Pan M, Rigel DF, Umemura I, Yasoshima K, Zhu G, Mogi M. Discovery of a Novel Piperidine-Based Inhibitor of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) That Retains Activity in Hypertriglyceridemic Plasma. J Med Chem 2017; 60:8466-8481. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yamada
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4133, United States
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis
Pharma K.K., Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Margaret Brousseau
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4133, United States
| | - Wataru Honma
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis
Pharma K.K., Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Akiko Iimura
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis
Pharma K.K., Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Hidetomo Imase
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4133, United States
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis
Pharma K.K., Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Yuki Iwaki
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4133, United States
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis
Pharma K.K., Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Toshio Kawanami
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4133, United States
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis
Pharma K.K., Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Daniel LaSala
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis
Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 1 Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936-1080, United States
| | - Guiqing Liang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4133, United States
| | - Hironobu Mitani
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis
Pharma K.K., Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nonomura
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis
Pharma K.K., Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohmori
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis
Pharma K.K., Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Meihui Pan
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4133, United States
| | - Dean F. Rigel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis
Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 1 Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936-1080, United States
| | - Ichiro Umemura
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis
Pharma K.K., Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Kayo Yasoshima
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4133, United States
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis
Pharma K.K., Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
| | - Guoming Zhu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4133, United States
| | - Muneto Mogi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4133, United States
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis
Pharma K.K., Ohkubo 8, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
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12
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Zheng Y, Tice CM, Singh SB. Conformational control in structure-based drug design. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2825-2837. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Zhang H, Zhu C. Iron-catalyzed cascade cyanoalkylation/radical dearomatization of N-phenylcinnamamides: access to cyanoalkylated 1-azaspiro[4.5]decanes. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00157f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An iron-catalyzed tandem cyanoalkylative dearomatization of N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-cinnamamides via C(sp3)–H functionalization of nitriles with excellent regioselectivity and diastereoselectivity was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
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14
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Li SS, Wu L, Qin L, Zhu YQ, Su F, Xu YJ, Dong L. Iridium(III)-Catalyzed Tandem [3 + 2] Annulation: Synthesis of Spirocyclic Phosphoramide Derivatives. Org Lett 2016; 18:4214-7. [PMID: 27553969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Shuai Li
- Key
Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education
Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041,China
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Key
Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education
Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041,China
| | - Liu Qin
- Key
Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education
Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041,China
| | - Yu-Qin Zhu
- Key
Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education
Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041,China
| | - Fu Su
- Key
Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education
Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041,China
| | - Yan-Jun Xu
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Lin Dong
- Key
Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education
Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041,China
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15
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Bergström CAS, Charman WN, Porter CJH. Computational prediction of formulation strategies for beyond-rule-of-5 compounds. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 101:6-21. [PMID: 26928657 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The physicochemical properties of some contemporary drug candidates are moving towards higher molecular weight, and coincidentally also higher lipophilicity in the quest for biological selectivity and specificity. These physicochemical properties move the compounds towards beyond rule-of-5 (B-r-o-5) chemical space and often result in lower water solubility. For such B-r-o-5 compounds non-traditional delivery strategies (i.e. those other than conventional tablet and capsule formulations) typically are required to achieve adequate exposure after oral administration. In this review, we present the current status of computational tools for prediction of intestinal drug absorption, models for prediction of the most suitable formulation strategies for B-r-o-5 compounds and models to obtain an enhanced understanding of the interplay between drug, formulation and physiological environment. In silico models are able to identify the likely molecular basis for low solubility in physiologically relevant fluids such as gastric and intestinal fluids. With this baseline information, a formulation scientist can, at an early stage, evaluate different orally administered, enabling formulation strategies. Recent computational models have emerged that predict glass-forming ability and crystallisation tendency and therefore the potential utility of amorphous solid dispersion formulations. Further, computational models of loading capacity in lipids, and therefore the potential for formulation as a lipid-based formulation, are now available. Whilst such tools are useful for rapid identification of suitable formulation strategies, they do not reveal drug localisation and molecular interaction patterns between drug and excipients. For the latter, Molecular Dynamics simulations provide an insight into the interplay between drug, formulation and intestinal fluid. These different computational approaches are reviewed. Additionally, we analyse the molecular requirements of different targets, since these can provide an early signal that enabling formulation strategies will be required. Based on the analysis we conclude that computational biopharmaceutical profiling can be used to identify where non-conventional gateways, such as prediction of 'formulate-ability' during lead optimisation and early development stages, are important and may ultimately increase the number of orally tractable contemporary targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel A S Bergström
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - William N Charman
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher J H Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Nano-Bio Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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16
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Leeson PD. Molecular inflation, attrition and the rule of five. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 101:22-33. [PMID: 26836397 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Physicochemical properties underlie all aspects of drug action and are critical for solubility, permeability and successful formulation. Specific physicochemical properties shown to be relevant to oral drugs are size, lipophilicity, ionisation, hydrogen bonding, polarity, aromaticity and shape. The rule of 5 (Ro5) and subsequent studies have raised awareness of the importance of compound quality amongst bioactive molecules. Lipophilicity, probably the most important physical property of oral drugs, has on average changed little over time in oral drugs, until increases in drugs published after 1990. In contrast other molecular properties such as average size have increased significantly. Factors influencing property inflation include the targets pursued, where antivirals frequently violate the Ro5, risk/benefit considerations, and variable drug discovery practices. The compounds published in patents from the pharmaceutical industry are on average larger, more lipophilic and less complex than marketed oral drugs. The variation between individual companies' patented compounds is due to different practices and not to the targets pursued. Overall, there is demonstrable physical property attrition in moving from patents to candidate drugs to marketed drugs. The pharmaceutical industry's recent poor productivity has been due, in part, to progression of molecules that are unable to unambiguously test clinical efficacy, and attrition can therefore be improved by ensuring candidate drug quality is 'fit for purpose.' The combined ligand efficiency (LE) and lipophilic ligand efficiency (LLE) values of many marketed drugs are optimised relative to other molecules acting at the same target. Application of LLE in optimisation can help identify improved leads, even with challenging targets that seem to require lipophilic ligands. Because of their targets, some projects may need to pursue 'beyond Ro5' physicochemical space; such projects will require non-standard lead generation and optimisation and should not dominate in a well-balanced portfolio. Compound quality is controllable by lead selection and optimisation and should not be a cause of clinical failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Leeson
- Paul Leeson Consulting Ltd, The Malt House, Main Street, Congerstone, Nuneaton, Warks CV13 6LZ, UK.
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17
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Sumesh RV, Muthu M, Almansour AI, Suresh Kumar R, Arumugam N, Athimoolam S, Jeya Yasmi Prabha EA, Kumar RR. Multicomponent Dipolar Cycloaddition Strategy: Combinatorial Synthesis of Novel Spiro-Tethered Pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoline Hybrid Heterocycles. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2016; 18:262-70. [PMID: 27027478 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.6b00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The stereoselective syntheses of a library of novel spiro-tethered pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoline-pyrrolidine/pyrrolothiazole/indolizine-oxindole/acenaphthene hybrid heterocycles have been achieved through the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides generated in situ from α-amino acids and 1,2-diketones to dipolarophiles derived from pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoline derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remani Vasudevan Sumesh
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625 021, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Muthumani Muthu
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625 021, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Abdulrahman I. Almansour
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raju Suresh Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Natarajan Arumugam
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - S. Athimoolam
- Department
of Physics, University College of Engineering, Anna University Constituent College, Nagercoil 629 004, Tamil
Nadu India
| | - E. Arockia Jeya Yasmi Prabha
- Department
of Physics, University College of Engineering, Anna University Constituent College, Nagercoil 629 004, Tamil
Nadu India
| | - Raju Ranjith Kumar
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625 021, Tamil Nadu India
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18
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Meanwell NA. Improving Drug Design: An Update on Recent Applications of Efficiency Metrics, Strategies for Replacing Problematic Elements, and Compounds in Nontraditional Drug Space. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:564-616. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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19
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Doler C, Schweiger M, Zimmermann R, Breinbauer R. Chemical Genetic Approaches for the Investigation of Neutral Lipid Metabolism. Chembiochem 2016; 17:358-77. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Doler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Graz University of Technology; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Martina Schweiger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; University of Graz; Heinrichstrasse 31/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; University of Graz; Heinrichstrasse 31/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Graz University of Technology; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
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20
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Abstract
The principles of molecular property optimization in drug design have been understood for decades, yet much drug discovery activity today is conducted at the periphery of historical druglike property space. Lead optimization trajectories aimed at reducing physicochemical risk, assisted by ligand efficiency metrics, could help to reduce clinical attrition rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Leeson
- Paul Leeson Consulting Ltd., The Malt House, Main Street, Congerstone, Nuneaton, Warwickshire CV13 6LZ, U.K
| | - Robert J. Young
- Medicines
Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
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