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Nudelman A. Dimeric Drugs. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2751-2845. [PMID: 34375175 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210810124159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review intends to summarize the structures of an extensive number of symmetrical-dimeric drugs, having two monomers linked via a bridging entity while emphasizing the large versatility of biologically active substances reported to possess dimeric structures. The largest number of classes of these compounds consist of anticancer agents, antibiotics/antimicrobials, and anti-AIDS drugs. Other symmetrical-dimeric drugs include antidiabetics, antidepressants, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, anticholesterolemics, estrogenics, antioxidants, enzyme inhibitors, anti-Parkisonians, laxatives, antiallergy compounds, cannabinoids, etc. Most of the articles reviewed do not compare the activity/potency of the dimers to that of their corresponding monomers. Only in limited cases, various suggestions have been made to justify unexpected higher activity of the dimers vs. the corresponding monomers. These suggestions include statistical effects, the presence of dimeric receptors, binding of a dimer to two receptors simultaneously, and others. It is virtually impossible to predict which dimers will be preferable to their respective monomers, or which linking bridges will lead to the most active compounds. It is expected that the extensive number of articles summarized, and the large variety of substances mentioned, which display various biological activities, should be of interest to many academic and industrial medicinal chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Nudelman
- Chemistry Department, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
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2
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Ichimaru Y, Kato K, Okuno Y, Yamaguchi Y, Jin W, Fujita M, Otsuka M, Imai M, Kurosaki H. Design and synthesis of an anthranyl bridged optically active dinuclear iron(II)-ligand and evaluation of DNA-cleaving activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 35:127782. [PMID: 33422608 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It is necessary to design a ligand that is compatible with the target molecule to optimally use the DNA-cleaving ability of metal complexes. In this study, we synthesized an optically active dinuclear ligand, (1R,1'R,2R,2'R)-N1,N1'-(anthracene-1,8-diylbis(methylene))bis(N2,N2-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine) (R-ABDC, 4a) and its enantiomer (S-ABDC, 4b). We then prepared their Fe(II) complexes by mixing the ligand with FeSO4·7H2O in situ and investigated DNA-cleaving activities using plasmid DNA in the presence of excess sodium ascorbate at atmospheric conditions. The Fe(II) complexes efficiently cleaved DNA and selectively recognized two consecutive A and/or T sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Ichimaru
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyamaku, Nagoya, Aichi 463-8521, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyamaku, Nagoya, Aichi 463-8521, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Okuno
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 245-0066 Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Yamaguchi
- Environmental Safety Center, Kumamoto University, 39-1 Kurokami 2-Chome, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Wanchun Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyamaku, Nagoya, Aichi 463-8521, Japan
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., 1-7-30 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan
| | - Masanori Imai
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyamaku, Nagoya, Aichi 463-8521, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Kurosaki
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyamaku, Nagoya, Aichi 463-8521, Japan.
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3
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Bertuzzi G, Crotti S, Calandro P, Bonini BF, Monaco I, Locatelli E, Fochi M, Zani P, Strocchi E, Mazzanti A, Chiariello M, Franchini MC. Quinone-Fused Pyrazoles through 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions: Synthesis of Tricyclic Scaffolds and in vitro Cytotoxic Activity Evaluation on Glioblastoma Cancer Cells. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1744-1750. [PMID: 29966045 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel and straightforward synthesis of highly substituted isoquinoline-5,8-dione fused tricyclic pyrazoles is reported. The key step of the synthetic sequence is a regioselective, Ag2 CO3 promoted, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of C-heteroaryl-N-aryl nitrilimines and substituted isoquinoline-5,8-diones. The broad functional group tolerability and mild reaction conditions were found to be suitable for the preparation of a small library of compounds. These scaffolds were designed to interact with multiple biological residues, and two of them, after brief synthetic elaborations, were analyzed by molecular docking studies as potential anticancer drugs. In vitro studies confirmed the potent anticancer effects, showing promising IC50 values as low as 2.5 μm against three different glioblastoma cell lines. Their cytotoxic activity was finally positively correlated to their ability to inhibit PI3K/mTOR kinases, which are responsible for the regulation of diverse cellular processes in human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Bertuzzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simone Crotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Calandro
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica and Istituto Toscano Tumori, Core Research Laboratory, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Bianca Flavia Bonini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilaria Monaco
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Erica Locatelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Fochi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Zani
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Strocchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Mazzanti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mario Chiariello
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica and Istituto Toscano Tumori, Core Research Laboratory, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Mauro Comes Franchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
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4
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Purohit MN, Panjamurthy K, Elango S, Hebbar K, Mayur YC, Raghavan SC. In-vitro cytotoxicity and cell cycle analysis of two novel bis-1,2, 4-triazole derivatives: 1,4-bis[5-(5-mercapto-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl-methyl)-thio-4-(p-tolyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-butane (MNP-14) and 1,4-bis[5-(carbethoxy-methyl)-thio-4-(p-ethoxy phenyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-butane (MNP-16). NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2012; 30:873-85. [PMID: 22060552 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2011.608395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we have tested the cytotoxic and DNA damage activity of two novel bis-1,2,4 triazole derivatives, namely 1,4-bis[5-(5-mercapto-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl-methyl)-thio-4-(p-tolyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-butane (MNP-14) and 1,4-bis[5-(carbethoxy-methyl)-thio-4-(p-ethoxy phenyl) -1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]-butane (MNP-16). The effect of these molecules on cellular apoptosis was also determined. The in-vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated by a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay as well as Trypan blue dye exclusion methods against human acute lymphoblastic leukemia (MOLT4) and lung cancer cells (A549). Our results showed that MNP-16 induced significant cytotoxicity (IC(50) of 3-5 μM) compared with MNP-14. The cytotoxicity induced by MNP-16 was time and concentration dependent. The cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry (fluorescence-activated cell sorting [FACS]) revealed that though there was a significant increase in the apoptotic population (sub-G(1) phase) with an increased concentration of MNP-14 and 16, there was no cell cycle arrest. Further, the comet assay results indicated considerable DNA strand breaks upon exposure to these compounds, thereby suggesting the possible mechanism of cytotoxicity induced by MNP-16. Hence, we have identified a novel molecule (MNP-16) which could be of great clinical relevance in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudan N Purohit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS University, Mysore 570015, India
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Purohit M, Prasad VR, C. Mayur Y. Synthesis and Cytotoxicity of Bis-1,3,4-oxadiazoles and Bis-pyrazoles Derived from 1,4-Bis[5-thio-4-substituted-1,2,4-triazol-3-Yl]-butane and Their DNA Binding Studies. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2011; 344:248-54. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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6
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Synthesis, in vitro cytotoxicity, and anti-microbial studies of 1,4-bis(4-substituted-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)butanes. Med Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-010-9517-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Huang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Zhang DW, Lu QS, Liu JL, Chen SY, Lin HH, Yu XQ. Synthesis, DNA binding and photocleavage study of novel anthracene-appended macrocyclic polyamines. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:2278-85. [DOI: 10.1039/b823416g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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