1
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Conrad J, Paras NA, Vaz RJ. Model of P-Glycoprotein Ligand Binding and Validation with Efflux Substrate Matched Pairs. J Med Chem 2024; 67:5854-5865. [PMID: 38544305 PMCID: PMC11017244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) poses a significant obstacle in developing therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases and central nervous system (CNS) disorders. P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a multidrug resistance protein, is a critical gatekeeper in the BBB and plays a role in cancer chemoresistance. This paper uses cryo-EM P-gp structures as starting points with an induced fit docking (IFD) model to evaluate 19 pairs of compounds with known P-gp efflux data. The study reveals significant differences in binding energy and sheds light on structural modifications' impact on efflux properties. In the cases examined, fluorine incorporation influences the efflux by altering the molecular conformation rather than proximal heteroatom basicity. Although there are limitations in addressing covalent interactions or when binding extends into the more flexible vestibule region of the protein, the results provide valuable insights and potential strategies to overcome P-gp efflux, contributing to the advancement of drug development for both CNS disorders and cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Conrad
- Institute
for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Department
of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Nick A. Paras
- Institute
for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Department
of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Roy J. Vaz
- Institute
for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Department
of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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2
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Kallinen A, Mardon K, Lane S, Montgomery AP, Bhalla R, Stimson DHR, Ahamed M, Cowin GJ, Hibbs D, Werry EL, Fulton R, Connor M, Kassiou M. Synthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of Fluorinated 5-Azaindoles as CB2 PET Radioligands. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:2902-2921. [PMID: 37499194 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several classes of cannabinoid receptor type 2 radioligands have been evaluated for imaging of neuroinflammation, with successful clinical translation yet to take place. Here we describe the synthesis of fluorinated 5-azaindoles and pharmacological characterization and in vivo evaluation of 18F-radiolabeled analogues. [18F]2 (hCB2 Ki = 96.5 nM) and [18F]9 (hCB2 Ki = 7.7 nM) were prepared using Cu-mediated 18F-fluorination with non-decay-corrected radiochemical yields of 15 ± 6% and 18 ± 2% over 85 and 80 min, respectively, with high radiochemical purities (>97%) and molar activities (140-416 GBq/μmol). In PET imaging studies in rats, both [18F]2 and [18F]9 demonstrated specific binding in CB2-rich spleen after pretreatment with CB2-specific GW405833. Moreover, [18F]9 exhibited higher brain uptake at later time points in a murine model of neuroinflammation compared with a healthy control group. The results suggest further evaluation of azaindole based CB2 radioligands is warranted in other neuroinflammation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annukka Kallinen
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Karine Mardon
- ARC Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Samuel Lane
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Muneer Ahamed
- ARC Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Gary J Cowin
- ARC Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David Hibbs
- Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Eryn L Werry
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Roger Fulton
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Mark Connor
- Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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3
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Wang S, Ye W, Song W, Yao L, Zhang J, Qiu X, Zhou Z. Synthesis, crystal structure, DFT, vibrational properties, Hirshfeld surface and antitumor activity studies of tert-butyl (R)-(1-(4-(4-amino-1H-pyrrolo [3,2-c]pyridine-1-carbonyl)phenyl)ethyl)carbamate. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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4
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Ballesteros-Garrido R. Recent developments in the synthesis of 4-, 5-, 6- and 7-azaindoles. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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5
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Marcos Santos L, da Silveira NJF. Current Fragment-to-lead Approaches Starting from the 7-azaindole: The Pharmacological Versatility of a Privileged Molecular Fragment. Curr Top Med Chem 2023; 23:2116-2130. [PMID: 37461366 DOI: 10.2174/1568026623666230718100541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Fragment-based drug discovery is one of the most powerful paradigms in the recent context of medicinal chemistry and is being widely practiced by academic and industrial researchers. Currently, azaindoles are among the most exploited molecular fragments in pharmaceutical innovation projects inspired by fragment-to-lead strategies. The 7-azaindole is the most prominent representative within this remarkable family of pyrrolopyridine fragments, as it is present in the chemical structure of several approved antitumor drugs and also of numerous therapeutic candidates. In this paper, a brief overview on existing proofs of concept in the literature will be presented, as well as some recent works that corroborate 7-azaindole as a privileged and pharmacologically versatile molecular fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Marcos Santos
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Computer Simulation / MolMod-CS (D311-F), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas / UNIFAL-MG, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, 37130-001, Brazil
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory / LQFar (D202A), Department of Food and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas / UNIFAL-MG, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Nelson José Freitas da Silveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Computer Simulation / MolMod-CS (D311-F), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas / UNIFAL-MG, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, 37130-001, Brazil
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6
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Kenny PW. Hydrogen-Bond Donors in Drug Design. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14261-14275. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter W. Kenny
- Berwick-on-Sea, North Coast Road, Blanchisseuse, Saint George, Trinidad and Tobago
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7
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Lowe H, Toyang N, Steele B, Bryant J, Ngwa W. The Endocannabinoid System: A Potential Target for the Treatment of Various Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9472. [PMID: 34502379 PMCID: PMC8430969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Endocannabinoid System (ECS) is primarily responsible for maintaining homeostasis, a balance in internal environment (temperature, mood, and immune system) and energy input and output in living, biological systems. In addition to regulating physiological processes, the ECS directly influences anxiety, feeding behaviour/appetite, emotional behaviour, depression, nervous functions, neurogenesis, neuroprotection, reward, cognition, learning, memory, pain sensation, fertility, pregnancy, and pre-and post-natal development. The ECS is also involved in several pathophysiological diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, genetic and pharmacological manipulation of the ECS has gained significant interest in medicine, research, and drug discovery and development. The distribution of the components of the ECS system throughout the body, and the physiological/pathophysiological role of the ECS-signalling pathways in many diseases, all offer promising opportunities for the development of novel cannabinergic, cannabimimetic, and cannabinoid-based therapeutic drugs that genetically or pharmacologically modulate the ECS via inhibition of metabolic pathways and/or agonism or antagonism of the receptors of the ECS. This modulation results in the differential expression/activity of the components of the ECS that may be beneficial in the treatment of a number of diseases. This manuscript in-depth review will investigate the potential of the ECS in the treatment of various diseases, and to put forth the suggestion that many of these secondary metabolites of Cannabis sativa L. (hereafter referred to as "C. sativa L." or "medical cannabis"), may also have potential as lead compounds in the development of cannabinoid-based pharmaceuticals for a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Lowe
- Biotech R & D Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona 99999, Jamaica; (H.L.); (J.B.)
- Vilotos Pharmaceuticals Inc., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
- Flavocure Biotech Inc., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Ngeh Toyang
- Vilotos Pharmaceuticals Inc., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
- Flavocure Biotech Inc., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Blair Steele
- Biotech R & D Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona 99999, Jamaica; (H.L.); (J.B.)
| | - Joseph Bryant
- Biotech R & D Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona 99999, Jamaica; (H.L.); (J.B.)
| | - Wilfred Ngwa
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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8
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Cabañero D, Martín-García E, Maldonado R. The CB2 cannabinoid receptor as a therapeutic target in the central nervous system. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:659-676. [PMID: 34424117 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1971196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Targeting CB2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2r) represents a promising approach for the treatment of central nervous system disorders. These receptors were identified in peripheral tissues, but also in neurons in the central nervous system. New findings have highlighted the interest to target these central receptors to obtain therapeutic effects devoid of the classical cannabinoid side-effects. AREAS COVERED In this review, we searched PubMed (January 1991-May 2021), ClinicalTrials.gov and Cochrane Library databases for articles, reviews and clinical trials. We first introduce the relevance of CB2r as a key component of the endocannabinoid system. We discuss CB2r interest as a possible novel target in the treatment of pain. This receptor has raised interest as a potential target for neurodegenerative disorders treatment, as we then discussed. Finally, we underline studies revealing a novel potential CB2r interest in mental disorders treatment. EXPERT OPINION In spite of the interest of targeting CB2r for pain, clinical trials evaluating CB2r agonist analgesic efficacy have currently failed. The preferential involvement of CB2r in preventing the development of chronic pain could influence the failure of clinical trials designed for the treatment of already established pain syndromes. Specific trials should be designed to target the prevention of chronic pain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cabañero
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández. Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Elena Martín-García
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Penthala NR, Shoeib A, Dachavaram SS, Cabanlong CV, Yang J, Zhan CG, Prather PL, Crooks PA. 7-Azaindolequinuclidinones (7-AIQD): A novel class of cannabinoid 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid 2 (CB2) receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127501. [PMID: 32882418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-benzyl-7-azaindolequinuclidinone (7-AIQD) analogs have been synthesized and evaluated for affinity toward CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors and identified as a novel class of cannabinoid receptor ligands. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies indicate that 7-AIQD analogs are dual CB1/CB2 receptor ligands exhibiting high potency with somewhat greater selectivity towards CB2 receptors compared to the previously reported indolequinuclidinone (IQD) analogs. Initial binding assays showed that 7-AIQD analogs 8b, 8d, 8f, 8g and 9b (1 μM) produced more that 50% displacement of the CB1/CB2 non-selective agonist CP-55,940 (0.1 nM). Furthermore, Ki values determined from full competition binding curves showed that analogs 8a, 8b and 8g exhibit high affinity (110, 115 and 23.7 nM, respectively) and moderate selectivity (26.3, 6.1 and 9.2-fold, respectively) for CB2 relative to CB1 receptors. Functional studies examining modulation of G-protein activity demonstrated that 8a acts as a neutral antagonist at CB1 and CB2 receptors, while 8b exhibits inverse agonist activity at these receptors. Analogs 8f and 8g exhibit different intrinsic activities, depending on the receptor examined. Molecular docking and binding free energy calculations for the most active compounds (8a, 8b, 8f, and 8g) were performed to better understand the CB2 receptor-selective mechanism at the atomic level. Compound 8g exhibited the highest predicted binding affinity at both CB1 and CB2 receptors, and all four compounds were shown to have higher predicted binding affinities with the CB2 receptor compared to their corresponding binding affinities with the CB1 receptor. Further structural optimization of 7-AIQD analogs may lead to the identification of potential clinical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narsimha Reddy Penthala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Amal Shoeib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Soma Shekar Dachavaram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Christian V Cabanlong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Jingfang Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Paul L Prather
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Peter A Crooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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10
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Li C, Fan W, Qi C, Zhang F. Four component synthesis of pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-4-one derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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An D, Peigneur S, Hendrickx LA, Tytgat J. Targeting Cannabinoid Receptors: Current Status and Prospects of Natural Products. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5064. [PMID: 32709050 PMCID: PMC7404216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), as part of the endocannabinoid system, play a critical role in numerous human physiological and pathological conditions. Thus, considerable efforts have been made to develop ligands for CB1 and CB2, resulting in hundreds of phyto- and synthetic cannabinoids which have shown varying affinities relevant for the treatment of various diseases. However, only a few of these ligands are clinically used. Recently, more detailed structural information for cannabinoid receptors was revealed thanks to the powerfulness of cryo-electron microscopy, which now can accelerate structure-based drug discovery. At the same time, novel peptide-type cannabinoids from animal sources have arrived at the scene, with their potential in vivo therapeutic effects in relation to cannabinoid receptors. From a natural products perspective, it is expected that more novel cannabinoids will be discovered and forecasted as promising drug leads from diverse natural sources and species, such as animal venoms which constitute a true pharmacopeia of toxins modulating diverse targets, including voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels, G protein-coupled receptors such as CB1 and CB2, with astonishing affinity and selectivity. Therefore, it is believed that discovering novel cannabinoids starting from studying the biodiversity of the species living on planet earth is an uncharted territory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jan Tytgat
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N 2, Herestraat 49, P.O. Box 922, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (D.A.); (S.P.); (L.A.H.)
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12
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Dudhe P, Venkatasubbaiah K, Pathak B, Chelvam V. Serendipitous base catalysed condensation-heteroannulation of iminoesters: a regioselective route to the synthesis of 4,6-disubstituted 5-azaindoles. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:1582-1587. [PMID: 32048705 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02657f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A serendipitous discovery of a novel one-pot synthesis of 4,6-disubstituted 5-azaindoles is reported herein. In the presence of Hunig's base, various N-substituted pyrrole-2-carboxaldehydes have been efficiently transformed into their corresponding 4,6-disubstituted 5-azaindoles through an imine mediated cascade condensation-heteroannulation. The synthetic value of the methodology is established by preparing a novel chemical analogue of a cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premansh Dudhe
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore-453 552, India.
| | - Krishnan Venkatasubbaiah
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhubaneswar-752 050, Odisha, India
| | - Biswarup Pathak
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore-453 552, India.
| | - Venkatesh Chelvam
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore-453 552, India. and Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore-453 552, India
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13
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Ji YY, Wang ZL, Pei FN, Shi JJ, Li JJ, Gunosewoyo H, Yang F, Tang J, Xie X, Yu LF. Introducing nitrogen atoms to amidoalkylindoles: potent and selective cannabinoid type 2 receptor agonists with improved aqueous solubility. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:2131-2139. [PMID: 32904145 PMCID: PMC7451064 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00411d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previously we identified a series of amidoalkylindoles as potent and selective CB2 partial agonists. In the present study, we report our continuous effort to improve the aqueous solubility by introducing N atoms to the amidoalkylindole framework. Synthesis, characterization, and pharmacology evaluations were described. Bioisosteric replacements of the indole nucleus with an indazole, azaindole and benzimidazole were explored. Benzimidazole 43 (EC50,CB1 = NA, EC50,CB2 = 0.067 μM) and azaindole 24 (EC50,CB1 = NA, EC50,CB2 = 0.048 μM) were found to be potent and selective CB2 receptor partial agonists, both with improved aqueous solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Yang Ji
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development , School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , 3663 North Zhongshan Road , Shanghai 200062 , China .
| | - Zhi-Long Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research , National Center for Drug Screening , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 189 Guo Shou Jing Road , Shanghai 201203 , China .
| | - Fang-Ning Pei
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development , School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , 3663 North Zhongshan Road , Shanghai 200062 , China .
| | - Jun-Jie Shi
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development , School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , 3663 North Zhongshan Road , Shanghai 200062 , China .
| | - Jiao-Jiao Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development , School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , 3663 North Zhongshan Road , Shanghai 200062 , China .
| | - Hendra Gunosewoyo
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences , Faculty of Health Sciences , Curtin University , Bentley , Perth , WA 6102 , Australia
| | - Fan Yang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development , School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , 3663 North Zhongshan Road , Shanghai 200062 , China .
| | - Jie Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process , School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , 3663 North Zhongshan Road , Shanghai 200062 , China
| | - Xin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research , National Center for Drug Screening , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 189 Guo Shou Jing Road , Shanghai 201203 , China .
| | - Li-Fang Yu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development , School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , 3663 North Zhongshan Road , Shanghai 200062 , China .
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14
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Kourounakis AP, Xanthopoulos D, Tzara A. Morpholine as a privileged structure: A review on the medicinal chemistry and pharmacological activity of morpholine containing bioactive molecules. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:709-752. [PMID: 31512284 DOI: 10.1002/med.21634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Morpholine is a heterocycle featured in numerous approved and experimental drugs as well as bioactive molecules. It is often employed in the field of medicinal chemistry for its advantageous physicochemical, biological, and metabolic properties, as well as its facile synthetic routes. The morpholine ring is a versatile and readily accessible synthetic building block, it is easily introduced as an amine reagent or can be built according to a variety of available synthetic methodologies. This versatile scaffold, appropriately substituted, possesses a wide range of biological activities. There are many examples of molecular targets of morpholine bioactive in which the significant contribution of the morpholine moiety has been demonstrated; it is an integral component of the pharmacophore for certain enzyme active-site inhibitors whereas it bestows selective affinity for a wide range of receptors. A large body of in vivo studies has demonstrated morpholine's potential to not only increase potency but also provide compounds with desirable drug-like properties and improved pharamacokinetics. In this review we describe the medicinal chemistry/pharmacological activity of morpholine derivatives on various therapeutically related molecular targets, attempting to highlight the importance of the morpholine ring in drug design and development as well as to justify its classification as a privileged structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki P Kourounakis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Xanthopoulos
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ariadni Tzara
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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15
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Hassan AH, Cho MC, Kim HI, Yang JS, Park KT, Hwang JY, Jang CG, Park KD, Lee YS. Synthesis of oxidative metabolites of CRA13 and their analogs: Identification of CRA13 active metabolites and analogs thereof with selective CB2R affinity. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:5069-5078. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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16
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Zhang Z, Gao X, Wan Y, Huang Y, Huang G, Zhang G. Ammonium Acetate-Promoted One-Pot Tandem Aldol Condensation/Aza-Addition Reactions: Synthesis of 2,3,6,7-Tetrahydro-1 H-pyrrolo[3,2- c]pyridin-4(5 H)-ones. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:6844-6851. [PMID: 31457270 PMCID: PMC6645481 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An efficient tandem intermolecular one-pot aldol condensation/aza-addition reaction of 2-methyl-3-carbamoylpyrroles and aldehydes was developed for the synthesis of 2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-4(5H)-ones. The reaction proceeded using only 3.0 equiv of ammonium acetate promoter in green solvent poly(ethylene glycol)-400 at 100 °C to afford a series of pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridinone derivatives in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Zhang
- Henan
Key laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation,
Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing
of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions,
Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- Jilin
Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design &
Synthesis, Northeast Normal University, Jilin, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xiaolong Gao
- Henan
Key laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation,
Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing
of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions,
Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Yameng Wan
- Henan
Key laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation,
Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing
of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions,
Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Henan
Key laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation,
Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing
of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions,
Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Guoqing Huang
- Handan
Purification Equipment Research Institute, Handan, Hebei 056027, China
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- Henan
Key laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation,
Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing
of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions,
Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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17
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Purificação SI, Pires MJD, Rippel R, Santos AS, Marques MMB. One-Pot Synthesis of 1,2-Disubstituted 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-Azaindoles from Amino-o-halopyridines via N-Arylation/Sonogashira/Cyclization Reaction. Org Lett 2017; 19:5118-5121. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara I. Purificação
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Departamento
de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Marina J. D. Pires
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Departamento
de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rafael Rippel
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Departamento
de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - A. Sofia Santos
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Departamento
de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - M. Manuel B. Marques
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Departamento
de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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18
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Turcotte C, Blanchet MR, Laviolette M, Flamand N. The CB 2 receptor and its role as a regulator of inflammation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4449-4470. [PMID: 27402121 PMCID: PMC5075023 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2300-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The CB2 receptor is the peripheral receptor for cannabinoids. It is mainly expressed in immune tissues, highlighting the possibility that the endocannabinoid system has an immunomodulatory role. In this respect, the CB2 receptor was shown to modulate immune cell functions, both in cellulo and in animal models of inflammatory diseases. In this regard, numerous studies have reported that mice lacking the CB2 receptor have an exacerbated inflammatory phenotype. This suggests that therapeutic strategies aiming at modulating CB2 signaling could be promising for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions. Herein, we review the pharmacology of the CB2 receptor, its expression pattern, and the signaling pathways induced by its activation. We next examine the regulation of immune cell functions by the CB2 receptor and the evidence obtained from primary human cells, immortalized cell lines, and animal models of inflammation. Finally, we discuss the possible therapies targeting the CB2 receptor and the questions that remain to be addressed to determine whether this receptor could be a potential target to treat inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Turcotte
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Marie-Renée Blanchet
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Michel Laviolette
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada.
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19
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Tzvetkov NT, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Antonov L. A simple approach to multifunctionalized N1-alkylated 7-amino-6-azaoxindole derivatives using their in situ stabilized tautomer form. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Pires MJD, Poeira DL, Purificação SI, Marques MMB. Synthesis of Substituted 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-Azaindoles from Aminopyridines via a Cascade C–N Cross-Coupling/Heck Reaction. Org Lett 2016; 18:3250-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina J. D. Pires
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Departamento
de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Diogo L. Poeira
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Departamento
de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Sara I. Purificação
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Departamento
de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - M. Manuel B. Marques
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Departamento
de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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21
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Synthesis and evaluation of biological activities of new sulfonamide and carbamate derivatives of 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (7-azaindole). RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-016-2547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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23
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Pham NN, Dang TT, Ngo NT, Villinger A, Ehlers P, Langer P. Facile synthesis of 4- and 7-azaindoles from the corresponding imines by palladium-catalyzed cascade C-C and C-N coupling. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 13:6047-58. [PMID: 25947884 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00720h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cyclization of 2,3-dihalopyridines with readily available imines provides a convenient and regioselective approach to 4- and 7-azaindoles. The regioselectivity can be controlled by the choice of the halogen atoms at the pyridine ring (chlorine versus bromine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngo Nghia Pham
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
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24
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Zhang Z, Zhang F, Wang H, Wu H, Duan X, Liu Q, Liu T, Zhang G. Catalyst-Free Domino Reaction of 1-Acryloyl-1-N-arylcarbamylcyclopropanes with Amines: One-Pot Approach to 2,3,6,7-Tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-4(5H)-ones. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Abstract
In 1989, the reaction of vinyl magnesium halides with ortho-substituted nitroarenes leading to indoles was discovered. This reaction is now frequently reported as the "Bartoli reaction" or the "Bartoli indole synthesis" (BIS). It has rapidly become the shortest and most flexible route to 7-substituted indoles, because the classical indole syntheses generally fail in their preparation. The flexibility of the Bartoli reaction is great as it can be extended to heteroaromatic nitro derivatives and can be run on solid support. This review will focus on the use of the Bartoli indole synthesis as the key step in preparations of complex indoles, which appeared in the literature in the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Bartoli
- Dipartimento Chimica Industriale 'Toso Montanari', Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy.
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26
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Jose G, Suresha Kumara T, Nagendrappa G, Sowmya H, Jasinski JP, Millikan SP, More SS, Janardhan B, Harish B, Chandrika N. Synthesis, crystal structure, molecular docking and antimicrobial evaluation of new pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine derivatives. J Mol Struct 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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27
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Nechayev MA, Gorobets NY, Shishkina SV, Shishkin OV, Kovalenko SM. Microwave-assisted acid-catalyzed nucleophilic heteroaromatic substitution: the synthesis of 7-amino-6-azaindoles. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Belov AS, Vologzhanina AV, Novikov VV, Negrutska VV, Dubey IY, Mikhailova ZA, Lebed EG, Voloshin YZ. Synthesis of the first morpholine-containing iron(II) clathrochelates: A new class of efficient functionalized transcription inhibitors. Inorganica Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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Han S, Thatte J, Buzard DJ, Jones RM. Therapeutic Utility of Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 (CB2) Selective Agonists. J Med Chem 2013; 56:8224-56. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4005626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sangdon Han
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Arena Pharmaceuticals, 6166 Nancy Ridge Drive, San
Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jayant Thatte
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Arena Pharmaceuticals, 6166 Nancy Ridge Drive, San
Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Daniel J. Buzard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Arena Pharmaceuticals, 6166 Nancy Ridge Drive, San
Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Robert M. Jones
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Arena Pharmaceuticals, 6166 Nancy Ridge Drive, San
Diego, California 92121, United States
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30
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31
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Kusakabe KI, Iso Y, Tada Y, Sakagami M, Morioka Y, Chomei N, Shinonome S, Kawamoto K, Takenaka H, Yasui K, Hamana H, Hanasaki K. Selective CB2 agonists with anti-pruritic activity: discovery of potent and orally available bicyclic 2-pyridones. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3154-63. [PMID: 23623258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The CB2 receptor has emerged as a potential target for the treatment of pruritus as well as pain without CB1-mediated side effects. We previously identified 2-pyridone derivatives 1 and 2 as potent CB2 agonists; however, this series of compounds was found to have unacceptable pharmacokinetic profiles with no significant effect in vivo. To improve these profiles, we performed further structural optimization of 1 and 2, which led to the discovery of bicyclic 2-pyridone 18e with improved CB2 affinity and selectivity over CB1. In a mouse pruritus model, 18e inhibited compound 48/80 induced scratching behavior at a dose of 100 mg/kg. In addition, the docking model of 18e with an active-state CB2 homology model indicated the structural basis of its high affinity and selectivity over CB1.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antipruritics/chemical synthesis
- Antipruritics/pharmacokinetics
- Antipruritics/pharmacology
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds/chemical synthesis
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds/pharmacokinetics
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds/pharmacology
- CHO Cells
- Cricetulus
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Discovery
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Pruritus/drug therapy
- Pruritus/metabolism
- Pruritus/physiopathology
- Pyridones/chemical synthesis
- Pyridones/pharmacokinetics
- Pyridones/pharmacology
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/chemistry
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/chemistry
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Kusakabe
- Medicinal Research Laboratories, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 11-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan.
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32
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Kusakabe KI, Tada Y, Iso Y, Sakagami M, Morioka Y, Chomei N, Shinonome S, Kawamoto K, Takenaka H, Yasui K, Hamana H, Hanasaki K. Design, synthesis, and binding mode prediction of 2-pyridone-based selective CB2 receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2045-55. [PMID: 23395112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Selective CB2 agonists have the potential for treating pain without central CB1-mediated adverse effects. Screening efforts identified 1,2-dihydro-3-isoquinolone 1; however, this compound has the drawbacks of being difficult to synthesize with two asymmetric carbons on an isoquinolone scaffold and of having a highly lipophilic physicochemical property. To address these two major problems, we designed the 2-pyridone-based lead 15a, which showed moderate affinity for CB2. Optimization of 15a led to identification of 39f with high affinity for CB2 and selectivity over CB1. Prediction of the binding mode of 39f in complex with an active-state CB2 homology model provided structural insights into its high affinity for CB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Kusakabe
- Medicinal Research Laboratories, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 11-1 Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan.
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33
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Robinson I, Sargent B, Hatcher JP. Use of dynamic weight bearing as a novel end-point for the assessment of Freund's Complete Adjuvant induced hypersensitivity in mice. Neurosci Lett 2012; 524:107-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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34
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GILBERT EJ, LUNN CA. Recent Advances in Selective CB2 Agonists for the Treatment of Pain. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG DISCOVERY 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735346-00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The cannabinoid CB2 receptor is one of a family of GPCRs that mediate the effects of endocannabinoids. Several agonists of this receptor are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of pain and inflammation, indications that have been validated by pre-clinical studies on agonists and in receptor knockout mice. Key to the clinical advancement of CB2 agonists is achieving selectivity over the related CB1 receptor, whose activation results in undesirable CNS effects, limiting therapeutic utility. A variety of CB2 receptor agonist chemotypes are reviewed including mono-, bi- and tricyclic cores and bi- and triaryl cores. Pharmacology, with a focus on selectivity requirements and a variety of pre-clinical animal models to assess activity and selectivity, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. J. GILBERT
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Merck Research Laboratories 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033 USA
| | - C. A. LUNN
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology Merck Research Laboratories 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033 USA
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35
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Livecchi M, Calvet G, Schmidt F. Palladium-catalyzed synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted 5-azaindoles via heteroannulation reaction and of 2-substituted 5-azaindoles through domino sila-Sonogashira/5-endo cyclization. J Org Chem 2012; 77:5006-16. [PMID: 22587741 DOI: 10.1021/jo300481s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A general and efficient procedure for the synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted 5-azaindoles through the palladium-catalyzed heteroannulation of 4-acetamido-3-iodopyridines and diaryl-, dialkyl-, or arylalkylalkynes is described along with a study of the reaction regioselectivity. The preparation of 2-monosubstituted 5-azaindoles via sila-Sonogashira/5-endo cyclization is also reported. These methods allowed us to prepare 36 diversely substituted 5-azaindoles in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Livecchi
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris F-75248, France
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36
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Latest advances in novel cannabinoid CB(2) ligands for drug abuse and their therapeutic potential. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:187-204. [PMID: 22300098 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.11.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of cannabinoid (CB) drug research is experiencing a challenge as the CB(1) antagonist Rimonabant, launched in 2006 as an anorectic/anti-obesity drug, was withdrawn from the European market due to the complications of suicide and depression as side effects. There is interest in developing CB(2) drugs without CB(1) psychotropic side effects for drug-abuse treatment and therapeutic medication. The CB(1) receptor was discovered predominantly in the brain, whereas the CB(2) is mainly expressed in peripheral cells and tissues, and is involved in immune signal transduction. Conversely, the CB(2) receptor was recently detected in the CNS, for example, in the microglial cells and the neurons. While the CB(2) neurons activity remains controversial, the CB(2) receptor is an attractive therapeutic target for neuropathic pain, immune system, cancer and osteoporosis without psychoactivity. This review addresses CB drug abuse and therapeutic potential with a focus on the most recent advances on new CB(2) ligands from the literature as well as patents.
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37
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Hitchcock SA. Structural Modifications that Alter the P-Glycoprotein Efflux Properties of Compounds. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4877-95. [DOI: 10.1021/jm201136z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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38
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Battista N, Di Tommaso M, Bari M, Maccarrone M. The endocannabinoid system: an overview. Front Behav Neurosci 2012; 6:9. [PMID: 22457644 PMCID: PMC3303140 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2012.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon the identification of anandamide (AEA) in the porcine brain, numerous studies contributed to the current state of knowledge regarding all elements that form the “endocannabinoid system (ECS).”How this complex system of receptors, ligands, and enzymes is integrated in helping to regulate fundamental processes at level of central nervous and peripheral systems and how its regulation and dysregulation might counteract disturbances of such functions, is nowadays still under investigation. However, the most recent advances on the physiological distribution and functional role of ECS allowed the progress of various research tools aimed at the therapeutic exploitation of endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling, as well as the development of novel drugs with pharmacological advantages. Here, we shall briefly overview the metabolic and signal transduction pathways of the main eCBs representatives, AEA, and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), and we will discuss the therapeutic potential of new ECS-oriented drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Battista
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Teramo Teramo, Italy
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39
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Borsini E, Broggini G, Fasana A, Baldassarri C, Manzo AM, Perboni AD. Access to pyrrolo-pyridines by gold-catalyzed hydroarylation of pyrroles tethered to terminal alkynes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2011; 7:1468-74. [PMID: 22238519 PMCID: PMC3252845 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.7.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In a simple procedure, the intramolecular hydroarylation of N-propargyl-pyrrole-2-carboxamides was accomplished with the aid of gold(III) catalysis. The reaction led to differently substituted pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridine and pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine derivatives arising either from direct cyclization or from a formal rearrangement of the carboxamide group. Terminal alkynes are essential to achieve bicyclic pyrrolo-fused pyridinones by a 6-exo-dig process, while the presence of a phenyl group at the C–C triple bond promotes the 7-endo-dig cyclization giving pyrrolo-azepines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Borsini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Ambientali Università dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
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40
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Blaazer AR, Lange JH, van der Neut MA, Mulder A, den Boon FS, Werkman TR, Kruse CG, Wadman WJ. Novel indole and azaindole (pyrrolopyridine) cannabinoid (CB) receptor agonists: Design, synthesis, structure–activity relationships, physicochemical properties and biological activity. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:5086-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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41
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Abstract
The myriad pain pathophysiology has intrigued and challenged humanity for centuries. In this regard, the traditional pain therapies such as opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been highly successful in treating acute and chronic pain. However, their drawback includes adverse events such as psychotropic effects, addiction potential, and gastrointestinal toxicities, to mention a few. These factors combined with the likelihood of an increase in chronic pain conditions due to an aging population calls for the development of novel mechanism-based or "site-specific" agents to target novel pain pathways. In this regard, rapid progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms of novel pain targets such as cannabinoid receptors, fatty acid hydrolase, voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channels such as P2 receptors, transient receptor potential channels and glial cell modulators. Accordingly, preclinical studies indicate that the site-specific/selective agents exhibit sufficient efficacy and reduced side effects such as lack of psychotropic effects indicating their clinical potential. This review provides a brief summary of some "at-site" pain targets and their role in the pain pathophysiology, and describes the efforts in developing some small molecules as novel pain therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Pn Rao
- School of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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42
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Hsieh GC, Pai M, Chandran P, Hooker BA, Zhu CZ, Salyers AK, Wensink EJ, Zhan C, Carroll WA, Dart MJ, Yao BB, Honore P, Meyer MD. Central and peripheral sites of action for CB₂ receptor mediated analgesic activity in chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain models in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:428-40. [PMID: 20880025 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cannabinoid CB₂ receptor activation by selective agonists has been shown to produce analgesic effects in preclinical models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. However, mechanisms underlying CB₂-mediated analgesic effects remain largely unknown. The present study was conducted to elucidate the CB₂ receptor expression in 'pain relevant' tissues and the potential sites of action of CB₂ agonism in rats. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Expression of cannabinoid receptor mRNA was evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), spinal cords, paws and several brain regions of sham, chronic inflammatory pain (CFA) and neuropathic pain (spinal nerve ligation, SNL) rats. The sites of CB₂ mediated antinociception were evaluated in vivo following intra-DRG, intrathecal (i.t.) or intraplantar (i.paw) administration of potent CB₂-selective agonists A-836339 and AM1241. KEY RESULTS CB₂ receptor gene expression was significantly up-regulated in DRGs (SNL and CFA), spinal cords (SNL) or paws (CFA) ipsilateral to injury under inflammatory and neuropathic pain conditions. Systemic A-836339 and AM1241 produced dose-dependent efficacy in both inflammatory and neuropathic pain models. Local administration of CB₂ agonists also produced significant analgesic effects in SNL (intra-DRG and i.t.) and CFA (intra-DRG) pain models. In contrast to A-836339, i.paw administration of AM-1241 dose-relatedly reversed the CFA-induced thermal hyperalgesia, suggesting that different mechanisms may be contributing to its in vivo properties. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results demonstrate that both DRG and spinal cord are important sites contributing to CB₂ receptor-mediated analgesia and that the changes in CB₂ receptor expression play a crucial role for the sites of action in regulating pain perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gin C Hsieh
- Global Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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Calvet G, Livecchi M, Schmidt F. Synthesis of Polysubstituted 5-Azaindoles via Palladium-Catalyzed Heteroannulation of Diarylalkynes. J Org Chem 2011; 76:4734-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200480h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Calvet
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 26 rue d′Ulm, Paris F-75248, France
- CNRS, UMR 176, 26 rue d′Ulm, Paris F-75248, France
| | - Marion Livecchi
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 26 rue d′Ulm, Paris F-75248, France
- CNRS, UMR 176, 26 rue d′Ulm, Paris F-75248, France
| | - Frédéric Schmidt
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 26 rue d′Ulm, Paris F-75248, France
- CNRS, UMR 176, 26 rue d′Ulm, Paris F-75248, France
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Saari R, Törmä JC, Nevalainen T. Microwave-assisted synthesis of quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline and quinazoline derivatives as CB2 receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 19:939-50. [PMID: 21215643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, and quinazoline derivatives were synthesized using microwave-assisted synthesis and their CB1/CB2 receptor activities were determined using the [³⁵S]GTPγS binding assay. Most of the prepared quinoline, isoquinoline, and quinoxalinyl phenyl amines showed low-potency partial CB2 receptor agonists activity. The most potent CB2 ligand was the 4-morpholinylmethanone derivative (compound 40e) (-log EC₅₀ = 7.8; E(max) = 75%). The isoquinolin-1-yl(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)amine (compound 26c) was a high efficacy CB2 agonist (-log EC₅₀ = 5.8; E(max) = 128%). No significant CB1 receptor activation or inactivation was shown in these studies, except 40e, which showed weak CB1 agonist activity (CB1 -log EC₅₀ = 5.0). These ligands serve as novel templates for the development of selective CB2 receptor agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimo Saari
- University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Adam JM, Cairns J, Caulfield W, Cowley P, Cumming I, Easson M, Edwards D, Ferguson M, Goodwin R, Jeremiah F, Kiyoi T, Mistry A, Moir E, Morphy R, Tierney J, York M, Baker J, Cottney JE, Houghton AK, Westwood PJ, Walker G. Design, synthesis, and structure–activity relationships of indole-3-carboxamides as novel water soluble cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonists. MEDCHEMCOMM 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0md00022a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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