1
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Radakovic N, Nikolić A, Jovanović NT, Stojković P, Stankovic N, Šolaja B, Opsenica I, Pavic A. Unraveling the anti-virulence potential and antifungal efficacy of 5-aminotetrazoles using the zebrafish model of disseminated candidiasis. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 230:114137. [PMID: 35077918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans remains the main causal agent of candidiasis, the most common fungal infection with disturbingly high mortality rates worldwide. The limited diversity and efficacy of clinical antifungal drugs, exacerbated by emerging drug resistance, have resulted in the failure of current antifungal therapies. This imposes an urgent demand for the development of innovative strategies for effective eradication of candidal infections. While the existing clinical drugs display fungicidal or fungistatic activity, the strategy specifically targeting C. albicans filamentation, as the most important virulence trait, represents an attractive approach for overcoming the drawbacks related to clinical antifungals. The results acquired in this study revealed the significant potential of 5-aminotetrazoles as a new class of effective and safe anti-virulence agents. Moreover, these novel agents were active when applied both alone and in combination with clinically approved polyenes. Complete prevention of C. albicans morphogenetic yeast-to-hyphae transition was achieved at doses as low as 1.3 μM under conditions mimicking various filamentation-responsive stimuli in the human body, while no cardio- or hepatotoxicity was observed at doses as high as 200 μM. The treatment of C. albicans-infected zebrafish embryos with nystatin alone had low efficacy, while the combination of nystatin and selected 5-aminotetrazoles prevented fungal filamentation, successfully eliminating the infection and rescuing the infected embryos from lethal disseminated candidiasis. In addition, the most potent anti-virulence 5-aminotetrazole prevented C. albicans in developing the resistance to nystatin when applied in combination, keeping the fungus sensitive to the antifungal drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Radakovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042, Belgrade 152, Serbia
| | - Andrea Nikolić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, PO Box 51, Studentski trg 16, 11158, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Terzić Jovanović
- University of Belgrade - Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Njegoševa 12, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Pavle Stojković
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, PO Box 51, Studentski trg 16, 11158, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nada Stankovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042, Belgrade 152, Serbia
| | - Bogdan Šolaja
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihailova 35, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Igor Opsenica
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, PO Box 51, Studentski trg 16, 11158, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Aleksandar Pavic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042, Belgrade 152, Serbia.
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2
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Staniszewska M, Zdrojewski T, Gizińska M, Rogalska M, Kuryk Ł, Kowalkowska A, Łukowska-Chojnacka E. Tetrazole derivatives bearing benzodiazepine moiety—synthesis and action mode against virulence of Candida albicans. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 230:114060. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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3
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Kalita T, Dev D, Mondal S, Giri RS, Mandal B. Ethyl‐2‐Cyano‐2‐(2‐Nitrophenylsulfonyloximino)Acetate (
ortho
‐NosylOXY) Mediated One‐Pot Racemization Free Synthesis of Ureas, Carbamates, and Thiocarbamates via Curtius Rearrangement. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tapasi Kalita
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati 781039 Guwahati Assam India
| | - Dharm Dev
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati 781039 Guwahati Assam India
| | - Sandip Mondal
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati 781039 Guwahati Assam India
| | - Rajat Subhra Giri
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati 781039 Guwahati Assam India
| | - Bhubaneswar Mandal
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati 781039 Guwahati Assam India
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4
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Nikolić AM, Ajdačić V, Opsenica IM. Palladium-catalyzed N-Arylation of 1-substituted-1H-tetrazol-5-amines. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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5
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Jadżyn J, Świergiel J. On the protons involvement in the electrical conductivity of the urea-based linear supramolecular polymers. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.12.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Bora P, Bez G. Chemoselective isocyanide insertion into the N–H bond using iodine–DMSO: metal-free access to substituted ureas. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:8363-8366. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05019h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A chemoselective metal-free method for isocyanide insertion into amines is developed to synthesize symmetrical and unsymmetrical ureas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Porag Bora
- Department of Chemistry
- North Eastern Hill University
- Shillong-793022
- India
| | - Ghanashyam Bez
- Department of Chemistry
- North Eastern Hill University
- Shillong-793022
- India
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7
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Aminimanesh A, Shirian S. Synthesis of 5-Substituted Tetrazoles from Nitriles Catalyzed by Sulfamic Acid. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2017.1342510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Aminimanesh
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P. O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran
| | - Safora Shirian
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P. O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Nagaraju S, Perumal P. O, Divakar K, Paplal B, Kashinath D. “On water” synthesis of dibenzo-[1,4]-diazepin-1-ones using l-proline as an organocatalyst and under catalyst-free conditions, and their evaluation as α-glucosidase inhibitors. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01021d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized dibenzo-[1,4]-diazepin-1-ones are synthesized using the “on-water” concept in the presence of l-proline (organocatalyst; 20 mol%) and under catalyst free conditions (sealed tube) in an aqueous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakkani Nagaraju
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Warangal-506 004
- India
| | - Onkara Perumal P.
- Department of Biotechnology
- National Institute of Technology
- Warangal-506 004
- India
| | - K. Divakar
- Department of Biotechnology
- National Institute of Technology
- Warangal-506 004
- India
| | - Banoth Paplal
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Warangal-506 004
- India
| | - Dhurke Kashinath
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Warangal-506 004
- India
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9
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Klein PJ, Chomet M, Metaxas A, Christiaans JAM, Kooijman E, Schuit RC, Lammertsma AA, van Berckel BNM, Windhorst AD. Synthesis, radiolabeling and evaluation of novel amine guanidine derivatives as potential positron emission tomography tracers for the ion channel of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 118:143-60. [PMID: 27128179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The N-Methyl-d-Aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is involved in many neurological and psychiatric disorders including Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to develop a positron emission tomography (PET) ligand to assess the bio-availability of the NMDAR ion channel in vivo. A series of tri-N-substituted diarylguanidines was synthesized and their in vitro binding affinities for the NMDAR ion channel assessed in rat forebrain membrane fractions. Compounds 21, 23 and 26 were radiolabeled with either carbon-11 or fluorine-18 and ex vivo biodistribution and metabolite studies were performed in Wistar rats. Biodistribution studies showed high uptake especially in prefrontal cortex and lowest uptake in cerebellum. Pre-treatment with MK-801, however, did not decrease uptake of the radiolabeled ligands. In addition, all three ligands showed fast metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter J Klein
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marion Chomet
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Athanasios Metaxas
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A M Christiaans
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Kooijman
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C Schuit
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A Lammertsma
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart N M van Berckel
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Singh A, Kast J, Dirain MLS, Huang H, Haskell-Luevano C. Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships of Substituted Urea Derivatives on Mouse Melanocortin Receptors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:196-205. [PMID: 26645732 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin system is involved in the regulation of several complex physiological functions. In particular, the melanocortin-3 and -4 receptors (MC3R/MC4R) have been demonstrated to regulate body weight, energy homeostasis, and feeding behavior. Synthetic and endogenous melanocortin agonists have been shown to be anorexigenic in rodent models. Herein, we report synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of 27 nonpeptide small molecule ligands based on an unsymmetrical substituted urea core. Three templates containing key residues from the lead compounds, showing diversity at three positions (R(1), R(2), R(3)), were designed and synthesized. The syntheses were optimized for efficient microwave-assisted chemistry that significantly reduced total syntheses time compared to a previously reported room temperature method. The pharmacological characterization of the compounds on the mouse melanocortin receptors identified compounds 1 and 12 with full agonist activity at the mMC4R, but no activity was observed at the mMC3R when tested up to 100 μM concentrations. The SAR identified compounds possessing aliphatic or saturated cyclic amines at the R(1) position, bulky aromatic groups at the R(2) position, and benzyl group at the R(3) position resulted in mMC4R selectivity over the mMC3R. The small molecule template and SAR knowledge from this series may be helpful in further design of MC3R/MC4R selective small molecule ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Singh
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department
of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Johannes Kast
- Department
of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Marvin L. S. Dirain
- Department
of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Huisuo Huang
- Department
of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Carrie Haskell-Luevano
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department
of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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11
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Sivaguru P, Theerthagiri P, Lalitha A. Metal free organic transformation: cyanuric chloride catalyzed synthesis of 5-substituted-1H-tetrazoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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12
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Hosseini-Sarvari M, Najafvand-Derikvandi S. Nano TiO2/SO42− as a heterogeneous solid acid catalyst for the synthesis of 5-substited-1H-tetrazoles. CR CHIM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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14
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Spyropoulos C, Kokotos CG. One-Pot Synthesis of Ureas from Boc-Protected Amines. J Org Chem 2014; 79:4477-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500492x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Spyropoulos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoforos G. Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece
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15
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Eco-friendly synthesis of guanidinyltetrazole compounds and 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles in water under microwave irradiation. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Perveen S, Mustafa S, Qamar K, Dar A, Khan KM, Choudhary MI, Khan A, Voelter W. Antiproliferative effects of novel urea derivatives against human prostate and lung cancer cells; and their inhibition of β-glucuronidase activity. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0702-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Khalafi-Nezhad A, Mohammadi S. Highly efficient synthesis of 1- and 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles using chitosan derived magnetic ionic liquid as a recyclable biopolymer-supported catalyst. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra23107k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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18
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Khamooshi F, Jhaleh BHK. ZnCl2/AlCl3/Silica (ZAS) as an Effective Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Synthesis of 5-Ryloxytetrazoles. CHEMISTRY JOURNAL OF MOLDOVA 2012. [DOI: 10.19261/cjm.2012.07(2).04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and efficient method for preparation of 5-aryloxy tetrazoles (3a-h) from arylcyanates (1a-h) with using ZnCl2/AlCl3/silica (ZAS) as an effective heterogeneous catalyst in solvent free are described with excellent yields and high purity. The rate of product formation was enhanced by introduction of electron donating substituents. The 1H NMR and chemical shifts and multiplicities are also discussed.
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19
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Habibi D, Nasrollahzadeh M. ZnO as an Effective and Reusable Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Synthesis of Arylaminotetrazoles. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2010.548620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Patil UB, Kumthekar KR, Nagarkar JM. A novel method for the synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazole from oxime and sodium azide. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.04.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Perveen S, Fatima N, Khan MA, Dar A, Khan KM, Afza N, Voelter W. Antidepressant activity of carbamates and urea derivatives. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9797-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Habibi D, Nasrollahzadeh M, Bayat Y. AlCl3as an Effective Lewis Acid for the Synthesis of Arylaminotetrazoles. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2010.497728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Shin DS, Masciocchi D, Gelain A, Villa S, Barlocco D, Meneghetti F, Pedretti A, Han YM, Han DC, Kwon BM, Legnani L, Toma L. Synthesis, modeling, and crystallographic study of 3,4-disubstituted-1,2,5-oxadiazoles and evaluation of their ability to decrease STAT3 activity. MEDCHEMCOMM 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0md00057d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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24
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FeCl3–SiO2 as a reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles via [2+3] cycloaddition of nitriles and sodium azide. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Fustero S, Chiva G, Piera J, Sanz-Cervera JF, Volonterio A, Zanda M, Ramirez de Arellano C. New Fluorinated Peptidomimetics through Tandem Aza-Michael Addition to α-Trifluoromethyl Acrylamide Acceptors: Synthesis and Conformational Study in Solid State and Solution. J Org Chem 2009; 74:3122-32. [PMID: 19309123 DOI: 10.1021/jo9001867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santos Fustero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain, Laboratorio de Moléculas Orgánicas, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46013 Valencia, Spain, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali, ed Ingegnieria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy, and C.N.R.-Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare (ICRM) via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Gema Chiva
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain, Laboratorio de Moléculas Orgánicas, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46013 Valencia, Spain, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali, ed Ingegnieria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy, and C.N.R.-Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare (ICRM) via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Julio Piera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain, Laboratorio de Moléculas Orgánicas, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46013 Valencia, Spain, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali, ed Ingegnieria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy, and C.N.R.-Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare (ICRM) via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Juan F. Sanz-Cervera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain, Laboratorio de Moléculas Orgánicas, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46013 Valencia, Spain, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali, ed Ingegnieria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy, and C.N.R.-Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare (ICRM) via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Volonterio
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain, Laboratorio de Moléculas Orgánicas, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46013 Valencia, Spain, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali, ed Ingegnieria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy, and C.N.R.-Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare (ICRM) via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Zanda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain, Laboratorio de Moléculas Orgánicas, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46013 Valencia, Spain, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali, ed Ingegnieria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy, and C.N.R.-Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare (ICRM) via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Carmen Ramirez de Arellano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain, Laboratorio de Moléculas Orgánicas, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46013 Valencia, Spain, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali, ed Ingegnieria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy, and C.N.R.-Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare (ICRM) via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
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26
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3D QSAR studies of 1,3,4-benzotriazepine derivatives as CCK2 receptor antagonists. J Mol Graph Model 2008; 27:409-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Revised: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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27
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Chen CY, Wong FF, Huang JJ, Lin SK, Yeh MY. Desulfurization and transformation of isothiocyanates to cyanamides by using sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.08.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Joo YH, Shreeve JM. 1-Substituted 5-Aminotetrazoles: Syntheses from CNN3 with Primary Amines. Org Lett 2008; 10:4665-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol8019742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hyuk Joo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343
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29
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Sakthivel P, Joseph PS, Muthiah PT, Sethusankar K, Thennarasu S. N-[1-(5-Acetamido-3-acetyl-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-thia-diazol-2-yl)-2-phenyl-ethyl]acetamide. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2007; 64:o216. [PMID: 21200782 PMCID: PMC2915277 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536807064823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C(17)H(22)N(4)O(3)S, the dihedral angle between the planes of the thia-diazole and phenyl rings is 63.47 (7)°. The dihedral angle between the thia-diazole ring and the acetamide side chain is 7.72 (9)°. Mol-ecules related by a 2(1) screw axis along the a axis are linked by inter-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds generating a supra-molecular chain.
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30
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Suresh Babu VV, Sudarshan NS, Naik SA. Synthesis of Ureidopeptides and Peptidyl Ureas Employing Bsmoc Chemistry. Int J Pept Res Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-007-9117-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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31
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A Facile Synthesis of C-terminal Neoglycopeptides: Incorporation of Urea Moiety between Sugars and Peptides Employing Curtius Rearrangement. Int J Pept Res Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-007-9101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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McDonald IM, Black JW, Buck IM, Dunstone DJ, Griffin EP, Harper EA, Hull RAD, Kalindjian SB, Lilley EJ, Linney ID, Pether MJ, Roberts SP, Shaxted ME, Spencer J, Steel KIM, Sykes DA, Walker MK, Watt GF, Wright L, Wright PT, Xun W. Optimization of 1,3,4-benzotriazepine-based CCK(2) antagonists to obtain potent, orally active inhibitors of gastrin-mediated gastric acid secretion. J Med Chem 2007; 50:3101-12. [PMID: 17536796 DOI: 10.1021/jm070139l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Starting from a novel, achiral 1,3,4-benzotriazepine-based CCK2 receptor antagonist, a process of optimization has afforded further compounds of this type that maintain the nanomolar affinity for recombinant, human CCK2 receptors and high selectivity over CCK1 receptors observed in the initial lead but display more potent inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion in vivo. Moreover, this has largely been achieved without altering their potency at wild-type canine and rat receptors, as judged by their displacement of [125I]-BH-CCK-8S in a radioligand binding assay and by their activity in an isolated, perfused rat stomach bioassay, respectively. 2-(5-Cyclohexyl-1-(2-cyclopentyl-2-oxo-ethyl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-1,3,4-benzotriazepin-3-yl)-N-(3-(5-oxo-2,5-dihydro- [1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-phenyl)-acetamide (47) was identified as the most effective compound stemming from this approach, proving to be a potent inhibitor of pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion in rats and dogs by intravenous bolus as well as by enteral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain M McDonald
- James Black Foundation, 68 Half Moon Lane, Dulwich, London, SE24 9JE, United Kingdom.
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Hitchcock
- Chemistry Research & Discovery, Amgen, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1799, USA.
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34
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Perveen S, Abdul Hai SM, Khan RA, Khan KM, Afza N, Sarfaraz TB. Expeditious Method for Synthesis of Symmetrical 1,3‐Disubstituted Ureas and Thioureas. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-200061656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rashid A. Khan
- a PCSIR Laboratories Complex Karachi , Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mohammed Khan
- b H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical Sciences, University of Karachi , Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nighat Afza
- a PCSIR Laboratories Complex Karachi , Karachi, Pakistan
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35
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36
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Patil BS, Vasanthakumar GR, Suresh Babu VV. Isocyanates of N alpha-[(9-fluorenylmethyl)oxy]carbonyl amino acids: synthesis, isolation, characterization, and application to the efficient synthesis of urea peptidomimetics. J Org Chem 2003; 68:7274-80. [PMID: 12968876 DOI: 10.1021/jo020516w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Curtius rearrangement of Fmoc-amino acid azides 1 was carried out in toluene by refluxing the solution for 30 min. The resulting isocyanates 2 have been isolated as crystalline solids and are fully characterized by IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, and mass spectra. They are found to be stable for several months when stored at 4 degrees C. The acyl azides of Asp, Glu, Ser, Tyr, and Lys with side-chain protection having tert-butyl, benzyl, and Boc groups were also converted to the corresponding isocyanates 2h-m. The rearrangement of Fmoc-amino acid azides in toluene to isocyanates 2 under microwave irradiation was also accomplished. The direct exposure of solid azides to microwaves for 60 s led to the completion of the rearrangement. The resulting isocyanates, after recrystallization, were found to be analytically pure. The scale-up of the rearrangement, under microwave irradiation as tested up to 0.75 mol, posed no problems and led to the isolation of the isocyanates in 91-96% yield. The utility of isocyanates as building blocks in the synthesis of urea peptides 4 is demonstrated. Further, the coupling of isocyantes 2 directly with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl) derivatives of amino acids 6 resulted in urea peptide acids 7 with good yield in high purity. Thus, the synthesis of urea peptide acids 7d-g containing Asp, Glu, Ser, and Tyr with a free side-chain functional group have been carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basanagoud S Patil
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Central College Campus, Bangalore University, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Veedhi, Bangalore 560 001, India
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37
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Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a regulatory peptide hormone, predominantly found in the gastrointestinal tract, and a neurotransmitter present throughout the nervous system. In the gastrointestinal system CCK regulates motility, pancreatic enzyme secretion, gastric emptying, and gastric acid secretion. In the nervous system CCK is involved in anxiogenesis, satiety, nociception, and memory and learning processes. Moreover, CCK interacts with other neurotransmitters in some areas of the CNS. The biological effects of CCK are mediated by two specific G protein coupled receptor subtypes, termed CCK(1) and CCK(2). Over the past fifteen years the search of CCK receptor ligands has evolved from the initial CCK structure derived peptides towards peptidomimetic or non-peptide agonists and antagonists with improved pharmacokinetic profile. This research has provided a broad assortment of potent and selective CCK(1) and CCK(2) antagonists of diverse chemical structure. These antagonists have been discovered through optimization programs of lead compounds which were designed based on the structures of the C-terminal tetrapeptide, CCK-4, or the non-peptide natural compound, asperlicin, or derived from random screening programs. This review covers the main pharmacological and therapeutic aspects of these CCK(1) and CCK(2) antagonist. CCK(1) antagonists might have therapeutic potential for the treatment of pancreatic disorders and as prokinetics for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, bowel disorders, and gastroparesis. On the other hand, CCK(2) antagonists might have application for the treatment of gastric acid secretion and anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Herranz
- Instituto de Química Medica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
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38
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Kaur J, Ghosh NN, Talwar A, Chandra R. Synthesis of N-substituted piperazinyl carbamoyl and acetyl derivatives of tetrahydropapaverine: potent antispasmodic agents. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2002; 50:1223-8. [PMID: 12237540 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.50.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and structure-activity-relationship (SAR) for a series of N-substituted piperazinyl carbamoyl 7-15 and piperazinyl acetyl 18-26 derivatives of tetrahydropapaverine have been carried out. The general synthetic methods of carbamoyl tetrahydropapaverine analogues involve N-substituted piperazines and carbamoyl imidazole tetrahydropapaverine as starting materials. Another route for synthesizing these compounds, involving the formation of carbamoyl imidazole piperazine has also been explored. Acylation of tetrahydropapaverine followed by substitution with various piperazinyl moities afforded the acetyl tetrahydropapaverine derivatives. Variously substituted piperazines have been used to monitor the effect of electron releasing and electron withdrawing substituents upon the antispasmodic activity of the molecules. Effect of varying electron densities on the antispasmodic activity, by altering the position of these groups on the benzene ring has also been monitored. Pharmacological methods involve the in vitro antispasmodic activity studies on a freshly removed guinea pig ileum using a force displacement transducer amplifier connected to a physiograph. Among the analogues synthesized in the present study, a promising compound 7, a potent muscle relaxant as compared to papaverine has been obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaskiran Kaur
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, India
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39
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Escherich A, Lutz J, Escrieut C, Fourmy D, van Neuren AS, Müller G, Schafferhans A, Klebe G, Moroder L. Peptide/benzodiazepine hybrids as ligands of CCK(A) and CCK(B) receptors. Biopolymers 2002; 56:55-76. [PMID: 11592053 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0282(2000)56:2<55::aid-bip1052>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The (neuro)hormones gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK) share a common C-terminal tetrapeptide amide sequence that has been recognized as the message portion while the N-terminal extensions are responsible for the CCK(A) and CCK(B) receptor subtype selectivity and avidity. 1,4-Benzodiazepine derivatives are potent and selective antagonists of these receptors, and according to comparative molecular field analysis, the structures of these nonpeptidic compounds could well mimic the message sequence of the peptide agonists at least in terms of spatial array of the aromatic residues. Docking of a larger series of low molecular weight nonpeptide antagonists to a homology modeling derived CCK(B) receptor structure revealed a consensus binding mode that is further validated by data from site-directed mutagenesis studies of the receptors. Whether this putative binding pocket of the nonpeptide antagonists is identical to that of the message portion of the peptide agonists, or whether it is distinct and spatially separated, or overlapping, but with distinct interaction sites, is still object of debate. Using a 1,4-benzodiazepine core amino-functionalized at the C3 position, related tryptophanyl derivatives were synthesized as mimics of the tetrapeptide and subsequently extended N-terminally with gastrin and CCK address sequences. All hybrid constructs were recognized as antagonists by the CCK(A) and CCK(B) receptors, but their address portions were incapable of enhancing in significant manner selectivity and avidity. Consequently, the binding of the peptide/benzodiazepine hybrids has to be dictated mainly by the benzodiazepine moiety, which apparently prevents optimal interactions of the address peptides with extracellular receptor subdomains. These findings would strongly support the view of distinct binding sites for the message portion of the peptide agonists and the benzodiazepine-based nonpeptide antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Escherich
- Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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40
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Abstract
An efficient and general liquid-phase method has been developed for the synthesis of a piperazine containing urea library. Reactions of the polymer bound carbamoyl chloride with primary or secondary amines afford ureas at ambient temperature. Desired compounds are liberated from the polymer support under mild conditions in high yields and high purity by simple precipitation and washings.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
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41
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Batey RA, Powell DA. A general synthetic method for the formation of substituted 5-aminotetrazoles from thioureas: a strategy for diversity amplification. Org Lett 2000; 2:3237-40. [PMID: 11009390 DOI: 10.1021/ol006465b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A general method for the synthesis of 5-aminotetrazoles is outlined using the mercury(II)-promoted attack of azide anion on a thiourea. The reaction proceeds through a guanyl azide intermediate, which undergoes electrocyclization to the tetrazole. The method is high yielding and provides access to mono-, di-, and trisubstituted 5-aminotetrazoles, targets of potential interest for combinatorial library development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Batey
- Department of Chemistry, Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H6.
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42
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Du X, Hansell E, Engel JC, Caffrey CR, Cohen FE, McKerrow JH. Aryl ureas represent a new class of anti-trypanosomal agents. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2000; 7:733-42. [PMID: 10980453 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(00)00018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The trypanosomal diseases including Chagas' disease, African sleeping sickness and Nagana have a substantial impact on human and animal health worldwide. Classes of effective therapeutics are needed owing to the emergence of drug resistance as well as the toxicity of existing agents. The cysteine proteases of two trypanosomes, Trypanosoma cruzi (cruzain) and Trypanosoma brucei (rhodesain), have been targeted for a structure-based drug design program as mechanistic inhibitors that target these enzymes are effective in cell-based and animal models of trypanosomal infection. RESULTS We have used computational methods to identify new lead scaffolds for non-covalent inhibitors of cruzain and rhodesain, have demonstrated the efficacy of these compounds in cell-based and animal assays, and have synthesized analogs to explore structure activity relationships. Nine compounds with varied scaffolds identified by DOCK4.0.1 were found to be active at concentrations below 10 microM against cruzain and rhodesain in enzymatic studies. All hits were calculated to have substantial hydrophobic interactions with cruzain. Two of the scaffolds, the urea scaffold and the aroyl thiourea scaffold, exhibited activity against T. cruzi in vivo and both enzymes in vitro. They also have predicted pharmacokinetic properties that meet Lipinski's 'rule of 5'. These scaffolds are synthetically tractable and lend themselves to combinatorial chemistry efforts. One of the compounds, 5'(1-methyl-3-trifluoromethylpyrazol-5-yl)-thiophene 3'-trifluoromethylphenyl urea (D16) showed a 3.1 microM IC(50) against cruzain and a 3 microM IC(50) against rhodesain. Infected cells treated with D16 survived 22 days in culture compared with 6 days for their untreated counterparts. The mechanism of the inhibitors of these two scaffolds is confirmed to be competitive and reversible. CONCLUSIONS The urea scaffold and the thiourea scaffold are promising leads for the development of new effective chemotherapy for trypanosomal diseases. Libraries of compounds of both scaffolds need to be synthesized and screened against a series of homologous parasitic cysteine proteases to optimize the potency of the initial leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Du
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0450, USA
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43
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W(CO)6-catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of primary amines to N,N'-disubstituted ureas in single or biphasic solvent systems. Optimization and functional group compatibility studies. J Org Chem 2000; 65:5216-22. [PMID: 10993349 DOI: 10.1021/jo000364+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Primary amines undergo carbonylation to N,N'-disubstituted ureas using W(CO)6 as the catalyst, I2 as the oxidant, and CO as the carbonyl source. Preparation of various N,N'-disubstituted ureas from aliphatic primary amines, RNH2 (R = n-Pr, n-Bu, i-Pr, sec-Bu, or t-Bu), was achieved in good to excellent yields. Studies of functional group compatibility using a series of substituted benzylamines demonstrated broad tolerance of functionality during the carbonylation reaction. Preparation of various N,N'-disubstituted ureas from substituted benzylamines, R-C6H4CH2NH2 (R = H, p-OCH3, p-CO2H, p-CO2Et, p-CH2OH, p-SCH3, p-vinyl, p-Cl, p-Br, m-I, p-NH2, p-NO2, or p-CN), was achieved in good yields. For many substituted benzylamines, yields of ureas were higher when a two-phase CH2Cl2/H2O solvent system was used.
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44
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Chambers MS, Fletcher SR. CCK-B antagonists in the control of anxiety and gastric acid secretion. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2000; 37:45-81. [PMID: 10845247 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M S Chambers
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Merck, Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Harlow, Essex, U.K
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45
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Guichard G, Semetey V, Didierjean C, Aubry A, Briand JP, Rodriguez M. Effective Preparation ofO-Succinimidyl-2- (tert-butoxycarbonylamino)ethylcarbamate Derivatives from β-Amino Acids. Application to the Synthesis of Urea-Containing Pseudopeptides and Oligoureas†. J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jo990092e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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46
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Liu S, Tang C, Ho B, Ankersen M, Stidsen CE, Crider AM. Nonpeptide somatostatin agonists with sst4 selectivity: synthesis and structure-activity relationships of thioureas. J Med Chem 1998; 41:4693-705. [PMID: 9822540 DOI: 10.1021/jm980118e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing NNC 26-9100 (11) as a structural lead, a variety of nonpeptide derivatives of somatostatin were synthesized and evaluated for sst2 and sst4 receptor binding affinity. A novel thiourea scaffold was utilized to attach (1) a heteroaromatic nucleus to mimic the Trp8 residue, (2) a nonheteroaromatic nucleus to mimic Phe7, and (3) a primary amine or other basic group to mimic the Lys9 residue of somatostatin. Displacement studies were carried out using membranes from cell lines expressing ssts [BHK cells (sst4) and HEK 293 cells (sst2)] utilizing [125I]Tyr11-SRIF as the radioligand. Several thioureas (11, 38, 39, 41, and 42) and the urea 66 exhibited Ki values of less than 100 nM. The thioureas 11 (Ki = 6 nM) and 41 (Ki = 16 nM) and the urea 66 (Ki = 14 nM) are believed to be the most potent nonpeptide sst4 agonists known. Since the thiourea 11 and the urea 66 exhibit high sst4 selectivity, these novel nonpeptide derivatives may be useful tools for studying the sst4 receptor. Studies are currently in progress to evaluate the therapeutic potential of NNC 26-9100 (11) in the treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Liu
- Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeast Louisiana University, Monroe, Louisiana 71209-0470, USA
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47
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Makovec F, D'Amato M. CCKB/gastrin receptor antagonists as potential drugs for peptic ulcer therapy. Drug Discov Today 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(97)01044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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