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Synthesis of nucleoside phosphonate analogs having phosphonodifluoromethylene moieties and their biological activities. J Fluor Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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2
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Janczewski Ł, Gajda A, Braszczyńska J, Gajda T. Microwave-assisted synthesis of dialkyl ω-azidoalkylphosphonates. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2016.1221114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Janczewski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Anna Gajda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Julia Braszczyńska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Gajda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
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3
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Zdzienicka A, Schols D, Andrei G, Snoeck R, Głowacka IE. Phosphonylated 8-Azahypoxantines as Acyclic Nucleotide Analogs. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2015.1054931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zdzienicka
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Łódź, 90-151 Łódź, Muszyńskiego 1, Poland
| | - Dominique Schols
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Iwona E. Głowacka
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Łódź, 90-151 Łódź, Muszyńskiego 1, Poland
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Spyrakis F, Benedetti P, Decherchi S, Rocchia W, Cavalli A, Alcaro S, Ortuso F, Baroni M, Cruciani G. A Pipeline To Enhance Ligand Virtual Screening: Integrating Molecular Dynamics and Fingerprints for Ligand and Proteins. J Chem Inf Model 2015; 55:2256-74. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.5b00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Spyrakis
- Department of Life
Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Paolo Benedetti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Sergio Decherchi
- CONCEPT Lab, Italian Institute of Technology, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- BiKi Technologies s.r.l., via XX Settembre 33, 16121 Genova, Italy
| | - Walter Rocchia
- CONCEPT Lab, Italian Institute of Technology, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- CompuNet, Italian Institute of Technology, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy
and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Department of Health Science, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Campus “S Venuta”, Viale Europa 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Ortuso
- Department of Health Science, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Campus “S Venuta”, Viale Europa 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Massimo Baroni
- Molecular Discovery Limited, 215
Marsh Road, Pinner Middlesex, London HA5-5NE, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Cruciani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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Abstract
Nucleoside analogs are extremely useful for the development of therapeutic agents to control viral diseases and cancer. Among the numerous modifications on the nucleoside skeleton, replacement of the oxygen of the furanose ring by a CH2 group resulted in increased flexibility and higher resistance to phosphorylases and led to carbocyclic nucleoside analogs (or carbanucleosides). The broad spectrum of biological activities of carbocyclic nucleosides led to tremendous research interest in their syntheses. The article documents recent strategies for the synthesis of active carbocyclic nucleosides by presenting individual case studies, such as the neplanocins, entecavir and selected fluorinated carbocyclic nucleosides. Furthermore, it provides new insights into new directions for more potent and active carbocyclic nucleoside analogs.
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Kasula M, Balaraju T, Toyama M, Thiyagarajan A, Bal C, Baba M, Sharon A. A conformational mimetic approach for the synthesis of carbocyclic nucleosides as anti-HCV leads. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1673-80. [PMID: 23943612 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Computer-aided approaches coupled with medicinal chemistry were used to explore novel carbocyclic nucleosides as potential anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) agents. Conformational analyses were carried out on 6-amino-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (6-APP)-based carbocyclic nucleoside analogues, which were considered as nucleoside mimetics to act as HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitors. Structural insight gained from the modeling studies revealed the molecular basis behind these nucleoside mimetics. The rationally chosen 6-APP analogues were prepared and evaluated for anti-HCV activity. RdRp SiteMap analysis revealed the presence of a hydrophobic cavity near C7 of the nucleosides; introduction of bulkier substituents at this position enhanced their activity. Herein we report the identification of an iodinated compound with an EC50 value of 6.6 μM as a preliminary anti-HCV lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Kasula
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215 (India)
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7
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Baszczyňski O, Janeba Z. Medicinal Chemistry of Fluorinated Cyclic and Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates. Med Res Rev 2013; 33:1304-44. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Baszczyňski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
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Synthesis of 9-phosphonoalkyl and 9-phosphonoalkoxyalkyl purines: Evaluation of their ability to act as inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax and human hypoxanthine–guanine–(xanthine) phosphoribosyltransferases. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:1076-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Mignani S, Zhou Y, Lecourt T, Micouin L. Recent Developments in the Synthesis 1,4,5-Trisubstituted Triazoles. TOPICS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/7081_2011_68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Komissarov VV, Kritzyn AM, Vepsäläinen JJ. A novel and efficient method to prepare 2-aryltetrahydrofuran-2-ylphosphonic acids. Beilstein J Org Chem 2010; 6:63. [PMID: 20625523 PMCID: PMC2900910 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.6.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel one-pot method was developed for the synthesis of the title compounds starting from 4-chloro-1-aryl-1-butanones 1, phosphorus trichloride and acetic acid. The end products 2 were obtained in 20-94% yield. The cyclization step under acidic conditions probably occurs as a result of anchimeric assistance of the phosphonic acid group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod V Komissarov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St., 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
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11
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Pokhodylo NT, Matiychuk VS, Obushak MD. Synthesis of 3-Aryl-3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine-7-thiones as Building Blocks for Potentially Biologically Active Compounds. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500902849573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazariy T. Pokhodylo
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , Ivan Franko National University of Lviv , Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Vasyl S. Matiychuk
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , Ivan Franko National University of Lviv , Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Mykola D. Obushak
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , Ivan Franko National University of Lviv , Lviv, Ukraine
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Pokhodylo NT, Matiychuk VS, Obushak MD. Synthesis of [1,2,3]triazolo-[4',5':4,5]pyrimido[1,6-a]benzimidazole, a new heterocyclic system. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-009-0255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Synthesis and characterization of water-soluble palladium(II)-functionalized diphosphine complexes. Polyhedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2009.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Komissarov VV, Volgareva GM, Ol’shanskaya YS, Chernyshova ME, Zavalishina LE, Frank GA, Shtil’ AA, Kritzyn AM. Polymethylene derivatives of nucleic bases with ω-functional groups: VII. Cytotoxicity in the series of N-(2-oxocyclohexyl)-ω-oxoalkyl-substituted purines and pyrimidines. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2009; 35:84-94. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162009010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Díaz-Ortiz Á, Prieto P, de Cózar A, Cebrián C, Moreno A, de la Hoz A. Microwave-Controlled Preparation of Alkenyl-(1H)-1,2,4-triazoles: First Heck Reaction on a (1H)-1,2,4-Triazole Moiety. Aust J Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1071/ch09185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A new synthetic approach for the preparation of alkenyl-1,2,4-triazole derivatives based on microwave-induced C–C cross-coupling Heck reactions is described. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first application of the Heck reaction to a dihalogenated 1,2,4-triazole. This approach allows the introduction of a wide range of equivalent or different alkenyl substituents in the 5- and/or 3-positions, thus extending the possibilities for the preparation of these valuable derivatives. A similar microwave-induced synthetic procedure has also been applied to the Heck reaction of 4-vinyl-1,2,3-triazoles.
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Artyushin OI, Vorob'eva DV, Vasil'eva TP, Osipov SN, Röschenthaler GV, Odinets IL. Facile synthesis of phosphorylated azides in ionic liquids and their use in the preparation of 1,2,3-triazoles. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.20420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Intracellular metabolism of the nucleotide prodrug GS-9131, a potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus agent. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 52:648-54. [PMID: 18056281 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01209-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GS-9131 is a phosphonoamidate prodrug of the novel ribose-modified phosphonate nucleotide analog GS-9148 that demonstrates potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) activity and an excellent resistance profile in vitro. Prodrug moieties were optimized for the efficient delivery of GS-9148 and its active diphosphate (DP) metabolite to lymphoid cells following oral administration. To understand the intracellular pharmacology of GS-9131, incubations were performed with various types of lymphoid cells in vitro. The intracellular accumulation and antiviral activity levels of GS-9148 were limited by its lack of cellular permeation, and GS-9131 increased the delivery of GS-9148-DP by 76- to 290-fold relative to that of GS-9148. GS-9131 activation was saturable at high extracellular concentrations, potentially due to a high-affinity promoiety cleavage step. Once inside the cells, GS-9148 was efficiently phosphorylated, forming similar amounts of anabolites in primary lymphoid cells. The levels of GS-9148-DP formed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with HIV-1 were similar to that in uninfected PBMCs, and approximately equivalent intracellular concentrations of GS-9148-DP and tenofovir (TVF)-DP were required to inhibit viral replication by 90%. Once it was formed, GS-9148-DP was efficiently retained in activated CD4(+) cells, with a half-life of 19 h. In addition, GS-9131 showed a low potential for drug interactions with other adenine nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, based on the lack of competition for anabolism between suprapharmacologic concentrations of GS-9148 and TVF and the lack of activity of GS-9131 metabolites against purine nucleoside phosphorylase, an enzyme involved in the clearance of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine. Together, these observations elucidate the cellular pharmacology of GS-9131 and illustrate its efficient loading of lymphoid cells, resulting in a prolonged intracellular exposure to the active metabolite GS-9148-DP.
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Wielgus-Kutrowska B, Bzowska A. Probing the mechanism of purine nucleoside phosphorylase by steady-state kinetic studies and ligand binding characterization determined by fluorimetric titrations. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2006; 1764:887-902. [PMID: 16631420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 03/03/2006] [Accepted: 03/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Reversible reaction catalyzed by trimeric purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) from Cellulomonas sp. with typical and non-typical substrates, including product inhibition patterns of both reaction directions, and interactions of the enzyme with bisubstrate analogue inhibitors, were investigated by the steady-state kinetic methods and fluorimetric titrations. The ligand chromophores exist most probably as neutral species, and not N(1)-H monoanions, in the complex with PNP, as shown by determination of inhibition constants vs. pH. This supports the mechanism in which hydrogen bond interaction of N(1)-H with Glu204 is crucial in the catalytic process. Stoichiometry of ligand binding, with possible exception of hypoxanthine, is three molecules per enzyme trimer. Kinetic experiments show that in principle the Michaelis-Menten model could not properly describe the reaction. However, this model seems to hold for certain experimental conditions. Data presented here are supported by earlier findings obtained by means of fluorimetric titrations and protective effects of ligands on thermal inactivation of the enzyme. All results are consistent with the following mechanism for trimeric PNPs: (i) random binding of substrates, (ii) potent binding and slow release of some reaction products leading to the circumstances that the chemical step is not the slowest one and that rapid-equilibrium assumptions do not hold, (iii) a dual role of phosphate--a substrate and also a reaction modifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Wielgus-Kutrowska
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw University, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
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Castilho MS, Postigo MP, de Paula CBV, Montanari CA, Oliva G, Andricopulo AD. Two- and three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationships for a series of purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:516-27. [PMID: 16203153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Revised: 08/16/2005] [Accepted: 08/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA), comparative molecular similarity indices analysis, and hologram quantitative structure-activity relationship (HQSAR) studies were conducted on a series of 52 training set inhibitors of calf spleen purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP). Significant cross-validated correlation coefficients (CoMFA, q(2)=0.68; CoMSIA, q(2)=0.66; and HQSAR, q(2)=0.70) were obtained, indicating the potential of the models for untested compounds. The models were then used to predict the inhibitory potency of 16 test set compounds that were not included in the training set, and the predicted values were in good agreement with the experimental results. The final QSAR models along with the information gathered from 3D contour and 2D contribution maps should be useful for the design of novel inhibitors of PNP having improved potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo S Castilho
- Laboratório de Química Medicinal e Computacional, Centro de Biotecnologia Molecular Estrutural, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense 400, 13560-970 São Carlos-SP, Brazil
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Polymethylene Derivatives of Nucleic Bases with ω-Functional Groups: IV. [7-(2-Oxocyclohexyl)-7-oxoheptyl]purines. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11171-005-0035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ray AS, Olson L, Fridland A. Role of purine nucleoside phosphorylase in interactions between 2',3'-dideoxyinosine and allopurinol, ganciclovir, or tenofovir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:1089-95. [PMID: 15047506 PMCID: PMC375307 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.4.1089-1095.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The level of systemic exposure to 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddI) is increased 40 to 300% when it is coadministered with allopurinol (Allo), ganciclovir (GCV), or tenofovir. However, the mechanism for these drug interactions remains undefined. A metabolic route for ddI clearance is its breakdown by purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP). Consistent with previous reports, enzymatic inhibition assays showed that acyclic nucleotide analogs can inhibit the phosphorolysis of inosine. It was further established that the mono- and diphosphate forms of tenofovir were inhibitors of PNP-dependent degradation of ddI (K(i)s, 38 nM and 1.3 microM, respectively). Allo and its metabolites were found to be relatively weak inhibitors of PNP (K(i)s, >100 microM). Coadministration of tenofovir, GCV, or Allo decreased the amounts of intracellular ddI breakdown products in CEM cells, while they increased the ddI concentrations (twofold increase with each drug at approximately 20 microM). While inhibition of the physiological function of PNP is unlikely due to the ubiquitous presence of high levels of enzymatic activity, phosphorylated metabolites of GCV and tenofovir may cause the increased level of exposure to ddI by direct inhibition of its phosphorolysis by PNP. The discrepancy between the cellular activity of Allo and the weak enzyme inhibition by Allo and its metabolites may be explained by an indirect mechanism of PNP inhibition. This mechanism may be facilitated by the unfavorable equilibrium of PNP and the buildup of one of its products (hypoxanthine) through the inhibition of xanthine oxidase by Allo. These findings support the inhibition of PNP-dependent ddI degradation as the molecular mechanism of these drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian S Ray
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, USA.
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Guillarme S, Legoupy S, Bourgougnon N, Aubertin AM, Huet F. Synthesis of new acyclonucleosides comprising unexpected regioisomers in the case of purines. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2003.09.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Andricopulo AD, Yunes RA. Structure-activity relationships for a collection of structurally diverse inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2001; 49:10-7. [PMID: 11201210 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.49.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Values of inhibition constants, Ki, and concentrations required for 50% inhibition, IC50, for a collection of structurally diverse competitive inhibitors of calf spleen purine nucleoside phosphorylase have been determined employing inosine as substrate. These values have been employed to create predictive quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) which link structure to values of Ki and IC50. These QSAR models have substantial power to predict values and the associated uncertainties for Ki and IC50 for unknown, structurally diverse inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Andricopulo
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
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Bzowska A, Kulikowska E, Shugar D. Purine nucleoside phosphorylases: properties, functions, and clinical aspects. Pharmacol Ther 2000; 88:349-425. [PMID: 11337031 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(00)00097-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous purine nucleoside phosphorylases (PNPs) play a key role in the purine salvage pathway, and PNP deficiency in humans leads to an impairment of T-cell function, usually with no apparent effects on B-cell function. This review updates the properties of the enzymes from eukaryotes and a wide range of prokaryotes, including a tentative classification of the enzymes from various sources, based on three-dimensional structures in the solid state, subunit composition, amino acid sequences, and substrate specificities. Attention is drawn to the compelling need of quantitative experimental data on subunit composition in solution, binding constants, and stoichiometry of binding; order of ligand binding and release; and its possible relevance to the complex kinetics exhibited with some substrates. Mutations responsible for PNP deficiency are described, as well as clinical methods, including gene therapy, for corrections of this usually fatal disease. Substrate discrimination between enzymes from different sources is also being profited from for development of tumour-directed gene therapy. Detailed accounts are presented of design of potent inhibitors, largely nucleosides and acyclonucleosides, their phosphates and phosphonates, particularly of the human erythrocyte enzyme, some with Ki values in nanomolar and picomolar range, intended for induction of the immunodeficient state for clinical applications, such as prevention of host-versus-graft response in organ transplantations. Methods of assay of PNP activity are reviewed. Also described are applications of PNP from various sources as tools for the enzymatic synthesis of otherwise inaccessible therapeutic nucleoside analogues, as coupling enzymes for assays of orthophosphate in biological systems in the micromolar and submicromolar ranges, and for coupled assays of other enzyme systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bzowska
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.
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Polymethylene derivatives of pyrimidine nucleic bases bearing ω-functional groups. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02821834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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García-Ruiz C, García MA, Marina ML. Separation of a group of N-phenylpyrazole derivatives by micellar electrokinetic chromatography: application to the determination of solute-micelle association constants and estimation of the hydrophobicity. Electrophoresis 2000; 21:2424-31. [PMID: 10939455 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(20000701)21:12<2424::aid-elps2424>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) was applied to the separation of a group of N-phenylpyrazole derivatives. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as micellar system and 2-(N-cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid (CHES) as separation buffer (pH 10) were employed in the absence and presence of different percentages of medium chain alcohols (n-propanol or n-butanol). The separation of multicomponent mixtures of the solutes studied enabled the rapid determination of their retention factors which, in turn, allowed the study of the separation selectivity of compounds and the determination of their solute-micelle association constants (from the linear variation of the retention factors as a function of the total surfactant concentration in the separation buffer). Separation selectivity was studied according to the elution range and number of solutes separated in all the electrolyte solutions employed (45 micellar phases). The effect of the buffer concentration (0.05, 0.08 and 0.10 M), the alcohol nature (n-propanol or n-butanol) and the alcohol percentage (1, 3 or 5%) of the values obtained for the solute-micelle association constants was also studied. The best separation (12 solutes) was performed when a 0.08 M CHES buffer, pH 10, 0.02 M SDS modified by 5% n-butanol was used. The possibilities of using MEKC for evaluating the hydrophobicity of compounds was investigated through the study of the correlation between the logarithm of the retention factors of N-phenylpyrazole derivatives and their logarithm of the octanol-water distribution coefficients estimated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
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Affiliation(s)
- C García-Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Kundu B, Khare SK. Recent advances in immunosuppressants. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1999; 52:1-51. [PMID: 10396125 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8730-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a large number of structurally diverse immunosuppressants have been discovered that are effective for the treatment of organ transplantation. Some of them are undergoing clinical trials and may soon enter into routine clinical practice. These compounds are either chemical entities obtained from natural sources/synthetic means or biomaterials such as monoclonal antibodies/gene products/proteins. They have been found to interfere at different stages of T cell activation and proliferation, and can be identified as inhibitors of nucleotide synthesis, growth factor signal transduction and differentiation. Newer strategies involving combination of new agents with traditional immunosuppressants, monoclonal antibodies and gene therapy offer enormous potential, not only for the investigation of mechanisms pertaining to graft rejection, but also for its therapeutic prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kundu
- Division of Biopolymers, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Abstract
N-ribohydrolases and transferases act on nucleosides, nucleotides and oligonucleotides to effect base removal. Advances in mechanistic and structural analysis have established that enzymes of N-riboside scission act by combinations of leaving-group and ribosyl activation. Alternative O-riboside substrates have been developed for mechanistic diagnosis. Transition-state structures have been determined, and powerful inhibitors have been designed from structural and transition-state information.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Schramm
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Sznaidman ML, Beauchamp LM. Regioselective synthesis of 9-substituted-8-azaguanines (5-amino-3-substituted-3,6-dihydro-7H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-7-one). J Heterocycl Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570330609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Konkel MJ, Vince R. Palladium-Catalyzed Allylic Coupling of 1,2,3-Triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines (8-Azapurines). J Org Chem 1996; 61:6199-6204. [PMID: 11667455 DOI: 10.1021/jo960815j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The palladium-catalyzed coupling of the sodium salt of 7-amino-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine (8-azaadenine, 1) with allylic phosphates or carbonates resulted in mixtures of 2- and 3-substituted 1,2,3-triazolopyrimidines, which were separated by chromatography. 1-Substituted triazolopyrimidines were not isolated from these reactions. Regioselectivity (and stereoselectivity) was also observed for substitution of the allylic moiety when more than one isomer is possible from the reaction. The use of 5-amino-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-7-ones (8-azaguanine, 2), instead of 8-azaadenine, also resulted in mixtures. Alternate syntheses of the 3-allyl-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines confirmed the structures of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Konkel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street, S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0343
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