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Guffroy M, Trela B, Kambara T, Stawski L, Chen H, Luus L, Montesinos MS, Olson L, He Y, Maisonave K, Carr T, Lu M, Ray AS, Hazelwood LA. Selective inhibition of integrin αvβ6 leads to rapid induction of urinary bladder tumors in cynomolgus macaques. Toxicol Sci 2023; 191:400-413. [PMID: 36515490 PMCID: PMC9936210 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of a novel and selective small molecule integrin αvβ6 inhibitor, MORF-627, to young cynomolgus monkeys for 28 days resulted in the rapid induction of epithelial proliferative changes in the urinary bladder of 2 animals, in the absence of test agent genotoxicity. Microscopic findings included suburothelial infiltration by irregular nests and/or trabeculae of epithelial cells, variable cytologic atypia, and high mitotic rate, without invasion into the tunica muscularis. Morphologic features and patterns of tumor growth were consistent with a diagnosis of early-stage invasive urothelial carcinoma. Ki67 immunohistochemistry demonstrated diffusely increased epithelial proliferation in the urinary bladder of several monkeys, including those with tumors, and αvβ6 was expressed in some epithelial tissues, including urinary bladder, in monkeys and humans. Spontaneous urothelial carcinomas are extremely unusual in young healthy monkeys, suggesting a direct link of the finding to the test agent. Inhibition of integrin αvβ6 is intended to locally and selectively block transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling, which is implicated in epithelial proliferative disorders. Subsequent in vitro studies using a panel of integrin αvβ6 inhibitors in human bladder epithelial cells replicated the increased urothelial proliferation observed in monkeys and was reversed through exogenous application of TGF-β. Moreover, analysis of in vivo models of liver and lung fibrosis revealed evidence of epithelial hyperplasia and cell cycle dysregulation in mice treated with integrin αvβ6 or TGF-β receptor I inhibitors. The cumulative evidence suggests a direct link between integrin αvβ6 inhibition and decreased TGF-β signaling in the local bladder environment, with implications for epithelial proliferation and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce Trela
- AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
| | | | - Lukasz Stawski
- Morphic Therapeutic, Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
| | - Huidong Chen
- Morphic Therapeutic, Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
| | - Lia Luus
- Morphic Therapeutic, Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
| | | | | | - Yupeng He
- AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
| | | | - Tracy Carr
- AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
| | - Min Lu
- Morphic Therapeutic, Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
| | - Adrian S Ray
- Morphic Therapeutic, Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
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Sang AL, Redhu NS, Lee D, Dhang F, Bonesteel R, St. Gelais S, Zhong C, Cui D, Harrison B, Troast D, Bursavich MG, Lippa B, Rogers BN, Ray AS, Wong J. The development of a gut-specific immune response to an oral antigen is dependent on α4β7 mediated lymphocyte trafficking. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.105.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
Vedolizumab has been shown to reduce the antibody response to an oral cholera, but not intramuscular hepatitis B vaccine in healthy subjects (Wyant, Gut 2015). The generation of an immune response to an oral antigen (Ag) begins at inductive sites such as Peyer’s patches (PP) followed by cell migration to effector sites in the gut. The integrin α4β7 is known to play a major role in cell trafficking to gut-associated lymphoid tissues. This study assessed whether MT-102, a potent and selective small molecule α4β7 inhibitor has similar effects on immunizations to those reported in the clinic for vedolizumab.
Methods
An in vivo immunization model system was established to determine the effects of MT-102, dosed via osmotic minipump, on the development of a gut-specific immune response. Mice were orally immunized with cholera toxin (CTX), and anti-CTX antibodies were quantified in fecal and plasma samples. The impact of MT-102 on lymphocytes within the PP of immunized mice was determined by flow cytometry.
Results
MT-102 delayed the production of anti-CTX IgA and IgG antibodies as measured in fecal samples without perturbing total gut IgA levels. Furthermore, MT-102 also inhibited the levels of Ag-specific antibodies in the plasma following repeated CTX oral immunizations. Blocking α4β7 induced a decrease in the frequency of B cells in the PP of treated mice compared to the control group.
Conclusion
α4β7-specific inhibitor, MT-102, effectively diminished the mucosal antibody response to an orally delivered Ag in mice. These results are consistent with what has been reported clinically in vedolizumab-treated subjects and thus establishes that potent small molecule inhibitors of α4β7 can replicate the pharmacology of an antibody.
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Abstract
The therapeutic targeting of the nonstructural protein 5B (NS5B) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) with nucleotide analogs led to a deep understanding of this enzymes structure, function and substrate specificity. Unlike previously studied DNA polymerases including the reverse transcriptase of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, development of biochemical assays for HCV RdRp proved challenging due to low solubility of the full-length protein and inefficient acceptance of exogenous primer/templates. Despite the poor apparent specific activity, HCV RdRp was found to support rapid and processive transcription once elongation is initiated in vitro consistent with its high level of viral replication in the livers of patients. Understanding of the substrate specificity of HCV RdRp led to the discovery of the active triphosphate of sofosbuvir as a nonobligate chain-terminator of viral RNA transcripts. The ternary crystal structure of HCV RdRp, primer/template, and incoming nucleotide showed the interaction between the nucleotide analog and the 2'-hydroxyl binding pocket and how an unfit mutation of serine 282 to threonine results in resistance by interacting with the uracil base and modified 2'-position of the analog. Host polymerases mediate off-target toxicity of nucleotide analogs and the active metabolite of sofosbuvir was found to not be efficiently incorporated by host polymerases including the mitochondrial RNA polymerase (POLRMT). Knowledge from studying inhibitors of HCV RdRp serves to advance antiviral drug discovery for other emerging RNA viruses including the discovery of remdesivir as an inhibitor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), the virus that causes COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Y Feng
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, United States.
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Reszka-Blanco NJ, Yadav V, Krumpoch M, Cappellucci L, Cui D, Dowling JE, Gwara E, Harrison B, Lee D, Lin FY, Luus L, Monroy M, Moy TI, Nebelitsky E, Qiao Q, Sullivan A, Troast D, Lippa B, Rogers B, Ray AS. Abstract 1559: Inhibition of integrin αvβ8 enhances immune checkpoint induced anti-tumor immunity by acting across immunologic synapse in syngeneic models of breast cancer. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction We explored whether integrin αvβ8 inhibition potentiates immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in syngeneic orthotopic models of breast cancer. Integrin αvβ8 mediates cell type specific and tissue localized activation of TGFβ1/3 to regulate the immune system. For example, αvβ8 expressed on dendritic cells (DC) in the intestine has been shown to be a key mediator of tolerance, maintaining gut immunologic homeostasis.
Methods Efficacy was evaluated in combination with anti-PD-1 in EMT6 and PyMT breast cancer syngeneic mouse models. A potent αvβ8 inhibitor was orally administered at 60mg/kg BID for 21 days. Anti-αvβ8 or non-isoform specific anti-TGFβ mAbs were dosed TIWx3 at 7 and 10mg/kg, respectively. Tumor volumes are presented as mean±SEM. Statistics were performed by t test, one-way ANOVA, or log-rank test. Flow cytometry and transcriptome analysis on bulk and single-cell levels were used to assess the mechanism of action in EMT6.
Results A similar αvβ8 expression pattern on DC, macrophages and regulatory T cells (Treg) was observed in mouse models and human tumors. Combination of oral αvβ8 inhibitor with anti-PD-1 was efficacious in the primary ICB resistant EMT6 model and resulted in superior tumor regression during treatment (p=0.0003) and improved survival with 5/12 complete responders relative to 0/12 in anti-PD-1 alone. Across studies the αvβ8 inhibitor phenocopied the results obtained with αvβ8 and TGFβ mAbs (n=3 independent studies). Complete responders re-challenged 89 days after treatment with EMT6 or 4T1 tumors showed no EMT6 tumor growth, suggesting the combination induced long-term immunologic memory. Analysis of tumors by flow cytometry showed combination resulted in increased CD8 T cell infiltrates (p=0.0006), T cell activation (CD8+CD69+, p=0.0194) and IFN-γ expression (CD8+IFN-γ+, p=0.0021). Single cell transcriptomic analysis of lymph nodes showed that αvβ8 inhibition potentiated DC co-stimulation (Cd40, Cd83/6) and migration (Ccr7, Cxcl16, Ccl22). Moreover, combination treatment led to tumor infiltrated Treg dysfunction including downregulation of Ctla4, Il10 and Tigit, and upregulation of Ifn-γ. The observation of these anti-tolerance and pro-inflammatory signatures in DC and Treg has not been described previously. Anti-tumor efficacy was driven by immune-mediated mechanisms as confirmed by a CD8 depletion study. Efficacy was confirmed in PyMT breast cancer model.
Conclusions An αvβ8 inhibitor in combination with anti-PD-1 showed efficacy in syngeneic mouse models, supported by increased T cell infiltrates and evidence of reduced tumor tolerance. These results show that an orally administered αvβ8 targeted inhibitor is a potent modulator of anti-tumor immune response acting across the immunologic synapse, and is a promising therapeutic approach to ICB refractory tumors.
Citation Format: Natalia J. Reszka-Blanco, Vinod Yadav, Megan Krumpoch, Laura Cappellucci, Dan Cui, James E. Dowling, Elizabeth Gwara, Bryce Harrison, Dooyoung Lee, Fu-Yang Lin, Lia Luus, Meghan Monroy, Terence I. Moy, Eugene Nebelitsky, Qi Qiao, Andrew Sullivan, Dawn Troast, Blaise Lippa, Bruce Rogers, Adrian S. Ray. Inhibition of integrin αvβ8 enhances immune checkpoint induced anti-tumor immunity by acting across immunologic synapse in syngeneic models of breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1559.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dan Cui
- Morphic Therapeutic, Inc., Waltham, MA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lia Luus
- Morphic Therapeutic, Inc., Waltham, MA
| | | | | | | | - Qi Qiao
- Morphic Therapeutic, Inc., Waltham, MA
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Redhu NS, Hussain A, Srinivasan S, Lee D, Bannister B, Blanco N, Bonesteel R, Camblin A, Cappellucci L, Cohen R, Harrison B, Hahn KN, Kim K, Krumpoch M, Lin FY, McManus K, McShea M, Pondish J, Linde P, Lugovskoy A, Mangada M, Moy TI, Sang A, Gelais SS, Sullivan A, Troast D, Zhong C, Wang L, Cui D, Bursavich MG, Lippa B, Rogers BN, Ray AS, Wong J. Modeling relationship of pharmacokinetics, in vitro potency, and α4β7 receptor occupancy with intestinal cell trafficking in a gut-homing mouse model of IBD with MORF-057. The Journal of Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.11.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective:
MORF-057 is an orally bioavailable, selective, and potent small molecule inhibitor of α4β7 integrin being developed for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) that is currently in phase 1 clinical testing. We have previously presented work that characterized its nonclinical pharmacologic profile. The current study integrates data to generate a pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) model of MORF-057.
Methods:
To determine in vivo potency, MORF-057 was tested in murine gut homing assays and the PD response was determined relative to the non-protein bound drug in mouse plasma. A cell adhesion assay (CAA) for α4β7 was refined to enable detection of picomolar-level sensitivity. Murine receptor occupancy (RO) assays for α4β7 and α4β1 were established under physiologic conditions, and MORF-057 was evaluated for its potency and selectivity in fresh mouse whole blood. These datasets were used to build and validate predictive models of PD response.
Results:
MORF-057 strongly inhibited the homing of α4β7hi cells to murine gut lymphoid tissues with an IC90 of 7.9 nM. MORF-057 showed high potency in CAA with an IC90 of 8.8 nM. Similarly, RO assays confirmed MORF-057 to be a highly potent inhibitor of α4β7 in mouse whole blood with an IC90 of 20.5 nM and over 1500-fold selectivity vs. α4β1. The predictive models built upon these datasets revealed a strong PK-PD relationship of α4β7 inhibitors in vivo.
Conclusions:
We observed consistently high potency of MORF-057 across multiple assay platforms. Integrated modeling based on these assays, particularly the RO assay, successfully predicted the PD response to MORF-057. These data begin to establish the relationship between PK, target engagement, and PD with MORF-057.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh S. Redhu
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | - Ali Hussain
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | - Sathish Srinivasan
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | - Dooyoung Lee
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | - Brianna Bannister
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | - Natalia Blanco
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | - Raegan Bonesteel
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | - Adam Camblin
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | - Laura Cappellucci
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | - Rhianna Cohen
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | - Bryce Harrison
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | - Kristopher N Hahn
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | - Kwangsoo Kim
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | - Megan Krumpoch
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | - Fu-Yang Lin
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | - Kevin McManus
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | - Molly McShea
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | - Jessica Pondish
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | - Peter Linde
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | - Alex Lugovskoy
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | - Maloy Mangada
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | - Terence I. Moy
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | - Allison Sang
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | - Sarah St. Gelais
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | - Andrew Sullivan
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | - Dawn Troast
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | - Cheng Zhong
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | - Liangsu Wang
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | - Dan Cui
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | | | - Blaise Lippa
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | - Bruce N. Rogers
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | - Adrian S. Ray
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
| | - Jamie Wong
- 1Morphic Therapeutic, 35 Gatehouse Drive A2, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, 02451
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Liclican A, Serafini L, Xing W, Czerwieniec G, Steiner B, Wang T, Brendza KM, Lutz JD, Keegan KS, Ray AS, Schultz BE, Sakowicz R, Feng JY. Biochemical characterization of tirabrutinib and other irreversible inhibitors of Bruton's tyrosine kinase reveals differences in on - and off - target inhibition. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129531. [PMID: 31953125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a key component of the B-cell receptor (BCR) pathway and a clinically validated target for small molecule inhibitors such as ibrutinib in the treatment of B-cell malignancies. Tirabrutinib (GS-4059/ONO-4059) is a selective, once daily, oral BTK inhibitor with clinical activity against many relapsed/refractory B-cell malignancies. METHODS Covalent binding of tirabrutinib to BTK Cys-481 was assessed by LC-MSMS analysis of BTK using compound as a variable modification search parameter. Inhibition potency of tirabrutinib, ibrutinib, acalabrutinib, and spebrutinib against BTK and related kinases was studied in a dose-dependent manner either after a fixed incubation time (as used in conventional IC50 studies) or following a time course where inactivation kinetics were measured. RESULTS Tirabrutinib irreversibly and covalently binds to BTK Cys-481. The inactivation efficiency kinact/Ki was measured and used to calculate selectivity among different kinases for each of the four inhibitors studied. Tirabrutinib showed a kinact/Ki value of 2.4 ± 0.6 × 104 M-1 s-1 for BTK with selectivity against important off-targets. CONCLUSIONS For the BTK inhibitors tested in this study, analysis of the inactivation kinetics yielded a more accurate measurement of potency and selectivity than conventional single-time point inhibition measurements. Subtle but clear differences were identified between clinically tested BTK inhibitors which may translate into differentiated clinical efficacy and safety. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study that offers a detailed side-by-side comparison of four clinically-relevant BTK inhibitors with respect to their inactivation of BTK and related kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Liclican
- Gilead Sciences Inc, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States of America
| | - Loredana Serafini
- Gilead Sciences Inc, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States of America
| | - Weimei Xing
- Gilead Sciences Inc, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States of America
| | - Gregg Czerwieniec
- Gilead Sciences Inc, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States of America
| | - Bart Steiner
- Gilead Sciences Inc, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States of America
| | - Ting Wang
- Gilead Sciences Inc, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States of America
| | - Katherine M Brendza
- Gilead Sciences Inc, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States of America
| | - Justin D Lutz
- Gilead Sciences Inc, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States of America
| | - Kathleen S Keegan
- Gilead Sciences Inc, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States of America
| | - Adrian S Ray
- Gilead Sciences Inc, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States of America
| | - Brian E Schultz
- Gilead Sciences Inc, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States of America
| | - Roman Sakowicz
- Gilead Sciences Inc, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States of America
| | - Joy Y Feng
- Gilead Sciences Inc, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, United States of America.
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Lally JSV, Ghoshal S, DePeralta DK, Moaven O, Wei L, Masia R, Erstad DJ, Fujiwara N, Leong V, Houde VP, Anagnostopoulos AE, Wang A, Broadfield LA, Ford RJ, Foster RA, Bates J, Sun H, Wang T, Liu H, Ray AS, Saha AK, Greenwood J, Bhat S, Harriman G, Miao W, Rocnik JL, Westlin WF, Muti P, Tsakiridis T, Harwood HJ, Kapeller R, Hoshida Y, Tanabe KK, Steinberg GR, Fuchs BC. Inhibition of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase by Phosphorylation or the Inhibitor ND-654 Suppresses Lipogenesis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cell Metab 2019; 29:174-182.e5. [PMID: 30244972 PMCID: PMC6643297 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rapidly increasing due to the prevalence of obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, but the molecular triggers that initiate disease development are not fully understood. We demonstrate that mice with targeted loss-of-function point mutations within the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation sites on acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1 Ser79Ala) and ACC2 (ACC2 Ser212Ala) have increased liver de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and liver lesions. The same mutation in ACC1 also increases DNL and proliferation in human liver cancer cells. Consistent with these findings, a novel, liver-specific ACC inhibitor (ND-654) that mimics the effects of ACC phosphorylation inhibits hepatic DNL and the development of HCC, improving survival of tumor-bearing rats when used alone and in combination with the multi-kinase inhibitor sorafenib. These studies highlight the importance of DNL and dysregulation of AMPK-mediated ACC phosphorylation in accelerating HCC and the potential of ACC inhibitors for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S V Lally
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Sarani Ghoshal
- Divison of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Danielle K DePeralta
- Divison of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Omeed Moaven
- Divison of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lan Wei
- Divison of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ricard Masia
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Derek J Erstad
- Divison of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Naoto Fujiwara
- Liver Tumor Translational Research Program, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Vivian Leong
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Vanessa P Houde
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; Department of Oncology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | | | - Alice Wang
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Lindsay A Broadfield
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Rebecca J Ford
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Robert A Foster
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON NIG 2W1, Canada
| | | | | | - Ting Wang
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Henry Liu
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | | | - Asish K Saha
- Department of Medicine and Physiology, School of Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | | | - Sathesh Bhat
- Schrodinger, 120 West 45th Street, New York, NY 10036, USA
| | | | - Wenyan Miao
- Nimbus Therapeutics, 30 Prospect Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Paola Muti
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Theodoros Tsakiridis
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - H James Harwood
- Nimbus Therapeutics, 30 Prospect Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rosana Kapeller
- Nimbus Therapeutics, 30 Prospect Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yujin Hoshida
- Liver Tumor Translational Research Program, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kenneth K Tanabe
- Divison of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Bryan C Fuchs
- Divison of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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8
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Lawitz EJ, Coste A, Poordad F, Alkhouri N, Loo N, McColgan BJ, Tarrant JM, Nguyen T, Han L, Chung C, Ray AS, McHutchison JG, Subramanian GM, Myers RP, Middleton MS, Sirlin C, Loomba R, Nyangau E, Fitch M, Li K, Hellerstein M. Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Inhibitor GS-0976 for 12 Weeks Reduces Hepatic De Novo Lipogenesis and Steatosis in Patients With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 16:1983-1991.e3. [PMID: 29705265 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Increased de novo lipogenesis (DNL) contributes to the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Acetyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes the rate-limiting step in DNL. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of GS-0976, a small molecule inhibitor of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, in patients with NASH. METHODS In an open-label prospective study, patients with NASH (n = 10) received GS-0976 20 mg orally once daily for 12 weeks. NASH was diagnosed based on a proton density fat fraction estimated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI-PDFF) ≥10% and liver stiffness by magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) ≥2.88 kPa. The contribution from hepatic DNL to plasma palmitate was measured by 14 days of heavy water labeling before and at the end of treatment. We performed the same labelling protocol in an analysis of healthy volunteers who were not given DNL (controls, n = 10). MRI-PDFF and MRE at baseline, and at weeks 4 and 12 of GS-0976 administration, were measured. We analyzed markers of liver injury and serum markers of fibrosis. RESULTS The contribution of hepatic DNL to plasma palmitate was significantly greater in patients with NASH compared with controls (43% vs 18%) (P = .003). After 12 weeks administration of GS-0976, the median hepatic DNL was reduced 22% from baseline in patients with NASH (P = .004). Compared with baseline, reductions in MRI-PDFF at week 12 (15.7% vs 9.1% at baseline; P = .006), liver stiffness by MRE (3.4 kPa vs 3.1 kPa at baseline; P = .049), TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (275 ng/mL vs 244 ng/mL at baseline; P = .049), and serum level of alanine aminotransferase (101 U/L vs 57 U/L at baseline; P = .23) were consistent with decreased hepatic lipid content and liver injury. At week 12, 7 patients (70%) had a ≥30% decrease in MRI-PDFF. CONCLUSION In an open-label study, patients with NASH given GS-0976 for 12 weeks had reduced hepatic DNL, steatosis, and markers of liver injury. ClinicalTrials.gov no: NCT02856555.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Lawitz
- Texas Liver Institute and University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.
| | - Angie Coste
- Texas Liver Institute and University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Fred Poordad
- Texas Liver Institute and University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Naim Alkhouri
- Texas Liver Institute and University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Nicole Loo
- Texas Liver Institute and University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | | | - Tuan Nguyen
- Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, California
| | - Ling Han
- Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Claude Sirlin
- University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Rohit Loomba
- University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Edna Nyangau
- University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Mark Fitch
- University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Kelvin Li
- University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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9
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Goedeke L, Bates J, Vatner DF, Perry RJ, Wang T, Ramirez R, Li L, Ellis MW, Zhang D, Wong KE, Beysen C, Cline GW, Ray AS, Shulman GI. Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Inhibition Reverses NAFLD and Hepatic Insulin Resistance but Promotes Hypertriglyceridemia in Rodents. Hepatology 2018; 68:2197-2211. [PMID: 29790582 PMCID: PMC6251774 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacologic inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) enzymes, ACC1 and ACC2, offers an attractive therapeutic strategy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through simultaneous inhibition of fatty acid synthesis and stimulation of fatty acid oxidation. However, the effects of ACC inhibition on hepatic mitochondrial oxidation, anaplerosis, and ketogenesis in vivo are unknown. Here, we evaluated the effect of a liver-directed allosteric inhibitor of ACC1 and ACC2 (Compound 1) on these parameters, as well as glucose and lipid metabolism, in control and diet-induced rodent models of NAFLD. Oral administration of Compound 1 preferentially inhibited ACC enzymatic activity in the liver, reduced hepatic malonyl-CoA levels, and enhanced hepatic ketogenesis by 50%. Furthermore, administration for 6 days to high-fructose-fed rats resulted in a 20% reduction in hepatic de novo lipogenesis. Importantly, long-term treatment (21 days) significantly reduced high-fat sucrose diet-induced hepatic steatosis, protein kinase C epsilon activation, and hepatic insulin resistance. ACCi treatment was associated with a significant increase in plasma triglycerides (approximately 30% to 130%, depending on the length of fasting). ACCi-mediated hypertriglyceridemia could be attributed to approximately a 15% increase in hepatic very low-density lipoprotein production and approximately a 20% reduction in triglyceride clearance by lipoprotein lipase (P ≤ 0.05). At the molecular level, these changes were associated with increases in liver X receptor/sterol response element-binding protein-1 and decreases in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α target activation and could be reversed with fenofibrate co-treatment in a high-fat diet mouse model. Conclusion: Collectively, these studies warrant further investigation into the therapeutic utility of liver-directed ACC inhibition for the treatment of NAFLD and hepatic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Goedeke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, 06520
| | | | - Daniel F. Vatner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, 06520
| | - Rachel J. Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, 06520
| | - Ting Wang
- Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City CA 94404
| | | | - Li Li
- Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City CA 94404
| | - Matthew W. Ellis
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT 06520
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, 06520
| | | | | | - Gary W. Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, 06520
| | | | - Gerald I. Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, 06520,Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT 06520,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT 06520
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10
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Loomba R, Kayali Z, Noureddin M, Ruane P, Lawitz EJ, Bennett M, Wang L, Harting E, Tarrant JM, McColgan BJ, Chung C, Ray AS, Subramanian GM, Myers RP, Middleton MS, Lai M, Charlton M, Harrison SA. GS-0976 Reduces Hepatic Steatosis and Fibrosis Markers in Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:1463-1473.e6. [PMID: 30059671 PMCID: PMC6318218 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS De novo lipogenesis is increased in livers of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Acetyl-coenzyme carboxylase catalyzes the rate-limiting step in this process. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of GS-0976, an inhibitor of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase in liver, in a phase 2 randomized placebo-controlled trial of patients with NASH. METHODS We analyzed data from 126 patients with hepatic steatosis of at least 8%, based on the magnetic resonance imaging-estimated proton density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF), and liver stiffness of at least 2.5 kPa, based on magnetic resonance elastography measurement or historical biopsy result consistent with NASH and F1-F3 fibrosis. Patients were randomly assigned (2:2:1) to groups given GS-0976 20 mg, GS-0976 5 mg, or placebo daily for 12 weeks, from August 8, 2016 through July 18, 2017. Measures of hepatic steatosis, stiffness, serum markers of fibrosis, and plasma metabolomics were evaluated. The primary aims were to confirm previous findings and evaluate the relation between dose and efficacy. RESULTS A relative decrease of at least 30% from baseline in MRI-PDFF (PDFF response) occurred in 48% of patients given GS-0976 20 mg (P = .004 vs placebo), 23% given GS-0976 5 mg (P = .43 vs placebo), and 15% given placebo. Median relative decreases in MRI-PDFF were greater in patients given GS-0976 20 mg (decrease of 29%) than those given placebo (decrease of 8%; P = .002). Changes in magnetic resonance elastography-measured stiffness did not differ among groups, but a dose-dependent decrease in the fibrosis marker tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 was observed in patients given GS-0976 20 mg. Plasma levels of acylcarnitine species also decreased in patients with a PDFF response given GS-0976 20 mg. GS-0976 was safe, but median relative increases of 11% and 13% in serum levels of triglycerides were observed in patients given GS-0976. CONCLUSIONS In a randomized placebo-controlled trial of patients with NASH, we found 12-week administration of GS-0976 20 mg decreased hepatic steatosis, selected markers of fibrosis, and liver biochemistry. ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT02856555.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Loomba
- University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California.
| | - Zeid Kayali
- Inland Empire Liver Foundation, Rialto, California
| | | | - Peter Ruane
- Ruane Medical and Liver Health Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eric J. Lawitz
- Texas Liver Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Michael Bennett
- Atlanta Gastroenterology Associates, Atlanta, Georgia; (6)Medical Research Associates Group, San Diego, California
| | - Lulu Wang
- Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michelle Lai
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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11
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Zamek-Gliszczynski MJ, Taub ME, Chothe PP, Chu X, Giacomini KM, Kim RB, Ray AS, Stocker SL, Unadkat JD, Wittwer MB, Xia C, Yee SW, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Transporters in Drug Development: 2018 ITC Recommendations for Transporters of Emerging Clinical Importance. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018; 104:890-899. [PMID: 30091177 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This white paper provides updated International Transporter Consortium (ITC) recommendations on transporters that are important in drug development following the 3rd ITC workshop. New additions include prospective evaluation of organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) and retrospective evaluation of organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)2B1 because of their important roles in drug absorption, disposition, and effects. For the first time, the ITC underscores the importance of transporters involved in drug-induced vitamin deficiency (THTR2) and those involved in the disposition of biomarkers of organ function (OAT2 and bile acid transporters).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mitchell E Taub
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Paresh P Chothe
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Chu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Richard B Kim
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Adrian S Ray
- Clinical Research, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Sophie L Stocker
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia & St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Matthias B Wittwer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cindy Xia
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sook-Wah Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Drug Metabolism Pharmacokinetics & Clinical Pharmacology, Incyte, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
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12
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Zamek-Gliszczynski MJ, Chu X, Cook JA, Custodio JM, Galetin A, Giacomini KM, Lee CA, Paine MF, Ray AS, Ware JA, Wittwer MB, Zhang L. ITC Commentary on Metformin Clinical Drug-Drug Interaction Study Design That Enables an Efficacy- and Safety-Based Dose Adjustment Decision. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018; 104:781-784. [PMID: 29761830 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Metformin drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies are conducted during development of drugs that inhibit organic cation transporters and/or multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (OCTs/MATEs). Monitoring solely changes in systemic exposure, the typical DDI study endpoint appears inadequate for metformin, which is metabolically stable, has poor passive membrane permeability, and undergoes transporter-mediated tissue distribution and clearance. Evaluation of renal clearance, antihyperglycemic effects, and potentially lactate as an exploratory safety marker, can support rational metformin dose adjustment. The proposed DDI study design aims to adequately inform metformin dosing during comedication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoyan Chu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jack A Cook
- Clinical Pharmacology, Global Product Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joseph M Custodio
- Clinical Pharmacology, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Caroline A Lee
- Drug Metabolism and Clinical Pharmacology, DMPK Solutions, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Mary F Paine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Adrian S Ray
- Clinical Research, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | - Joseph A Ware
- Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Matthias B Wittwer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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13
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Sheahan TP, Sims AC, Graham RL, Menachery VD, Gralinski LE, Case JB, Leist SR, Pyrc K, Feng JY, Trantcheva I, Bannister R, Park Y, Babusis D, Clarke MO, Mackman RL, Spahn JE, Palmiotti CA, Siegel D, Ray AS, Cihlar T, Jordan R, Denison MR, Baric RS. Broad-spectrum antiviral GS-5734 inhibits both epidemic and zoonotic coronaviruses. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/396/eaal3653. [PMID: 28659436 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aal3653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1065] [Impact Index Per Article: 177.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Emerging viral infections are difficult to control because heterogeneous members periodically cycle in and out of humans and zoonotic hosts, complicating the development of specific antiviral therapies and vaccines. Coronaviruses (CoVs) have a proclivity to spread rapidly into new host species causing severe disease. Severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) successively emerged, causing severe epidemic respiratory disease in immunologically naïve human populations throughout the globe. Broad-spectrum therapies capable of inhibiting CoV infections would address an immediate unmet medical need and could be invaluable in the treatment of emerging and endemic CoV infections. We show that a nucleotide prodrug, GS-5734, currently in clinical development for treatment of Ebola virus disease, can inhibit SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV replication in multiple in vitro systems, including primary human airway epithelial cell cultures with submicromolar IC50 values. GS-5734 was also effective against bat CoVs, prepandemic bat CoVs, and circulating contemporary human CoV in primary human lung cells, thus demonstrating broad-spectrum anti-CoV activity. In a mouse model of SARS-CoV pathogenesis, prophylactic and early therapeutic administration of GS-5734 significantly reduced lung viral load and improved clinical signs of disease as well as respiratory function. These data provide substantive evidence that GS-5734 may prove effective against endemic MERS-CoV in the Middle East, circulating human CoV, and, possibly most importantly, emerging CoV of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Sheahan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Amy C Sims
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rachel L Graham
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Vineet D Menachery
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lisa E Gralinski
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - James B Case
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sarah R Leist
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Krzysztof Pyrc
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joy Y Feng
- Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | | | | | - Yeojin Park
- Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Adrian S Ray
- Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Tomas Cihlar
- Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | | | - Mark R Denison
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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14
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Billington S, Ray AS, Salphati L, Xiao G, Chu X, Humphreys WG, Liao M, Lee CA, Mathias A, Hop CECA, Rowbottom C, Evers R, Lai Y, Kelly EJ, Prasad B, Unadkat JD. Transporter Expression in Noncancerous and Cancerous Liver Tissue from Donors with Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Chronic Hepatitis C Infection Quantified by LC-MS/MS Proteomics. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:189-196. [PMID: 29138286 PMCID: PMC5776333 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.077289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein expression of major hepatobiliary drug transporters (NTCP, OATPs, OCT1, BSEP, BCRP, MATE1, MRPs, and P-gp) in cancerous (C, n = 8) and adjacent noncancerous (NC, n = 33) liver tissues obtained from patients with chronic hepatitis C with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCV-HCC) were quantified by LC-MS/MS proteomics. Herein, we compare our results with our previous data from noninfected, noncirrhotic (control, n = 36) and HCV-cirrhotic (n = 30) livers. The amount of membrane protein yielded from NC and C HCV-HCC tissues decreased (31%, 67%) relative to control livers. In comparison with control livers, with the exception of NTCP, MRP2, and MATE1, transporter expression decreased in NC (38%-76%) and C (56%-96%) HCV-HCC tissues. In NC HCV-HCC tissues, NTCP expression increased (113%), MATE1 expression decreased (58%), and MRP2 expression was unchanged relative to control livers. In C HCV-HCC tissues, NTCP and MRP2 expression decreased (63%, 56%) and MATE1 expression was unchanged relative to control livers. Compared with HCV-cirrhotic livers, aside from NTCP, OCT1, BSEP, and MRP2, transporter expression decreased in NC (41%-71%) and C (54%-89%) HCV-HCC tissues. In NC HCV-HCC tissues, NTCP and MRP2 expression increased (362%, 142%), whereas OCT1 and BSEP expression was unchanged. In C HCV-HCC tissues, OCT1 and BSEP expression decreased (90%, 80%) relative to HCV-cirrhotic livers, whereas NTCP and MRP2 expression was unchanged. Expression of OATP2B1, BSEP, MRP2, and MRP3 decreased (56%-72%) in C HCV-HCC tissues in comparison with matched NC tissues (n = 8), but the expression of other transporters was unchanged. These data will be helpful in the future to predict transporter-mediated hepatocellular drug concentrations in patients with HCV-HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Billington
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (S.B., E.J.K., B.P., J.D.U.); Departments of Clinical Research, Clinical Pharmacology, and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M., Y.L.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); DMPK, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X., C.R.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C., R.E.); Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (W.G.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); and Translational Sciences, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.A.L.)
| | - Adrian S Ray
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (S.B., E.J.K., B.P., J.D.U.); Departments of Clinical Research, Clinical Pharmacology, and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M., Y.L.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); DMPK, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X., C.R.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C., R.E.); Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (W.G.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); and Translational Sciences, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.A.L.)
| | - Laurent Salphati
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (S.B., E.J.K., B.P., J.D.U.); Departments of Clinical Research, Clinical Pharmacology, and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M., Y.L.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); DMPK, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X., C.R.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C., R.E.); Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (W.G.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); and Translational Sciences, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.A.L.)
| | - Guangqing Xiao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (S.B., E.J.K., B.P., J.D.U.); Departments of Clinical Research, Clinical Pharmacology, and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M., Y.L.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); DMPK, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X., C.R.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C., R.E.); Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (W.G.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); and Translational Sciences, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.A.L.)
| | - Xiaoyan Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (S.B., E.J.K., B.P., J.D.U.); Departments of Clinical Research, Clinical Pharmacology, and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M., Y.L.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); DMPK, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X., C.R.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C., R.E.); Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (W.G.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); and Translational Sciences, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.A.L.)
| | - W Griffith Humphreys
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (S.B., E.J.K., B.P., J.D.U.); Departments of Clinical Research, Clinical Pharmacology, and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M., Y.L.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); DMPK, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X., C.R.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C., R.E.); Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (W.G.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); and Translational Sciences, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.A.L.)
| | - Mingxiang Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (S.B., E.J.K., B.P., J.D.U.); Departments of Clinical Research, Clinical Pharmacology, and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M., Y.L.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); DMPK, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X., C.R.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C., R.E.); Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (W.G.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); and Translational Sciences, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.A.L.)
| | - Caroline A Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (S.B., E.J.K., B.P., J.D.U.); Departments of Clinical Research, Clinical Pharmacology, and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M., Y.L.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); DMPK, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X., C.R.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C., R.E.); Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (W.G.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); and Translational Sciences, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.A.L.)
| | - Anita Mathias
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (S.B., E.J.K., B.P., J.D.U.); Departments of Clinical Research, Clinical Pharmacology, and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M., Y.L.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); DMPK, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X., C.R.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C., R.E.); Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (W.G.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); and Translational Sciences, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.A.L.)
| | - Cornelis E C A Hop
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (S.B., E.J.K., B.P., J.D.U.); Departments of Clinical Research, Clinical Pharmacology, and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M., Y.L.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); DMPK, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X., C.R.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C., R.E.); Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (W.G.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); and Translational Sciences, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.A.L.)
| | - Christopher Rowbottom
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (S.B., E.J.K., B.P., J.D.U.); Departments of Clinical Research, Clinical Pharmacology, and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M., Y.L.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); DMPK, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X., C.R.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C., R.E.); Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (W.G.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); and Translational Sciences, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.A.L.)
| | - Raymond Evers
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (S.B., E.J.K., B.P., J.D.U.); Departments of Clinical Research, Clinical Pharmacology, and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M., Y.L.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); DMPK, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X., C.R.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C., R.E.); Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (W.G.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); and Translational Sciences, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.A.L.)
| | - Yurong Lai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (S.B., E.J.K., B.P., J.D.U.); Departments of Clinical Research, Clinical Pharmacology, and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M., Y.L.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); DMPK, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X., C.R.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C., R.E.); Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (W.G.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); and Translational Sciences, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.A.L.)
| | - Edward J Kelly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (S.B., E.J.K., B.P., J.D.U.); Departments of Clinical Research, Clinical Pharmacology, and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M., Y.L.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); DMPK, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X., C.R.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C., R.E.); Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (W.G.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); and Translational Sciences, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.A.L.)
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (S.B., E.J.K., B.P., J.D.U.); Departments of Clinical Research, Clinical Pharmacology, and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M., Y.L.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); DMPK, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X., C.R.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C., R.E.); Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (W.G.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); and Translational Sciences, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.A.L.)
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (S.B., E.J.K., B.P., J.D.U.); Departments of Clinical Research, Clinical Pharmacology, and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M., Y.L.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); DMPK, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X., C.R.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C., R.E.); Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (W.G.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); and Translational Sciences, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.A.L.)
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15
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Billington SF, Ray AS, Salphati L, Xiao G, Chu X, Humphreys WG, Liao M, Lee C, Mathias A, Hop CE, Rowbottom C, Evers R, Lai Y, Kelly EJ, Prasad B, Unadkat JD. Transporter expression in non-cancerous and cancerous liver tissue from subjects with hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic hepatitis C infection quantified by LC-MS/MS proteomics. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2017.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Membrane transport proteins play a central role in regulating the disposition of endobiotics, dietary nutrients and environmental toxins. The inhibition of transporters by drugs has potential physiologic consequences. The full extent of the effect of drugs on the function of transporters is poorly understood because only a small subset of the hundreds of transporters expressed in humans - primarily those mediating the rate-determining step in the elimination of specific drugs - are assessed during clinical development. Areas covered: We provide a comprehensive overview of literature reports implicating the inhibition of transporters as the mechanism for off-target effects of drugs. Expert opinion: Transporter inhibition, the mechanism of action of many marketed drugs, appears to play an underappreciated role in a number of side effects including vitamin deficiency, edema, dyslipidemia, cholestasis and gout. Cell systems more broadly expressing transporter networks and methods like unbiased metabolomics should be incorporated into the screening paradigm to expand our understanding of the impact of drugs on the physiologic function of transporters and to allow for these effects to be taken into account in drug discovery and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve-Irene Lepist
- a Departments of Drug Metabolism , Gilead Sciences, Inc ., Foster City , CA , USA
| | - Adrian S Ray
- b Clinical Research , Gilead Sciences, Inc ., Foster City , CA , USA
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17
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Lepist EI, Ray AS. Renal Transporter-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions: Are They Clinically Relevant? J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 56 Suppl 7:S73-81. [PMID: 27385181 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The kidney, through the distinct processes of passive glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion, plays an important role in the elimination of numerous endobiotics (eg, hormones, metabolites), toxins, nutrients, and drugs. Renal transport pathways mediating active tubular secretion and reabsorption in the proximal tubule are complex, involving apical and basolateral transporters acting in concert. Detailed studies of the molecular mechanisms of net active tubular secretion have established the involvement of multiple transporters with overlapping substrate specificity mediating competing secretion and reabsorption pathways. Although drug interactions arising from inhibition of renal transporters are rare relative to other mechanisms, they can involve commonly administered drugs (eg, cimetidine, metformin), may be underappreciated due to muted effects on plasma pharmacokinetics relative to tissue levels, can affect narrow-therapeutic-index medications (eg, antiarrhythmic, oncology medications), and may disproportionately affect sensitive populations where polypharmacy is common (eg, the elderly, diabetics). In particular, there is the potential for larger-magnitude interactions in subjects with reduced glomerular filtration rates due to the increased relative contribution of tubular secretion. The assessment of additional endpoints in drug-drug interaction studies including pharmacodynamics, positron emission tomography imaging, and metabolomics promises to expand our understanding of the clinical relevance of renal drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve-Irene Lepist
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, California
| | - Adrian S Ray
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, California
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18
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Siegel D, Hui HC, Doerffler E, Clarke MO, Chun K, Zhang L, Neville S, Carra E, Lew W, Ross B, Wang Q, Wolfe L, Jordan R, Soloveva V, Knox J, Perry J, Perron M, Stray KM, Barauskas O, Feng JY, Xu Y, Lee G, Rheingold AL, Ray AS, Bannister R, Strickley R, Swaminathan S, Lee WA, Bavari S, Cihlar T, Lo MK, Warren TK, Mackman RL. Discovery and Synthesis of a Phosphoramidate Prodrug of a Pyrrolo[2,1-f][triazin-4-amino] Adenine C-Nucleoside (GS-5734) for the Treatment of Ebola and Emerging Viruses. J Med Chem 2017; 60:1648-1661. [PMID: 28124907 PMCID: PMC7202039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The recent Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak in West Africa was the largest recorded in history with over 28,000 cases, resulting in >11,000 deaths including >500 healthcare workers. A focused screening and lead optimization effort identified 4b (GS-5734) with anti-EBOV EC50 = 86 nM in macrophages as the clinical candidate. Structure activity relationships established that the 1'-CN group and C-linked nucleobase were critical for optimal anti-EBOV potency and selectivity against host polymerases. A robust diastereoselective synthesis provided sufficient quantities of 4b to enable preclinical efficacy in a non-human-primate EBOV challenge model. Once-daily 10 mg/kg iv treatment on days 3-14 postinfection had a significant effect on viremia and mortality, resulting in 100% survival of infected treated animals [ Nature 2016 , 531 , 381 - 385 ]. A phase 2 study (PREVAIL IV) is currently enrolling and will evaluate the effect of 4b on viral shedding from sanctuary sites in EBOV survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Siegel
- Gilead
Sciences, Inc., Foster
City, California 94404, United States
| | - Hon C. Hui
- Gilead
Sciences, Inc., Foster
City, California 94404, United States
| | - Edward Doerffler
- Gilead
Sciences, Inc., Foster
City, California 94404, United States
| | | | - Kwon Chun
- Gilead
Sciences, Inc., Foster
City, California 94404, United States
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Gilead
Sciences, Inc., Foster
City, California 94404, United States
| | - Sean Neville
- Gilead
Sciences, Inc., Foster
City, California 94404, United States
| | - Ernest Carra
- Gilead
Sciences, Inc., Foster
City, California 94404, United States
| | - Willard Lew
- Gilead
Sciences, Inc., Foster
City, California 94404, United States
| | - Bruce Ross
- Gilead
Sciences, Inc., Foster
City, California 94404, United States
| | - Queenie Wang
- Gilead
Sciences, Inc., Foster
City, California 94404, United States
| | - Lydia Wolfe
- Gilead
Sciences, Inc., Foster
City, California 94404, United States
| | - Robert Jordan
- Gilead
Sciences, Inc., Foster
City, California 94404, United States
| | - Veronica Soloveva
- United
States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - John Knox
- Gilead
Sciences, Inc., Foster
City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jason Perry
- Gilead
Sciences, Inc., Foster
City, California 94404, United States
| | - Michel Perron
- Gilead
Sciences, Inc., Foster
City, California 94404, United States
| | - Kirsten M. Stray
- Gilead
Sciences, Inc., Foster
City, California 94404, United States
| | - Ona Barauskas
- Gilead
Sciences, Inc., Foster
City, California 94404, United States
| | - Joy Y. Feng
- Gilead
Sciences, Inc., Foster
City, California 94404, United States
| | - Yili Xu
- Gilead
Sciences, Inc., Foster
City, California 94404, United States
| | - Gary Lee
- Gilead
Sciences, Inc., Foster
City, California 94404, United States
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- University
of California—San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Adrian S. Ray
- Gilead
Sciences, Inc., Foster
City, California 94404, United States
| | - Roy Bannister
- Gilead
Sciences, Inc., Foster
City, California 94404, United States
| | - Robert Strickley
- Gilead
Sciences, Inc., Foster
City, California 94404, United States
| | | | - William A. Lee
- Gilead
Sciences, Inc., Foster
City, California 94404, United States
| | - Sina Bavari
- United
States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Tomas Cihlar
- Gilead
Sciences, Inc., Foster
City, California 94404, United States
| | - Michael K. Lo
- Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, United States
| | - Travis K. Warren
- United
States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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19
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Kirschberg TA, Metobo S, Clarke MO, Aktoudianakis V, Babusis D, Barauskas O, Birkus G, Butler T, Byun D, Chin G, Doerffler E, Edwards TE, Fenaux M, Lee R, Lew W, Mish MR, Murakami E, Park Y, Squires NH, Tirunagari N, Wang T, Whitcomb M, Xu J, Yang H, Ye H, Zhang L, Appleby TC, Feng JY, Ray AS, Cho A, Kim CU. Discovery of a 2'-fluoro-2'-C-methyl C-nucleotide HCV polymerase inhibitor and a phosphoramidate prodrug with favorable properties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1840-1847. [PMID: 28274633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of 2'-fluorinated C-nucleosides were prepared and tested for anti-HCV activity. Among them, the triphosphate of 2'-fluoro-2'-C-methyl adenosine C-nucleoside (15) was a potent and selective inhibitor of the NS5B polymerase and maintained activity against the S282T resistance mutant. A number of phosphoramidate prodrugs were then prepared and evaluated leading to the identification of the 1-aminocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid isopropyl ester variant (53) with favorable pharmacokinetic properties including efficient liver delivery in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sammy Metobo
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | | | | | - Darius Babusis
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Ona Barauskas
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Gabriel Birkus
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Thomas Butler
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Daniel Byun
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Gregory Chin
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | | | - Thomas E Edwards
- Beryllium, 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA
| | - Martijn Fenaux
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Rick Lee
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Willard Lew
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Michael R Mish
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Eisuke Murakami
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Yeojin Park
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Neil H Squires
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | | | - Ting Wang
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Mark Whitcomb
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Jie Xu
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Huiling Yang
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Hong Ye
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Todd C Appleby
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Joy Y Feng
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Adrian S Ray
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Aesop Cho
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Choung U Kim
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
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20
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Stray KM, Park Y, Babusis D, Callebaut C, Cihlar T, Ray AS, Perron M. Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) does not deplete mitochondrial DNA in human T-cell lines at intracellular concentrations exceeding clinically relevant drug exposures. Antiviral Res 2017; 140:116-120. [PMID: 28131805 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
HIV-infected patients treated with certain nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) have experienced adverse effects due to drug-related mitochondrial toxicity. Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is a novel prodrug of the NRTI tenofovir (TFV) with an improved safety profile compared to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). Prior in vitro studies have demonstrated that the parent nucleotide TFV has no significant effects on mtDNA synthesis. This study investigated whether clinically relevant TAF and TDF exposures affect mtDNA content in human lymphocytes. First, activated or resting peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), as well as MT-2 and Jurkat T-cell lines, were continuously treated with ddC for 10 days to establish their susceptibility to mtDNA depletion. PBMCs had low sensitivity to NRTI-mediated mtDNA depletion in vitro. In contrast, ddC treatment of rapidly dividing MT-2 and Jurkat cells resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in mtDNA. Therefore, these two T-cell lines were selected for evaluating TAF and TDF treatment effects. MT-2 and Jurkat cells were pulse-treated with TAF or TDF every 24 h for 10 days to mimic pharmacologically relevant drug exposures. Pulse treatment of cells with 3.3 μM TAF or 1.1 μM TDF for 10 days resulted in 2- to 7-fold greater steady-state intracellular TFV-diphosphate (TFV-DP) levels than those observed clinically in TAF- or TDF-treated patients. At these concentrations, no significant TAF- (106.7% and 84.1% of control; p = 0.77 and 0.12 for MT-2 and Jurkat, respectively) or TDF- (100.6% and 91.0% of control; p = 0.91 and 0.37, respectively) associated reduction in mtDNA content was observed compared with untreated control cells. This study demonstrates that, despite delivering higher intracellular levels of TFV-DP than TDF, TAF does not inhibit mtDNA synthesis in vitro at concentrations exceeding the clinically relevant intracellular drug exposures. Thus, TAF has a low potential for mitochondrial toxicity in T-cells of HIV-infected patients.
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Y Feng
- Gilead Sciences, Inc, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California
| | - Chin H Tay
- Gilead Sciences, Inc, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California
| | - Adrian S Ray
- Gilead Sciences, Inc, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California
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22
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Giacomini MM, Hao J, Liang X, Chandrasekhar J, Twelves J, Whitney JA, Lepist EI, Ray AS. Interaction of 2,4-Diaminopyrimidine-Containing Drugs Including Fedratinib and Trimethoprim with Thiamine Transporters. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 45:76-85. [PMID: 27803021 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.073338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of thiamine transporters has been proposed as a putative mechanism for the observation of Wernicke's encephalopathy and subsequent termination of clinical development of fedratinib, a Janus kinase inhibitor (JAKi). This study aimed to determine the potential for other JAKi to inhibit thiamine transport using human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) and thiamine transporter (THTR) overexpressing cells and to better elucidate the structural basis for interacting with THTR. Only JAKi containing a 2,4-diaminopyrimidine were observed to inhibit thiamine transporters. Fedratinib inhibited thiamine uptake into Caco-2 cells (IC50 = 0.940 µM) and THTR-2 (IC50 = 1.36 µM) and, to a lesser extent, THTR-1 (IC50 = 7.10 µM) overexpressing cells. Two other JAKi containing this moiety, AZD1480 and cerdulatinib, were weaker inhibitors of the thiamine transporters. Other JAKi-including monoaminopyrimidines, such as momelotinib, and nonaminopyrimidines, such as filgotinib-did not have any inhibitory effects on thiamine transport. A pharmacophore model derived from the minimized structure of thiamine suggests that 2,4-diaminopyrimidine-containing compounds can adopt a conformation matching several key features of thiamine. Further studies with drugs containing a 2,4-diaminopyrimidine resulted in the discovery that the antibiotic trimethoprim also potently inhibits thiamine uptake mediated by THTR-1 (IC50 = 6.84 µM) and THTR-2 (IC50 = 5.56 µM). Fedratinib and trimethoprim were also found to be substrates for THTR, a finding with important implications for their disposition in the body. In summary, our results show that not all JAKi have the potential to inhibit thiamine transport and further establish the interaction of these transporters with xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn M Giacomini
- Drug Metabolism Department, Gilead Sciences, Inc., (primary laboratory of origin) (M.M.G., J.H., J.T., E.-I.L., A.S.R.), Biology Department (J.A.W.), and Structural Chemistry Department (J.C.), Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California; and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences and Therapeutics, University of California, San Francisco, California (X.L.)
| | - Jia Hao
- Drug Metabolism Department, Gilead Sciences, Inc., (primary laboratory of origin) (M.M.G., J.H., J.T., E.-I.L., A.S.R.), Biology Department (J.A.W.), and Structural Chemistry Department (J.C.), Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California; and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences and Therapeutics, University of California, San Francisco, California (X.L.)
| | - Xiaomin Liang
- Drug Metabolism Department, Gilead Sciences, Inc., (primary laboratory of origin) (M.M.G., J.H., J.T., E.-I.L., A.S.R.), Biology Department (J.A.W.), and Structural Chemistry Department (J.C.), Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California; and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences and Therapeutics, University of California, San Francisco, California (X.L.)
| | - Jayaraman Chandrasekhar
- Drug Metabolism Department, Gilead Sciences, Inc., (primary laboratory of origin) (M.M.G., J.H., J.T., E.-I.L., A.S.R.), Biology Department (J.A.W.), and Structural Chemistry Department (J.C.), Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California; and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences and Therapeutics, University of California, San Francisco, California (X.L.)
| | - Jolyn Twelves
- Drug Metabolism Department, Gilead Sciences, Inc., (primary laboratory of origin) (M.M.G., J.H., J.T., E.-I.L., A.S.R.), Biology Department (J.A.W.), and Structural Chemistry Department (J.C.), Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California; and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences and Therapeutics, University of California, San Francisco, California (X.L.)
| | - J Andrew Whitney
- Drug Metabolism Department, Gilead Sciences, Inc., (primary laboratory of origin) (M.M.G., J.H., J.T., E.-I.L., A.S.R.), Biology Department (J.A.W.), and Structural Chemistry Department (J.C.), Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California; and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences and Therapeutics, University of California, San Francisco, California (X.L.)
| | - Eve-Irene Lepist
- Drug Metabolism Department, Gilead Sciences, Inc., (primary laboratory of origin) (M.M.G., J.H., J.T., E.-I.L., A.S.R.), Biology Department (J.A.W.), and Structural Chemistry Department (J.C.), Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California; and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences and Therapeutics, University of California, San Francisco, California (X.L.)
| | - Adrian S Ray
- Drug Metabolism Department, Gilead Sciences, Inc., (primary laboratory of origin) (M.M.G., J.H., J.T., E.-I.L., A.S.R.), Biology Department (J.A.W.), and Structural Chemistry Department (J.C.), Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California; and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences and Therapeutics, University of California, San Francisco, California (X.L.)
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Wang L, Collins C, Kelly EJ, Chu X, Ray AS, Salphati L, Xiao G, Lee C, Lai Y, Liao M, Mathias A, Evers R, Humphreys W, Hop CECA, Kumer SC, Unadkat JD. Transporter Expression in Liver Tissue from Subjects with Alcoholic or Hepatitis C Cirrhosis Quantified by Targeted Quantitative Proteomics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1752-1758. [PMID: 27543206 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.071050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although data are available on the change of expression/activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes in liver cirrhosis patients, corresponding data on transporter protein expression are not available. Therefore, using quantitative targeted proteomics, we compared our previous data on noncirrhotic control livers (n = 36) with the protein expression of major hepatobiliary transporters, breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), bile salt export pump (BSEP), multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (MATE1), multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP)2, MRP3, MRP4, sodium taurocholate-cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATP)1B1, 1B3, 2B1, organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1), and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in alcoholic (n = 27) and hepatitis C cirrhosis (n = 30) livers. Compared with control livers, the yield of membrane protein from alcoholic and hepatitis C cirrhosis livers was significantly reduced by 56 and 67%, respectively. The impact of liver cirrhosis on transporter protein expression was transporter-dependent. Generally, reduced protein expression (per gram of liver) was found in alcoholic cirrhosis livers versus control livers, with the exception that the expression of MRP3 was increased, whereas no change was observed for MATE1, MRP2, OATP2B1, and P-gp. In contrast, the impact of hepatitis C cirrhosis on protein expression of transporters (per gram of liver) was diverse, showing an increase (MATE1), decrease (BSEP, MRP2, NTCP, OATP1B3, OCT1, and P-gp), or no change (BCRP, MRP3, OATP1B1, and 2B1). The expression of hepatobiliary transporter protein differed in different diseases (alcoholic versus hepatitis C cirrhosis). Finally, incorporation of protein expression of OATP1B1 in alcoholic cirrhosis into the Simcyp physiologically based pharmacokinetics cirrhosis module improved prediction of the disposition of repaglinide in liver cirrhosis patients. These transporter expression data will be useful in the future to predict transporter-mediated drug disposition in liver cirrhosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (L.W., C.C., E.J.K., J.D.U.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); Preclinical PK and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.L.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (Y.L.,W.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (R.E.); Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.C.K.)
| | - Carol Collins
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (L.W., C.C., E.J.K., J.D.U.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); Preclinical PK and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.L.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (Y.L.,W.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (R.E.); Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.C.K.)
| | - Edward J Kelly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (L.W., C.C., E.J.K., J.D.U.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); Preclinical PK and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.L.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (Y.L.,W.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (R.E.); Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.C.K.)
| | - Xiaoyan Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (L.W., C.C., E.J.K., J.D.U.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); Preclinical PK and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.L.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (Y.L.,W.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (R.E.); Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.C.K.)
| | - Adrian S Ray
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (L.W., C.C., E.J.K., J.D.U.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); Preclinical PK and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.L.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (Y.L.,W.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (R.E.); Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.C.K.)
| | - Laurent Salphati
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (L.W., C.C., E.J.K., J.D.U.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); Preclinical PK and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.L.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (Y.L.,W.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (R.E.); Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.C.K.)
| | - Guangqing Xiao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (L.W., C.C., E.J.K., J.D.U.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); Preclinical PK and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.L.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (Y.L.,W.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (R.E.); Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.C.K.)
| | - Caroline Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (L.W., C.C., E.J.K., J.D.U.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); Preclinical PK and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.L.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (Y.L.,W.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (R.E.); Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.C.K.)
| | - Yurong Lai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (L.W., C.C., E.J.K., J.D.U.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); Preclinical PK and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.L.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (Y.L.,W.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (R.E.); Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.C.K.)
| | - Mingxiang Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (L.W., C.C., E.J.K., J.D.U.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); Preclinical PK and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.L.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (Y.L.,W.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (R.E.); Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.C.K.)
| | - Anita Mathias
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (L.W., C.C., E.J.K., J.D.U.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); Preclinical PK and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.L.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (Y.L.,W.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (R.E.); Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.C.K.)
| | - Raymond Evers
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (L.W., C.C., E.J.K., J.D.U.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); Preclinical PK and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.L.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (Y.L.,W.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (R.E.); Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.C.K.)
| | - William Humphreys
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (L.W., C.C., E.J.K., J.D.U.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); Preclinical PK and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.L.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (Y.L.,W.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (R.E.); Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.C.K.)
| | - Cornelis E C A Hop
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (L.W., C.C., E.J.K., J.D.U.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); Preclinical PK and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.L.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (Y.L.,W.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (R.E.); Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.C.K.)
| | - Sean C Kumer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (L.W., C.C., E.J.K., J.D.U.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); Preclinical PK and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.L.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (Y.L.,W.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (R.E.); Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.C.K.)
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (L.W., C.C., E.J.K., J.D.U.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California (A.S.R., A.M.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California (L.S., C.E.C.A.H.); Preclinical PK and In Vitro ADME, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (G.X.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Ardea Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California (C.L.); Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (Y.L.,W.H.); Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.L.); Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey (R.E.); Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (S.C.K.)
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Massud I, Mitchell J, Babusis D, Deyounks F, Ray AS, Rooney JF, Heneine W, Miller MD, García-Lerma JG. Chemoprophylaxis With Oral Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Alafenamide Combination Protects Macaques From Rectal Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1058-62. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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25
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Cheng Y, El-Kattan A, Zhang Y, Ray AS, Lai Y. Involvement of Drug Transporters in Organ Toxicity: The Fundamental Basis of Drug Discovery and Development. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:545-63. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaofeng Cheng
- Pharmaceutical
Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 3551 Lawrenceville
Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Ayman El-Kattan
- Department
of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., 610 Main
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Drug
Metabolism and Biopharmaceutics, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine
Cutoff, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Adrian S. Ray
- Department
of Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Yurong Lai
- Pharmaceutical
Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 3551 Lawrenceville
Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
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Ray AS, Fordyce MW, Hitchcock MJ. Tenofovir alafenamide: A novel prodrug of tenofovir for the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Antiviral Res 2016; 125:63-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Liang X, Chien HC, Yee SW, Giacomini MM, Chen EC, Piao M, Hao J, Twelves J, Lepist EI, Ray AS, Giacomini KM. Metformin Is a Substrate and Inhibitor of the Human Thiamine Transporter, THTR-2 (SLC19A3). Mol Pharm 2015; 12:4301-10. [PMID: 26528626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The biguanide metformin is widely used as first-line therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Predominately a cation at physiological pH's, metformin is transported by membrane transporters, which play major roles in its absorption and disposition. Recently, our laboratory demonstrated that organic cation transporter 1, OCT1, the major hepatic uptake transporter for metformin, was also the primary hepatic uptake transporter for thiamine, vitamin B1. In this study, we tested the reverse, i.e., that metformin is a substrate of thiamine transporters (THTR-1, SLC19A2, and THTR-2, SLC19A3). Our study demonstrated that human THTR-2 (hTHTR-2), SLC19A3, which is highly expressed in the small intestine, but not hTHTR-1, transports metformin (Km = 1.15 ± 0.2 mM) and other cationic compounds (MPP(+) and famotidine). The uptake mechanism for hTHTR-2 was pH and electrochemical gradient sensitive. Furthermore, metformin as well as other drugs including phenformin, chloroquine, verapamil, famotidine, and amprolium inhibited hTHTR-2 mediated uptake of both thiamine and metformin. Species differences in the substrate specificity of THTR-2 between human and mouse orthologues were observed. Taken together, our data suggest that hTHTR-2 may play a role in the intestinal absorption and tissue distribution of metformin and other organic cations and that the transporter may be a target for drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Liang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Huan-Chieh Chien
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Sook Wah Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Marilyn M Giacomini
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. , Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Eugene C Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Meiling Piao
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jia Hao
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. , Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jolyn Twelves
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. , Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Eve-Irene Lepist
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. , Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Adrian S Ray
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. , Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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Kirschberg TA, Mish M, Squires NH, Zonte S, Aktoudianakis E, Metobo S, Butler T, Ju X, Cho A, Ray AS, Kim CU. Synthesis of 1'-C-cyano pyrimidine nucleosides and characterization as HCV polymerase inhibitors. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2015; 34:763-85. [PMID: 26398773 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2015.1075550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ribose modified 1'-C-cyano pyrimidine nucleosides were synthesized. A silver triflate mediated Vorbrüggen reaction was used to generate the nucleoside scaffold and follow-up chemistry provided specific ribose modified analogs. Nucleosides and phosphoramidate prodrugs were tested for their anti-HCV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Mish
- a Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences , Foster City , CA , USA
| | - Neil H Squires
- a Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences , Foster City , CA , USA
| | - Sebastian Zonte
- a Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences , Foster City , CA , USA
| | | | - Sammy Metobo
- a Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences , Foster City , CA , USA
| | - Thomas Butler
- a Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences , Foster City , CA , USA
| | - Xie Ju
- a Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences , Foster City , CA , USA
| | - Aesop Cho
- a Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences , Foster City , CA , USA
| | - Adrian S Ray
- a Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences , Foster City , CA , USA
| | - Choung U Kim
- b Kainos Medicine, Inc. , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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Appleby TC, Perry JK, Murakami E, Barauskas O, Feng J, Cho A, Fox D, Wetmore DR, McGrath ME, Ray AS, Sofia MJ, Swaminathan S, Edwards TE. Viral replication. Structural basis for RNA replication by the hepatitis C virus polymerase. Science 2015; 347:771-5. [PMID: 25678663 DOI: 10.1126/science.1259210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide analog inhibitors have shown clinical success in the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, despite an incomplete mechanistic understanding of NS5B, the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Here we study the details of HCV RNA replication by determining crystal structures of stalled polymerase ternary complexes with enzymes, RNA templates, RNA primers, incoming nucleotides, and catalytic metal ions during both primed initiation and elongation of RNA synthesis. Our analysis revealed that highly conserved active-site residues in NS5B position the primer for in-line attack on the incoming nucleotide. A β loop and a C-terminal membrane-anchoring linker occlude the active-site cavity in the apo state, retract in the primed initiation assembly to enforce replication of the HCV genome from the 3' terminus, and vacate the active-site cavity during elongation. We investigated the incorporation of nucleotide analog inhibitors, including the clinically active metabolite formed by sofosbuvir, to elucidate key molecular interactions in the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd C Appleby
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA.
| | - Jason K Perry
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Eisuke Murakami
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Ona Barauskas
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Joy Feng
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Aesop Cho
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - David Fox
- Beryllium, 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA
| | - Diana R Wetmore
- Beryllium, 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA
| | - Mary E McGrath
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Adrian S Ray
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Michael J Sofia
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - S Swaminathan
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Thomas E Edwards
- Beryllium, 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA.
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Kirschberg TA, Mish MR, Zhang L, Squires NH, Wang KY, Cho A, Feng JY, Fenaux M, Babusis D, Park Y, Ray AS, Kim CU. Synthesis and characterization of 1'-C-cyano-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methyl pyrimidine nucleosides as HCV polymerase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1040-3. [PMID: 25650256 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The first synthesis of 1'-C-CN, 2'-F, 2'-C-Me pyrimidines is described. Anti-HCV activity was assessed and compared to the 1'-C-CN, 2'-C-Me as well as the 2'-F, 2'-C-Me pyrimidines. A phosphoramidate prodrug of the cytidine derivative showed activity in the low micromolar range against HCV replicons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael R Mish
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
| | - Neil H Squires
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
| | - Ke-Yu Wang
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
| | - Aesop Cho
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
| | - Joy Y Feng
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
| | - Martijn Fenaux
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
| | - Darius Babusis
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
| | - Yeojin Park
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
| | - Adrian S Ray
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
| | - Choung U Kim
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94044, USA
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Lepist EI, Zhang X, Hao J, Huang J, Kosaka A, Birkus G, Murray BP, Bannister R, Cihlar T, Huang Y, Ray AS. Contribution of the organic anion transporter OAT2 to the renal active tubular secretion of creatinine and mechanism for serum creatinine elevations caused by cobicistat. Kidney Int 2014; 86:350-7. [PMID: 24646860 PMCID: PMC4120670 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Many xenobiotics including the pharmacoenhancer cobicistat increase serum creatinine by inhibiting its renal active tubular secretion without affecting the glomerular filtration rate. This study aimed to define the transporters involved in creatinine secretion, applying that knowledge to establish the mechanism for xenobiotic-induced effects. The basolateral uptake transporters organic anion transporter OAT2 and organic cation transporters OCT2 and OCT3 were found to transport creatinine. At physiologic creatinine concentrations, the specific activity of OAT2 transport was over twofold higher than OCT2 or OCT3, establishing OAT2 as a likely relevant creatinine transporter and further challenging the traditional view that creatinine is solely transported by a cationic pathway. The apical multidrug and toxin extrusion transporters MATE1 and MATE2-K demonstrated low-affinity and high-capacity transport. All drugs known to affect creatinine inhibited OCT2 and MATE1. Similar to cimetidine and ritonavir, cobicistat had the greatest effect on MATE1 with a 50% inhibition constant of 0.99 μM for creatinine transport. Trimethoprim potently inhibited MATE2-K, whereas dolutegravir preferentially inhibited OCT2. Cimetidine was unique, inhibiting all transporters that interact with creatinine. Thus, the clinical observation of elevated serum creatinine in patients taking cobicistat is likely a result of OCT2 transport, facilitating intracellular accumulation, and MATE1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jia Hao
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Jane Huang
- Optivia Biotechnology, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Alan Kosaka
- Optivia Biotechnology, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Yong Huang
- Optivia Biotechnology, Menlo Park, California, USA
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32
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Lepist EI, Gillies H, Smith W, Hao J, Hubert C, St. Claire RL, Brouwer KR, Ray AS. Evaluation of the endothelin receptor antagonists ambrisentan, bosentan, macitentan, and sitaxsentan as hepatobiliary transporter inhibitors and substrates in sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87548. [PMID: 24498134 PMCID: PMC3907537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inhibition of the transporter-mediated hepatobiliary elimination of bile salts is a putative mechanism for liver toxicity observed with some endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs). Methods Sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes were used to study the hepatobiliary distribution and accumulation of exogenous taurocholate, ERAs and endogenous bile acids. The molecular mechanisms for findings in hepatocytes or clinical observations were further explored using either vesicular assays (efflux transporters) or transfected cell-lines (uptake transporters). Inhibition constants (IC50) were measured for the human hepatobiliary transporters bile salt export pump (BSEP), sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2), P-glycoprotein (Pgp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1) and OATP1B3. Results The ERAs showed dose-dependent reductions in exogenous taurocholate cellular accumulation in human hepatocytes, with macitentan having the greatest effect. Consistent with their effects on bile acids, the ERAs inhibited bile transporters. IC50 values for OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 ranged from 2 µM for macitentan to 47 µM for ambrisentan. Macitentan and bosentan also inhibited NTCP with IC50 values of 10 and 36 µM, respectively. Similar to previously reported findings with sitaxsentan, BSEP inhibition was observed for bosentan and macitentan with IC50 values of 42 and 12 µM, respectively. In contrast, ambrisentan showed little or no inhibition of these transporters. Other transporters tested were weakly inhibited by the ERAs. Accumulation in hepatocytes was also a factor in the effects on bile transport. Macitentan demonstrated the greatest accumulation in human hepatocytes (∼100x) followed by sitaxsentan (∼40x), bosentan (∼20x) and ambrisentan (∼2x). Conclusions Significant differences in the inhibition of hepatic transporters were observed between the evaluated ERAs in vitro. Macitentan had the highest level of cellular accumulation and caused the greatest effects on bile acid distribution in human hepatocytes followed by sitaxsentan and bosentan. Ambrisentan showed a low potential to affect bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve-Irene Lepist
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Hunter Gillies
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - William Smith
- Qualyst Transporter Solutions, LLC, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jia Hao
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Cassandra Hubert
- Qualyst Transporter Solutions, LLC, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert L. St. Claire
- Qualyst Transporter Solutions, LLC, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kenneth R. Brouwer
- Qualyst Transporter Solutions, LLC, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Adrian S. Ray
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Thamm DH, Vail DM, Kurzman ID, Babusis D, Ray AS, Sousa-Powers N, Tumas DB. GS-9219/VDC-1101--a prodrug of the acyclic nucleotide PMEG has antitumor activity in spontaneous canine multiple myeloma. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:30. [PMID: 24460928 PMCID: PMC3904015 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple myeloma (MM) is an important human and canine cancer for which novel therapies remain necessary. VDC-1101 (formerly GS-9219), a novel double prodrug of the anti-proliferative nucleotide analog 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl) guanine (PMEG), possesses potent cytotoxic activity in vitro in human lymphoblasts and leukemia cell lines and in vivo in spontaneous canine lymphoma. Given the similarity in lineage between lymphoma and MM, we hypothesized that VDC-1101 would be active against MM. Results We evaluated the in vitro antiproliferative effects of VDC-1101 against 3 human MM cell lines, and we performed a phase-II clinical trial in 14 dogs with spontaneous MM. Each dog was treated with a maximum of 6 doses of VDC-1101 monotherapy over 10–15 weeks. Dose-dependent antiproliferative activity was observed in all evaluated cell lines. Major antitumor responses (reduction of serum paraprotein and resolution of hypercalcemia, peripheral cytopenias and bone marrow plasmacytosis) were observed in 9 of 11 evaluable dogs for a median of 172 days, including a durable stringent complete response (>1047 days) in a dog with melphalan-refractory disease. 2 dogs were euthanized due to presumed pulmonary fibrosis; there were no other dose-limiting toxicities encountered. Conclusions In conclusion, VDC-1101 has significant anti-tumor activity at well-tolerated doses in spontaneous canine MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H Thamm
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 W, Drake Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1620, USA.
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Custodio JM, Wang H, Hao J, Lepist EI, Ray AS, Andrews J, Ling KHJ, Cheng A, Kearney BP, Ramanathan S. Pharmacokinetics of cobicistat boosted-elvitegravir administered in combination with rosuvastatin. J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 54:649-56. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Wang
- Gilead Sciences, Inc.; Foster City CA USA
| | - Jia Hao
- Gilead Sciences, Inc.; Foster City CA USA
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35
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Cho A, Zhang L, Xu J, Lee R, Butler T, Metobo S, Aktoudianakis V, Lew W, Ye H, Clarke M, Doerffler E, Byun D, Wang T, Babusis D, Carey AC, German P, Sauer D, Zhong W, Rossi S, Fenaux M, McHutchison JG, Perry J, Feng J, Ray AS, Kim CU. Discovery of the first C-nucleoside HCV polymerase inhibitor (GS-6620) with demonstrated antiviral response in HCV infected patients. J Med Chem 2013; 57:1812-25. [PMID: 23547794 DOI: 10.1021/jm400201a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection presents an unmet medical need requiring more effective treatment options. Nucleoside inhibitors (NI) of HCV polymerase (NS5B) have demonstrated pan-genotypic activity and durable antiviral response in the clinic, and they are likely to become a key component of future treatment regimens. NI candidates that have entered clinical development thus far have all been N-nucleoside derivatives. Herein, we report the discovery of a C-nucleoside class of NS5B inhibitors. Exploration of adenosine analogs in this class identified 1'-cyano-2'-C-methyl 4-aza-7,9-dideaza adenosine as a potent and selective inhibitor of NS5B. A monophosphate prodrug approach afforded a series of compounds showing submicromolar activity in HCV replicon assays. Further pharmacokinetic optimization for sufficient oral absorption and liver triphosphate loading led to identification of a clinical development candidate GS-6620. In a phase I clinical study, the potential for potent activity was demonstrated but with high intra- and interpatient pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aesop Cho
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94044, United States
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36
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Piao D, Basavapathruni A, Iyidogan P, Dai G, Hinz W, Ray AS, Murakami E, Feng JY, You F, Dutschman GE, Austin DJ, Parker KA, Anderson KS. Bifunctional inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase: a first step in designing a bifunctional triphosphate. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 23:1511-8. [PMID: 23380374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The onset of resistance to approved anti-AIDS drugs by HIV necessitates the search for novel inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Developing single molecular agents concurrently occupying the nucleoside and nonnucleoside binding sites in RT is an intriguing idea but the proof of concept has so far been elusive. As a first step, we describe molecular modeling to guide focused chemical syntheses of conjugates having nucleoside (d4T) and nonnucleoside (TIBO) moieties tethered by a flexible polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker. A triphosphate of d4T-6PEG-TIBO conjugate was successfully synthesized that is recognized as a substrate by HIV-1 RT and incorporated into a double-stranded DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyuan Piao
- Brown University, Department of Chemistry, Providence, RI 02912, United States
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37
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Arnold JJ, Sharma SD, Feng JY, Ray AS, Smidansky ED, Kireeva ML, Cho A, Perry J, Vela JE, Park Y, Xu Y, Tian Y, Babusis D, Barauskus O, Peterson BR, Gnatt A, Kashlev M, Zhong W, Cameron CE. Sensitivity of mitochondrial transcription and resistance of RNA polymerase II dependent nuclear transcription to antiviral ribonucleosides. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1003030. [PMID: 23166498 PMCID: PMC3499576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleoside analogues have potential utility as anti-viral, -parasitic, -bacterial and -cancer agents. However, their clinical applications have been limited by off target effects. Development of antiviral ribonucleosides for treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been hampered by appearance of toxicity during clinical trials that evaded detection during preclinical studies. It is well established that the human mitochondrial DNA polymerase is an off target for deoxyribonucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Here we test the hypothesis that triphosphorylated metabolites of therapeutic ribonucleoside analogues are substrates for cellular RNA polymerases. We have used ribonucleoside analogues with activity against HCV as model compounds for therapeutic ribonucleosides. We have included ribonucleoside analogues containing 2′-C-methyl, 4′-methyl and 4′-azido substituents that are non-obligate chain terminators of the HCV RNA polymerase. We show that all of the anti-HCV ribonucleoside analogues are substrates for human mitochondrial RNA polymerase (POLRMT) and eukaryotic core RNA polymerase II (Pol II) in vitro. Unexpectedly, analogues containing 2′-C-methyl, 4′-methyl and 4′-azido substituents were inhibitors of POLRMT and Pol II. Importantly, the proofreading activity of TFIIS was capable of excising these analogues from Pol II transcripts. Evaluation of transcription in cells confirmed sensitivity of POLRMT to antiviral ribonucleosides, while Pol II remained predominantly refractory. We introduce a parameter termed the mitovir (mitochondrial dysfunction caused by antiviral ribonucleoside) score that can be readily obtained during preclinical studies that quantifies the mitochondrial toxicity potential of compounds. We suggest the possibility that patients exhibiting adverse effects during clinical trials may be more susceptible to damage by nucleoside analogs because of defects in mitochondrial or nuclear transcription. The paradigm reported here should facilitate development of ribonucleosides with a lower potential for toxicity. Ribonucleoside analogues have potential utility as anti-viral, -parasitic, -bacterial and -cancer agents. However, their clinical applications have been limited by side effects of unknown origin. Here we show in biochemical and cell-based studies that antiviral ribonucleotide analogues are substrates for human mitochondrial RNA polymerase (POLRMT) and eukaryotic core RNA polymerase II (Pol II) in vitro. Analogues that terminate RNA synthesis by viral RNA polymerases also inhibit these cellular RNA polymerase. Importantly, the TFIIS proofreading activity of Pol II is capable of excising these analogues from Pol II transcripts. We introduce a parameter termed the mitovir (mitochondrial dysfunction caused by antiviral ribonucleoside) score that can be readily obtained during preclinical studies that quantifies the mitochondrial toxicity potential of compounds. We suggest the possibility that patients exhibiting adverse effects during clinical trials may be more susceptible to damage by nucleoside analogs because of defects in mitochondrial or nuclear transcription. The paradigm reported here should facilitate development of ribonucleosides with a lower potential for toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J. Arnold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JJA); (CEC)
| | - Suresh D. Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joy Y. Feng
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Adrian S. Ray
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Eric D. Smidansky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Maria L. Kireeva
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aesop Cho
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Jason Perry
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer E. Vela
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Yeojin Park
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Yili Xu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Yang Tian
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Darius Babusis
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Ona Barauskus
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Blake R. Peterson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Averell Gnatt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mikhail Kashlev
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Weidong Zhong
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Craig E. Cameron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JJA); (CEC)
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Babusis D, Phan TK, Lee WA, Watkins WJ, Ray AS. Mechanism for Effective Lymphoid Cell and Tissue Loading Following Oral Administration of Nucleotide Prodrug GS-7340. Mol Pharm 2012; 10:459-66. [DOI: 10.1021/mp3002045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darius Babusis
- Gilead Sciences, Inc.,
Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Truc K. Phan
- Gilead Sciences, Inc.,
Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - William A. Lee
- Gilead Sciences, Inc.,
Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | | | - Adrian S. Ray
- Gilead Sciences, Inc.,
Foster City, California 94404, United States
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39
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Cho A, Saunders OL, Butler T, Zhang L, Xu J, Vela JE, Feng JY, Ray AS, Kim CU. Synthesis and antiviral activity of a series of 1'-substituted 4-aza-7,9-dideazaadenosine C-nucleosides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2705-7. [PMID: 22446091 PMCID: PMC7126871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.02.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A series of 1′-substituted analogs of 4-aza-7,9-dideazaadenosine C-nucleoside were prepared and evaluated for the potential as antiviral agents. These compounds showed a broad range of inhibitory activity against various RNA viruses. In particular, the whole cell potency against HCV when R = CN was attributed to inhibition of HCV NS5B polymerase and intracellular concentration of the corresponding nucleoside triphosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aesop Cho
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster Cit, CA 94044, USA.
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41
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Ray AS, Hostetler KY. Application of kinase bypass strategies to nucleoside antivirals. Antiviral Res 2011; 92:277-91. [PMID: 21878354 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside and nucleotide analogs have served as the cornerstones of antiviral therapy for many viruses. However, the requirement for intracellular activation and side-effects caused by distribution to off-target sites of toxicity still limit the efficacy of the current generation of drugs. Kinase bypass strategies, where phosphorylated nucleosides are delivered directly into cells, thereby, removing the requirement for enzyme catalyzed phosphorylation steps, have already changed the face of antiviral therapy in the form of the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates, cidofovir, adefovir (given orally as its dipivoxil prodrug) and tenofovir (given orally as its disoproxil prodrug), currently used clinically. These strategies hold further promise to advance the field of antiviral therapy with at least 10 kinase bypass and tissue targeted prodrugs, representing seven distinct prodrug classes, currently in clinical trials. This article reviews the history of kinase bypass strategies applied to nucleoside antivirals and the evolution of different tissue targeted prodrug strategies, highlighting clinically relevant examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian S Ray
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA.
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Bourderioux A, Nauš P, Perlíková P, Pohl R, Pichová I, Votruba I, Džubák P, Konečný P, Hajdúch M, Stray KM, Wang T, Ray AS, Feng JY, Birkus G, Cihlar T, Hocek M. Synthesis and Significant Cytostatic Activity of 7-Hetaryl-7-deazaadenosines. J Med Chem 2011; 54:5498-507. [DOI: 10.1021/jm2005173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie Bourderioux
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Nauš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Perlíková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Pohl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Pichová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Votruba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Džubák
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Puškinova 6, Olomouc 77520, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Konečný
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Puškinova 6, Olomouc 77520, Czech Republic
| | - Marián Hajdúch
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Puškinova 6, Olomouc 77520, Czech Republic
| | - Kirsten M. Stray
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Ting Wang
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Adrian S. Ray
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Joy Y. Feng
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Gabriel Birkus
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Tomas Cihlar
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Michal Hocek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Watkins WJ, Ray AS, Chong LS. HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 2010; 13:441-465. [PMID: 20597029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, intensive efforts have focused on the discovery of both nucleos(t)ide and non-nucleoside inhibitors of the HCV NS5B polymerase. These efforts have resulted in several promising agents advancing in clinical development. This review traces the history of optimization of the chemical series that have led to the development of clinical candidates, and summarizes recent developments in the field, with emphasis on clinical efficacy and impact for future combination studies.
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Mackman RL, Ray AS, Hui HC, Zhang L, Birkus G, Boojamra CG, Desai MC, Douglas JL, Gao Y, Grant D, Laflamme G, Lin KY, Markevitch DY, Mishra R, McDermott M, Pakdaman R, Petrakovsky OV, Vela JE, Cihlar T. Discovery of GS-9131: Design, synthesis and optimization of amidate prodrugs of the novel nucleoside phosphonate HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor GS-9148. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:3606-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lansdon EB, Samuel D, Lagpacan L, Brendza KM, White KL, Hung M, Liu X, Boojamra CG, Mackman RL, Cihlar T, Ray AS, McGrath ME, Swaminathan S. Visualizing the molecular interactions of a nucleotide analog, GS-9148, with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase-DNA complex. J Mol Biol 2010; 397:967-78. [PMID: 20156454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
GS-9148 ([5-(6-amino-purin-9-yl)-4-fluoro-2,5-dihydro-furan-2-yloxymethyl]-phosphonic acid) is a dAMP (2'-deoxyadenosine monophosphate) analog that maintains its antiviral activity against drug-resistant HIV. Crystal structures for HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) bound to double-stranded DNA, ternary complexes with either GS-9148-diphosphate or 2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP), and a post-incorporation structure with GS-9148 translocated to the priming site were obtained to gain insight into the mechanism of RT inhibition. The binding of either GS-9148-diphosphate or dATP to the binary RT-DNA complex resulted in the fingers subdomain closing around the incoming substrate. This produced up to a 9 A shift in the tips of the fingers subdomain as it closed toward the palm and thumb subdomains. GS-9148-diphosphate shows a similar binding mode as dATP in the nucleotide-binding site. Residues whose mutations confer resistance to nucleotide/nucleoside RT inhibitors, such as M184, Y115, L74, and K65, show little to no shift in orientation whether GS-9148-diphosphate or dATP is bound. One difference observed in binding is the position of the central ring. The dihydrofuran ring of GS-9148-diphosphate interacts with the aromatic side chain of Y115 more than does the ribose ring of dATP, possibly picking up a favorable pi-pi interaction. The ability of GS-9148-diphosphate to mimic the active-site contacts of dATP may explain its effective inhibition of RT and maintained activity against resistance mutations. Interestingly, the 2'-fluoro moiety of GS-9148-diphosphate was found in close proximity to the Q151 side chain, potentially explaining the observed moderately reduced susceptibly to GS-9148 conferred by Q151M mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B Lansdon
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA.
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Naus P, Pohl R, Votruba I, Dzubák P, Hajdúch M, Ameral R, Birkus G, Wang T, Ray AS, Mackman R, Cihlar T, Hocek M. 6-(Het)aryl-7-deazapurine ribonucleosides as novel potent cytostatic agents. J Med Chem 2010; 53:460-70. [PMID: 19929004 DOI: 10.1021/jm901428k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 7-deazapurine ribonucleosides bearing an alkyl, aryl, or hetaryl group in position 6 and H, F, or Cl atom in position 7 has been prepared either by Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of the corresponding protected 6-chloro-(7-halogenated-)7-deazapurine ribonucleosides with alkyl- or (het)arylorganometallics followed by deprotection, or by single-step aqueous phase cross-coupling reactions of unprotected 6-chloro-(7-halogenated-)7-deazapurine ribonucleosides with (het)arylboronic acids. Significant cytostatic effect was detected with a substantial proportion of the prepared compounds. The most potent were 7-H or 7-F derivatives of 6-furyl- or 6-thienyl-7-deazapurines displaying cytostatic activity in multiple cancer cell lines with a geometric mean of 50% growth inhibition concentration ranging from 16 to 96 nM, a potency comparable to or better than that of the nucleoside analogue clofarabine. Intracellular phosphorylation to mono- and triphosphates and the inhibition of total RNA synthesis was demonstrated in preliminary study of metabolism and mechanism of action studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Naus
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Durand-Gasselin L, Van Rompay KKA, Vela JE, Henne IN, Lee WA, Rhodes GR, Ray AS. Nucleotide analogue prodrug tenofovir disoproxil enhances lymphoid cell loading following oral administration in monkeys. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:1145-51. [PMID: 19545170 DOI: 10.1021/mp900036s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The antiviral drug tenofovir (TFV) is orally administered as the fumarate salt of its disoproxil prodrug (TFV disoproxil fumarate (TDF)). TFV is a dianion at physiological pH and, as a result, has poor lipid membrane permeability. Administration of the lipophilic and cell-permeable prodrug, TFV disoproxil, enhances the oral absorption of TFV. In order to determine whether oral administration of TDF also increases distribution to sites of viral infection, the plasma and circulating lymphoid cell pharmacokinetics of TFV and its phosphorylated metabolites were assessed following a single oral TDF or subcutaneous TFV administration at doses yielding equivalent plasma exposures to TFV in macaques. Despite TFV disoproxil's lack of plasma stability and undetectable levels in the first plasma samples taken, oral administration of TDF resulted in 7.9-fold higher peripheral blood mononuclear cell exposures to the active metabolite, TFV-diphosphate. The apparent plasma terminal half-life (t(1/2)) of TFV was also longer following oral TDF relative to subcutaneous TFV administration (median t(1/2) of 15.3 and 3.9 h, respectively), suggesting broader distribution to cells and tissues outside of the central plasma compartment. In conclusion, the disoproxil pro-moiety enhances not only the oral absorption of TFV but also tissue and lymphoid cell loading. These results illustrate that administration of even a fleeting prodrug can increase target tissue loading and give valuable insight for future prodrug development.
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Wolfgang GHI, Shibata R, Wang J, Ray AS, Wu S, Doerrfler E, Reiser H, Lee WA, Birkus G, Christensen ND, Andrei G, Snoeck R. GS-9191 is a novel topical prodrug of the nucleotide analog 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)guanine with antiproliferative activity and possible utility in the treatment of human papillomavirus lesions. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:2777-84. [PMID: 19398642 PMCID: PMC2704673 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00103-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
GS-9191 is a novel double prodrug of the nucleotide analog 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)guanine (PMEG) designed as a topical agent to permeate skin and be metabolized to the active nucleoside triphosphate analog in the epithelial layer. The prodrug was shown to be metabolized intracellularly to 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)-N(6)-cyclopropyl-2,6,diaminopurine (cPrPMEDAP) and subsequently deaminated to PMEG. The active form, PMEG diphosphate, was shown to be a potent inhibitor of DNA polymerase alpha and beta while showing weaker activity against mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma (50% enzyme inhibition observed at 2.5, 1.6, and 59.4 microM, respectively). GS-9191 was markedly more potent than PMEG or cPrPMEDAP in a series of human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive cell lines, with effective concentrations to inhibit 50% cell growth (EC(50)) as low as 0.03, 207, and 284 nM, respectively. In contrast, GS-9191 was generally less potent in non-HPV-infected cells and primary cells (EC(50)s between 1 and 15 nM). DNA synthesis was inhibited by GS-9191 within 24 h of treatment; cells were observed to be arrested in S phase by 48 h and to subsequently undergo apoptosis (between 3 and 7 days). In an animal model (cottontail rabbit papillomavirus), topical GS-9191 was shown to decrease the size of papillomas in a dose-related manner. At the highest dose (0.1%), cures were evident at the end of 5 weeks, and lesions did not recur in a 30-day follow-up period. These data suggest that GS-9191 may have utility in the treatment of HPV-induced lesions.
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Tsai CY, Ray AS, Tumas DB, Keating MJ, Reiser H, Plunkett W. Targeting DNA Repair in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells with a Novel Acyclic Nucleotide Analogue, GS-9219. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:3760-9. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-2848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Vail DM, Thamm DH, Reiser H, Ray AS, Wolfgang GH, Watkins WJ, Babusis D, Henne IN, Hawkins MJ, Kurzman ID, Jeraj R, Vanderhoek M, Plaza S, Anderson C, Wessel MA, Robat C, Lawrence J, Tumas DB. Assessment of GS-9219 in a Pet Dog Model of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:3503-10. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-3113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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