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Galuppo B, Umano GR, Li Z, Van Name M, Samuels SL, Kien CL, Cline GW, Wagner DA, Barbieri E, Tricò D, Santoro N. Comparison of Metabolic Response to Colonic Fermentation in Lean Youth vs Youth With Obesity. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2312530. [PMID: 37159195 PMCID: PMC10170343 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Pediatric obesity is a growing health care burden. Understanding how the metabolic phenotype of youth with obesity may modify the effect of intestinal fermentation on human metabolism is key to designing early intervention. Objective To assess whether adiposity and insulin resistance in youth may be associated with colonic fermentation of dietary fibers and its production of acetate, gut-derived hormone secretion, and adipose tissue lipolysis. Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional study of youths aged 15 to 22 years with body mass index in the 25th to 75th percentile or higher than the 85th percentile for age and sex throughout the New Haven County community in Connecticut. Recruitment, studies, and data collection occurred from June 2018 to September 2021. Youths were assigned to a lean, obese insulin sensitive (OIS), or obese insulin resistant (OIR) group. Data were analyzed from April 2022 to September 2022. Exposure Participants consumed 20 g of lactulose during a continuous 10-hour sodium d3-acetate intravenous infusion to measure the rate of appearance of acetate in plasma. Main Outcomes and Measures Plasma was obtained hourly to measure acetate turnover, peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and free fatty acids (FFA). Results A total of 44 youths participated in the study (median [IQR] age, 17.5 [16.0-19.3] years; 25 [56.8%] were female; 23 [52.3%] were White). Consequent to lactulose ingestion, there was a reduction of plasma FFA, an improvement of adipose tissue insulin sensitivity index, an increase in colonic acetate synthesis, and an anorexigenic response characterized by an increased plasma concentration of PYY and active GLP-1 and a reduction of ghrelin in the subgroups. Compared with the lean and OIS groups, the OIR group showed a less marked median (IQR) rate of acetate appearance (OIR: 2.00 [-0.86 to 2.69] μmol × kg-1 × min-1; lean: 5.69 [3.04 to 9.77] μmol × kg-1 × min-1; lean vs OIR P = .004; OIS: 2.63 [1.22 to 4.52] μmol × kg-1 × min-1; OIS vs OIR P = .09), a blunted median (IQR) improvement of adipose insulin sensitivity index (OIR: 0.043 [ 0.006 to 0.155]; lean: 0.277 [0.220 to 0.446]; lean vs OIR P = .002; OIS: 0.340 [0.048 to 0.491]; OIS vs OIR P = .08), and a reduced median (IQR) PYY response (OIR: 25.4 [14.8 to 36.4] pg/mL; lean: 51.3 [31.6 to 83.3] pg/mL; lean vs OIR P = .002; OIS: 54.3 [39.3 to 77.2] pg/mL; OIS vs OIR P = .011). Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study, lean, OIS, and OIR youth demonstrated different associations between colonic fermentation of indigestible dietary carbohydrates and the metabolic response, with OIR youth showing minimal metabolic modifications as compared with the other 2 groups. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03454828.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Galuppo
- Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, Middletown, New York, New York
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Giuseppina Rosaria Umano
- Department of the Woman, the Child, and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Zhongyao Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Michelle Van Name
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | | | - Gary W. Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Emiliano Barbieri
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Pediatria Universita’ Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Domenico Tricò
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicola Santoro
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, “V. Tiberio” University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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Gaspar RC, Lyu K, Hubbard BT, Leitner BP, Luukkonen PK, Hirabara SM, Sakuma I, Nasiri A, Zhang D, Kahn M, Cline GW, Pauli JR, Perry RJ, Petersen KF, Shulman GI. Distinct subcellular localisation of intramyocellular lipids and reduced PKCε/PKCθ activity preserve muscle insulin sensitivity in exercise-trained mice. Diabetologia 2023; 66:567-578. [PMID: 36456864 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05838-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Athletes exhibit increased muscle insulin sensitivity, despite increased intramuscular triacylglycerol content. This phenomenon has been coined the 'athlete's paradox' and is poorly understood. Recent findings suggest that the subcellular distribution of sn-1,2-diacylglycerols (DAGs) in the plasma membrane leading to activation of novel protein kinase Cs (PKCs) is a crucial pathway to inducing insulin resistance. Here, we hypothesised that regular aerobic exercise would preserve muscle insulin sensitivity by preventing increases in plasma membrane sn-1,2-DAGs and activation of PKCε and PKCθ despite promoting increases in muscle triacylglycerol content. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were allocated to three groups (regular chow feeding [RC]; high-fat diet feeding [HFD]; RC feeding and running wheel exercise [RC-EXE]). We used a novel LC-MS/MS/cellular fractionation method to assess DAG stereoisomers in five subcellular compartments (plasma membrane [PM], endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lipid droplets and cytosol) in the skeletal muscle. RESULTS We found that the HFD group had a greater content of sn-DAGs and ceramides in multiple subcellular compartments compared with the RC mice, which was associated with an increase in PKCε and PKCθ translocation. However, the RC-EXE mice showed, of particular note, a reduction in PM sn-1,2-DAG and ceramide content when compared with HFD mice. Consistent with the PM sn-1,2-DAG-novel PKC hypothesis, we observed an increase in phosphorylation of threonine1150 on the insulin receptor kinase (IRKT1150), and reductions in insulin-stimulated IRKY1162 phosphorylation and IRS-1-associated phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity in HFD compared with RC and RC-EXE mice, which are sites of PKCε and PKCθ action, respectively. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These results demonstrate that lower PKCθ/PKCε activity and sn-1,2-DAG content, especially in the PM compartment, can explain the preserved muscle insulin sensitivity in RC-EXE mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael C Gaspar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- School of Applied Science, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Kun Lyu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brandon T Hubbard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brooks P Leitner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Panu K Luukkonen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sandro M Hirabara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Institute of Physical Activity Science and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ikki Sakuma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ali Nasiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mario Kahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Rachel J Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kitt F Petersen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Bini J, Carson RE, Cline GW. Noninvasive Quantitative PET Imaging in Humans of the Pancreatic Beta-Cell Mass Biomarkers VMAT2 and Dopamine D2/D3 Receptors In Vivo. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2592:61-74. [PMID: 36507985 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2807-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive quantitative imaging of beta-cells can provide information on changes in cellular transporters, receptors, and signaling proteins that may affect function and/or loss of mass, both of which contribute to the loss of insulin secretion and glucose regulation of patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes (T1D/T2D). We have developed and optimized the use of two positron emission tomography (PET) radioligands, [18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ and [11C](+)-PHNO, targeting beta-cell VMAT2 and dopamine (D2/D3) receptors, respectively. Here we describe our optimized methodology for the clinical use of these two tracers for quantitative PET imaging of beta-cell biomarkers in vivo. We also briefly discuss our previous results and their implications and value towards extending the use of PET radioligand beyond the original goal of quantitative imaging of beta-cell mass to the potential to provide insight into the biology of beta-cell loss of mass and/or function and to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutics to prevent or restore functional beta-cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Bini
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Richard E Carson
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Goedeke L, Murt KN, Di Francesco A, Camporez JP, Nasiri AR, Wang Y, Zhang X, Cline GW, de Cabo R, Shulman GI. Sex- and strain-specific effects of mitochondrial uncoupling on age-related metabolic diseases in high-fat diet-fed mice. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13539. [PMID: 35088525 PMCID: PMC8844126 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation is an intrinsic property of all mitochondria and may have evolved to protect cells against the production of damaging reactive oxygen species. Therefore, compounds that enhance mitochondrial uncoupling are potentially attractive anti‐aging therapies; however, chronic ingestion is associated with a number of unwanted side effects. We have previously developed a controlled‐release mitochondrial protonophore (CRMP) that is functionally liver‐directed and promotes oxidation of hepatic triglycerides by causing a subtle sustained increase in hepatic mitochondrial inefficiency. Here, we sought to leverage the higher therapeutic index of CRMP to test whether mild mitochondrial uncoupling in a liver‐directed fashion could reduce oxidative damage and improve age‐related metabolic disease and lifespan in diet‐induced obese mice. Oral administration of CRMP (20 mg/[kg‐day] × 4 weeks) reduced hepatic lipid content, protein kinase C epsilon activation, and hepatic insulin resistance in aged (74‐week‐old) high‐fat diet (HFD)‐fed C57BL/6J male mice, independently of changes in body weight, whole‐body energy expenditure, food intake, or markers of hepatic mitochondrial biogenesis. CRMP treatment was also associated with a significant reduction in hepatic lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and inflammation. Importantly, long‐term (49 weeks) hepatic mitochondrial uncoupling initiated late in life (94–104 weeks), in conjugation with HFD feeding, protected mice against neoplastic disorders, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), in a strain and sex‐specific manner. Taken together, these studies illustrate the complex variation of aging and provide important proof‐of‐concept data to support further studies investigating the use of liver‐directed mitochondrial uncouplers to promote healthy aging in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Goedeke
- Department of Internal Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Kelsey N. Murt
- Translational Gerontology Branch Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, NIH Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Andrea Di Francesco
- Translational Gerontology Branch Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, NIH Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - João Paulo Camporez
- Department of Internal Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut USA
- Department of Physiology Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine University of Sao Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ali R. Nasiri
- Department of Internal Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Yongliang Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Xian‐Man Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Gary W. Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, NIH Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Gerald I. Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut USA
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Goedeke L, Canfrán-Duque A, Rotllan N, Chaube B, Thompson BM, Lee RG, Cline GW, McDonald JG, Shulman GI, Lasunción MA, Suárez Y, Fernández-Hernando C. MMAB promotes negative feedback control of cholesterol homeostasis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6448. [PMID: 34750386 PMCID: PMC8575900 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26787-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intricate regulatory networks govern the net balance of cholesterol biosynthesis, uptake and efflux; however, the mechanisms surrounding cholesterol homeostasis remain incompletely understood. Here, we develop an integrative genomic strategy to detect regulators of LDLR activity and identify 250 genes whose knockdown affects LDL-cholesterol uptake and whose expression is modulated by intracellular cholesterol levels in human hepatic cells. From these hits, we focus on MMAB, an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of vitamin B12 to adenosylcobalamin, and whose expression has previously been linked with altered levels of circulating cholesterol in humans. We demonstrate that hepatic levels of MMAB are modulated by dietary and cellular cholesterol levels through SREBP2, the master transcriptional regulator of cholesterol homeostasis. Knockdown of MMAB decreases intracellular cholesterol levels and augments SREBP2-mediated gene expression and LDL-cholesterol uptake in human and mouse hepatic cell lines. Reductions in total sterol content were attributed to increased intracellular levels of propionic and methylmalonic acid and subsequent inhibition of HMGCR activity and cholesterol biosynthesis. Moreover, mice treated with antisense inhibitors of MMAB display a significant reduction in hepatic HMGCR activity, hepatic sterol content and increased expression of SREBP2-mediated genes. Collectively, these findings reveal an unexpected role for the adenosylcobalamin pathway in regulating LDLR expression and identify MMAB as an additional control point by which cholesterol biosynthesis is regulated by its end product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Goedeke
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alberto Canfrán-Duque
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Department of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Noemi Rotllan
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Department of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Balkrishna Chaube
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Department of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Bonne M Thompson
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Richard G Lee
- Cardiovascular Group, Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA, 92010, USA
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Miguel A Lasunción
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRyCIS) and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Yajaira Suárez
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Department of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Carlos Fernández-Hernando
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Department of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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Wijngaard R, Perramón M, Parra-Robert M, Hidalgo S, Butrico G, Morales-Ruiz M, Zeng M, Casals E, Jiménez W, Fernández-Varo G, Shulman GI, Cline GW, Casals G. Validation of a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for the Measurement of the Redox State Metabolic Ratios Lactate/Pyruvate and β-Hydroxybutyrate/Acetoacetate in Biological Samples. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4752. [PMID: 33946157 PMCID: PMC8125771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic ratios lactate/pyruvate and β-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate are considered valuable tools to evaluate the in vivo redox cellular state by estimating the free NAD+/NADH in cytoplasm and mitochondria, respectively. The aim of the current study was to validate a gas-chromatography mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of the four metabolites in plasma and liver tissue. The procedure included an o-phenylenediamine microwave-assisted derivatization, followed by liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate and silylation with bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide:trimethylchlorosilane 99:1. The calibration curves presented acceptable linearity, with a limit of quantification of 0.001 mM for pyruvate, β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate and of 0.01 mM for lactate. The intra-day and inter-day accuracy and precision were within the European Medicines Agency's Guideline specifications. No significant differences were observed in the slope coefficient of three-point standard metabolite-spiked curves in plasma or liver and water, and acceptable recoveries were obtained in the metabolite-spiked samples. Applicability of the method was tested in precision-cut liver rat slices and also in HepG2 cells incubated under different experimental conditions challenging the redox state. In conclusion, the validated method presented good sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility in the quantification of lactate/pyruvate and β-hydroxybutyrate/acetate metabolites and may be useful in the evaluation of in vivo redox states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Wijngaard
- Service of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Carrer de Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (R.W.); (M.P.); (M.P.-R.); (S.H.); (M.M.-R.); (W.J.)
| | - Meritxell Perramón
- Service of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Carrer de Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (R.W.); (M.P.); (M.P.-R.); (S.H.); (M.M.-R.); (W.J.)
| | - Marina Parra-Robert
- Service of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Carrer de Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (R.W.); (M.P.); (M.P.-R.); (S.H.); (M.M.-R.); (W.J.)
| | - Susana Hidalgo
- Service of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Carrer de Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (R.W.); (M.P.); (M.P.-R.); (S.H.); (M.M.-R.); (W.J.)
| | - Gina Butrico
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (G.B.); (G.I.S.); (G.W.C.)
| | - Manuel Morales-Ruiz
- Service of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Carrer de Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (R.W.); (M.P.); (M.P.-R.); (S.H.); (M.M.-R.); (W.J.)
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Working Group for the Biochemical Assessment of Hepatic Disease-SEQCML, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Muling Zeng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 99 Yingbing Middle Rd., Jiangmen 529020, China; (M.Z.); (E.C.)
| | - Eudald Casals
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, 99 Yingbing Middle Rd., Jiangmen 529020, China; (M.Z.); (E.C.)
| | - Wladimiro Jiménez
- Service of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Carrer de Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (R.W.); (M.P.); (M.P.-R.); (S.H.); (M.M.-R.); (W.J.)
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Fernández-Varo
- Service of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Carrer de Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (R.W.); (M.P.); (M.P.-R.); (S.H.); (M.M.-R.); (W.J.)
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerald I. Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (G.B.); (G.I.S.); (G.W.C.)
| | - Gary W. Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (G.B.); (G.I.S.); (G.W.C.)
| | - Gregori Casals
- Service of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic Universitari, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Carrer de Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (R.W.); (M.P.); (M.P.-R.); (S.H.); (M.M.-R.); (W.J.)
- Working Group for the Biochemical Assessment of Hepatic Disease-SEQCML, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Ter Horst KW, Vatner DF, Zhang D, Cline GW, Ackermans MT, Nederveen AJ, Verheij J, Demirkiran A, van Wagensveld BA, Dallinga-Thie GM, Nieuwdorp M, Romijn JA, Shulman GI, Serlie MJ. Hepatic Insulin Resistance Is Not Pathway Selective in Humans With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Diabetes Care 2021; 44:489-498. [PMID: 33293347 PMCID: PMC7818337 DOI: 10.2337/dc20-1644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Both glucose and triglyceride production are increased in type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). For decades, the leading hypothesis to explain these paradoxical observations has been selective hepatic insulin resistance wherein insulin drives de novo lipogenesis (DNL) while failing to suppress glucose production. Here, we aimed to test this hypothesis in humans. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We recruited obese subjects who met criteria for bariatric surgery with (n = 16) or without (n = 15) NAFLD and assessed 1) insulin-mediated regulation of hepatic and peripheral glucose metabolism using hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps with [6,6-2H2]glucose, 2) fasting and carbohydrate-driven hepatic DNL using deuterated water (2H2O), and 3) hepatocellular insulin signaling in liver biopsy samples collected during bariatric surgery. RESULTS Compared with subjects without NAFLD, those with NAFLD demonstrated impaired insulin-mediated suppression of glucose production and attenuated-not increased-glucose-stimulated/high-insulin lipogenesis. Fructose-stimulated/low-insulin lipogenesis was intact. Hepatocellular insulin signaling, assessed for the first time in humans, exhibited a proximal block in insulin-resistant subjects: Signaling was attenuated from the level of the insulin receptor through both glucose and lipogenesis pathways. The carbohydrate-regulated lipogenic transcription factor ChREBP was increased in subjects with NAFLD. CONCLUSIONS Acute increases in lipogenesis in humans with NAFLD are not explained by altered molecular regulation of lipogenesis through a paradoxical increase in lipogenic insulin action; rather, increases in lipogenic substrate availability may be the key.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper W Ter Horst
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel F Vatner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Mariette T Ackermans
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aart J Nederveen
- Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joanne Verheij
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ahmet Demirkiran
- Department of Surgery, Red Cross Hospital, Beverwijk, the Netherlands
| | | | - Geesje M Dallinga-Thie
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes A Romijn
- Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Mireille J Serlie
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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8
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Song JD, Alves TC, Befroy DE, Perry RJ, Mason GF, Zhang XM, Munk A, Zhang Y, Zhang D, Cline GW, Rothman DL, Petersen KF, Shulman GI. Dissociation of Muscle Insulin Resistance from Alterations in Mitochondrial Substrate Preference. Cell Metab 2020; 32:726-735.e5. [PMID: 33035493 PMCID: PMC8218871 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in muscle mitochondrial substrate preference have been postulated to play a major role in the pathogenesis of muscle insulin resistance. In order to examine this hypothesis, we assessed the ratio of mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation (VPDH) to rates of mitochondrial citrate synthase flux (VCS) in muscle. Contrary to this hypothesis, we found that high-fat-diet (HFD)-fed insulin-resistant rats did not manifest altered muscle substrate preference (VPDH/VCS) in soleus or quadriceps muscles in the fasting state. Furthermore, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic (HE) clamps increased VPDH/VCS in both muscles in normal and insulin-resistant rats. We then examined the muscle VPDH/VCS flux in insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant humans and found similar relative rates of VPDH/VCS, following an overnight fast (∼20%), and similar increases in VPDH/VCS fluxes during a HE clamp. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that alterations in mitochondrial substrate preference are not an essential step in the pathogenesis of muscle insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joongyu D Song
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tiago C Alves
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Douglas E Befroy
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Radiology & Bioengineering, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; PeakAnalysts, Benenden, Kent, UK
| | - Rachel J Perry
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Graeme F Mason
- Department of Radiology & Bioengineering, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xian-Man Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alexander Munk
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Douglas L Rothman
- Department of Radiology & Bioengineering, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kitt Falk Petersen
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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9
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Lyu K, Zhang Y, Zhang D, Kahn M, Ter Horst KW, Rodrigues MRS, Gaspar RC, Hirabara SM, Luukkonen PK, Lee S, Bhanot S, Rinehart J, Blume N, Rasch MG, Serlie MJ, Bogan JS, Cline GW, Samuel VT, Shulman GI. A Membrane-Bound Diacylglycerol Species Induces PKCϵ-Mediated Hepatic Insulin Resistance. Cell Metab 2020; 32:654-664.e5. [PMID: 32882164 PMCID: PMC7544641 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is strongly associated with hepatic insulin resistance (HIR); however, the key lipid species and molecular mechanisms linking these conditions are widely debated. We developed a subcellular fractionation method to quantify diacylglycerol (DAG) stereoisomers and ceramides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria, plasma membrane (PM), lipid droplets, and cytosol. Acute knockdown (KD) of diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2 in liver induced HIR in rats. This was due to PM sn-1,2-DAG accumulation, which promoted PKCϵ activation and insulin receptor kinase (IRK)-T1160 phosphorylation, resulting in decreased IRK-Y1162 phosphorylation. Liver PM sn-1,2-DAG content and IRK-T1160 phosphorylation were also higher in humans with HIR. In rats, liver-specific PKCϵ KD ameliorated high-fat diet-induced HIR by lowering IRK-T1160 phosphorylation, while liver-specific overexpression of constitutively active PKCϵ-induced HIR by promoting IRK-T1160 phosphorylation. These data identify PM sn-1,2-DAGs as the key pool of lipids that activate PKCϵ and that hepatic PKCϵ is both necessary and sufficient in mediating HIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Lyu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Mario Kahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Kasper W Ter Horst
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcos R S Rodrigues
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; School of Medicine, State University of Ponta Grossa, Avenida General Carlos Cavalcanti, Ponta Grossa, PR 84030-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael C Gaspar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Science, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP 13484-350, Brazil
| | - Sandro M Hirabara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Postgraduate Interdisciplinary Program of Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, SP 01506-000, Brazil
| | - Panu K Luukkonen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Seohyuk Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | | | - Jesse Rinehart
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Niels Blume
- CV Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - Mireille J Serlie
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan S Bogan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Varman T Samuel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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10
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Goedeke L, Peng L, Montalvo-Romeral V, Butrico GM, Dufour S, Zhang XM, Perry RJ, Cline GW, Kievit P, Chng K, Petersen KF, Shulman GI. Controlled-release mitochondrial protonophore (CRMP) reverses dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis in dysmetabolic nonhuman primates. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/512/eaay0284. [PMID: 31578240 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is estimated to affect up to one-third of the general population, and new therapies are urgently required. Our laboratory previously developed a controlled-release mitochondrial protonophore (CRMP) that is functionally liver-targeted and promotes oxidation of hepatic triglycerides. Although we previously demonstrated that CRMP safely reverses hypertriglyceridemia, fatty liver, hepatic inflammation, and fibrosis in diet-induced rodent models of obesity, there remains a critical need to assess its safety and efficacy in a model highly relevant to humans. Here, we evaluated the impact of longer-term CRMP treatment on hepatic mitochondrial oxidation and on the reversal of hypertriglyceridemia, NAFLD, and insulin resistance in high-fat, fructose-fed cynomolgus macaques (n = 6) and spontaneously obese dysmetabolic rhesus macaques (n = 12). Using positional isotopomer nuclear magnetic resonance tracer analysis (PINTA), we demonstrated that acute CRMP treatment (single dose, 5 mg/kg) increased rates of hepatic mitochondrial fat oxidation by 40%. Six weeks of CRMP treatment reduced hepatic triglycerides in both nonhuman primate models independently of changes in body weight, food intake, body temperature, or adverse reactions. CRMP treatment was also associated with a 20 to 30% reduction in fasting plasma triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol in dysmetabolic nonhuman primates. Oral administration of CRMP reduced endogenous glucose production by 18%, attributable to a 20% reduction in hepatic acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) content [as assessed by whole-body β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB) turnover] and pyruvate carboxylase flux. Collectively, these studies provide proof-of-concept data to support the development of liver-targeted mitochondrial uncouplers for the treatment of metabolic syndrome in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Goedeke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | | | - Gina M Butrico
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Xian-Man Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Rachel J Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Paul Kievit
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Keefe Chng
- Crown Bioscience Louisiana Inc., New Iberia, LA 70560, USA
| | - Kitt Falk Petersen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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11
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Abulizi A, Vatner DF, Ye Z, Wang Y, Camporez JP, Zhang D, Kahn M, Lyu K, Sirwi A, Cline GW, Hussain MM, Aspichueta P, Samuel VT, Shulman GI. Membrane-bound sn-1,2-diacylglycerols explain the dissociation of hepatic insulin resistance from hepatic steatosis in MTTP knockout mice. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1565-1576. [PMID: 32907986 PMCID: PMC7707176 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) deficiency results in a syndrome of hypolipidemia and accelerated NAFLD. Animal models of decreased hepatic MTTP activity have revealed an unexplained dissociation between hepatic steatosis and hepatic insulin resistance. Here, we performed comprehensive metabolic phenotyping of liver-specific MTTP knockout (L-Mttp−/−) mice and age-weight matched wild-type control mice. Young (10–12-week-old) L-Mttp−/− mice exhibited hepatic steatosis and increased DAG content; however, the increase in hepatic DAG content was partitioned to the lipid droplet and was not increased in the plasma membrane. Young L-Mttp−/− mice also manifested normal hepatic insulin sensitivity, as assessed by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps, no PKCε activation, and normal hepatic insulin signaling from the insulin receptor through AKT Ser/Thr kinase. In contrast, aged (10-month-old) L-Mttp−/− mice exhibited glucose intolerance and hepatic insulin resistance along with an increase in hepatic plasma membrane sn-1,2-DAG content and PKCε activation. Treatment with a functionally liver-targeted mitochondrial uncoupler protected the aged L-Mttp−/− mice against the development of hepatic steatosis, increased plasma membrane sn-1,2-DAG content, PKCε activation, and hepatic insulin resistance. Furthermore, increased hepatic insulin sensitivity in the aged controlled-release mitochondrial protonophore-treated L-Mttp−/− mice was not associated with any reductions in hepatic ceramide content. Taken together, these data demonstrate that differences in the intracellular compartmentation of sn-1,2-DAGs in the lipid droplet versus plasma membrane explains the dissociation of NAFLD/lipid-induced hepatic insulin resistance in young L-Mttp−/− mice as well as the development of lipid-induced hepatic insulin resistance in aged L-Mttp−/− mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abudukadier Abulizi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel F Vatner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zhang Ye
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yongliang Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joao-Paulo Camporez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mario Kahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kun Lyu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alaa Sirwi
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Mineola, NY, USA
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Mineola, NY, USA; Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY, USA
| | - Patricia Aspichueta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain; Biocruces Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Varman T Samuel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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12
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Bini J, Carson RE, Cline GW. Reply: 11C-(+)-PHNO Trapping Reversibility for Quantitative PET Imaging of β-Cell Mass in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. J Nucl Med 2020; 61:1693. [PMID: 32620703 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.250985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Bini
- Yale University School of Medicine 801 Howard Ave., P.O. Box 208048 New Haven, CT E-mail:
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13
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Petersen KF, Dufour S, Cline GW, Shulman GI. Regulation of hepatic mitochondrial oxidation by glucose-alanine cycling during starvation in humans. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:4671-4675. [PMID: 31545298 DOI: 10.1172/jci129913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to determine whether the glucose-alanine cycle regulates rates of hepatic mitochondrial oxidation in humans, we applied positional isotopomer NMR tracer analysis (PINTA) to assess rates of hepatic mitochondrial oxidation and pyruvate carboxylase flux in healthy volunteers following both an overnight (12 hours) and a 60-hour fast. Following the 60-hour fast, rates of endogenous glucose production and mitochondrial oxidation decreased, whereas rates of hepatic pyruvate carboxylase flux remained unchanged. These reductions were associated with reduced rates of alanine turnover, assessed by [3-13C]alanine, in a subgroup of participants under similar fasting conditions. In order to determine whether this reduction in alanine turnover was responsible for the reduced rates of hepatic mitochondrial oxidation, we infused unlabeled alanine into another subgroup of 60-hour fasted subjects to increase rates of alanine turnover, similar to what was measured after a 12-hour fast, and found that this perturbation increased rates of hepatic mitochondrial oxidation. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that 60 hours of starvation induce marked reductions in rates of hepatic mitochondrial oxidation, which in turn can be attributed to reduced rates of glucose-alanine cycling, and reveal a heretofore undescribed role for glucose-alanine in the regulation of hepatic mitochondrial oxidation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Department of Medicine.,Yale Diabetes Research Center, and
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Medicine.,Yale Diabetes Research Center, and
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Medicine.,Yale Diabetes Research Center, and.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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14
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Luukkonen PK, Dufour S, Lyu K, Zhang XM, Hakkarainen A, Lehtimäki TE, Cline GW, Petersen KF, Shulman GI, Yki-Järvinen H. Effect of a ketogenic diet on hepatic steatosis and hepatic mitochondrial metabolism in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:7347-7354. [PMID: 32179679 PMCID: PMC7132133 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922344117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Weight loss by ketogenic diet (KD) has gained popularity in management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). KD rapidly reverses NAFLD and insulin resistance despite increasing circulating nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), the main substrate for synthesis of intrahepatic triglycerides (IHTG). To explore the underlying mechanism, we quantified hepatic mitochondrial fluxes and their regulators in humans by using positional isotopomer NMR tracer analysis. Ten overweight/obese subjects received stable isotope infusions of: [D7]glucose, [13C4]β-hydroxybutyrate and [3-13C]lactate before and after a 6-d KD. IHTG was determined by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). The KD diet decreased IHTG by 31% in the face of a 3% decrease in body weight and decreased hepatic insulin resistance (-58%) despite an increase in NEFA concentrations (+35%). These changes were attributed to increased net hydrolysis of IHTG and partitioning of the resulting fatty acids toward ketogenesis (+232%) due to reductions in serum insulin concentrations (-53%) and hepatic citrate synthase flux (-38%), respectively. The former was attributed to decreased hepatic insulin resistance and the latter to increased hepatic mitochondrial redox state (+167%) and decreased plasma leptin (-45%) and triiodothyronine (-21%) concentrations. These data demonstrate heretofore undescribed adaptations underlying the reversal of NAFLD by KD: That is, markedly altered hepatic mitochondrial fluxes and redox state to promote ketogenesis rather than synthesis of IHTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panu K Luukkonen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki 00290, Finland
- Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Yale Diabetes Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Kun Lyu
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Xian-Man Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Yale Diabetes Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Antti Hakkarainen
- Department of Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, 00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Tiina E Lehtimäki
- Department of Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Yale Diabetes Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Kitt Falk Petersen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Yale Diabetes Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520;
- Yale Diabetes Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Hannele Yki-Järvinen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki 00290, Finland;
- Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland
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15
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Perry RJ, Zhang D, Guerra MT, Brill AL, Goedeke L, Nasiri AR, Rabin-Court A, Wang Y, Peng L, Dufour S, Zhang Y, Zhang XM, Butrico GM, Toussaint K, Nozaki Y, Cline GW, Petersen KF, Nathanson MH, Ehrlich BE, Shulman GI. Glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis by INSP3R1-mediated hepatic lipolysis. Nature 2020; 579:279-283. [PMID: 32132708 PMCID: PMC7101062 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While it is well-established that alterations in the portal vein insulin/glucagon ratio play a major role in causing dysregulated hepatic glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes (T2D)1–3, the mechanisms by which glucagon alters hepatic glucose production and mitochondrial oxidation remain poorly understood. Here we show that glucagon stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis by increasing hepatic adipose triglyceride lipase activity, intrahepatic lipolysis, hepatic acetyl-CoA content, and pyruvate carboxylase flux, while also increasing mitochondrial fat oxidation, mediated by stimulation of the inositol triphosphate receptor-1 (InsP3R-I). Chronic physiological increases in plasma glucagon concentrations increased mitochondrial hepatic fat oxidation and reversed diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in rats and mice; however, the effect of chronic glucagon treatment to reverse hepatic steatosis and glucose intolerance was abrogated in InsP3R-I knockout mice. These results provide new insights into glucagon biology and suggest that InsP3R-I may be a novel therapeutic target to reverse nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mateus T Guerra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Allison L Brill
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Leigh Goedeke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ali R Nasiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aviva Rabin-Court
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yongliang Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xian-Man Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gina M Butrico
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Keshia Toussaint
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yuichi Nozaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kitt Falk Petersen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael H Nathanson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Barbara E Ehrlich
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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16
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Bini J, Sanchez-Rangel E, Gallezot JD, Naganawa M, Nabulsi N, Lim K, Najafzadeh S, Shirali A, Ropchan J, Matuskey D, Huang Y, Herold KC, Harris PE, Sherwin RS, Carson RE, Cline GW. PET Imaging of Pancreatic Dopamine D 2 and D 3 Receptor Density with 11C-(+)-PHNO in Type 1 Diabetes. J Nucl Med 2019; 61:570-576. [PMID: 31601695 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.234013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has traditionally been characterized by a complete destruction of β-cell mass (BCM); however, there is growing evidence of possible residual BCM present in T1DM. Given the absence of in vivo tools to measure BCM, routine clinical measures of β-cell function (e.g., C-peptide release) may not reflect BCM. We previously demonstrated the potential utility of PET imaging with the dopamine D2 and D3 receptor agonist 3,4,4a,5,6,10b-hexahydro-2H-naphtho[1,2-b][1,4]oxazin-9-ol (11C-(+)-PHNO) to differentiate between healthy control (HC) and T1DM individuals. Methods: Sixteen individuals participated (10 men, 6 women; 9 HCs, 7 T1DMs). The average duration of diabetes was 18 ± 6 y (range, 14-30 y). Individuals underwent PET/CT scanning with a 120-min dynamic PET scan centered on the pancreas. One- and 2-tissue-compartment models were used to estimate pancreas and spleen distribution volume. Reference region approaches (spleen as reference) were also investigated. Quantitative PET measures were correlated with clinical outcome measures. Immunohistochemistry was performed to examine colocalization of dopamine receptors with endocrine hormones in HC and T1DM pancreatic tissue. Results: C-peptide release was not detectable in any T1DM individuals, whereas proinsulin was detectable in 3 of 5 T1DM individuals. Pancreas SUV ratio minus 1 (SUVR-1) (20-30 min; spleen as reference region) demonstrated a statistically significant reduction (-36.2%) in radioligand binding (HCs, 5.6; T1DMs, 3.6; P = 0.03). Age at diagnosis correlated significantly with pancreas SUVR-1 (20-30 min) (R 2 = 0.67, P = 0.025). Duration of diabetes did not significantly correlate with pancreas SUVR-1 (20-30 min) (R 2 = 0.36, P = 0.16). Mean acute C-peptide response to arginine at maximal glycemic potentiation did not significantly correlate with SUVR-1 (20-30 min) (R 2 = 0.57, P = 0.05), nor did mean baseline proinsulin (R 2 = 0.45, P = 0.10). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated colocalization of dopamine D3 receptor and dopamine D2 receptor in HCs. No colocalization of the dopamine D3 receptor or dopamine D2 receptor was seen with somatostatin, glucagon, or polypeptide Y. In a separate T1DM individual, no immunostaining was seen with dopamine D3 receptor, dopamine D2 receptor, or insulin antibodies, suggesting that loss of endocrine dopamine D3 receptor and dopamine D2 receptor expression accompanies loss of β-cell functional insulin secretory capacity. Conclusion: Thirty-minute scan durations and SUVR-1 provide quantitative outcome measures for 11C-(+)-PHNO, a dopamine D3 receptor-preferring agonist PET radioligand, to differentiate BCM in T1DM and HCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Bini
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Elizabeth Sanchez-Rangel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | | | - Mika Naganawa
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Keunpoong Lim
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Anupama Shirali
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jim Ropchan
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David Matuskey
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yiyun Huang
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kevan C Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Paul E Harris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Robert S Sherwin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Richard E Carson
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
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17
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Albert AE, Adua SJ, Cai WL, Arnal-Estapé A, Cline GW, Liu Z, Zhao M, Cao PD, Mariappan M, Nguyen DX. Adaptive Protein Translation by the Integrated Stress Response Maintains the Proliferative and Migratory Capacity of Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:2343-2355. [PMID: 31551255 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The integrated stress response (ISR) is a conserved pathway that is activated by cells that are exposed to stress. In lung adenocarcinoma, activation of the ATF4 branch of the ISR by certain oncogenic mutations has been linked to the regulation of amino acid metabolism. In the present study, we provide evidence for ATF4 activation across multiple stages and molecular subtypes of human lung adenocarcinoma. In response to extracellular amino acid limitation, lung adenocarcinoma cells with diverse genotypes commonly induce ATF4 in an eIF2α-dependent manner, which can be blocked pharmacologically using an ISR inhibitor. Although suppressing eIF2α or ATF4 can trigger different biological consequences, adaptive cell-cycle progression and cell migration are particularly sensitive to inhibition of the ISR. These phenotypes require the ATF4 target gene asparagine synthetase (ASNS), which maintains protein translation independently of the mTOR/PI3K pathway. Moreover, NRF2 protein levels and oxidative stress can be modulated by the ISR downstream of ASNS. Finally, we demonstrate that ASNS controls the biosynthesis of select proteins, including the cell-cycle regulator cyclin B1, which are associated with poor lung adenocarcinoma patient outcome. Our findings uncover new regulatory layers of the ISR pathway and its control of proteostasis in lung cancer cells. IMPLICATIONS: We reveal novel regulatory mechanisms by which the ISR controls selective protein translation and is required for cell-cycle progression and migration of lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra E Albert
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sally J Adua
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Wesley L Cai
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Anna Arnal-Estapé
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Medicine (Internal Medicine), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Zongzhi Liu
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Minghui Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Paul D Cao
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Don X Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. .,Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Medicine (Medical Oncology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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18
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Camporez JP, Lyu K, Goldberg EL, Zhang D, Cline GW, Jurczak MJ, Dixit VD, Petersen KF, Shulman GI. Anti-inflammatory effects of oestrogen mediate the sexual dimorphic response to lipid-induced insulin resistance. J Physiol 2019; 597:3885-3903. [PMID: 31206703 DOI: 10.1113/jp277270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Oestrogen has been shown to play an important role in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in both human and rodent studies. Insulin sensitivity is greater in premenopausal women compared with age-matched men, and metabolism-related cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes are less frequent in these same women. Both female and male mice treated with oestradiol are protected against obesity-induced insulin resistance. The protection against obesity-induced insulin resistance is associated with reduced ectopic lipid content in liver and skeletal muscle. These results were associated with increased insulin-stimulated suppression of white adipose tissue lipolysis and reduced inflammation. ABSTRACT Oestrogen has been shown to play an important role in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in both human and rodent studies. Overall, females are protected against obesity-induced insulin resistance; yet, the mechanisms responsible for this protection are not well understood. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to evaluate the underlying mechanism(s) by which female mice are protected against obesity-induced insulin resistance compared with male mice. We studied male and female mice in age-matched or body weight-matched conditions. They were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or regular chow for 4 weeks. We also studied HFD male mice treated with oestradiol or vehicle. Both HFD female and HFD male mice treated with oestradiol displayed increased whole-body insulin sensitivity, associated with reduction in ectopic hepatic and muscle lipid content compared to HFD male mice. Reductions in ectopic lipid content in these mice were associated with increased insulin-stimulated suppression of white adipose tissue (WAT) lipolysis. Both HFD female and HFD male mice treated with oestradiol also displayed striking reductions in WAT inflammation, represented by reductions in plasma and adipose tissue tumour necrosis factor α and interleukin 6 concentrations. Taken together these data support the hypothesis that HFD female mice are protected from obesity-induced insulin resistance due to oestradiol-mediated reductions in WAT inflammation, leading to improved insulin-mediated suppression of WAT lipolysis and reduced ectopic lipid content in liver and skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Camporez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 05508-000
| | - Kun Lyu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Emily L Goldberg
- Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Michael J Jurczak
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Vishwa Deep Dixit
- Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Kitt Falk Petersen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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19
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Chen H, Nwe PK, Yang Y, Rosen CE, Bielecka AA, Kuchroo M, Cline GW, Kruse AC, Ring AM, Crawford JM, Palm NW. A Forward Chemical Genetic Screen Reveals Gut Microbiota Metabolites That Modulate Host Physiology. Cell 2019; 177:1217-1231.e18. [PMID: 31006530 PMCID: PMC6536006 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota produces tens of thousands of metabolites. Here, we used host sensing of small molecules by G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) as a lens to illuminate bioactive microbial metabolites that impact host physiology. We screened 144 human gut bacteria against the non-olfactory GPCRome and identified dozens of bacteria that activated both well-characterized and orphan GPCRs, including strains that converted dietary histidine into histamine and shaped colonic motility; a prolific producer of the essential amino acid L-Phe, which we identified as an agonist for GPR56 and GPR97; and a species that converted L-Phe into the potent psychoactive trace amine phenethylamine, which crosses the blood-brain barrier and triggers lethal phenethylamine poisoning after monoamine oxidase inhibitor administration. These studies establish an orthogonal approach for parsing the microbiota metabolome and uncover multiple biologically relevant host-microbiota metabolome interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Chen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Phu-Khat Nwe
- Chemical Biology Institute and Department of Chemistry, Yale University, West Haven and New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Connor E Rosen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Agata A Bielecka
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Manik Kuchroo
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew C Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron M Ring
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jason M Crawford
- Chemical Biology Institute and Department of Chemistry, Yale University, West Haven and New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Noah W Palm
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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20
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Abulizi A, Camporez JP, Jurczak MJ, Høyer KF, Zhang D, Cline GW, Samuel VT, Shulman GI, Vatner DF. Adipose glucocorticoid action influences whole-body metabolism via modulation of hepatic insulin action. FASEB J 2019; 33:8174-8185. [PMID: 30922125 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802706r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The connection between adipose glucocorticoid action and whole-body metabolism is incompletely understood. Thus, we generated adipose tissue-specific glucocorticoid receptor-knockout (Ad-GcR-/-) mice to explore potential mechanisms. Ad-GcR-/- mice had a lower concentration of fasting plasma nonesterified fatty acids and less hepatic steatosis. This was associated with increased protein kinase B phosphorylation and increased hepatic glycogen synthesis after an oral glucose challenge. High-fat diet (HFD)-fed Ad-GcR-/- mice were protected against the development of hepatic steatosis and diacylglycerol-PKCε-induced impairments in hepatic insulin signaling. Under hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic conditions, hepatic insulin response was ∼10-fold higher in HFD-fed Ad-GcR-/- mice. Insulin-mediated suppression of adipose lipolysis was improved by 40% in Ad-GcR-/- mice. Adipose triglyceride lipase expression was decreased and insulin-mediated perilipin dephosphorylation was increased in Ad-GcR-/- mice. In metabolic cages, food intake decreased by 3 kcal/kg per hour in Ad-GcR-/- mice. Therefore, physiologic adipose glucocorticoid action appears to drive hepatic lipid accumulation during stressors such as fasting. The resultant hepatic insulin resistance prevents hepatic glycogen synthesis, preserving glucose for glucose-dependent organs. Absence of adipose glucocorticoid action attenuates HFD-induced hepatic insulin resistance; potential explanations for reduction in hepatic steatosis include reductions in adipose lipolysis and food intake.-Abulizi, A., Camporez, J.-P., Jurczak, M. J., Høyer, K. F., Zhang, D., Cline, G. W., Samuel, V. T., Shulman, G. I., Vatner, D. F. Adipose glucocorticoid action influences whole-body metabolism via modulation of hepatic insulin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abudukadier Abulizi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - João-Paulo Camporez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michael J Jurczak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kasper F Høyer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Magnetic Resonance Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Varman T Samuel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Daniel F Vatner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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21
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Naganawa M, Lim K, Nabulsi NB, Lin SF, Labaree D, Ropchan J, Herold KC, Huang Y, Harris P, Ichise M, Cline GW, Carson RE. Evaluation of Pancreatic VMAT2 Binding with Active and Inactive Enantiomers of [ 18F]FP-DTBZ in Healthy Subjects and Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. Mol Imaging Biol 2019; 20:835-845. [PMID: 29468404 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies demonstrated the utility of [18F]fluoropropyl-(+)-dihydrotetrabenazine ([18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ) as a positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer for the vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) to quantify beta cell mass in healthy control (HC) and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) groups. Quantification of specific binding requires measurement of non-displaceable uptake. Our goal was to identify a reference tissue (renal cortex or spleen) to quantify pancreatic non-specific binding of [18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ with the inactive enantiomer, [18F]FP-(-)-DTBZ. This was the first human study of [18F]FP-(-)-DTBZ. PROCEDURES Six HCs and four T1DM patients were scanned on separate days after injection of [18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ or [18F]FP-(-)-DTBZ. Distribution volumes (VT) and standardized uptake values (SUVs) were compared between groups. Three methods for calculation of non-displaceable uptake (VND) or reference SUV were applied: (1) use of [18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ reference VT as VND, assuming VND is uniform across organs; (2) use of [18F]FP-(-)-DTBZ pancreatic VT as VND, assuming that VND is uniform between enantiomers in the pancreas; and (3) use of a scaled [18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ reference VT as VND, assuming that a ratio of non-displaceable uptake between organs is uniform between enantiomers. Group differences in VT (or SUV), binding potential (BPND), or SUV ratio (SUVR) were estimated using these three methods. RESULTS [18F]FP-(-)-DTBZ VT values were different among organs, and VT(+) and VT(-) were also different in the renal cortex and spleen. Method 3 with the spleen to estimate VND (or reference SUV) gave the highest non-displaceable uptake and the largest HC vs. T1DM group differences. Significant group differences were also observed in VT (or SUV) with method 1 using spleen. SUV was affected by differences in the input function between groups and between enantiomers. CONCLUSIONS Non-displaceable uptake was different among organs and between enantiomers. Use of scaled spleen VT values for VND is a suitable method for quantification of VMAT2 in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Naganawa
- Yale University, P.O. Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA.
| | - Keunpoong Lim
- Yale University, P.O. Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA
| | - Nabeel B Nabulsi
- Yale University, P.O. Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA
| | - Shu-Fei Lin
- Yale University, P.O. Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA
| | - David Labaree
- Yale University, P.O. Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA
| | - Jim Ropchan
- Yale University, P.O. Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA
| | - Kevan C Herold
- Yale University, P.O. Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Yale University, P.O. Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA
| | | | | | - Gary W Cline
- Yale University, P.O. Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- Yale University, P.O. Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA
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22
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Korner J, Cline GW, Slifstein M, Barba P, Rayat GR, Febres G, Leibel RL, Maffei A, Harris PE. A role for foregut tyrosine metabolism in glucose tolerance. Mol Metab 2019; 23:37-50. [PMID: 30876866 PMCID: PMC6479665 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We hypothesized that DA and L-DOPA derived from nutritional tyrosine and the resultant observed postprandial plasma excursions of L-DOPA and DA might affect glucose tolerance via their ability to be taken-up by beta cells and inhibit glucose-stimulated β-cell insulin secretion. Methods To investigate a possible circuit between meal-stimulated 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-DOPA) and dopamine (DA) production in the GI tract and pancreatic β-cells, we: 1) mapped GI mucosal expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC); 2) measured L-DOPA and DA content of GI mucosal tissues following meal challenges with different L-tyrosine (TYR) content, 3) determined whether meal TYR content impacts plasma insulin and glucose excursions; and 4) characterized postprandial plasma excursions of L-DOPA and DA in response to meal tyrosine content in rodents and a population of bariatric surgery patients. Next, we characterized: 1) the metabolic transformation of TYR and L-DOPA into DA in vitro using purified islet tissue; 2) the metabolic transformation of orally administrated stable isotope labeled TYR into pancreatic DA, and 3) using a nuclear medicine technique, we studied endocrine beta cells in situ release and binding of DA in response to a glucose challenge. Results We demonstrate in rodents that intestinal content and circulatory concentrations L-DOPA and DA, plasma glucose and insulin are responsive to the tyrosine (TYR) content of a test meal. Intestinal expression of two enzymes, Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and Aromatic Amino acid Decarboxylase (AADC), essential to the transformation of TYR to DA was mapped and the metabolism of metabolism of TYR to DA was traced in human islets and a rodent beta cell line in vitro and from gut to the pancreas in vivo. Lastly, we show that β cells secrete and bind DA in situ in response to glucose stimulation. Conclusions We provide proof-of-principle evidence for the existence of a novel postprandial circuit of glucose homeostasis dependent on nutritional tyrosine. DA and L-DOPA derived from nutritional tyrosine may serve to defend against hypoglycemia via inhibition of glucose-stimulated β-cell insulin secretion as proposed by the anti-incretin hypothesis. Nutritional tyrosine is metabolized to L DOPA and DA in the foregut. Postprandial L-DOPA and DA plasma concentrations rise in response to tyrosine. Oral stable isotope labeled tyrosine is found postprandially in the pancreas as DA. L-DOPA and DA are inhibitors of beta cell glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Postprandial L-DOPA and DA excursions are muted in certain bariatric surgery patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Korner
- Department of Medicine and the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Gary W Cline
- Yale Diabetes Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Mark Slifstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Pasquale Barba
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, Adriano Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Naples, IT 80131, Italy
| | - Gina R Rayat
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, Ray Rajotte Surgical-Medical Research Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1 CA, Canada
| | - Gerardo Febres
- Department of Medicine and the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Rudolph L Leibel
- Department of Medicine and the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Antonella Maffei
- Department of Medicine and the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Paul E Harris
- Department of Medicine and the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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23
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Madiraju AK, Qiu Y, Perry RJ, Rahimi Y, Zhang XM, Zhang D, Camporez JPG, Cline GW, Butrico GM, Kemp BE, Casals G, Steinberg GR, Vatner DF, Petersen KF, Shulman GI. Author Correction: Metformin inhibits gluconeogenesis via a redox-dependent mechanism in vivo. Nat Med 2019; 25:526-528. [PMID: 30733621 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the version of this article originally published, the VPC and VCS flux data shown in Fig. 6e,f were inadvertently duplicated from Fig. 5j,k. The correct data are now shown in Fig. 6e,f. In these corrected data, VPC flux in response to chronic oral metformin treatment was still significantly decreased (Fig. 6e), and there was still no impact of metformin on VCS flux (Fig. 6f). Therefore, the text describing these data remains the same and this correction does not change the conclusion of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anila K Madiraju
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yang Qiu
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rachel J Perry
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yasmeen Rahimi
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xian-Man Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gina M Butrico
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bruce E Kemp
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne & Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University Fitzroy, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gregori Casals
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel F Vatner
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kitt F Petersen
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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24
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Beddow SA, Gattu AK, Vatner DF, Paolella L, Alqarzaee A, Tashkandi N, Popov VB, Church CD, Rodeheffer MS, Cline GW, Geisler JG, Bhanot S, Samuel VT. PEPCK1 Antisense Oligonucleotide Prevents Adiposity and Impairs Hepatic Glycogen Synthesis in High-Fat Male Fed Rats. Endocrinology 2019; 160:205-219. [PMID: 30445425 PMCID: PMC6307100 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The increased hepatic gluconeogenesis in type 2 diabetes mellitus has often been ascribed to increased transcription of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1, cystolic form (PEPCK1), although recent evidence has questioned this attribution. To assess the metabolic role of PEPCK1, we treated regular chow fed and high-fat fed (HFF) male Sprague-Dawley rats with a 2'-O-methoxyethyl chimeric antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) against PEPCK1 and compared them with control ASO-treated rats. PEPCK1 ASO effectively decreased PEPCK1 expression in the liver and white adipose tissue. In chow fed rats, PEPCK1 ASO did not alter adiposity, plasma glucose, or insulin. In contrast, PEPCK1 ASO decreased the white adipose tissue mass in HFF rats but without altering basal rates of lipolysis, de novo lipogenesis, or glyceroneogenesis in vivo. Despite the protection from adiposity, hepatic insulin sensitivity was impaired in HFF PEPCK1 ASO-treated rats. PEPCK1 ASO worsened hepatic steatosis, although without additional impairments in hepatic insulin signaling or activation of inflammatory signals in the liver. Instead, the development of hepatic insulin resistance and the decrease in hepatic glycogen synthesis during a hyperglycemic clamp was attributed to a decrease in hepatic glucokinase (GCK) expression and decreased synthesis of glycogen via the direct pathway. The decrease in GCK expression was associated with increased expression of activating transcription factor 3, a negative regulator of GCK transcription. These studies have demonstrated that PEPCK1 is integral to coordinating cellular metabolism in the liver and adipose tissue, although it does not directly effect hepatic glucose production or adipose glyceroneogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Beddow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- West Haven Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Arijeet K Gattu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- West Haven Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Daniel F Vatner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lauren Paolella
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- West Haven Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Nedda Tashkandi
- West Haven Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Violeta B Popov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Christopher D Church
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | | | - Varman T Samuel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- West Haven Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut
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25
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Cline GW, McCarthy TJ, Carson RE, Calle RA. Clinical and scientific value in the pursuit of quantification of beta cells in the pancreas by PET imaging. Diabetologia 2018; 61:2671-2673. [PMID: 30136144 PMCID: PMC6219921 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4718-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Cline
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | | | - Richard E Carson
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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26
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Cline GW, Naganawa M, Chen L, Chidsey K, Carvajal-Gonzalez S, Pawlak S, Rossulek M, Zhang Y, Bini J, McCarthy TJ, Carson RE, Calle RA. Decreased VMAT2 in the pancreas of humans with type 2 diabetes mellitus measured in vivo by PET imaging. Diabetologia 2018; 61:2598-2607. [PMID: 29721633 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4624-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The progressive loss of beta cell function is part of the natural history of type 2 diabetes. Autopsy studies suggest that this is, in part, due to loss of beta cell mass (BCM), but this has not been confirmed in vivo. Non-invasive methods to quantify BCM may contribute to a better understanding of type 2 diabetes pathophysiology and the development of therapeutic strategies. In humans, the localisation of vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) in beta cells and pancreatic polypeptide cells, with minimal expression in other exocrine or endocrine pancreatic cells, has led to its development as a measure of BCM. We used the VMAT2 tracer [18F]fluoropropyl-(+)-dihydrotetrabenazine to quantify BCM in humans with impaired glucose tolerance (prediabetes) or type 2 diabetes, and in healthy obese volunteers (HOV). METHODS Dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) data were obtained for 4 h with metabolite-corrected arterial blood measurement in 16 HOV, five prediabetic and 17 type 2 diabetic participants. Eleven participants (six HOV and five with type 2 diabetes) underwent two abdominal PET/computed tomography (CT) scans for the assessment of test-retest variability. Standardised uptake value ratio (SUVR) was calculated in pancreatic subregions (head, body and tail), with the spleen as a reference region to determine non-specific tracer uptake at 3-4 h. The outcome measure SUVR minus 1 (SUVR-1) accounts for non-specific tracer uptake. Functional beta cell capacity was assessed by C-peptide release following standard (arginine stimulus test [AST]) and acute insulin response to the glucose-enhanced AST (AIRargMAX). Pearson correlation analysis was performed between the binding variables and the C-peptide AUC post-AST and post-AIRargMAX. RESULTS Absolute test-retest variability (aTRV) was ≤15% for all regions. Variability and overlap of SUVR-1 was measured in all groups; HOV and participants with prediabetes and with type 2 diabetes. SUVR-1 showed significant positive correlations with AIRargMAX (all groups) in all pancreas subregions (whole pancreas p = 0.009 and pancreas head p = 0.009; body p = 0.019 and tail p = 0.023). SUVR-1 inversely correlated with HbA1c (all groups) in the whole pancreas (p = 0.033) and pancreas head (p = 0.008). SUVR-1 also inversely correlated with years since diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in the pancreas head (p = 0.049) and pancreas tail (p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The observed correlations of VMAT2 density in the pancreas and pancreas regions with years since diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, glycaemic control and beta cell function suggest that loss of BCM contributes to deficient insulin secretion in humans with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Cline
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Mika Naganawa
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jason Bini
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | | | - Richard E Carson
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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27
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Goedeke L, Bates J, Vatner DF, Perry RJ, Wang T, Ramirez R, Li L, Ellis MW, Zhang D, Wong KE, Beysen C, Cline GW, Ray AS, Shulman GI. Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Inhibition Reverses NAFLD and Hepatic Insulin Resistance but Promotes Hypertriglyceridemia in Rodents. Hepatology 2018; 68:2197-2211. [PMID: 29790582 PMCID: PMC6251774 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacologic inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) enzymes, ACC1 and ACC2, offers an attractive therapeutic strategy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through simultaneous inhibition of fatty acid synthesis and stimulation of fatty acid oxidation. However, the effects of ACC inhibition on hepatic mitochondrial oxidation, anaplerosis, and ketogenesis in vivo are unknown. Here, we evaluated the effect of a liver-directed allosteric inhibitor of ACC1 and ACC2 (Compound 1) on these parameters, as well as glucose and lipid metabolism, in control and diet-induced rodent models of NAFLD. Oral administration of Compound 1 preferentially inhibited ACC enzymatic activity in the liver, reduced hepatic malonyl-CoA levels, and enhanced hepatic ketogenesis by 50%. Furthermore, administration for 6 days to high-fructose-fed rats resulted in a 20% reduction in hepatic de novo lipogenesis. Importantly, long-term treatment (21 days) significantly reduced high-fat sucrose diet-induced hepatic steatosis, protein kinase C epsilon activation, and hepatic insulin resistance. ACCi treatment was associated with a significant increase in plasma triglycerides (approximately 30% to 130%, depending on the length of fasting). ACCi-mediated hypertriglyceridemia could be attributed to approximately a 15% increase in hepatic very low-density lipoprotein production and approximately a 20% reduction in triglyceride clearance by lipoprotein lipase (P ≤ 0.05). At the molecular level, these changes were associated with increases in liver X receptor/sterol response element-binding protein-1 and decreases in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α target activation and could be reversed with fenofibrate co-treatment in a high-fat diet mouse model. Conclusion: Collectively, these studies warrant further investigation into the therapeutic utility of liver-directed ACC inhibition for the treatment of NAFLD and hepatic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Goedeke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, 06520
| | | | - Daniel F. Vatner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, 06520
| | - Rachel J. Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, 06520
| | - Ting Wang
- Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City CA 94404
| | | | - Li Li
- Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City CA 94404
| | - Matthew W. Ellis
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT 06520
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, 06520
| | | | | | - Gary W. Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, 06520
| | | | - Gerald I. Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, 06520,Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT 06520,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT 06520
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28
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Araldi E, Fernández-Fuertes M, Canfrán-Duque A, Tang W, Cline GW, Madrigal-Matute J, Pober JS, Lasunción MA, Wu D, Fernández-Hernando C, Suárez Y. Lanosterol Modulates TLR4-Mediated Innate Immune Responses in Macrophages. Cell Rep 2018; 19:2743-2755. [PMID: 28658622 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages perform critical functions in both innate immunity and cholesterol metabolism. Here, we report that activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in macrophages causes lanosterol, the first sterol intermediate in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, to accumulate. This effect is due to type I interferon (IFN)-dependent histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) transcriptional repression of lanosterol-14α-demethylase, the gene product of Cyp51A1. Lanosterol accumulation in macrophages, because of either treatment with ketoconazole or induced conditional disruption of Cyp51A1 in mouse macrophages in vitro, decreases IFNβ-mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1-STAT2 activation and IFNβ-stimulated gene expression. These effects translate into increased survival to endotoxemic shock by reducing cytokine secretion. In addition, lanosterol accumulation increases membrane fluidity and ROS production, thus potentiating phagocytosis and the ability to kill bacteria. This improves resistance of mice to Listeria monocytogenes infection by increasing bacterial clearance in the spleen and liver. Overall, our data indicate that lanosterol is an endogenous selective regulator of macrophage immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Araldi
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Marta Fernández-Fuertes
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Alberto Canfrán-Duque
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRyCIS, Madrid y CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Wenwen Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Julio Madrigal-Matute
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jordan S Pober
- Department of Immunobiology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Miguel A Lasunción
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRyCIS, Madrid y CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dianqing Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Carlos Fernández-Hernando
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Yajaira Suárez
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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29
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Bini J, Naganawa M, Nabulsi N, Huang Y, Ropchan J, Lim K, Najafzadeh S, Herold KC, Cline GW, Carson RE. Evaluation of PET Brain Radioligands for Imaging Pancreatic β-Cell Mass: Potential Utility of 11C-(+)-PHNO. J Nucl Med 2018; 59:1249-1254. [PMID: 29371405 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.197285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is characterized by a loss of β-cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas and subsequent deficient insulin secretion in response to hyperglycemia. Development of an in vivo test to measure β-cell mass (BCM) would greatly enhance the ability to track diabetes therapies. β-cells and neurologic tissues have common cellular receptors and transporters, therefore, we screened brain radioligands for their ability to identify β-cells. Methods: We examined a β-cell gene atlas for endocrine pancreas receptor targets and cross-referenced these targets with brain radioligands that were available at our institution. Twelve healthy control subjects and 2 T1DM subjects underwent dynamic PET/CT scans with 6 tracers. Results: The D2/D3 receptor agonist radioligand 11C-(+)-4-propyl-9-hydroxynaphthoxazine (PHNO) was the only radioligand to demonstrate sustained uptake in the pancreas with high contrast versus abdominal organs such as the kidneys, liver, and spleen, based on the first 30 min of data. Mean SUV from 20 to 30 min demonstrated high uptake of 11C-(+)-PHNO in healthy controls (SUV, 13.8) with a 71% reduction in a T1DM subject with undetectable levels of C-peptide (SUV, 4.0) and a 20% reduction in a T1DM subject with fasting C-peptide level of 0.38 ng/mL (SUV, 11.0). SUV in abdominal organs outside the pancreas did not show measurable differences between the control and T1DM subjects, suggesting that the changes in SUV of 11C-(+)-PHNO may be specific to changes in the pancreas between healthy controls and T1DM subjects. When D3 and D2 antagonists were used in nonhuman primates, specific pancreatic binding (SUVR-1) of 11C-PHNO was reduced by 57% and 38%, respectively. Conclusion:11C-(+)-PHNO is a potential marker of BCM, with 2:1 binding of D3 receptors over D2 receptors. Further in vitro and in vivo studies to establish D2/D3 receptor specificity to β-cells is warranted to characterize 11C-(+)-PHNO as a candidate for clinical measurement of BCM in healthy control and diabetic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Bini
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT; and
| | - Mika Naganawa
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Yiyun Huang
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jim Ropchan
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Keunpoong Lim
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Kevan C Herold
- Department of Immunobiology and Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Immunobiology and Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Richard E Carson
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT; and
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30
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Perry RJ, Peng L, Cline GW, Wang Y, Rabin-Court A, Song JD, Zhang D, Zhang XM, Nozaki Y, Dufour S, Petersen KF, Shulman GI. Mechanisms by which a Very-Low-Calorie Diet Reverses Hyperglycemia in a Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes. Cell Metab 2018; 27:210-217.e3. [PMID: 29129786 PMCID: PMC5762419 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Caloric restriction rapidly reverses type 2 diabetes (T2D), but the mechanism(s) of this reversal are poorly understood. Here we show that 3 days of a very-low-calorie diet (VLCD, one-quarter their typical intake) lowered plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in a rat model of T2D without altering body weight. The lower plasma glucose was associated with a 30% reduction in hepatic glucose production resulting from suppression of both gluconeogenesis from pyruvate carboxylase (VPC), explained by a reduction in hepatic acetyl-CoA content, and net hepatic glycogenolysis. In addition, VLCD resulted in reductions in hepatic triglyceride and diacylglycerol content and PKCɛ translocation, associated with improved hepatic insulin sensitivity. Taken together, these data show that there are pleotropic mechanisms by which VLCD reverses hyperglycemia in a rat model of T2D, including reduced DAG-PKCɛ-induced hepatic insulin resistance, reduced hepatic glycogenolysis, and reduced hepatic acetyl-CoA content, PC flux, and gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yongliang Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Aviva Rabin-Court
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Joongyu D Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xian-Man Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yuichi Nozaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kitt Falk Petersen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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31
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Perry RJ, Wang Y, Cline GW, Rabin-Court A, Song JD, Dufour S, Zhang XM, Petersen KF, Shulman GI. Leptin Mediates a Glucose-Fatty Acid Cycle to Maintain Glucose Homeostasis in Starvation. Cell 2018; 172:234-248.e17. [PMID: 29307489 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The transition from the fed to the fasted state necessitates a shift from carbohydrate to fat metabolism that is thought to be mostly orchestrated by reductions in plasma insulin concentrations. Here, we show in awake rats that insulinopenia per se does not cause this transition but that both hypoleptinemia and insulinopenia are necessary. Furthermore, we show that hypoleptinemia mediates a glucose-fatty acid cycle through activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, resulting in increased white adipose tissue (WAT) lipolysis rates and increased hepatic acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) content, which are essential to maintain gluconeogenesis during starvation. We also show that in prolonged starvation, substrate limitation due to reduced rates of glucose-alanine cycling lowers rates of hepatic mitochondrial anaplerosis, oxidation, and gluconeogenesis. Taken together, these data identify a leptin-mediated glucose-fatty acid cycle that integrates responses of the muscle, WAT, and liver to promote a shift from carbohydrate to fat oxidation and maintain glucose homeostasis during starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yongliang Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Aviva Rabin-Court
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Joongyu D Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xian Man Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kitt Falk Petersen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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32
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Wilson KA, Han Y, Zhang M, Hess JP, Chapman KA, Cline GW, Tochtrop GP, Brunengraber H, Zhang GF. Inter-relations between 3-hydroxypropionate and propionate metabolism in rat liver: relevance to disorders of propionyl-CoA metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 313:E413-E428. [PMID: 28634175 PMCID: PMC5668600 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00105.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Propionate, 3-hydroxypropionate (3HP), methylcitrate, related compounds, and ammonium accumulate in body fluids of patients with disorders of propionyl-CoA metabolism, such as propionic acidemia. Although liver transplantation alleviates hyperammonemia, high concentrations of propionate, 3HP, and methylcitrate persist in body fluids. We hypothesized that conserved metabolic perturbations occurring in transplanted patients result from the simultaneous presence of propionate and 3HP in body fluids. We investigated the inter-relations of propionate and 3HP metabolism in perfused livers from normal rats using metabolomic and stable isotopic technologies. In the presence of propionate, 3HP, or both, we observed the following metabolic perturbations. First, the citric acid cycle (CAC) is overloaded but does not provide sufficient reducing equivalents to the respiratory chain to maintain the homeostasis of adenine nucleotides. Second, there is major CoA trapping in the propionyl-CoA pathway and a tripling of liver total CoA within 1 h. Third, liver proteolysis is stimulated. Fourth, propionate inhibits the conversion of 3HP to acetyl-CoA and its oxidation in the CAC. Fifth, some propionate and some 3HP are converted to nephrotoxic maleate by different processes. Our data have implications for the clinical management of propionic acidemia. They also emphasize the perturbations of the liver intermediary metabolism induced by supraphysiological, i.e., millimolar, concentrations of labeled propionate used to trace the intermediary metabolism, in particular, inhibition of CAC flux and major decreases in the [ATP]/[ADP] and [ATP]/[AMP] ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirkland A Wilson
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Yong Han
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Miaoqi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jeremy P Hess
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kimberly A Chapman
- Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
- George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Gregory P Tochtrop
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Henri Brunengraber
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio;
| | - Guo-Fang Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Perry RJ, Peng L, Cline GW, Petersen KF, Shulman GI. A Non-invasive Method to Assess Hepatic Acetyl-CoA In Vivo. Cell Metab 2017; 25:749-756. [PMID: 28111213 PMCID: PMC5342911 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) is a critical metabolic signaling molecule that regulates gluconeogenesis, pyruvate oxidation, protein acetylation, and steroid and fatty acid biosynthesis; however, measurements of this metabolite using standard biochemical approaches are technically demanding, and there is currently no method to non-invasively assess hepatic acetyl-CoA content in vivo. To this end, we developed and validated a method to non-invasively detect differences in hepatic acetyl-CoA content in vivo across a 5-fold range of physiological acetyl-CoA concentrations by assessing the turnover of [13C4]β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB). Here, we show a strong correlation (R2 = 0.86, p < 0.0001) between hepatic acetyl-CoA content and β-OHB turnover in rats with varying degrees of fasting hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. These studies demonstrate that β-OHB turnover can be used as a surrogate to non-invasively assess hepatic acetyl-CoA content, thereby allowing researchers to further elucidate the role of this metabolite in the regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis and other metabolic processes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Kitt Falk Petersen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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Perry RJ, Peng L, Abulizi A, Kennedy L, Cline GW, Shulman GI. Mechanism for leptin's acute insulin-independent effect to reverse diabetic ketoacidosis. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:657-669. [PMID: 28112679 DOI: 10.1172/jci88477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which leptin reverses diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is unknown. We examined the acute insulin-independent effects of leptin replacement therapy in a streptozotocin-induced rat model of DKA. Leptin infusion reduced rates of lipolysis, hepatic glucose production (HGP), and hepatic ketogenesis by 50% within 6 hours and were independent of any changes in plasma glucagon concentrations; these effects were abrogated by coinfusion of corticosterone. Treating leptin- and corticosterone-infused rats with an adipose triglyceride lipase inhibitor blocked corticosterone-induced increases in plasma glucose concentrations and rates of HGP and ketogenesis. Similarly, adrenalectomized type 1 diabetic (T1D) rats exhibited decreased rates of lipolysis, HGP, and ketogenesis; these effects were reversed by corticosterone infusion. Leptin-induced decreases in lipolysis, HGP, and ketogenesis in DKA were also nullified by relatively small increases (15 to 70 pM) in plasma insulin concentrations. In contrast, the chronic glucose-lowering effect of leptin in a STZ-induced mouse model of poorly controlled T1D was associated with decreased food intake, reduced plasma glucagon and corticosterone concentrations, and decreased ectopic lipid (triacylglycerol/diacylglycerol) content in liver and muscle. Collectively, these studies demonstrate marked differences in the acute insulin-independent effects by which leptin reverses fasting hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis in a rodent model of DKA versus the chronic pleotropic effects by which leptin reverses hyperglycemia in a non-DKA rodent model of T1D.
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Naganawa M, Lin SF, Lim K, Labaree D, Ropchan J, Harris P, Huang Y, Ichise M, Carson RE, Cline GW. Evaluation of pancreatic VMAT2 binding with active and inactive enantiomers of 18F-FP-DTBZ in baboons. Nucl Med Biol 2016; 43:743-751. [PMID: 27673755 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 18F-Fluoropropyl-(+)-dihydrotetrabenazine (18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ) is a vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) radiotracer for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to quantify human β-cell mass. Renal cortex and spleen have been suggested as reference regions, however, little is known about 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ binding in these regions including the fraction of radiometabolite. We compared the kinetics of 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ and its inactive enantiomer 18F-FP-(-)-DTBZ in baboons, estimated the non-displaceable binding (VND) of the tracers, and used ex vivo studies to measure radiometabolite fractions. METHODS PET scans were conducted for up to 4h with (+) and (-) enantiomers. Displacement experiments using unlabeled (+) and (-) enantiomers of FP-DTBZ and fluvoxamine (to evaluate sigma-1 receptor binding) were performed. SUV curves were used to calculate displacement values in the pancreas, renal cortex, and spleen. Distribution volumes (VT) were computed, and three approaches for calculation of VND were compared: (1) 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ reference VT, (2) 18F-FP-(-)-DTBZ pancreatic VT, and (3) a scaled 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ reference VT values. Ex vivo study was conducted to measure radiometabolite fraction in homogenized tissue samples from baboons at 90min post-injection. RESULTS Spleen uptake was lowest for both tracers. Highest uptake was in the pancreas with 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ and renal cortex with 18F-FP-(-)-DTBZ. Substantial displacement effect was observed only with unlabeled FP-(+)-DTBZ in the 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ studies. Radiometabolite fraction was higher in the renal cortex than the spleen. Approaches (1) and (3) with spleen to estimate VND provided lowest inter-subject variability of BPND. CONCLUSIONS VT differences among organs and between enantiomers indicated that scaling of reference region values is needed for quantification of VMAT2 binding in the pancreas with 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ. Since the kidney PET signal has greater partial volume averaging and more radiometabolites, the spleen was considered a more practical candidate for use as a scaled-reference region in the quantification of 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Naganawa
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, United States, 06520
| | - Shu-Fei Lin
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, United States, 06520
| | - Keunpoong Lim
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, United States, 06520
| | - David Labaree
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, United States, 06520
| | - Jim Ropchan
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, United States, 06520
| | - Paul Harris
- Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, United States, 06520
| | | | - Richard E Carson
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, United States, 06520
| | - Gary W Cline
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, United States, 06520
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Costa DK, Huckestein BR, Edmunds LR, Petersen MC, Nasiri A, Butrico GM, Abulizi A, Harmon DB, Lu C, Mantell BS, Hartman DJ, Camporez JPG, O'Doherty RM, Cline GW, Shulman GI, Jurczak MJ. Reduced intestinal lipid absorption and body weight-independent improvements in insulin sensitivity in high-fat diet-fed Park2 knockout mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E105-16. [PMID: 27166280 PMCID: PMC4967148 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00042.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with many human diseases and results from mismatch of damage and repair over the life of the organelle. PARK2 is a ubiquitin E3 ligase that regulates mitophagy, a repair mechanism that selectively degrades damaged mitochondria. Deletion of PARK2 in multiple in vivo models results in susceptibility to stress-induced mitochondrial and cellular dysfunction. Surprisingly, Park2 knockout (KO) mice are protected from nutritional stress and do not develop obesity, hepatic steatosis or insulin resistance when fed a high-fat diet (HFD). However, these phenomena are casually related and the physiological basis for this phenotype is unknown. We therefore undertook a series of acute HFD studies to more completely understand the physiology of Park2 KO during nutritional stress. We find that intestinal lipid absorption is impaired in Park2 KO mice as evidenced by increased fecal lipids and reduced plasma triglycerides after intragastric fat challenge. Park2 KO mice developed hepatic steatosis in response to intravenous lipid infusion as well as during incubation of primary hepatocytes with fatty acids, suggesting that hepatic protection from nutritional stress was secondary to changes in energy balance due to altered intestinal triglyceride absorption. Park2 KO mice showed reduced adiposity after 1-wk HFD, as well as improved hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity. These studies suggest that changes in intestinal lipid absorption may play a primary role in protection from nutritional stress in Park2 KO mice by preventing HFD-induced weight gain and highlight the need for tissue-specific models to address the role of PARK2 during metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana K Costa
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Brydie R Huckestein
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lia R Edmunds
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Max C Petersen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ali Nasiri
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gina M Butrico
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Abudukadier Abulizi
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Daniel B Harmon
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Canying Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Benjamin S Mantell
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Douglas J Hartman
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Robert M O'Doherty
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Center for Metabolic and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Michael J Jurczak
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Center for Metabolic and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Pesta DH, Tsirigotis DN, Befroy DE, Caballero D, Jurczak MJ, Rahimi Y, Cline GW, Dufour S, Birkenfeld AL, Rothman DL, Carpenter TO, Insogna K, Petersen KF, Bergwitz C, Shulman GI. Hypophosphatemia promotes lower rates of muscle ATP synthesis. FASEB J 2016; 30:3378-3387. [PMID: 27338702 PMCID: PMC5024687 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600473r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypophosphatemia can lead to muscle weakness and respiratory and heart failure, but the mechanism is unknown. To address this question, we noninvasively assessed rates of muscle ATP synthesis in hypophosphatemic mice by using in vivo saturation transfer [31P]-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. By using this approach, we found that basal and insulin-stimulated rates of muscle ATP synthetic flux (VATP) and plasma inorganic phosphate (Pi) were reduced by 50% in mice with diet-induced hypophosphatemia as well as in sodium-dependent Pi transporter solute carrier family 34, member 1 (NaPi2a)-knockout (NaPi2a-/-) mice compared with their wild-type littermate controls. Rates of VATP normalized in both hypophosphatemic groups after restoring plasma Pi concentrations. Furthermore, VATP was directly related to cellular and mitochondrial Pi uptake in L6 and RC13 rodent myocytes and isolated muscle mitochondria. Similar findings were observed in a patient with chronic hypophosphatemia as a result of a mutation in SLC34A3 who had a 50% reduction in both serum Pi content and muscle VATP After oral Pi repletion and normalization of serum Pi levels, muscle VATP completely normalized in the patient. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that decreased muscle ATP synthesis, in part, may be caused by low blood Pi concentrations, which may explain some aspects of muscle weakness observed in patients with hypophosphatemia.-Pesta, D. H., Tsirigotis, D. N., Befroy, D. E., Caballero, D., Jurczak, M. J., Rahimi, Y., Cline, G. W., Dufour, S., Birkenfeld, A. L., Rothman, D. L., Carpenter, T. O., Insogna, K., Petersen, K. F., Bergwitz, C., Shulman, G. I. Hypophosphatemia promotes lower rates of muscle ATP synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik H Pesta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dimitrios N Tsirigotis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Douglas E Befroy
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Daniel Caballero
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michael J Jurczak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yasmeen Rahimi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Douglas L Rothman
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Thomas O Carpenter
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; and
| | - Karl Insogna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kitt Falk Petersen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Clemens Bergwitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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38
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Perry RJ, Borders CB, Cline GW, Zhang XM, Alves TC, Petersen KF, Rothman DL, Kibbey RG, Shulman GI. Propionate Increases Hepatic Pyruvate Cycling and Anaplerosis and Alters Mitochondrial Metabolism. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12161-70. [PMID: 27002151 PMCID: PMC4933266 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.720631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, pyruvate kinase (PK) plays a key role in regulating the balance between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis; however, in vivo regulation of PK flux by gluconeogenic hormones and substrates is poorly understood. To this end, we developed a novel NMR-liquid chromatography/tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to directly assess pyruvate cycling relative to mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism (VPyr-Cyc/VMito) in vivo using [3-(13)C]lactate as a tracer. Using this approach, VPyr-Cyc/VMito was only 6% in overnight fasted rats. In contrast, when propionate was infused simultaneously at doses previously used as a tracer, it increased VPyr-Cyc/VMito by 20-30-fold, increased hepatic TCA metabolite concentrations 2-3-fold, and increased endogenous glucose production rates by 20-100%. The physiologic stimuli, glucagon and epinephrine, both increased hepatic glucose production, but only glucagon suppressed VPyr-Cyc/VMito These data show that under fasting conditions, when hepatic gluconeogenesis is stimulated, pyruvate recycling is relatively low in liver compared with VMito flux and that liver metabolism, in particular pyruvate cycling, is sensitive to propionate making it an unsuitable tracer to assess hepatic glycolytic, gluconeogenic, and mitochondrial metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kitt Falk Petersen
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK 1017, Denmark
| | - Douglas L Rothman
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, and
| | - Richard G Kibbey
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Physiology, and
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK 1017, Denmark Cellular and Molecular Physiology, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519,
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Haskins JW, Zhang S, Means RE, Kelleher JK, Cline GW, Canfrán-Duque A, Suárez Y, Stern DF. Neuregulin-activated ERBB4 induces the SREBP-2 cholesterol biosynthetic pathway and increases low-density lipoprotein uptake. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra111. [PMID: 26535009 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aac5124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a lipid that is critical for steroid hormone production and the integrity of cellular membranes, and, as such, it is essential for cell growth. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family member ERBB4, which forms signaling complexes with other EGFR family members, can undergo ligand-induced proteolytic cleavage to release a soluble intracellular domain (ICD) that enters the nucleus to modify transcription. We found that ERBB4 activates sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) to enhance low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake and cholesterol biosynthesis. Expression of the ERBB4 ICD in mammary epithelial cells or activation of ERBB4 with the ligand neuregulin 1 (NRG1) induced the expression of SREBP target genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis, including HMGCR and HMGCS1, and lipid uptake, LDLR, which encodes the LDL receptor. Addition of NRG1 increased the abundance of the cleaved, mature form of SREBP-2 through a pathway that was blocked by addition of inhibitors of PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) or dual inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2, but not by inhibition of AKT or mTORC1. Pharmacological inhibition of the activity of SREBP site 1 protease or of all EGFR family members (with lapatinib), but not EGFR alone (with erlotinib), impaired NRG1-induced expression of cholesterol biosynthesis genes. Collectively, our findings indicated that activation of ERBB4 promotes SREBP-2-regulated cholesterol metabolism. The connections of EGFR and ERBB4 signaling with SREBP-2-regulated cholesterol metabolism are likely to be important in ERBB-regulated developmental processes and may contribute to metabolic remodeling in ERBB-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Haskins
- Department of Pathology and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Shannon Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Robert E Means
- Department of Pathology and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Joanne K Kelleher
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Alberto Canfrán-Duque
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yajaira Suárez
- Department of Pathology and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - David F Stern
- Department of Pathology and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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40
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Perry RJ, Camporez JPG, Kursawe R, Titchenell PM, Zhang D, Perry CJ, Jurczak MJ, Abudukadier A, Han MS, Zhang XM, Ruan HB, Yang X, Caprio S, Kaech SM, Sul HS, Birnbaum MJ, Davis RJ, Cline GW, Petersen KF, Shulman GI. Hepatic acetyl CoA links adipose tissue inflammation to hepatic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Cell 2015; 160:745-758. [PMID: 25662011 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Impaired insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production (HGP) plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D), yet the molecular mechanism by which this occurs remains unknown. Using a novel in vivo metabolomics approach, we show that the major mechanism by which insulin suppresses HGP is through reductions in hepatic acetyl CoA by suppression of lipolysis in white adipose tissue (WAT) leading to reductions in pyruvate carboxylase flux. This mechanism was confirmed in mice and rats with genetic ablation of insulin signaling and mice lacking adipose triglyceride lipase. Insulin's ability to suppress hepatic acetyl CoA, PC activity, and lipolysis was lost in high-fat-fed rats, a phenomenon reversible by IL-6 neutralization and inducible by IL-6 infusion. Taken together, these data identify WAT-derived hepatic acetyl CoA as the main regulator of HGP by insulin and link it to inflammation-induced hepatic insulin resistance associated with obesity and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Perry
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | - Romy Kursawe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Paul M Titchenell
- The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Curtis J Perry
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Michael J Jurczak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | - Myoung Sook Han
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Xian-Man Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Hai-Bin Ruan
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xiaoyong Yang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sonia Caprio
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Susan M Kaech
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Hei Sook Sul
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Morris J Birnbaum
- The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Roger J Davis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kitt Falk Petersen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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41
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Colegio OR, Chu NQ, Szabo AL, Chu T, Rhebergen AM, Jairam V, Cyrus N, Brokowski CE, Eisenbarth SC, Phillips GM, Cline GW, Phillips AJ, Medzhitov R. Functional polarization of tumour-associated macrophages by tumour-derived lactic acid. Nature 2014; 513:559-63. [PMID: 25043024 DOI: 10.1038/nature13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1802] [Impact Index Per Article: 180.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages have an important role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. To perform this function, macrophages must have the capacity to monitor the functional states of their 'client cells': namely, the parenchymal cells in the various tissues in which macrophages reside. Tumours exhibit many features of abnormally developed organs, including tissue architecture and cellular composition. Similarly to macrophages in normal tissues and organs, macrophages in tumours (tumour-associated macrophages) perform some key homeostatic functions that allow tumour maintenance and growth. However, the signals involved in communication between tumours and macrophages are poorly defined. Here we show that lactic acid produced by tumour cells, as a by-product of aerobic or anaerobic glycolysis, has a critical function in signalling, through inducing the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and the M2-like polarization of tumour-associated macrophages. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this effect of lactic acid is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α). Finally, we show that the lactate-induced expression of arginase 1 by macrophages has an important role in tumour growth. Collectively, these findings identify a mechanism of communication between macrophages and their client cells, including tumour cells. This communication most probably evolved to promote homeostasis in normal tissues but can also be engaged in tumours to promote their growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar R Colegio
- 1] Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519-1612, USA [2] Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8059, USA [3] Yale-New Haven Transplantation Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519-1369, USA [4] Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8028, USA
| | - Ngoc-Quynh Chu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519-1612, USA
| | - Alison L Szabo
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519-1612, USA
| | - Thach Chu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519-1612, USA
| | - Anne Marie Rhebergen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519-1612, USA
| | - Vikram Jairam
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519-1612, USA
| | - Nika Cyrus
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519-1612, USA
| | - Carolyn E Brokowski
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519-1612, USA
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- 1] Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519-1612, USA [2] Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8035, USA
| | - Gillian M Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, USA
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8020, USA
| | - Andrew J Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, USA
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- 1] Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519-1612, USA [2] Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8028, USA [3] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815-6789, USA
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Stark R, Guebre-Egziabher F, Zhao X, Feriod C, Dong J, Alves TC, Ioja S, Pongratz RL, Bhanot S, Roden M, Cline GW, Shulman GI, Kibbey RG. A role for mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-M) in the regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:7257-63. [PMID: 24497630 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c113.544759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) from oxaloacetate is an absolute requirement for gluconeogenesis from mitochondrial substrates. Generally, this reaction has solely been attributed to the cytosolic isoform of PEPCK (PEPCK-C), although loss of the mitochondrial isoform (PEPCK-M) has never been assessed. Despite catalyzing the same reaction, to date the only significant role reported in mammals for the mitochondrial isoform is as a glucose sensor necessary for insulin secretion. We hypothesized that this nutrient-sensing mitochondrial GTP-dependent pathway contributes importantly to gluconeogenesis. PEPCK-M was acutely silenced in gluconeogenic tissues of rats using antisense oligonucleotides both in vivo and in isolated hepatocytes. Silencing PEPCK-M lowers plasma glucose, insulin, and triglycerides, reduces white adipose, and depletes hepatic glycogen, but raises lactate. There is a switch of gluconeogenic substrate preference to glycerol that quantitatively accounts for a third of glucose production. In contrast to the severe mitochondrial deficiency characteristic of PEPCK-C knock-out livers, hepatocytes from PEPCK-M-deficient livers maintained normal oxidative function. Consistent with its predicted role, gluconeogenesis rates from hepatocytes lacking PEPCK-M are severely reduced for lactate, alanine, and glutamine, but not for pyruvate and glycerol. Thus, PEPCK-M has a direct role in fasted and fed glucose homeostasis, and this mitochondrial GTP-dependent pathway should be reconsidered for its involvement in both normal and diabetic metabolism.
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Quan X, Das R, Xu S, Cline GW, Wiederkehr A, Wollheim CB, Park KS. Mitochondrial phosphate transport during nutrient stimulation of INS-1E insulinoma cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 381:198-209. [PMID: 23939247 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Here, we have investigated the role of inorganic phosphate (Pi) transport in mitochondria of rat clonal β-cells. In α-toxin-permeabilized INS-1E cells, succinate and glycerol-3-phosphate increased mitochondrial ATP release which depends on exogenous ADP and Pi. In the presence of substrates, addition of Pi caused mitochondrial matrix acidification and hyperpolarisation which promoted ATP export. Dissipation of the mitochondrial pH gradient or pharmacological inhibition of Pi transport blocked the effects of Pi on electrochemical gradient and ATP export. Knock-down of the phosphate transporter PiC, however, neither prevented Pi-induced mitochondrial activation nor glucose-induced insulin secretion. Using (31)P NMR we observed reduction of Pi pools during nutrient stimulation of INS-1E cells. Interestingly, Pi loss was less pronounced in mitochondria than in the cytosol. We conclude that matrix alkalinisation is necessary to maintain a mitochondrial Pi pool, at levels sufficient to stimulate energy metabolism in insulin-secreting cells beyond its role as a substrate for ATP synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglan Quan
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
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44
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Perry RJ, Kim T, Zhang XM, Lee HY, Pesta D, Popov VB, Zhang D, Rahimi Y, Jurczak MJ, Cline GW, Spiegel DA, Shulman GI. Reversal of hypertriglyceridemia, fatty liver disease, and insulin resistance by a liver-targeted mitochondrial uncoupler. Cell Metab 2013; 18:740-8. [PMID: 24206666 PMCID: PMC4104686 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects one in three Americans and is a major predisposing condition for the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes (T2D). We examined whether a functionally liver-targeted derivative of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), DNP-methyl ether (DNPME), could safely decrease hypertriglyceridemia, NAFLD, and insulin resistance without systemic toxicities. Treatment with DNPME reversed hypertriglyceridemia, fatty liver, and whole-body insulin resistance in high-fat-fed rats and decreased hyperglycemia in a rat model of T2D with a wide therapeutic index. The reversal of liver and muscle insulin resistance was associated with reductions in tissue diacylglycerol content and reductions in protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) and PKCθ activity in liver and muscle, respectively. These results demonstrate that the beneficial effects of DNP on hypertriglyceridemia, fatty liver, and insulin resistance can be dissociated from systemic toxicities and suggest the potential utility of liver-targeted mitochondrial uncoupling agents for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia, NAFLD, metabolic syndrome, and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J. Perry
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA 06519
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA 06519
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA 06519
| | - Taehan Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA 06519
| | - Xian-Man Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA 06519
| | - Hui-Young Lee
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA 06519
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA 06519
| | - Dominik Pesta
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA 06519
| | - Violeta B. Popov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA 06519
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA 06519
| | - Yasmeen Rahimi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA 06519
| | - Michael J. Jurczak
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA 06519
| | - Gary W. Cline
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA 06519
| | - David A. Spiegel
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA 06519
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA 06520
| | - Gerald I. Shulman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA 06519
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA 06519
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA 06519
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Biomedical Research Copenhagen, DK
- Correspondence to:
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45
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Denton EV, Craig CJ, Pongratz RL, Appelbaum JS, Doerner AE, Narayanan A, Shulman GI, Cline GW, Schepartz A. A β-peptide agonist of the GLP-1 receptor, a class B GPCR. Org Lett 2013; 15:5318-21. [PMID: 24087900 DOI: 10.1021/ol402568j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that certain β(3)-peptides can effectively mimic the side chain display of an α-helix and inhibit interactions between proteins, both in vitro and in cultured cells. Here we describe a β(3)-peptide analog of GLP-1, CC-3(Act), that interacts with the GLP-1R extracellular domain (nGLP-1R) in vitro in a manner that competes with exendin-4 and induces GLP-1R-dependent cAMP signaling in cultured CHO-K1 cells expressing GLP-1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth V Denton
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut 06536, United States, Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States, and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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46
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Kumashiro N, Beddow SA, Vatner DF, Majumdar SK, Cantley JL, Guebre-Egziabher F, Fat I, Guigni B, Jurczak MJ, Birkenfeld AL, Kahn M, Perler BK, Puchowicz MA, Manchem VP, Bhanot S, Still CD, Gerhard GS, Petersen KF, Cline GW, Shulman GI, Samuel VT. Targeting pyruvate carboxylase reduces gluconeogenesis and adiposity and improves insulin resistance. Diabetes 2013; 62:2183-94. [PMID: 23423574 PMCID: PMC3712050 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We measured the mRNA and protein expression of the key gluconeogenic enzymes in human liver biopsy specimens and found that only hepatic pyruvate carboxylase protein levels related strongly with glycemia. We assessed the role of pyruvate carboxylase in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism in rats through a loss-of-function approach using a specific antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) to decrease expression predominantly in liver and adipose tissue. Pyruvate carboxylase ASO reduced plasma glucose concentrations and the rate of endogenous glucose production in vivo. Interestingly, pyruvate carboxylase ASO also reduced adiposity, plasma lipid concentrations, and hepatic steatosis in high fat-fed rats and improved hepatic insulin sensitivity. Pyruvate carboxylase ASO had similar effects in Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats. Pyruvate carboxylase ASO did not alter de novo fatty acid synthesis, lipolysis, or hepatocyte fatty acid oxidation. In contrast, the lipid phenotype was attributed to a decrease in hepatic and adipose glycerol synthesis, which is important for fatty acid esterification when dietary fat is in excess. Tissue-specific inhibition of pyruvate carboxylase is a potential therapeutic approach for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatic insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kumashiro
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sara A. Beddow
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Daniel F. Vatner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sachin K. Majumdar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jennifer L. Cantley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Ioana Fat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Blas Guigni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Michael J. Jurczak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Andreas L. Birkenfeld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mario Kahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Bryce K. Perler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | | | | | | | - Glenn S. Gerhard
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania
| | - Kitt Falk Petersen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gary W. Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gerald I. Shulman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Varman T. Samuel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut
- Corresponding author: Varman T. Samuel,
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47
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Kumashiro N, Yoshimura T, Cantley JL, Majumdar SK, Guebre-Egziabher F, Kursawe R, Vatner DF, Fat I, Kahn M, Erion DM, Zhang XM, Zhang D, Manchem VP, Bhanot S, Gerhard GS, Petersen KF, Cline GW, Samuel VT, Shulman GI. Role of patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 on lipid-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in rats. Hepatology 2013; 57:1763-72. [PMID: 23175050 PMCID: PMC3597437 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Genome-wide array studies have associated the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3) gene polymorphisms with hepatic steatosis. However, it is unclear whether PNPLA3 functions as a lipase or a lipogenic enzyme and whether PNPLA3 is involved in the pathogenesis of hepatic insulin resistance. To address these questions we treated high-fat-fed rats with specific antisense oligonucleotides to decrease hepatic and adipose pnpla3 expression. Reducing pnpla3 expression prevented hepatic steatosis, which could be attributed to decreased fatty acid esterification measured by the incorporation of [U-(13) C]-palmitate into hepatic triglyceride. While the precursors for phosphatidic acid (PA) (long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs and lysophosphatidic acid [LPA]) were not decreased, we did observe an ∼20% reduction in the hepatic PA content, ∼35% reduction in the PA/LPA ratio, and ∼60%-70% reduction in transacylation activity at the level of acyl-CoA:1-acylglycerol-sn-3-phosphate acyltransferase. These changes were associated with an ∼50% reduction in hepatic diacylglycerol (DAG) content, an ∼80% reduction in hepatic protein kinase Cε activation, and increased hepatic insulin sensitivity, as reflected by a 2-fold greater suppression of endogenous glucose production during the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Finally, in humans, hepatic PNPLA3 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was strongly correlated with hepatic triglyceride and DAG content, supporting a potential lipogenic role of PNPLA3 in humans. CONCLUSION PNPLA3 may function primarily in a lipogenic capacity and inhibition of PNPLA3 may be a novel therapeutic approach for treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-associated hepatic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kumashiro
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, School of MedicineNew Haven, CT,Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - Toru Yoshimura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - Jennifer L Cantley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, School of MedicineNew Haven, CT,Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - Sachin K Majumdar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | | | - Romy Kursawe
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - Daniel F Vatner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - Ioana Fat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - Mario Kahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - Derek M Erion
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, School of MedicineNew Haven, CT,Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT,Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - Xian-Man Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, School of MedicineNew Haven, CT,Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, School of MedicineNew Haven, CT,Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT,Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | | | | | | | - Kitt F Petersen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT
| | - Varman T Samuel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT,Veterans Affairs Medical CenterWest Haven CT
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, School of MedicineNew Haven, CT,Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT,Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT,Correspondence to: Gerald I. Shulman, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 9812, New Haven, CT, 06536-8012. ; fax: 203-737-4059
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48
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Erion DM, Kotas ME, McGlashon J, Yonemitsu S, Hsiao JJ, Nagai Y, Iwasaki T, Murray SF, Bhanot S, Cline GW, Samuel VT, Shulman GI, Gillum MP. cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB)-regulated transcription coactivator 2 (CRTC2) promotes glucagon clearance and hepatic amino acid catabolism to regulate glucose homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:16167-76. [PMID: 23595987 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.460246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB)-regulated transcription coactivator 2 (CRTC2) regulates transcription of gluconeogenic genes by specifying targets for the transcription factor CREB in response to glucagon. We used an antisense oligonucleotide directed against CRTC2 in both normal rodents and in rodent models of increased gluconeogenesis to better understand the role of CRTC2 in metabolic disease. In the context of severe hyperglycemia and elevated hepatic glucose production, CTRC2 knockdown (KD) improved glucose homeostasis by reducing endogenous glucose production. Interestingly, despite the known role of CRTC2 in coordinating gluconeogenic gene expression, CRTC2 KD in a rodent model of type 2 diabetes resulted in surprisingly little alteration of glucose production. However, CRTC2 KD animals had elevated circulating concentrations of glucagon and a ∼80% reduction in glucagon clearance. When this phenomenon was prevented with somatostatin or a glucagon-neutralizing antibody, endogenous glucose production was reduced by CRTC2 KD. Additionally, CRTC2 inhibition resulted in reduced expression of several glucagon-induced pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzymes that convert amino acids to gluconeogenic intermediates, suggesting that it may control substrate availability as well as gluconeogenic gene expression. CRTC2 is an important regulator of gluconeogenesis with tremendous impact in models of elevated hepatic glucose production. Surprisingly, it is also part of a previously unidentified negative feedback loop that degrades glucagon and regulates amino acid metabolism to coordinately control glucose homeostasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M Erion
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA
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49
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Mueller KR, Balamurugan AN, Cline GW, Pongratz RL, Hooper RL, Weegman BP, Kitzmann JP, Taylor MJ, Graham ML, Schuurman HJ, Papas KK. Differences in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vitro of islets from human, nonhuman primate, and porcine origin. Xenotransplantation 2013; 20:75-81. [PMID: 23384163 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Porcine islet xenotransplantation is considered a potential cell-based therapy for type 1 diabetes. It is currently being evaluated in diabetic nonhuman primates (NHP) to assess safety and efficacy of the islet product. However, due to a variety of distinct differences between the respective species, including the insulin secretory characteristics of islets, the suitability and predictive value of the preclinical model in the extrapolation to the clinical setting remain a critical issue. Islets isolated from human (n = 3), NHP (n = 2), adult pig (AP, n = 3), and juvenile pig (JP, n = 4) pancreata were perifused with medium at basal glucose (2.5 mm) followed by high glucose (16.7 mm) concentrations. The total glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) was calculated from generated insulin secretion profiles. Nonhuman primate islets exhibited GSIS 3-fold higher than AP islets, while AP and JP islets exhibited GSIS 1/3 and 1/30 of human islets, respectively. The insulin content of NHP and AP islets was similar to that of human islets, whereas that of JP islets was 1/5 of human islets. Despite the fact that human, NHP, and AP islets contain similar amounts of insulin, the much higher GSIS for NHP islets than for AP and JP islets suggests the need for increased dosing of islets from JP and AP in pig-to-NHP transplantation. Porcine islet xenotransplantation to humans may require significantly higher dosing given the lower GSIS of AP islets compared to human islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate R Mueller
- Department of Surgery, Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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50
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Page KA, Chan O, Arora J, Belfort-Deaguiar R, Dzuira J, Roehmholdt B, Cline GW, Naik S, Sinha R, Constable RT, Sherwin RS. Effects of fructose vs glucose on regional cerebral blood flow in brain regions involved with appetite and reward pathways. JAMA 2013; 309:63-70. [PMID: 23280226 PMCID: PMC4076145 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2012.116975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Increases in fructose consumption have paralleled the increasing prevalence of obesity, and high-fructose diets are thought to promote weight gain and insulin resistance. Fructose ingestion produces smaller increases in circulating satiety hormones compared with glucose ingestion, and central administration of fructose provokes feeding in rodents, whereas centrally administered glucose promotes satiety. OBJECTIVE To study neurophysiological factors that might underlie associations between fructose consumption and weight gain. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Twenty healthy adult volunteers underwent 2 magnetic resonance imaging sessions at Yale University in conjunction with fructose or glucose drink ingestion in a blinded, random-order, crossover design. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Relative changes in hypothalamic regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) after glucose or fructose ingestion. Secondary outcomes included whole-brain analyses to explore regional CBF changes, functional connectivity analysis to investigate correlations between the hypothalamus and other brain region responses, and hormone responses to fructose and glucose ingestion. RESULTS There was a significantly greater reduction in hypothalamic CBF after glucose vs fructose ingestion (-5.45 vs 2.84 mL/g per minute, respectively; mean difference, 8.3 mL/g per minute [95% CI of mean difference, 1.87-14.70]; P = .01). Glucose ingestion (compared with baseline) increased functional connectivity between the hypothalamus and the thalamus and striatum. Fructose increased connectivity between the hypothalamus and thalamus but not the striatum. Regional CBF within the hypothalamus, thalamus, insula, anterior cingulate, and striatum (appetite and reward regions) was reduced after glucose ingestion compared with baseline (P < .05 significance threshold, family-wise error [FWE] whole-brain corrected). In contrast, fructose reduced regional CBF in the thalamus, hippocampus, posterior cingulate cortex, fusiform, and visual cortex (P < .05 significance threshold, FWE whole-brain corrected). In whole-brain voxel-level analyses, there were no significant differences between direct comparisons of fructose vs glucose sessions following correction for multiple comparisons. Fructose vs glucose ingestion resulted in lower peak levels of serum glucose (mean difference, 41.0 mg/dL [95% CI, 27.7-54.5]; P < .001), insulin (mean difference, 49.6 μU/mL [95% CI, 38.2-61.1]; P < .001), and glucagon-like polypeptide 1 (mean difference, 2.1 pmol/L [95% CI, 0.9-3.2]; P = .01). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE In a series of exploratory analyses, consumption of fructose compared with glucose resulted in a distinct pattern of regional CBF and a smaller increase in systemic glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like polypeptide 1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Page
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8020, USA
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