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Zhang B, Zhang L, Wang H, Wang X. Lessons Learned from the Explosion that Occurred during the Synthesis of Diaminomethanesulfonic Acid: Discussion and Preventative Strategies. ACS CHEMICAL HEALTH & SAFETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chas.1c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Hongshuang Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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2
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Lebe KE, Cox RJ. Oxidative steps during the biosynthesis of squalestatin S1. Chem Sci 2019; 10:1227-1231. [PMID: 30774923 PMCID: PMC6349020 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02615g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The squalestatins are a class of highly complex fungal metabolites which are potent inhibitors of squalene synthase with potential use in the control of cholesterol biosynthesis. Little is known of the chemical steps involved in the construction of the 4,8-dioxa-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane core. Here, using a combination of directed gene knockout and heterologous expression experiments, we show that two putative non-heme-iron-dependent enzymes appear to catalyse a remarkable series of six consecutive oxidations which set up the bioactive core of the squalestatins. This is followed by the action of an unusual copper-dependent oxygenase which introduces a hydroxyl required for later acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Lebe
- Institute for Organic Chemistry , BMWZ , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Schneiderberg 38 , 30167 Hannover , Germany .
| | - Russell J Cox
- Institute for Organic Chemistry , BMWZ , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Schneiderberg 38 , 30167 Hannover , Germany .
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Liu CI, Jeng WY, Chang WJ, Ko TP, Wang AHJ. Binding modes of zaragozic acid A to human squalene synthase and staphylococcal dehydrosqualene synthase. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:18750-7. [PMID: 22474324 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.351254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Zaragozic acids (ZAs) belong to a family of fungal metabolites with nanomolar inhibitory activity toward squalene synthase (SQS). The enzyme catalyzes the committed step of sterol synthesis and has attracted attention as a potential target for antilipogenic and antiinfective therapies. Here, we have determined the structure of ZA-A complexed with human SQS. ZA-A binding induces a local conformational change in the substrate binding site, and its C-6 acyl group also extends over to the cofactor binding cavity. In addition, ZA-A effectively inhibits a homologous bacterial enzyme, dehydrosqualene synthase (CrtM), which synthesizes the precursor of staphyloxanthin in Staphylococcus aureus to cope with oxidative stress. Size reduction at Tyr(248) in CrtM further increases the ZA-A binding affinity, and it reveals a similar overall inhibitor binding mode to that of human SQS/ZA-A except for the C-6 acyl group. These structures pave the way for further improving selectivity and development of a new generation of anticholesterolemic and antimicrobial inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-I Liu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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Fujioka H, Minamitsuji Y, Kubo O, Senami K, Maegawa T. The reaction of acetal-type protective groups in combination with TMSOTf and 2,2′-bipyridyl; mild and chemoselective deprotection and direct conversion to other protective groups. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Miki T, Kori M, Mabuchi H, Tozawa RI, Nishimoto T, Sugiyama Y, Teshima K, Yukimasa H. Synthesis of novel 4,1-benzoxazepine derivatives as squalene synthase inhibitors and their inhibition of cholesterol synthesis. J Med Chem 2002; 45:4571-80. [PMID: 12238936 DOI: 10.1021/jm020234o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Modification of the carboxyl group at the 3-position and introduction of protective groups to the hydroxy group of the 4,1-benzoxazepine derivative 2 (metabolite of 1) were carried out, and the inhibitory activity for squalene synthase and cholesterol synthesis in the liver was investigated. Among these compounds, the glycine derivative 3a and beta-alanine derivative 3f exhibited the most potent inhibition of squalene synthase prepared from HepG2 cells (IC(50) = 15 nM). On the other hand, the piperidine-4-acetic acid derivative 4a, which was prepared by acetylation of 3j, was the most effective inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis in rat liver (ED(50) = 2.9 mg/kg, po). After oral administration, 4a was absorbed and rapidly hydrolyzed to deacylated 3j. Compound 3j was detected mainly in the liver, but the plasma level of 3j was found to be low. Compounds 3j and 4a were found to be competitive inhibitors with respect to farnesyl pyrophosphate. Further evaluation of 4a as a cholesterol-lowering and antiatherosclerotic agent is underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Miki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd., 2-17-85, Juso-Honmachi, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan, and Strategic Product Planning Department, Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd., 4-1-1, Doshomachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-8645, Japan
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Miki T, Kori M, Fujishima A, Mabuchi H, Tozawa RI, Nakamura M, Sugiyama Y, Yukimasa H. Syntheses of fused heterocyclic compounds and their inhibitory activities for squalene synthase. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:385-400. [PMID: 11741787 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A variety of fused heterocyclic compounds (2-11) were synthesized as a modification of the lead compound 1a and evaluated for their inhibition of squalene synthase. 4,1-Benzothiazepine derivative 2, 1,4-benzodiazepine derivative 6, 1,3-benzodiazepine derivative 7, 1-benzazepine derivative 9, and 4,1-benzoxazocine derivative 10 potently inhibited squalene synthase activity, whereas the 4,1-benzoxazepine derivatives 1 was the most potent inhibitor. 4,1-Benzothiazepine S-oxide derivative 4, 1,4-benzodiazepine derivative 5, 1,3,4-benzotriazepine derivative 8, and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline derivative 11 were found to be weakly active. Comparison of the X-ray structures of these compounds (1a, 2, 4, 5, 7 and 10) suggests that orientation of the 5- (or 6)-phenyl group is important for activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Miki
- Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd., Pharmaceutical Research Division, 2-17-85, Juso-Honmachi, Osaka 532-8686, Yodogawa-ku, Japan.
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7
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Cox B, Morley N, Procopiou PA, Sharratt PJ, Watson NS, Wild D. The squalestatins: tricyclic 3,4-β-lactone and 3,4-oxetane systems. Tetrahedron Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)01286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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Effect of ER-27856, a novel squalene synthase inhibitor, on plasma cholesterol in rhesus monkeys: comparison with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors. J Lipid Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Kaneshiro ES, Collins MS, Cushion MT. Inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis and amphotericin B reduce the viability of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. carinii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:1630-8. [PMID: 10817720 PMCID: PMC89924 DOI: 10.1128/aac.44.6.1630-1638.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis carinii synthesizes sterols with a double bond at C-7 of the sterol nucleus and an alkyl group with one or two carbons at C-24 of the side chain. Also, some human-derived Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis strains contain lanosterol derivatives with an alkyl group at C-24. These unique sterols have not been found in other pathogens of mammalian lungs. Thus, P. carinii may have important differences in its susceptibility to drugs known to block reactions in ergosterol biosynthesis in other fungi. In the present study, inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, squalene synthase, squalene epoxidase, squalene epoxide-lanosterol cyclase, lanosterol demethylase, Delta(8) to Delta(7) isomerase, and S-adenosylmethionine:sterol methyltransferase were tested for their effects on P. carinii viability as determined by quantitation of cellular ATP levels in a population of organisms. Compounds within each category varied in inhibitory effect; the most effective included drugs targeted at squalene synthase, squalene epoxide-lanosterol cyclase, and Delta(8) to Delta(7) isomerase. Some drugs that are potent against ergosterol-synthesizing fungi had little effect against P. carinii, suggesting that substrates and/or enzymes in P. carinii sterol biosynthetic reactions are distinct. Amphotericin B is ineffective in clearing P. carinii infections at clinical doses; however, this drug apparently binds to sterols and causes permeability changes in P. carinii membranes, since it reduced cellular ATP levels in a dose-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Kaneshiro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA.
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Fallon GD, Jones ED, Perlmutter P, Selajarern W. Application of a new nucleophilic addition/ring closure (NARC) sequence to the synthesis of enantiomerically-pure 2,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes of relevance to the squalestatins and zaragozic acids. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)01523-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Harwood HJ, Barbacci-Tobin EG, Petras SF, Lindsey S, Pellarin LD. 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-diethylaminoethoxyphenyl)-A-pentenonitrile monohydrogen citrate and related analogs. Reversible, competitive, first half-reaction squalene synthetase inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 1997; 53:839-64. [PMID: 9113105 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(96)00892-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Squalene synthetase (SQS) catalyzes the head-to-head condensation of two molecules of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) to form squalene. The reaction is unique when compared with those of other FPP-utilizing enzymes, and proceeds in two distinct steps, both of which involve carbocationic reaction intermediates. In this report, we describe the mechanism of action of, and structure-activity relationships within, a series of substituted diethylaminoethoxystilbenes that mimic these reaction intermediates, through characterization of the biochemical properties of 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-diethylaminoethoxyphenyl)-A- pentenonitrile monohydrogen citrate (P-3622) and related analogs. As a representative member of this series, P-3622 inhibited SQS reversibly and competitively with respect to FPP (Ki = 0.7 microM), inhibited the enzymatic first half-reaction to the same extent as the overall reaction, exhibited a 300-fold specificity for SQS inhibition relative to protein farnesyltransferase inhibition, inhibited cholesterol synthesis in rat primary hepatocytes (IC50 = 0.8 microM), in cultured human cells (Hep-G2, CaCo-2, and IM-9; IC50 = 0.2, 1.2, and 1.0 microM), and in chow-fed hamsters (62% at 100 mg/kg) without accumulation of post-squalene sterol precursors, and reduced plasma cholesterol in experimental animals. Structure-activity relationships among 72 related analogs suggest that the phenyl residues and central trans-olefin of the stilbene moiety serve as mimics of the three isoprene units of the donor FPP, that substitutions across the central olefin and para-substitutions on the terminal phenyl residue mimic the branching methyl groups of the donor FPP, and that the diethylaminoethoxy moiety of these molecules mimics the various carbocations that develop in the C1-C3 region of the acceptor FPP during reaction. Members of this series of reversible, competitive, first half-reaction SQS inhibitors that show a high degree of specificity for SQS inhibition relative to inhibition of other FPP-utilizing enzymes and other cholesterol synthesis pathway enzymes may serve as useful tools for probing the unique catalytic mechanisms of this important enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Harwood
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Pfizer Central Research, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
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Biessen EA, Sliedregt LA, Van Berkel TJ. Approaches for the design of novel anti-atherogenic compounds. Subcell Biochem 1997; 28:507-39. [PMID: 9090305 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5901-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E A Biessen
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden-Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Sylvius Laboratory, University of Leiden, The Netherlands
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