1
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Sarkar S, Sonkar R, Bhatia G, Tadigoppula N. Synthesis of new N-acryl-1-amino-2-phenylethanol and N-acyl-1-amino-3-aryloxypropanols and evaluation of their antihyperlipidemic, LDL-oxidation and antioxidant activity. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 80:135-44. [PMID: 24769351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
As a part of our drug discovery program, we identified an alkaloidal amide i.e. Aegeline (V) isolated from the leaves of Aegle marmelos as a dual acting agent (antihyperlipidemic and antihyperglycemic). In continuation of this program, we synthesized new N-acyl-1-amino-2-alcohols (N-acrylated-1-amino-2-phenylethanol and N-acylated-1-amino-3-aryloxypropanols) via Ritter reaction and screened for their in-vivo antihyperlipdemic activity in Triton induced hyperlipidemia model, LDL-oxidation and antioxidant activity. Compounds 3, 11 and 13 showed good antihyperlipidemic activity, LDL-oxidation as well as antioxidant activity and comparable activity with marketed antidyslipidemic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satinath Sarkar
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, U.P., India
| | - Ravi Sonkar
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, U.P., India
| | - Gitika Bhatia
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, U.P., India
| | - Narender Tadigoppula
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, U.P., India.
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2
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Sánchez-Flores J, Pelayo-González VG, Romero-Ávila M, Flores-Pérez B, Flores-Álamo M, Iglesias-Arteaga MA. Hypervalent-iodine induced quasi-Favorskii C-ring contraction of 12-oxosteroids: a shortcut to C-norsteroids. Steroids 2013. [PMID: 23178256 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of 12-oxosteroids with PhI(OAc)(2) and KOH in refluxing methanol triggers a quasi-Favorskii C-ring contraction leading to the corresponding 11α-alcoxycarbonyl-C-norsteroids in moderate yields. This constitutes the first one-step synthetic alternative to C-norsteroids starting from 12-oxosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Sánchez-Flores
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México DF, Mexico
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3
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Prasad J, Shrivastava A, Khanna AK, Bhatia G, Awasthi SK, Narender T. Antidyslipidemic and antioxidant activity of the constituents isolated from the leaves of Calophyllum inophyllum. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 19:1245-1249. [PMID: 23083817 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In continuation of our drug discovery program on Indian medicinal plants, we isolated bioactive compounds (1-5) from the leaves of Calophyllum inophyllum and evaluated their antidyslipidemic activity in triton induced hyperlipidemia model. The calophyllic acid (1A) and isocalophyllic acid (1B) mixture, canophyllic acid (4) and amentoflavone (5) showed dose dependent lipid lowering activity in in vivo experiments. The compounds 1A+1B mixture and 3 also showed good in vitro antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janki Prasad
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, U.P., India
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4
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Narender T, Rajendar K, Sarkar S, Singh V, Chaturvedi U, Khanna A, Bhatia G. Synthesis of novel N-(2-hydroxy-2-p-tolylethyl)-amide and N-(2-oxo-2-p-tolylethyl)-amide derivatives and their antidyslipidemic and antioxidant activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6393-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Ravindar K, Reddy MS, Lindqvist L, Pelletier J, Deslongchamps P. Synthesis of the antiproliferative agent hippuristanol and its analogues via Suárez cyclizations and Hg(II)-catalyzed spiroketalizations. J Org Chem 2011; 76:1269-84. [PMID: 21268618 DOI: 10.1021/jo102054r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A full account of the synthesis of hippuristanol and its analogues is described. Hecogenin acetate was identified as a suitable and economical starting material for this work, and substrate-controlled stereoselection was obtained throughout the construction of the key spiroketal unit. Suárez cyclization was first used, but Hg(II)-catalyzed spiroketalization of the 3-alkyne-1,7-diol motif was finally identified as the most convenient strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kontham Ravindar
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1K 2R1
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6
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Pérez-Díaz JOH, Vega-Baez JL, Sandoval-Ramírez J, Meza-Reyes S, Montiel-Smith S, Farfán N, Santillan R. Novel steroidal penta- and hexacyclic compounds derived from 12-oxospirostan sapogenins. Steroids 2010; 75:1127-36. [PMID: 20655321 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The E ring regioselective acid-catalyzed opening of spirostanic sapogenins possessing a carbonyl group at C-12, such as botogenin and hecogenin, provided the new 12,23-cyclo-22,26-epoxycholesta-11,22-diene skeleton, in addition to new compounds of the already known 12,23-cyclocholest-12(23)-en-22-one frameworks. This transformation proceeds in a single step, under slightly acidic conditions. Both, penta- and hexacyclic steroids were obtained with retention of configuration of all asymmetric centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Oscar H Pérez-Díaz
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México DF, Mexico
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7
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Synthesis and antihyperlipidemic activity of novel coumarin bisindole derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6504-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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8
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Ravindar K, Reddy MS, Lindqvist L, Pelletier J, Deslongchamps P. Efficient Synthetic Approach to Potent Antiproliferative Agent Hippuristanol via Hg(II)-Catalyzed Spiroketalization. Org Lett 2010; 12:4420-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol1019663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kontham Ravindar
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada, and Department of Biochemistry and Oncology, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Maddi Sridhar Reddy
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada, and Department of Biochemistry and Oncology, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Lisa Lindqvist
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada, and Department of Biochemistry and Oncology, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jerry Pelletier
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada, and Department of Biochemistry and Oncology, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Pierre Deslongchamps
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada, and Department of Biochemistry and Oncology, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
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9
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Shah BA, Chib R, Gupta P, Sethi VK, Koul S, Andotra SS, Nargotra A, Sharma S, Pandey A, Bani S, Purnima B, Taneja SC. Saponins as novel TNF-α inhibitors: isolation of saponins and a nor-pseudoguaianolide from Parthenium hysterophorus. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:3230-5. [DOI: 10.1039/b902041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Brahmkshatriya PS, Jani MH, Chhabria MT. Recent developments in the treatment of atherosclerosis. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 21:1-15. [PMID: 16570499 DOI: 10.1080/14756360500337634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the most frequent causes of cardiac arrest. The major cause of this disease is high concentrations of lipid in the blood. Medicinal agents so far have been quite successful in the management of hyperlipidemia. Among the several widely used drugs, (fibrates, statins and niacin) statins are the most frequently prescribed in many forms of hyperlipidemia. Recently, statins have been found to produce serious toxicities, which are rare but can be potentially harmful and are noise concern for the immediate need to develop some new chemical entities in this category. This review is primarily concerned with recent developments in atherosclerotic drug discovery including novel inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis, cholesterol absorption inhibitors and antioxidants. The review also focuses on possible future targets including gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pathik S Brahmkshatriya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad - 380009, Gujarat, India.
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11
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Jiao J, Zhang Y, Lou D, Wu X, Zhang Y. Antihyperlipidemic and antihypertensive effect of a triterpenoid-rich extract from bamboo shavings and vasodilator effect of friedelin on phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction in thoracic aortas of rats. Phytother Res 2007; 21:1135-41. [PMID: 17639555 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Triterpenoids, which are widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom, were applied to the development of functional foods as physiological and pharmacological active agents. Some physiological activities of a triterpenoid-rich extract from bamboo shavings (EBS), i.e. antihyperlipidemic and antihypertensive effects, were systematically evaluated in the present study. The results demonstrated that EBS could reduce the serum total cholesterol (TC) and total triglyceride (TG) levels, which are the main factors directly leading to pathological changes in cardiovascular diseases, in hyperlipidemic rats (p < 0.05). Furthermore, EBS could significantly reduce the systolic pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) but its maximum effect time was less than 24 h. Meanwhile, EBS did not influence the heart rate of SHR. On the other hand, the vasodilator effects of friedelin, a main triterpenoid compound separated from EBS, on phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction in the thoracic aortas of rats were also discussed. The results showed that friedelin probably served a function of vasodilator responses in the thoracic aortas of rats in accordance with the antihypertensive effect of EBS. The results also suggested that EBS might prevent some cardiovascular diseases by its impact on lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jiao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, Zhejiang, PR China
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12
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Narender T, Shweta S, Tiwari P, Papi Reddy K, Khaliq T, Prathipati P, Puri A, Srivastava AK, Chander R, Agarwal SC, Raj K. Antihyperglycemic and antidyslipidemic agent from Aegle marmelos. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 17:1808-11. [PMID: 17197179 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The plant Aegle marmelos belongs to the family of Rutaceae. From the leaves of A. marmelos an alkaloidal-amide, Aegeline 2, was isolated and found to have antihyperglycemic activity as evidenced by lowering the blood glucose levels by 12.9% and 16.9% at 5 and 24h, respectively, in sucrose challenged streptozotocin induced diabetic rats (STZ-S) model at the dose of 100mg/kg body weight. Aegeline 2 has also significantly decreased the plasma triglyceride (Tg) levels by 55% (P<0.001), total cholesterol (TC) by 24% (P<0.05), and free fatty acids (FFA) by 24%, accompanied with increase in HDL-C by 28% and HDL-C/TC ratio by 66% in dyslipidemic hamster model at the dose of 50mg/kg body weight. The reasonable mapping of compound 2 to validated pharmacophoric hypothesis and 3D QSAR model with an estimated activity (283nM) suggest that the compound 2 might be a beta(3)-AR agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Narender
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 001 (UP), India.
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13
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14
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15
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16
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Song YH, Hong S, Lim H, Seo J, Chung S, No I, Lee K, Yoon M. Effect of a new beta-sitosterol analogue on plasma lipid concentrations in rats. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2004; 52:597-601. [PMID: 15133213 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.52.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
N-Substituted succinamic acid beta-sitosteryl ester derivatives were prepared and evaluated. Compounds 1 and 2 were prepared in 76-92% yields by the reaction of beta-sitosterol and succinic anhydride, followed by the activation of the resulting acid compound 1 by thionyl chloride or methyl chloroformate, and finally by amination with appropriate amines. Compound 2a (DANA87) was also easily obtained in one step by the direct addition of beta-sitosterol to dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) in 80% yield. Administration of the dietary compound DANA87 resulted in significant decreases in total plasma cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations compared with controls in a rat model. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and plasma triglyceride levels were not affected. These findings indicate that DANA87 functions as TC and LDL cholesterol-reducing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Heon Song
- Department of Chemistry, Mokwon University, Daejeon, Korea.
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17
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Morehouse LA, Bangerter FW, DeNinno MP, Inskeep PB, McCarthy PA, Pettini JL, Savoy YE, Sugarman ED, Wilkins RW, Wilson TC, Woody HA, Zaccaro LM, Chandler CE. Comparison of synthetic saponin cholesterol absorption inhibitors in rabbits: evidence for a non-stoichiometric, intestinal mechanism of action. J Lipid Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32451-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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18
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von Bergmann K, Jones PH. Therapy and clinical trials. Curr Opin Lipidol 1998; 9:519-20. [PMID: 9868585 DOI: 10.1097/00041433-199812000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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DeNinno MP, Eller C, Etienne JB. Carbohydrate modifications in the spirostane cellobioside cholesterol absorption inhibitor series. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:1623-8. [PMID: 9873402 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol absorption inhibition remains an attractive approach for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. We have continued our SAR development in the spirostanyl cellobioside class of agents seeking a greater understanding of the role carbamoyl substitution has on the potency in this series. In this regard, a series of differentially substituted carbamate analogs were made with and without deoxygenations. From this study, it was determined that the minimal requirements for optimal potency was a lone carbamate at C4" and deoxygenation at the C6" position.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P DeNinno
- Central Research Division, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Hanson
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Environmental Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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21
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Rosenblum SB, Huynh T, Afonso A, Davis HR, Yumibe N, Clader JW, Burnett DA. Discovery of 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-(3R)-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-(3S)-hydroxypropyl]-(4S)-(4 -hydroxyphenyl)-2-azetidinone (SCH 58235): a designed, potent, orally active inhibitor of cholesterol absorption. J Med Chem 1998; 41:973-80. [PMID: 9526571 DOI: 10.1021/jm970701f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
(3R)-(3-Phenylpropyl)-1,(4S)-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-azetidinone (2, SCH 48461), a novel inhibitor of intestinal cholesterol absorption, has recently been described by Burnett et al. and has been demonstrated to lower total plasma cholesterol in man. The potential sites of metabolism of 2 were considered, and the most probable metabolites were prepared. The oral cholesterol-lowering efficacy of the putative metabolites was evaluated in a 7-day cholesterol-fed hamster model for the reduction of serum total cholesterol and liver cholesteryl esters versus control. On the basis of our analysis of the putative metabolite structure-activity relationship (SAR), SCH 58235 (1, 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-(3R)-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-(3S)-hydroxypropyl]-(4S)- (4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-azetidinone) was designed to exploit activity enhancing oxidation and to block sites of potential detrimental metabolic oxidation. Additionally, a series of congeners of 2 were prepared incorporating strategically placed hydroxyl groups and fluorine atoms to further probe the SAR of 2-azetidinone cholesterol absorption inhibitors. Through the SAR analysis of a series of putative metabolites of 2, compound 1 was targeted and found to exhibit remarkable efficacy with an ED50 of 0.04 mg/kg/day for the reduction of liver cholesteryl esters in a 7-day cholesterol-fed hamster model.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Rosenblum
- Department of Discovery Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033-0539, USA.
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22
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Urban FJ, Breitenbach R, Buzon RA, Daniels PJ, Dunn PJ, Gut S, Lehner RS, Orrill SL, Watson HA. Process Research and Large-Scale Synthesis of 4‘‘,6‘‘-Bis((2-fluorophenyl)carbamoyl)hecogenyl β-O-Cellobioside: A Potent Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitor. Org Process Res Dev 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/op9702206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank J. Urban
- Pfizer Inc., Central Research Division, Process Research and Development Department, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, and Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK
| | - Ralph Breitenbach
- Pfizer Inc., Central Research Division, Process Research and Development Department, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, and Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK
| | - Richard A. Buzon
- Pfizer Inc., Central Research Division, Process Research and Development Department, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, and Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK
| | - Peter J. Daniels
- Pfizer Inc., Central Research Division, Process Research and Development Department, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, and Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK
| | - Peter J. Dunn
- Pfizer Inc., Central Research Division, Process Research and Development Department, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, and Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK
| | - Sally Gut
- Pfizer Inc., Central Research Division, Process Research and Development Department, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, and Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK
| | - Richard S. Lehner
- Pfizer Inc., Central Research Division, Process Research and Development Department, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, and Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK
| | - Susan L. Orrill
- Pfizer Inc., Central Research Division, Process Research and Development Department, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, and Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK
| | - Harry A. Watson
- Pfizer Inc., Central Research Division, Process Research and Development Department, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, and Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK
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23
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Vaccaro WD, Davis HR. Sugar-substituted 2-azetidinone cholesterol absorption inhibitors: enhanced potency by modification of the sugar. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:313-8. [PMID: 9871676 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A glucuronide conjugate of the potent 2-azetidinone cholesterol absorption inhibitor Sch 58235 was synthesized to confirm the structure of a metabolite isolated from in vivo sources. A series of 2-azetidinone glycosides was prepared via Schmidt trichloroimidate methodology. Enhanced cholesterol absorption inhibition was achieved by modification of the sugar moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Vaccaro
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033-0539, USA
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24
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Tall A, Welch C, Applebaum-Bowden D, Wassef M. Interaction of diet and genes in atherogenesis. Report of an NHLBI working group. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17:3326-31. [PMID: 9409329 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.17.11.3326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in genetics and information emerging from the Human Genome Project make it feasible to examine the importance of dietary-genetic interactions in the development of atherosclerosis. In the opinion of the Working Group, three approaches are necessary to examine this concern. The first approach utilizes animal models to map and identify candidate genes involved in dietary responsiveness and atherogenesis. The second approach involves the evaluation of these genes in specific physiological processes involved in dietary responsiveness and atherogenesis. Finally, the third approach is to extend the studies performed in animal models to human populations using linkage or association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tall
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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25
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The 14C radiolabelled synthesis of the cholesterol absorption inhibitor CP-148,623. A novel method for the incorporation of a 14C label in enones. Tetrahedron 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(97)00361-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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DeNinno MP, McCarthy PA, Duplantier KC, Eller C, Etienne JB, Zawistoski MP, Bangerter FW, Chandler CE, Morehouse LA, Sugarman ED, Wilkins RW, Woody HA, Zaccaro LM. Steroidal glycoside cholesterol absorption inhibitors. J Med Chem 1997; 40:2547-54. [PMID: 9258361 DOI: 10.1021/jm9702600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have explored the use of steroidal glycosides as cholesterol absorption inhibitors which act through an unknown mechanism. The lead for this program was tigogenin cellobioside (1, tiqueside) which is a weak inhibitor (ED50 = 60 mg/kg) as measured in an acute hamster cholesterol absorption assay. Modification of the steroid portion of the molecule led to the discovery of 11-ketotigogenin cellobioside (5, pamaqueside) which has an ED50 of 2 mg/kg. Replacement of the cellobiose with other sugars failed to provide more potent analogs. However, large improvements in potency were realized through modification of the hydroxyl groups on the cellobiose. This strategy ultimately led to the 4", 6"-bis[(2-fluorophenyl)carbamoyl]-beta-D-cellobiosyl derivative of 11-ketotigogenin (51) with an ED50 of 0.025 mg/kg in the hamster assay, as well as the corresponding hecogenin analog 64 (ED50 = 0.07 mg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- M P DeNinno
- Central Research Division, Pfizer Inc. Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA.
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Harris WS, Dujovne CA, Windsor SL, Gerrond LL, Newton FA, Gelfand RA. Inhibiting cholesterol absorption with CP-88,818 (beta-tigogenin cellobioside; tiqueside): studies in normal and hyperlipidemic subjects. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1997; 30:55-60. [PMID: 9268221 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-199707000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CP-88,818 (beta-tigogenin cellobioside; tiqueside) is a synthetic saponin developed to treat hypercholesterolemia by inhibiting the absorption of biliary and dietary cholesterol. Two studies are reported here: one in patients to assess safety and efficacy, and one in normal volunteers to explore the mechanism of action. The former included 15 hypercholesterolemic outpatients [low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) > or = 160 mg/dl] treated with 1, 2, and 3 g of tiqueside daily (b.i.d.) in a crossover design for three 2-week treatment periods, each separated by a 3-week placebo period. The mechanistic study was conducted with 24 healthy male subjects who were randomized in a parallel group design to either placebo (n = 6) or tiqueside (2 or 4 g/day; n = 9 each) once daily for 3 weeks. All subjects in this study were fed a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet [National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Step 1]. Fecal steroid excretion rates and plasma lipid levels were determined at baseline and after 3 weeks of treatment. Fractional cholesterol absorption was measured before and after treatment by the continuous feeding, dual-isotope method. Tiqueside produced a dose-dependent reduction in plasma LDL cholesterol levels in the hypercholesterolemic patients. In the mechanistic study, it decreased fractional cholesterol absorption rates and increased fecal neutral sterol excretion rates, changes associated with trends toward lower LDL cholesterol levels. Other lipoprotein levels were unaffected, as were fecal fat and bile acid excretion and fat-soluble vitamin absorption. Thus tiqueside dose-dependently inhibits cholesterol absorption in humans, resulting in a reduction in serum LDL cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Harris
- Lipid and Arteriosclerosis Prevention Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, U.S.A
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Harris WS, Windsor SL, Newton FA, Gelfand RA. Inhibition of cholesterol absorption with CP-148,623 lowers serum cholesterol in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997; 61:385-9. [PMID: 9084463 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9236(97)90171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of the reduction of intestinal cholesterol absorption with CP-148,623 on serum cholesterol levels in men with mild hyperlipidemia. METHODS In an outpatient study in a university medical center, healthy male volunteers (n = 25) with borderline-high serum cholesterol levels participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel-group study. A 3-week dietary run-in period was followed by 2 weeks of treatment with either CP-148,623 (300 mg twice a day; n = 12) or placebo (n = 13). RESULTS Fractional cholesterol absorption (by the dual-isotope, continuous-feeding technique), fecal neutral sterol excretion, and serum lipids were measured after the diet run-in and after the treatment periods. CP-148,623 caused a marked inhibition (by 38%) of fractional cholesterol absorption (50% +/- 2% [baseline] to 31% +/- 1%) and a 71% increase in fecal neutral sterol excretion (481 +/- 39 mg/day [baseline] to 804 +/- 55 mg/day), compared with negligible changes in the placebo group (p < 0.0001 for both). Mean percent reductions from baseline in serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels were 11.6% with CP-148,623 (119 +/- 17 mg/dl to 104 +/- 13 mg/dl) versus a nonsignificant 1.8% reduction with placebo (change with CP-148,623 versus placebo, p < 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS In healthy male volunteers with mild hypercholesterolemia, treatment for 2 weeks with 600 mg/day CP-148,623 inhibited fractional cholesterol absorption by 35% to 40%, increased fecal neutral sterol excretion by 60% to 70%, and reduced serum LDL cholesterol by 10% to 12%.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Harris
- Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
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Chapter 10. Emerging Opportunities in the Treatment of Atherosclerosis. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)61468-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Clader JW, Burnett DA, Caplen MA, Domalski MS, Dugar S, Vaccaro W, Sher R, Browne ME, Zhao H, Burrier RE, Salisbury B, Davis HR. 2-Azetidinone cholesterol absorption inhibitors: structure-activity relationships on the heterocyclic nucleus. J Med Chem 1996; 39:3684-93. [PMID: 8809157 DOI: 10.1021/jm960405n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of azetidinone cholesterol absorption inhibitors related to SCH 48461 ((-)-6) has been prepared, and compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit hepatic cholesteryl ester formation in a cholesterol-fed hamster model. Although originally designed as acyl CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitors, comparison of in vivo potency with in vitro activity in a microsomal ACAT assay indicates no correlation between activity in these two models. The molecular mechanism by which these compounds inhibit cholesterol absorption is unknown. Despite this limitation, examination of the in vivo activity of a range of compounds has revealed clear structure-activity relationships consistent with a well-defined molecular target. The details of these structure-activity relationships and their implications on the nature of the putative pharmacophore are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Clader
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033-0539, USA
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