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Hou X, Wang R, Fang F, Qu Z, Zhou J, Yu T, Wang D, Liu H, Zhou Y. Rh(III)-Catalyzed C-H Activation/Annulation for the Construction of Quinolizinones and Indolizines. Org Lett 2024; 26:4451-4456. [PMID: 38767212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
A catalytic-condition-controlled synthesis strategy was reported to build quinolizinone and indolizine derivatives from the easily available enamide and triazole substrates with high regioselectivity and good functional group tolerance. More especially, this transformation has successfully fulfilled a C-H bond activation of terminal olefin from enamides followed by a [3 + 3] and a [2 + 3] cyclization cascade under different catalytic conditions, respectively, to provide two kinds of potentially biologically active heterocyclic scaffolds with a ring-junction nitrogen atom. Mechanistically, the methoxyamine formyl group serves as either a traceless directing group (DG) or an oxidizing DG via the C-N and C-C cleavage in this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjiao Hou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Drug Discovery & Development Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Run Wang
- Drug Discovery & Development Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | | | - Zhiyan Qu
- Drug Discovery & Development Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianhui Zhou
- Drug Discovery & Development Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Drug Discovery & Development Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dechuan Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Drug Discovery & Development Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Drug Discovery & Development Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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2
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Yuan D, Liu S, Li S, Liu R, Zhu X. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 7-Substituted-1,3-diaminopyrrol[3,2-f]quinazolines as Potential Antibacterial Agents. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300078. [PMID: 37017005 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of drug-resistant bacteria poses a serious threat to public health; hence, it is imperative to develop new and efficient antibiotics. Irresistin-16 (IRS-16) is a dual-target antibacterial candidate that affects folate biosynthesis and membrane integrity and exhibits potent lethality against various bacteria. In this study, a series of 1,3-diamino-7H-pyrrol[3,2-f]quinazoline (DAPQ) derivatives based on IRS-16 was designed and synthesized to identify outstanding antibacterial candidates. The most promising compound, 7-(4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl) benzyl)-7H-pyrrol[3,2-f] quinazoline-1,3-diamine (18 e), displayed excellent antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (minimum inhibitory concentrations=1-4 μg/mL), improved water solubility, poor hemolytic activity and low cytotoxicity. Compound 18 e exhibited rapid bactericidal properties and prevented bacterial resistance in laboratory simulations. These results provide a basis for the development of new DAPQ-based compounds to combat emerging bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Yuan
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Shangde Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Rongrong Liu
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiong Zhu
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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3
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Zhao F, Wang J, Wang W, Lyu L, Wu W, Li W. The Extraction and High Antiproliferative Effect of Anthocyanin from Gardenblue Blueberry. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062850. [PMID: 36985822 PMCID: PMC10054926 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Blueberries are rich in flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and other bioactive substances. Anthocyanins are important functional components in blueberries. We collected 65 varieties of blueberries to investigate their nutritional and functional values. Among them, Gardenblue had the highest anthocyanin content, with 2.59 mg/g in fresh fruit. After ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction and macroporous resin absorption, the content was increased to 459.81 mg/g in the dried powder. Biological experiments showed that Gardenblue anthocyanins (L1) had antiproliferative effect on cervical cancer cells (Hela, 51.98 μg/mL), liver cancer cells (HepG2, 23.57 μg/mL), breast cancer cells (MCF-7, 113.39 μg/mL), and lung cancer cells (A549, 76.10 μg/mL), and no apparent toxic effects were indicated by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, especially against HepG2 cells both in vitro and in vivo. After combining it with DDP (cisplatin) and DOX (doxorubicin), the antiproliferative effects were enhanced, especially when combined with DOX against HepG2 cells; the IC50 value was 0.02 μg/mL. This was further evidence that L1 could inhibit cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis. The detailed mechanism might be L1 interacting with DNA in an intercalation mode that changes or destroys DNA, causing apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation. The findings of this study suggest that L1 extract can be used as a functional agent against hepatoma carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyi Zhao
- Fruit Research Center, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jialuan Wang
- Fruit Research Center, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Weifan Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lianfei Lyu
- Fruit Research Center, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Wenlong Wu
- Fruit Research Center, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Weilin Li
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Meanwell NA, Loiseleur O. Applications of Isosteres of Piperazine in the Design of Biologically Active Compounds: Part 1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:10942-10971. [PMID: 35675050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Piperazine and homopiperazine are well-studied heterocycles in drug design that have found gainful application as scaffolds and terminal elements and for enhancing the aqueous solubility of a molecule. The optimization of drug candidates that incorporate these heterocycles in an effort to refine potency, selectivity, and developability properties has stimulated the design and evaluation of a wide range of bioisosteres that can offer advantage. In this review, we summarize the design and application of bioisosteres of piperazine and homopiperazine that have almost exclusively been in the drug design arena. While there are ∼100 approved drugs that incorporate a piperazine ring, only a single marketed agricultural product is built on this heterocycle. As part of the review, we discuss some of the potential reasons underlying the relatively low level of importance of this heterocycle to the design of agrochemicals and highlight the potential opportunities for their use in contemporary research programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Meanwell
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Olivier Loiseleur
- Syngenta Crop Protection Research, Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein CH-4332, Switzerland
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5
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Hamama WS, Ghaith EA, Ibrahim ME, Sawamura M, Zoorob HH. Synthesis of 4‐Hydroxy‐2‐pyridinone Derivatives and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant/Anticancer Activities. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa S. Hamama
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Mansoura University Mansoura, 35516 Egypt
| | - Eslam A. Ghaith
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Mansoura University Mansoura, 35516 Egypt
| | - Mona E. Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Mansoura University Mansoura, 35516 Egypt
| | - Masaya Sawamura
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) Hokkaido University Sapporo 001-0021 Japan
| | - Hanafi H. Zoorob
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Mansoura University Mansoura, 35516 Egypt
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6
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Zhao F, Sun X, Lu W, Xu L, Shi J, Yang S, Zhou M, Su F, Lin F, Cao F. Synthesis of novel, DNA binding heterocyclic dehydroabietylamine derivatives as potential antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing agents. Drug Deliv 2020; 27:216-227. [PMID: 31984809 PMCID: PMC7034089 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1716879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several dehydroabietylamine derivatives containing heterocyclic moieties such as thiophene and pyrazine ring were successfully synthesized. The antiproliferative activities of these thiophene-based Schiff-bases, thiophene amides, and pyrazine amides were investigated in vitro against Hela (cervix), MCF-7 (breast), A549 (lung), HepG2 (liver), and HUVEC (umbilical vein) cells by MTT assay. The toxicity of L1-L10 (IC50 = 5.92- >100 μM) was lower than L0 (1.27 μM) and DOX (4.40 μM) in every case. Compound L1 had higher anti-HepG2 (0.66 μM), anti-MCF-7 (5.33 μM), and anti-A549 (2.11 μM) and compound L3 had higher anti-HepG2 (1.63 μM) and anti-MCF-7 (2.65 μM) activities. Both of these compounds were recognized with high efficiency in apoptosis induction in HepG2 cells and intercalated binding modes with DNA. Moreover, with average IC50 values of 0.66 and 5.98 μM, L1 was nine times more effective at suppressing cultured HepG2 cells viability than normal cells (SI = 9). The relative tumor proliferation rate (T/C) was 38.6%, the tumor inhibition rate was up to 61.2%, which indicated that L1 had no significant toxicity but high anti-HepG2 activity in vivo. Thus, it may be a potential antiproliferation drug with nontoxic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyi Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry
in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, PR
China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry
University, Nanjing, PR China
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry
University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xu Sun
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry
University, Nanjing, PR China
- College of Information Science and Technology,
Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Wen Lu
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry
University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Li Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry
in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, PR
China
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry
University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jiuzhou Shi
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry
University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Shilong Yang
- Advanced Analysis and Testing Center, Nanjing
Forestry University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Mengyi Zhou
- Advanced Analysis and Testing Center, Nanjing
Forestry University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Fan Su
- Advanced Analysis and Testing Center, Nanjing
Forestry University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Feng Lin
- Advanced Analysis and Testing Center, Nanjing
Forestry University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Fuliang Cao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry
in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, PR
China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry
University, Nanjing, PR China
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8
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Shearer JD, Saylor ML, Butler CM, Treston AM, Heine HS, Chirakul S, Schweizer HP, Louie A, Drusano GL, Zumbrun SD, Warfield KL. GC-072: A Novel Therapeutic Candidate for Oral Treatment of Melioidosis and Infections Caused by Select Biothreat Pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00834-19. [PMID: 31548183 PMCID: PMC6879241 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00834-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei (B. pseudomallei), the etiological agent of melioidosis, is a Gram-negative bacterium with additional concern as a biothreat pathogen. The mortality rate from B. pseudomallei varies depending on the type of infection and extent of available health care, but in the case of septicemia left untreated it can range from 50 - 90%. Current therapy for melioidosis is biphasic, consisting of parenteral acute-phase treatment for two weeks or longer, followed by oral eradication-phase treatment lasting several months. An effective oral therapeutic for outpatient treatment of acute-phase melioidosis is needed. GC-072 is a potent, 4-oxoquinolizine antibiotic with selective inhibitory activity against bacterial topoisomerases. GC-072 has demonstrated in vitro potency against susceptible and drug-resistant strains of B. pseudomallei and is also active against Burkholderia mallei, Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, and Francisella tularensis GC-072 is bactericidal both extra- and intracellularly, with rapid killing noted within a few hours and reduced development of resistance compared to ceftazidime. GC-072, delivered intragastrically to mimic oral administration, promoted dose-dependent survival in mice using lethal inhalational models of B. pseudomallei infection following exposure to a 24 or 339 LD50 challenge with B. pseudomallei strain 1026b. Overall, GC-072 appears to be a strong candidate for first-line, oral treatment of melioidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Henry S Heine
- Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Orlando, FL
| | - Sunisa Chirakul
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Herbert P Schweizer
- Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Orlando, FL
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Arnold Louie
- Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Orlando, FL
| | - George L Drusano
- Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Orlando, FL
| | - Steven D Zumbrun
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick MD
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9
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Zhao F, Lu W, Su F, Xu L, Jiang D, Sun X, Shi J, Zhou M, Lin F, Cao F. Synthesis and potential antineoplastic activity of dehydroabietylamine imidazole derivatives. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:2091-2099. [PMID: 30746067 PMCID: PMC6336084 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00487k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To seek more efficient and lower toxicity anticancer compounds, several imidazole combining dehydroabietylamine derivatives including organic salts (L 1 -L 2 ) and amides (L 3 -L 5 ) were synthesized. Their antineoplastic activity against HeLa (cervix), MCF-7 (breast), A549 (lung) and HepG2 (liver) cells and HUVECs (umbilical vein, normal cells) in vitro were evaluated by MTT assay. The results unequivocally showed that nearly all compounds had better antineoplastic activity and lower toxicity than dehydroabietylamine (L 0 ). For MCF-7 cells, L 2 (0.75 μM) and L 5 (2.17 μM) had higher anti-MCF-7 activity than L 0 and DOX. For A549 cells, L 1 (1.85 μM) and L 2 (4.37 μM) had higher anti-A549 activity than L 0 ; in particular, the IC50 value of L 1 was much lower than that of DOX. Among these investigated compounds, L 2 and L 5 had lower IC50 values (0.75 μM and 2.17 μM) against MCF-7 cells and lower toxicity, which suggested that they may be potential future anticancer drugs. In addition, L 1 and L 2 could suppress cancer cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis. L 1 -L 5 could bind with DNA through intercalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyi Zhao
- College of Forestry , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037 , PR China .
- College of Science , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037 , PR China
| | - Wen Lu
- College of Science , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037 , PR China
| | - Fan Su
- Advanced Analysis and Testing Centre , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037 , PR China
| | - Li Xu
- College of Science , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037 , PR China
- Co-Innovation Centre for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China , Nanjing Forestry University , China
- Sate Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources , Guangxi Normal University , Guilin 541001 , PR China
| | - Dong Jiang
- College of Science , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037 , PR China
| | - Xu Sun
- Advanced Analysis and Testing Centre , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037 , PR China
- College of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037 , PR China
| | - Jiuzhou Shi
- College of Science , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037 , PR China
| | - Mengyi Zhou
- Advanced Analysis and Testing Centre , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037 , PR China
| | - Feng Lin
- Advanced Analysis and Testing Centre , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037 , PR China
| | - Fuliang Cao
- College of Forestry , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037 , PR China .
- Co-Innovation Centre for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China , Nanjing Forestry University , China
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10
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Gerasyuto AI, Arnold MA, Wang J, Chen G, Zhang X, Smith S, Woll MG, Baird J, Zhang N, Almstead NG, Narasimhan J, Peddi S, Dumble M, Sheedy J, Weetall M, Branstrom AA, Prasad JVN, Karp GM. Discovery and Optimization of Indolyl-Containing 4-Hydroxy-2-Pyridone Type II DNA Topoisomerase Inhibitors Active against Multidrug Resistant Gram-negative Bacteria. J Med Chem 2018; 61:4456-4475. [PMID: 29727185 PMCID: PMC5991783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There exists an urgent medical need to identify new chemical entities (NCEs) targeting multidrug resistant (MDR) bacterial infections, particularly those caused by Gram-negative pathogens. 4-Hydroxy-2-pyridones represent a novel class of nonfluoroquinolone inhibitors of bacterial type II topoisomerases active against MDR Gram-negative bacteria. Herein, we report on the discovery and structure-activity relationships of a series of fused indolyl-containing 4-hydroxy-2-pyridones with improved in vitro antibacterial activity against fluoroquinolone resistant strains. Compounds 6o and 6v are representative of this class, targeting both bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV (Topo IV). In an abbreviated susceptibility screen, compounds 6o and 6v showed improved MIC90 values against Escherichia coli (0.5-1 μg/mL) and Acinetobacter baumannii (8-16 μg/mL) compared to the precursor compounds. In a murine septicemia model, both compounds showed complete protection in mice infected with a lethal dose of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey I Gerasyuto
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc. , 100 Corporate Court , South Plainfield , New Jersey 07080 , United States
| | - Michael A Arnold
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc. , 100 Corporate Court , South Plainfield , New Jersey 07080 , United States
| | - Jiashi Wang
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc. , 100 Corporate Court , South Plainfield , New Jersey 07080 , United States
| | - Guangming Chen
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc. , 100 Corporate Court , South Plainfield , New Jersey 07080 , United States
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc. , 100 Corporate Court , South Plainfield , New Jersey 07080 , United States
| | - Sean Smith
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc. , 100 Corporate Court , South Plainfield , New Jersey 07080 , United States
| | - Matthew G Woll
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc. , 100 Corporate Court , South Plainfield , New Jersey 07080 , United States
| | - John Baird
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc. , 100 Corporate Court , South Plainfield , New Jersey 07080 , United States
| | - Nanjing Zhang
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc. , 100 Corporate Court , South Plainfield , New Jersey 07080 , United States
| | - Neil G Almstead
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc. , 100 Corporate Court , South Plainfield , New Jersey 07080 , United States
| | - Jana Narasimhan
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc. , 100 Corporate Court , South Plainfield , New Jersey 07080 , United States
| | - Srinivasa Peddi
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc. , 100 Corporate Court , South Plainfield , New Jersey 07080 , United States
| | - Melissa Dumble
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc. , 100 Corporate Court , South Plainfield , New Jersey 07080 , United States
| | - Josephine Sheedy
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc. , 100 Corporate Court , South Plainfield , New Jersey 07080 , United States
| | - Marla Weetall
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc. , 100 Corporate Court , South Plainfield , New Jersey 07080 , United States
| | - Arthur A Branstrom
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc. , 100 Corporate Court , South Plainfield , New Jersey 07080 , United States
| | - J V N Prasad
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc. , 100 Corporate Court , South Plainfield , New Jersey 07080 , United States
| | - Gary M Karp
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc. , 100 Corporate Court , South Plainfield , New Jersey 07080 , United States
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11
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Arnold MA, Gerasyuto AI, Wang J, Du W, Gorske YJK, Arasu T, Baird J, Almstead NG, Narasimhan J, Peddi S, Ginzburg O, Lue SW, Hedrick J, Sheedy J, Lagaud G, Branstrom AA, Weetall M, Prasad JVNV, Karp GM. 4-Hydroxy-2-pyridones: Discovery and evaluation of a novel class of antibacterial agents targeting DNA synthesis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:5014-5021. [PMID: 29032026 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The continued emergence of bacteria resistant to current standard of care antibiotics presents a rapidly growing threat to public health. New chemical entities (NCEs) to treat these serious infections are desperately needed. Herein we report the discovery, synthesis, SAR and in vivo efficacy of a novel series of 4-hydroxy-2-pyridones exhibiting activity against Gram-negative pathogens. Compound 1c, derived from the N-debenzylation of 1b, preferentially inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis as determined by standard macromolecular synthesis assays. The structural features of the 4-hydroxy-2-pyridone scaffold required for antibacterial activity were explored and compound 6q, identified through further optimization of the series, had an MIC90 value of 8 μg/mL against a panel of highly resistant strains of E. coli. In a murine septicemia model, compound 6q exhibited a PD50 of 8 mg/kg in mice infected with a lethal dose of E. coli. This novel series of 4-hydroxy-2-pyridones serves as an excellent starting point for the identification of NCEs treating Gram-negative infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Arnold
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA.
| | - Aleksey I Gerasyuto
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Jiashi Wang
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Wu Du
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Yi Jin Kim Gorske
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Tamil Arasu
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - John Baird
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Neil G Almstead
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Jana Narasimhan
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Srinivasa Peddi
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Olya Ginzburg
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Stanley W Lue
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Jean Hedrick
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Josephine Sheedy
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Guy Lagaud
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Arthur A Branstrom
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Marla Weetall
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - J V N Vara Prasad
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Gary M Karp
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
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12
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Na SH, Jeon H, Kim YJ, Kwon HI, Selasi GN, Nicholas A, Yun CS, Lee SH, Lee JC. Antimicrobial activity of novel 4H-4-oxoquinolizine compounds against extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016; 49:107-111. [PMID: 27908580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to screen lead compounds exhibiting potent in vitro antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii strains from a library of chemical compounds. In a high-throughput screening analysis of 7520 compounds representative of 340,000 small molecules, two 4H-4-oxoquinolizine compounds were the most active against A. baumannii ATCC 17978. Subsequent selection and analysis of 70 4H-4-oxoquinolizine compounds revealed that the top 7 compounds were extremely active against extensively drug-resistant (XDR) A. baumannii isolates. These compounds commonly carried a 1-cyclopropyl-7-fluoro-4-oxo-4H-quinolizine-3-carboxylic acid core structure but had different C-8 and/or C-9 moieties. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the seven compounds against fluoroquinolone-resistant A. baumannii isolates were found to be in the range of 0.02-1.70 µg/mL regardless of the mutation types in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of GyrA and ParC. Cytotoxicity of the seven compounds was observed in HeLa and U937 cells at a concentration of 50 µg/mL, which was >32.5- to 119-fold higher than the MIC90 for A. baumannii isolates. In conclusion, novel 4H-4-oxoquinolizine compounds represent a promising scaffold on which to develop antimicrobial agents against drug-resistant A. baumannii strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Hyeon Na
- Department of Microbiology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Hyejin Jeon
- Department of Microbiology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Yoo Jeong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Hyo Il Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Gati Noble Selasi
- Department of Microbiology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Asiimwe Nicholas
- Department of Microbiology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Chang-Soo Yun
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - Sang Ho Lee
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - Je Chul Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, South Korea.
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13
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Hiramatsu M, Ichikawa Y, Tomoshige S, Makishima M, Muranaka A, Uchiyama M, Yamaguchi T, Hashimoto Y, Ishikawa M. Improvement in Aqueous Solubility of Retinoic Acid Receptor (RAR) Agonists by Bending the Molecular Structure. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:2210-7. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michiaki Hiramatsu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences; The University of Tokyo; 1-1-1 Yayoi Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0032 Japan
| | - Yuki Ichikawa
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences; The University of Tokyo; 1-1-1 Yayoi Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0032 Japan
| | - Shusuke Tomoshige
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences; The University of Tokyo; 1-1-1 Yayoi Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0032 Japan
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Nihon University; School of Medicine; 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho Itabashi-ku Tokyo 173-8610 Japan
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- Elements Chemistry Laboratory and; Advanced Elements Chemistry Research Team; Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS); RIKEN; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Elements Chemistry Laboratory and; Advanced Elements Chemistry Research Team; Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS); RIKEN; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Takao Yamaguchi
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences; The University of Tokyo; 1-1-1 Yayoi Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0032 Japan
| | - Yuichi Hashimoto
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences; The University of Tokyo; 1-1-1 Yayoi Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0032 Japan
| | - Minoru Ishikawa
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences; The University of Tokyo; 1-1-1 Yayoi Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0032 Japan
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14
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Khalifa NM, Al-Omar MA, Sediek AA. Synthesis and characterization of some novel substituted pyridones and iminopyridines derived from pyrene moiety. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363215120336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Shinde PS, Shaikh AC, Patil NT. Efficient access to alkynylated quinalizinones via the gold(i)-catalyzed aminoalkynylation of alkynes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:8152-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03414d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The gold-catalyzed aminoalkynylation of alkynes for the synthesis of quinalizinones from pyridinoalkynes using 1-[(triisopropylsilyl)-ethynyl]-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one (TIPS-EBX) is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Popat S. Shinde
- Division of Organic Chemistry
- CSIR – National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune – 411 008
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Aslam C. Shaikh
- Division of Organic Chemistry
- CSIR – National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune – 411 008
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Nitin T. Patil
- Division of Organic Chemistry
- CSIR – National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune – 411 008
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
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16
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Bui HTB, Vo DD, Chau YNT, Tu CTK, Mai HV, Truong KV. Facile Synthesis of 4-Oxo-4H-quinolizine-2-carboxamide Derivatives. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2015.1112918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Rosas-Sánchez A, Toscano RA, López-Cortés JG, Ortega-Alfaro MC. An expedient approach to synthesize fluorescent 3-substituted 4H-quinolizin-4-ones via (η4-vinylketene)-Fe(CO)3 complexes. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:578-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03021d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
From simple starting materials, an efficient methodology for the synthesis of 3-substituted 4H-quinolizin-4-ones using (η4-vinylketene)-Fe(CO)3 complexes as key intermediates was developed. Fluorescent properties and quantum yields were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rubén A. Toscano
- Instituto de Química
- UNAM
- Circuito Exterior
- Ciudad Universitaria
- México
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18
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He H, Qi C, Ou Y, Xiong W, Hu X, Ren Y, Jiang H. Base-promoted annulation of α-hydroxy ketones and dimethyl but-2-ynedioate: straightforward access to pyrano[4,3-a]quinolizine-1,4,6(2H)-triones and 2H-pyran-2,5(6H)-diones. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:8128-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01858c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel direct synthesis of pyrano[4,3-a]quinolizine-1,4,6(2H)-triones and 2H-pyran-2,5(6H)-diones from α-hydroxy ketones and dimethyl but-2-ynedioate via a base-promoted cascade annulation has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Chaorong Qi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
- State Key Lab of Luminescent Materials and Devices
- South China University of Technology
| | - Yanglu Ou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Wenfang Xiong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohan Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Yanwei Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
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Mayer C, Janin YL. Non-quinolone inhibitors of bacterial type IIA topoisomerases: a feat of bioisosterism. Chem Rev 2013; 114:2313-42. [PMID: 24313284 DOI: 10.1021/cr4003984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Mayer
- Unité de Microbiologie Structurale, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur , 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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20
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21
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Peterson EA, Boezio AA, Andrews PS, Boezio CM, Bush TL, Cheng AC, Choquette D, Coats JR, Colletti AE, Copeland KW, DuPont M, Graceffa R, Grubinska B, Kim JL, Lewis RT, Liu J, Mullady EL, Potashman MH, Romero K, Shaffer PL, Stanton MK, Stellwagen JC, Teffera Y, Yi S, Cai T, La DS. Discovery and optimization of potent and selective imidazopyridine and imidazopyridazine mTOR inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4967-74. [PMID: 22765895 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
mTOR is a critical regulator of cellular signaling downstream of multiple growth factors. The mTOR/PI3K/AKT pathway is frequently mutated in human cancers and is thus an important oncology target. Herein we report the evolution of our program to discover ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitors that demonstrate improved pharmacokinetic properties and selectivity compared to our previous leads. Through targeted SAR and structure-guided design, new imidazopyridine and imidazopyridazine scaffolds were identified that demonstrated superior inhibition of mTOR in cellular assays, selectivity over the closely related PIKK family and improved in vivo clearance over our previously reported benzimidazole series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Peterson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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22
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Diastereoselective synthesis of trisubstituted piperidines: a versatile synthon for elaboration of uncommon poly(aza)heterocyclic structures. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.09.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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24
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Kim HY, Wiles JA, Wang Q, Pais GCG, Lucien E, Hashimoto A, Nelson DM, Thanassi JA, Podos SD, Deshpande M, Pucci MJ, Bradbury BJ. Exploration of the Activity of 7-Pyrrolidino-8-methoxyisothiazoloquinolones against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). J Med Chem 2011; 54:3268-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jm101604v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ha Young Kim
- Achillion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 300 George Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Jason A. Wiles
- Achillion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 300 George Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Qiuping Wang
- Achillion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 300 George Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Godwin C. G. Pais
- Achillion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 300 George Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Edlaine Lucien
- Achillion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 300 George Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Akihiro Hashimoto
- Achillion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 300 George Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - David M. Nelson
- Achillion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 300 George Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Jane A. Thanassi
- Achillion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 300 George Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Steven D. Podos
- Achillion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 300 George Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Milind Deshpande
- Achillion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 300 George Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Michael J. Pucci
- Achillion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 300 George Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Barton J. Bradbury
- Achillion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 300 George Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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25
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Ishikawa M, Hashimoto Y. Improvement in aqueous solubility in small molecule drug discovery programs by disruption of molecular planarity and symmetry. J Med Chem 2011; 54:1539-54. [PMID: 21344906 DOI: 10.1021/jm101356p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Ishikawa
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.
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26
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Kumar RS, Osman H, Abdul Rahim AS, Goh JH, Fun HK. 2-Hydroxy-16-[( E)-4-methylbenzylidene]-13-(4-methylphenyl)-12-phenyl-1,11-diazapentacyclo[12.3.1.0 2,10.0 3,8.0 10,14]octadeca-3(8),4,6-triene-9,15-dione. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o2086-7. [PMID: 21588384 PMCID: PMC3007522 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810028357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C37H32N2O3, an intramolecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bond generates a five-membered ring, producing an S(5) motif. The piperidone ring adopts a half-chair conformation. The two fused pyrrolidine rings have similar envelope conformations. The interplanar angles between the benzene rings A/B and C/D are 75.68 (7) and 30.22 (6)°, respectively. In the crystal structure, adjacent molecules are interconnected into chains propagating along the [010] direction via intermolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Further stabilization is provided by weak C—H⋯π interactions.
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27
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Jukić M, Cetina M, Halambek J, Ugarković I. Synthesis, X-ray and spectroscopic analysis of 2-chloro-4-(methoxymethyl)-6-methyl-5-nitropyridine-3-carbonitrile. J Mol Struct 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Abstract
Injudicious use of the fluoroquinolones may result in treatment failure, increased patient morbidity, increased health care cost, and possible patient fatality. Fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria may also adversely impact the microbiological environment in the hospital, the local community and eventually large geographical regions. Fluoroquinolone resistance develops in a stepwise fashion, and current susceptibility testing methods and recommended MIC susceptible breakpoint values for the United States may fail to identify some bacteria that are resistant due to first step mutations at the fluoroquinolone target site gene sequences. C-8 methoxy- fluoroquinolone compounds are more active against resistant bacteria than the older compounds. Fluoroquinolone resistance relates directly to human and veterinary usage and emerging bacterial resistance poses the single greatest threat to the future survival of the fluoroquinolone drugs as an antibiotic class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan S Bakken
- St. Luke's Infectious Disease Associates, Duluth, Minnesota 55805, USA.
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29
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Kennedy-Smith JJ, Arora N, Billedeau JR, Fretland J, Hang JQ, Heilek GM, Harris SF, Hirschfeld D, Javanbakht H, Li Y, Liang W, Roetz R, Smith M, Su G, Suh JM, Villaseñor AG, Wu J, Yasuda D, Klumpp K, Sweeney ZK. Synthesis and biological activity of new pyridone diaryl ether non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. MEDCHEMCOMM 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0md00009d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Herman Skolnik award symposium honoring Yvonne Martin. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2009; 23:831-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-009-9310-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Mittendorf J, Weigand S, Alonso-Alija C, Bischoff E, Feurer A, Gerisch M, Kern A, Knorr A, Lang D, Muenter K, Radtke M, Schirok H, Schlemmer KH, Stahl E, Straub A, Wunder F, Stasch JP. Discovery of riociguat (BAY 63-2521): a potent, oral stimulator of soluble guanylate cyclase for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:853-65. [PMID: 19263460 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is a key signal-transduction enzyme activated by nitric oxide (NO). Impairments of the NO-sGC signaling pathway have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and other diseases. Direct stimulation of sGC represents a promising therapeutic strategy particularly for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension (PH), a disabling disease associated with a poor prognosis. Previous sGC stimulators such as the pyrazolopyridines BAY 41-2272 and BAY 41-8543 demonstrated beneficial effects in experimental models of PH, but were associated with unfavorable drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic (DMPK) properties. Herein we disclose an extended SAR exploration of this compound class to address these issues. Our efforts led to the identification of the potent sGC stimulator riociguat, which exhibits an improved DMPK profile and exerts strong effects on pulmonary hemodynamics and exercise capacity in patients with PH. Riociguat is currently being investigated in phase III clinical trials for the oral treatment of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Mittendorf
- Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Medicinal Chemistry Wuppertal, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
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32
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Zhao C, Sun M, Bennani YL, Miller TR, Witte DG, Esbenshade TA, Wetter J, Marsh KC, Hancock AA, Brioni JD, Cowart MD. Design of a New Histamine H3 Receptor Antagonist Chemotype: (3aR,6aR)-5-Alkyl-1-aryl-octahydropyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrroles, Synthesis, and Structure−Activity Relationships. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4640-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900480x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Minghua Sun
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Youssef L. Bennani
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Thomas R. Miller
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - David G. Witte
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Timothy A. Esbenshade
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Jill Wetter
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Kennan C. Marsh
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Arthur A. Hancock
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Jorge D. Brioni
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
| | - Marlon D. Cowart
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123
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33
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Murugan R, Raghunathan R, Narayanan SS. Synthesis of Highly Substituted Pyrrolidines Through 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction of N-Metalated Azomethine Ylides with Triarylideneacetylacetone as Dipolarophile Using Titanocene Dichloride. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910802621723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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34
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Design, synthesis and anti-HIV integrase evaluation of 4-oxo-4H-quinolizine-3-carboxylic acid derivatives. Molecules 2009; 14:868-83. [PMID: 19255545 PMCID: PMC6254011 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14020868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Oxo-4H-quinolizine-3-carboxylic acid derivatives bearing sulfamido, carboxylamido, benzimidazole and benzothiazole substituents have been designed and synthesized. The structures of these new compounds were confirmed by 1H-NMR, 13C- NMR, IR and ESI (or HRMS) spectra. Compounds were screened for possible HIV integrase inhibitory activity.
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35
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Rosen JD, German N, Kerns RJ. Efficient Synthesis of the 2-amino-6-chloro-4-cyclopropyl-7-fluoro-5-methoxy-pyrido[1,2-c]pyrimidine-1,3-dione core ring system. Tetrahedron Lett 2009; 50:785-789. [PMID: 20160840 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.11.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An optimized total synthesis of the 2-amino-6-chloro-4-cyclopropyl-7-fluoro-5-methoxy-pyrido[1,2-c]pyrimidine-1,3-dione core structure of a new fluoroquinolone-like class of antibacterial agents is described. This synthesis is highlighted by a nearly quantitative ring-closing reaction to form the pyrido[1,2-c]pyrimidine core. This bicyclic ring system serves as a scaffold for a family of biologically active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Rosen
- Division of Medicinal & Natural Products Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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36
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Shi F, Cao L, Ma N, Zhang G, Chen R, Zhang Y, Tu S. A green and efficient synthesis of 3,3â²-arylidenebis[4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2(1 H)-3-pyridinone]s in water under microwave irradiation. J Heterocycl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Robertson GT, Bonventre EJ, Doyle TB, Du Q, Duncan L, Morris TW, Roche ED, Yan D, Lynch AS. In vitro evaluation of CBR-2092, a novel rifamycin-quinolone hybrid antibiotic: studies of the mode of action in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:2313-23. [PMID: 18443108 PMCID: PMC2443886 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01649-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rifamycins have proven efficacy in the treatment of persistent bacterial infections. However, the frequency with which bacteria develop resistance to rifamycin agents restricts their clinical use to antibiotic combination regimens. In a program directed toward the synthesis of rifamycins with a lower propensity to elicit resistance development, a series of compounds were prepared that covalently combine rifamycin and quinolone pharmacophores to form stable hybrid antibacterial agents. We describe mode-of-action studies with Staphylococcus aureus of CBR-2092, a novel hybrid that combines the rifamycin SV and 4H-4-oxo-quinolizine pharmacophores. In biochemical studies, CBR-2092 exhibited rifampin-like potency as an inhibitor of RNA polymerase, was an equipotent (balanced) inhibitor of DNA gyrase and DNA topoisomerase IV, and retained activity against a prevalent quinolone-resistant variant. Macromolecular biosynthesis studies confirmed that CBR-2092 has rifampin-like effects on RNA synthesis in rifampin-susceptible strains and quinolone-like effects on DNA synthesis in rifampin-resistant strains. Studies of mutant strains that exhibited reduced susceptibility to CBR-2092 further substantiated RNA polymerase as the primary cellular target of CBR-2092, with DNA gyrase and DNA topoisomerase IV being secondary and tertiary targets, respectively, in strains exhibiting preexisting rifampin resistance. In contrast to quinolone comparator agents, no strains with altered susceptibility to CBR-2092 were found to exhibit changes consistent with altered efflux properties. The combined data indicate that CBR-2092 may have potential utility in monotherapy for the treatment of persistent S. aureus infections.
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Meng L, Fettinger JC, Kurth MJ. Intramolecular Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides in the Preparation of Pyrrolidino[2‘,3‘:3,4]pyrrolidino[1,2- a]benzimidazoles. Org Lett 2007; 9:5055-8. [PMID: 17973485 DOI: 10.1021/ol702301n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Meng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
| | - James C. Fettinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
| | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
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Hilal HS, Ali-Shtayeh MS, Arafat R, Al-Tel T, Voelter W, Barakat A. Synthesis of a new series of heterocyclic scaffolds for medicinal purposes. Eur J Med Chem 2006; 41:1017-24. [PMID: 16797790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2006.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Revised: 03/11/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A new series of substituted 8-fluro-4H-pyrimido[2,1-b] [1,3]benzothiazole-4-ones () substituted 7-methyl-4H-isoxazolo[2,3-a]pyrimidin-4-ones, and substituted 2-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-9H-isoxazolo[2,3-a]pyridopyrimidin-9-ones, compounds I-VII, have been prepared via condensation of beta-keto esters with 2-aminopyridine derivatives, in the presence of polyphosphoric acid. The same technique has also been used to prepare diazepine compounds, VIII-X, by condensation of a gamma-keto ester with 2-aminopyridine derivatives. Details of synthetic procedures are shown. The new compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, GC-MS, FT-IR and NMR spectrometry. Antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer (cytotoxic) activities, for three of these compounds, have been investigated and are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Hilal
- College of Sciences, An-Najah N. University, PO Box 7, Nablus, Palestine.
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Stewart KD, Shiroda M, James CA. Drug Guru: a computer software program for drug design using medicinal chemistry rules. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:7011-22. [PMID: 16870456 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2006] [Revised: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Drug Guru (drug generation using rules) is a new web-based computer software program for medicinal chemists that applies a set of transformations, that is, rules, to an input structure. The transformations correspond to medicinal chemistry design rules-of-thumb taken from the historical lore of drug discovery programs. The output of the program is a list of target analogs that can be evaluated for possible future synthesis. A discussion of the features of the program is followed by an example of the software applied to sildenafil (Viagra) in generating ideas for target analogs for phosphodiesterase inhibition. Comparison with other computer-assisted drug design software is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent D Stewart
- Abbott Laboratories, Global Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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Jayashankaran J, Manian RDR, Sivaguru M, Raghunathan R. Synthesis of novel spiropyrrolidines through [3+2] cycloaddition reactions with Baylis–Hillman adducts as dipolarophiles. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.05.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Asaki T, Sugiyama Y, Hamamoto T, Higashioka M, Umehara M, Naito H, Niwa T. Design and synthesis of 3-substituted benzamide derivatives as Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:1421-5. [PMID: 16332440 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Revised: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3-substituted benzamide derivatives structurally related to STI-571 (imatinib mesylate), a Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor used to treat chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), was prepared and evaluated for antiproliferative activity against the Bcr-Abl-positive leukemia cell line K562. About ten 3-halogenated and 3-trifluoromethylated benzamide derivatives were identified as highly potent Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitors. One of these, NS-187 (9b), is a promising new candidate Bcr-Abl inhibitor for the therapy of STI-571-resistant chronic myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Asaki
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Nippon Shinyaku Co, Ltd, 14 Nishinosho-Monguchi-Cho, Kisshoin, Minami-ku, Kyoto 601-8550, Japan.
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Brackmann F, Schill H, de Meijere A. An Access to 3,4-(Aminomethano)proline in Racemic and Enantiomerically Pure Form. Chemistry 2005; 11:6593-600. [PMID: 16118823 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protected racemic and enantiomerically pure 3,4-(aminomethano)prolines rac-9 and (2S,2'R,3R,4R)-9 have been prepared applying a titanium-mediated reductive cyclopropanation as a key step. Thus, cyclopropanations of N,N-dibenzylformamide with titanacyclopropanes generated in situ from racemic or enantiomerically pure tert-butyl N-Boc-3,4-dehydroprolinates rac-8 or (S)-8 proceed diastereoselectively, and furnish the protected racemic and enantiomerically pure diamino acid 9. The latter was incorporated into three tripeptides containing glycyl, alanyl and phenylalanyl moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farina Brackmann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Matthew Hansen T, Gu YG, Rehm TM, Dandliker PJ, Chovan LE, Bui MH, Nilius AM, Beutel BA. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 5-methoxy- and 5-hydroxy-6-fluoro-1,8-naphthyridone-3-carboxylic acid derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2716-9. [PMID: 15911248 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2005] [Revised: 03/31/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of 5-methoxy- and 5-hydroxy-6-fluoro-1,8-naphthyridone-3-carboxylic acid derivatives were prepared and evaluated for cell-free bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and whole cell antibacterial activity. When compared to the analogous 5-hydrogen compounds, the presence of the 5-OH group negatively affects biochemical potency. However, a tolerance of the 5-methoxy group is indicated. Only moderate whole cell antibacterial activity is seen, but this could be due to poor cellular penetration. Because only a few 7-position variants were made for this study, further investigation into this novel series combining a broader range of 7-amino derivatives with these 5-position modifications is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matthew Hansen
- Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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45
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Mitscher LA. Bacterial topoisomerase inhibitors: quinolone and pyridone antibacterial agents. Chem Rev 2005; 105:559-92. [PMID: 15700957 DOI: 10.1021/cr030101q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 589] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lester A Mitscher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and The Chemical Methodologies and Library Development Center of Excellence, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7582, USA.
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46
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Salaün J. π-1,1-Dimethyleneallylmetal and Homologous Complexes: Their Application in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2005; 105:285-312. [PMID: 15720155 DOI: 10.1021/cr040201b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Salaün
- Laboratoire des Carbocycles (CNRS, UMR 8615), Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, Bât. 420, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France.
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Tran TP, Ellsworth EL, Stier MA, Domagala JM, Showalter HD, Gracheck SJ, Shapiro MA, Joannides TE, Singh R. Synthesis and structural–activity relationships of 3-hydroxyquinazoline-2,4-dione antibacterial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:4405-9. [PMID: 15357962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2004] [Revised: 06/21/2004] [Accepted: 06/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3-hydroxyquinazoline-2,4-diones was synthesized and evaluated for antibacterial activity. This series represents a novel addition to the DNA gyrase inhibitor class of antibacterials. Appropriate substitutions onto the core template yielded compounds with excellent potency against E. coli gyrase and significant in vitro Gram-negative and Gram-positive antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan P Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ann Arbor Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, MI 48105, USA.
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Recent Development in the Chemistry of Pyrido-oxazines, Pyrido-thiazines, Pyrido-diazines and Their Benzologs. Part 2. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(03)85003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
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Pedrosa R, Andrés C, de las Heras L, Nieto J. A novel synthesis of enantiopure octahydropyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrroles by intramolecular [3 + 2] dipolar cycloaddition on chiral perhydro-1,3-benzoxazines. Org Lett 2002; 4:2513-6. [PMID: 12123364 DOI: 10.1021/ol0261377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Condensation of N-substituted glycines with chiral 3-allyl-2-formyl perhydro-1,3-benzoxazines forms an azomethine ylide that cyclizes to give octahydropyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrrole derivatives. The [3 + 2] dipolar cycloadditions are stereoespecific leading to a single diastereoisomer. The chemical yields are dependent on the reaction temperature and the presence or absence of a base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Pedrosa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011-Valladolid, Spain.
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