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Jimenez-Krassel F, Ireland J, Kronemeyer C, Wilson-Alvarado A, Ireland J. Development of the “waveless” bovine model. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 195:80-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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2
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Targeting luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone: A potential therapeutics to treat gynecological and other cancers. J Control Release 2018; 269:277-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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3
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Schally AV, Block NL, Rick FG. Discovery of LHRH and development of LHRH analogs for prostate cancer treatment. Prostate 2017; 77:1036-1054. [PMID: 28449236 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery, isolation, elucidation of structure, synthesis, and initial testing of the neuropeptide hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), which regulates reproduction, is briefly described. The design, synthesis, and experimental and clinical testing of agonistic analogs of LHRH is extensively reviewed focusing on the development of new methods for the treatment of prostate cancer. Subsequent development of antagonistic analogs of LHRH is then faithfully recounted with special emphasis on therapy of prostate cancer and BPH. The concepts of targeted therapy to peptide receptors on tumors are re-examined and the development of the cytotoxic analogs of LHRH and their status is reviewed. The endeavor to develop better therapies for prostate cancer, based on LHRH analogs, guided much of our work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Schally
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, Florida
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Norman L Block
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Ferenc G Rick
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research and Education, Miami, Florida
- Department of Urology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
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4
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Erchegyi J, Cescato R, Grace CRR, Waser B, Piccand V, Hoyer D, Riek R, Rivier JE, Reubi JC. Novel, potent, and radio-iodinatable somatostatin receptor 1 (sst1) selective analogues. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2733-46. [PMID: 19351180 DOI: 10.1021/jm801314f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The proposed sst(1) pharmacophore (J. Med. Chem. 2005, 48, 523-533) derived from the NMR structures of a family of mono- and dicyclic undecamers was used to design octa-, hepta-, and hexamers with high affinity and selectivity for the somatostatin sst(1) receptor. These compounds were tested for their in vitro binding properties to all five somatostatin (SRIF) receptors using receptor autoradiography; those with high SRIF receptor subtype 1 (sst(1)) affinity and selectivity were shown to be agonists when tested functionally in a luciferase reporter gene assay. Des-AA(1,4-6,10,12,13)-[DTyr(2),DAgl(NMe,2naphthoyl)(8),IAmp(9)]-SRIF-Thr-NH(2) (25) was radio-iodinated ((125)I-25) and specifically labeled sst(1)-expressing cells and tissues. 3D NMR structures were calculated for des-AA(1,4-6,10,12,13)-[DPhe(2),DTrp(8),IAmp(9)]-SRIF-Thr-NH(2) (16), des-AA(1,2,4-6,10,12,13)-[DAgl(NMe,2naphthoyl)(8),IAmp(9)]-SRIF-Thr-NH(2) (23), and des-AA(1,2,4-6,10,12,13)-[DAgl(NMe,2naphthoyl)(8),IAmp(9),Tyr(11)]-SRIF-NH(2) (27) in DMSO. Though the analogues have the sst(1) pharmacophore residues at the previously determined distances from each other, the positioning of the aromatic residues in 16, 23, and 27 is different from that described earlier, suggesting an induced fit mechanism for sst(1) binding of these novel, less constrained sst(1)-selective family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Erchegyi
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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5
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Valiente C, Corrada Y, de la Sota PE, Gerez PG, Gobello C. Effect of the GnRH antagonist, acyline, on canine testicular characteristics. Theriogenology 2007; 68:687-92. [PMID: 17586037 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective was to assess the effects and clinical safety of a single high-dose of the third generation GnRH antagonist, acyline, on testicular characteristics in male dogs. Seven dogs were followed up weekly for six, 2-week periods (-2, -1, 1, 2, 3 and 4). At the end of the second period, they were given acyline (330 microg/kg sc). Responses to treatment varied among individual animals. Testicular consistency and scrotal diameter were slightly diminished (P>0.05) in Periods 1, 2, and 3. Libido and erection decreased during Periods 1 and 2 (P<0.05). Second and third fractions of the ejaculate volume, sperm count and motility varied throughout periods (P<0.01); there was a clear impairment of these parameters (< or =0.2 mL, < or =0.6 mL, < or =0.5 million/mL and < or =30%, respectively) around the second week of Period 1, followed by slow improvement (to the end of the study). Semen volumes and motility diminished during Period 1 (P<0.05). Sperm count decreased during Periods 1, 2, and 3, relative to Periods -2 and -1 (22.7+/-11.7, 62.8+/-19.9, and 51.0+/-25.4 versus 235.7+/-63.3 and 315.5+/-27.3, respectively; P<0.05; (L.S.M.+/-S.E.M.). Morphologically abnormal sperm increased during Periods 2 and 3 (up to 64.9+/-2.6%; P<0.05). Throughout the study, no dog had hematological, biochemical, local, or systemic side effects. In conclusion, a single high-dose acyline treatment severely decreased semen quality with no adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Valiente
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of La Plata, CC 296, La Plata, Argentina
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6
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Samant MP, White R, Hong DJ, Croston G, Conn PM, Janovick JA, Rivier J. Structure-activity relationship studies of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists containing S-aryl/alkyl norcysteines and their oxidized derivatives. J Med Chem 2007; 50:2067-77. [PMID: 17402723 PMCID: PMC2536683 DOI: 10.1021/jm0613931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of acyline analogues incorporating l- and d-isomers of S-arylated/alkylated norcysteines [Ncy(R), where R is 2-naphthyl, methyl, and isopropyl] at positions 1, 4, 7, and 10 were synthesized. Some of these analogues were mono- and dioxidized to sulfoxides and sulfones. All of the analogues of acyline were screened for the antagonism of the GnRH-induced response in a reporter gene assay in HEK-293 cells expressing the human GnRH receptor. Nine of the analogues (9, 11, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, and 22) had antagonistic potency (IC50 < 2 nM) similar to that of acyline (IC50 = 0.52 nM) in this assay. Selected analogues (9, 11, 15, 16, 19, and 21) were tested in vitro for their antagonism at the rat GnRH-R in a reporter gene assay as well as in an in vivo intact male rat assay. Analogues 9 and 15 were the most potent in suppressing testosterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj P. Samant
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Richard White
- Ferring Research Institute Inc., 3550 General Atomics Ct., Building 2, Room 442, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Doley J. Hong
- Ferring Research Institute Inc., 3550 General Atomics Ct., Building 2, Room 442, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Glenn Croston
- Ferring Research Institute Inc., 3550 General Atomics Ct., Building 2, Room 442, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - P. Michael Conn
- Divisions of Neuroscience and Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Jo Ann Janovick
- Divisions of Neuroscience and Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Jean Rivier
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Corresponding author: Jean Rivier, Ph.D. The Salk Institute for Biological Studies 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road La Jolla, CA 92037 Phone: 858−453−4100 ext. 1350 Fax: 858−552−1546
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7
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Ferreira PMT, Monteiro LS. Synthesis and Reactivity of β-Bromo-β-Substituted Dehydroalanines. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gairí M, Saiz P, Madurga S, Roig X, Erchegyi J, Koerber SC, Reubi JC, Rivier JE, Giralt E. Conformational analysis of a potent SSTR3-selective somatostatin analogue by NMR in water solution. J Pept Sci 2006; 12:82-91. [PMID: 16365912 DOI: 10.1002/psc.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The three-dimensional structure of a potent SSTR3-selective analogue of somatostatin, cyclo(3-14)H-Cys(3)-Phe(6)-Tyr(7)-D-Agl(8)(N(beta) Me, 2-naphthoyl)-Lys(9)-Thr(10)-Phe(11)-Cys(14)-OH (des-AA(1, 2, 4, 5, 12, 13)[Tyr(7), D-Agl(8)(N(beta) Me, 2-naphthoyl)]-SRIF) (peptide 1) has been determined by (1)H NMR in water and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The peptide exists in two conformational isomers differing mainly by the cis/trans isomerization of the side chain in residue 8. The structure of 1 is compared with the consensus structural motifs of other somatostatin analogues that bind predominantly to SSTR1, SSTR2/SSTR5 and SSTR4 receptors, and to the 3D structure of a non-selective SRIF analogue, cyclo(3-14)H-Cys(3)-Phe(6)-Tyr(7)-D-2Nal(8)-Lys(9)-Thr(10)-Phe(11)-Cys(14)-OH (des-AA(1, 2, 4, 5, 12, 13)[Tyr(7), D-2Nal(8)]-SRIF) (peptide 2). The structural determinant factors that could explain selectivity of peptide 1 for SSTR3 receptors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Gairí
- NMR Facility, Serveis Cientificotècnics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona Science Park, Josep Samitier 1-5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Samant MP, Hong DJ, Croston G, Rivier C, Rivier J. Novel gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists with substitutions at position 5. Biopolymers 2005; 80:386-91. [PMID: 15614806 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists with high potency and improved duration of action are needed for potential clinical applications. We synthesized four new antagonists (2-5) of GnRH homologues to Azaline B (1), with a common core sequence of [Aph(X)5, D-Aph(Cbm)6]Azaline B. In these analogs, (X) contains hydrophobic aromatic moieties (like homoveratoyl in 2, homovanillyl in 3, 2,5-dimethoxyphenylacetyl in 4, and 3,5-dimethoxyphenylacetyl in 5) designed to improve the duration of action over that of Azaline B. These analogs were tested in vitro for their ability to antagonize the GnRH receptor and in vivo for duration of action in a castrated male rat assay. Analogs 2, 4, and 5 were potent in vitro, but were found to be short acting in vivo. However, analog 3 [Aph(Hvn)5,D-Aph(Cbm)6]Azaline B is a potent human GnRH receptor antagonist in vitro (IC50 1.47 nM) and exhibits a longer duration of action than azaline B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj P Samant
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Reubi JC, Schaer JC, Wenger S, Hoeger C, Erchegyi J, Waser B, Rivier J. SST3-selective potent peptidic somatostatin receptor antagonists. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:13973-8. [PMID: 11095748 PMCID: PMC17685 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.250483897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A family of octapeptide derivatives of somatostatin cyclized via a disulfide bridge (des-AA(1,2,4,5,12,13)[d-2Nal(8)]-somatostatin-14, ODN-8) was identified that has high affinity and selectivity for the human sst(3) somatostatin receptor subtype transfected in CCL39 cells. The binding affinity of carbamoyl-des-AA(1,2,4,5,12, 13)[d-Cys(3),Tyr(7),d-Agl(8)(Me,2-naphthoyl)]-somatostatin-14 (sst(3)-ODN-8) is equal to that of somatostatin-28 for sst(3) and less than one-thousandth that for the other four somatostatin receptor subtypes. Compound sst(3)-ODN-8 potently reverses the somatostatin-28-induced inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP production (pK(B) = 9.07) and reverses the somatostatin-28-induced stimulation of phospholipase C activity (pK(i) = 9.22) in sst(3)-transfected CCL39 cells. [(125)I-Tyr(7)]sst(3)-ODN-8 selectively labels sst(3)-expressing cells with subnanomolar binding affinity (K(D) = 0.27 nM). With the use of this radioligand, sst(3)-expressing human tumors, particularly inactive pituitary adenomas, can be identified with receptor autoradiography; moreover, areas of the human lymphoreticular system express sst(3) binding sites selectively displaced by nanomolar concentrations of sst(3)-ODN-8. Based on the structure-activity relationship of selected analogs substituted at positions 3, 7, and 8, we hypothesize that the basis for sst(3) selectivity, high affinity, and possibly antagonism resides in the ring size of the analog and the unique conformational and structural character of the N-methylated amino-2-naphthoyl side chain of aminoglycine at position 8 and not in the Tyr(7) substitution or in the d-configuration at position 3. The family of labeled and unlabeled sst(3)-ODN-8 analogs represents highly innovative, potent, and specific sst(3)-selective antagonist tools for the study of sst(3)-mediated physiological and pathophysiological conditions that may suggest novel clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Reubi
- Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Switzerland.
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Abstract
The development of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) agonists and antagonists and the principles of their clinical use were reviewed. In the 28 years that have elapsed since the elucidation of the structure of LH-RH, various applications in gynecology, reproductive medicine, and oncology have been established for LH-RH agonists and antagonists. These clinical applications are based on inhibition of the pituitary and the gonads. The advantage of the LH-RH antagonists is due to the fact that they inhibit the secretion of gonadotropins and sex steroids immediately after the first injection and thus achieve rapid therapeutic effects in contrast to the agonists, which require repeated administration. LH-RH antagonists should find applications in the treatment of benign gynecologic disorders and benign prostatic hypertrophy and in assisted reproduction programs. The primary treatment of advanced androgen-dependent prostate cancer is presently based on the use of depot preparations of LH-RH agonists, but antagonists like Cetrorelix already have been tried successfully. Antagonists of LH-RH might be more efficacious than agonists in treatment of patients with breast cancer as well as ovarian and endometrial cancer. Recently, practical cytotoxic analogs of LH-RH that can be targeted to LH-RH receptors on tumors have been synthesized and successfully tested in experimental cancer models. Targeted cytotoxic LH-RH analogs show a great promise for therapy of prostate, breast, and ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Schally
- Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Kirby DA, Wang W, Gershengorn MC, Rivier JE. Analogs of thyrotropin-releasing hormone using an aminoglycine-based template. Peptides 1998; 19:1679-83. [PMID: 9880072 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(98)00124-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Novel thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH, pGlu-His-Pro-NH2) analogs, made by solid phase, were derived from the general scaffold pGlu-(D/L)Agl(X)-Pro-NH2 where Agl = aminoglycine. Analogs ranged from X being a proton to an acylating agent derived from substituted (aromatic heterocyclic rings) formic or acetic acids or an aminotriazolyl moiety (3'-amino-1H-1',2',4'-triazolyl) built on N(alpha) of aminoglycine or Nbeta of alpha,beta-diaminoproprionic acid (Dpr). X was expected to mimic the electronic and structural characteristics of the imidazole ring of histidine. Analogs were purified by HPLC, characterized by mass spectrometry and isolated as either diastereoisomeric mixtures or pure isomers. Analogs, tested for their binding affinity to mouse pituitary TRH receptors, have apparent equilibrium inhibitory constants > 1 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Kirby
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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