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Cao H, Histand G, Lin D. Selectfluor-Induced Oxidative Amination of N-Heteroaromatics with Purine. J Org Chem 2023; 88:5687-5695. [PMID: 37120834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
An oxidative coupling reaction between purines and aromatic N-heterocycles was developed to synthesize a series of N-heteroaryl purine derivatives using Selectfluor as an oxidant at room temperature. This process uses a commercial oxidant, uses no base, metal, or other additives, is simple to carry out, and has a broad range of substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, China
| | - Gary Histand
- The International School of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Dongen Lin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, China
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2
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Liao L, Lin D, Histand G. Visible light induced oxidative coupling of purines with arenes. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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3
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Hu J, Wang C, Yu M, Zhang S, Chen N, Du H. Palladium‐Catalyzed N3‐Directed C‐H Halogenation of N9‐Arylpurines and Azapurines. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junbin Hu
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology College of chemistry CHINA
| | - Chenxing Wang
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Mingwu Yu
- Ludong University School of Chemical and Material Science CHINA
| | - Shaojuan Zhang
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Ning Chen
- Beijing University of Chemical Technolgy chemistry 15 North 3-rd east road, Beijing 100029 Beijing CHINA
| | - Hongguang Du
- Beijing university of chemical technology college of chemistry CHINA
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4
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Yu M, Wang Z, Tian M, Lu C, Li S, Du H. Purinyl N(3)-Directed Palladium-Catalyzed C-H Alkoxylation of N(9)-Arylpurines: A Late-Stage Strategy to Synthesize N(9)-(ortho-Alkoxyl)arylpurines. J Org Chem 2016; 81:3435-42. [PMID: 27015589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed alkoxylation of N(9)-arylpurines with primary or secondary alcohols has been developed successfully, which is a rare C-H activation reaction of polynitrogenated purines and offers a late-stage strategy to synthesize N(9)-(ortho-alkoxyl)arylpurines. Although there are more than four nitrogen atoms present in the purine moiety, the reaction can be effectively conducted by sterically blocking the N(1) site for catalyst coordination and first employing the purinyl N(3) atom as a directing group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwu Yu
- Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqian Wang
- Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Miao Tian
- Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Chenghu Lu
- Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Shunlai Li
- Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Hongguang Du
- Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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Kozachenko AP, Shablykin OV, Vasilenko AN, Rusanov EB, Brovarets VS, Drach BS. Recyclization of the products of amidine addition to the substituted 5-amino-4-cyano-1,3-oxazole into new derivatives of 5,6-Diaminopyrimidin-4-one. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363210050233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Ye Y, Liao Q, Wei J, Gao Q. 3D-QSAR study of corticotropin-releasing factor 1 antagonists and pharmacophore-based drug design. Neurochem Int 2010; 56:107-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Goswami S, Hazra A, Jana S. One-Pot Two-Step Solvent-Free Rapid and Clean Synthesis of 2-(Substituted Amino)pyrimidines by Microwave Irradiation. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2009. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.82.1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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8
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Keder R, Dvořáková H, Dvořák D. New Approach to the Synthesis ofN7-Arylguanines andN7-Aryladenines. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200801002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Griffith DA, Hadcock JR, Black SC, Iredale PA, Carpino PA, DaSilva-Jardine P, Day R, DiBrino J, Dow RL, Landis MS, O'Connor RE, Scott DO. Discovery of 1-[9-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-(2-chlorophenyl)-9H-purin-6-yl]-4-ethylaminopiperidine-4-carboxylic acid amide hydrochloride (CP-945,598), a novel, potent, and selective cannabinoid type 1 receptor antagonist. J Med Chem 2009; 52:234-7. [PMID: 19102698 DOI: 10.1021/jm8012932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the structure-activity relationships, design, and synthesis of the novel cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor antagonist 3a (CP-945,598). Compound 3a showed subnanomolar potency at human CB1 receptors in binding (Ki = 0.7 nM) and functional assays (Ki = 0.12 nM). In vivo, compound 3a reversed cannabinoid agonist-mediated responses, reduced food intake, and increased energy expenditure and fat oxidation in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Griffith
- Department of Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA.
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Aguado L, Camarasa MJ, Pérez-Pérez MJ. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 9-Arylpurines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:210-2. [DOI: 10.1021/cc800169d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leire Aguado
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-José Camarasa
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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12
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Slauson SR, Rimoldi JM, Fronczek FR. Antalarmin. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2008; 64:o1650-1. [PMID: 21203337 PMCID: PMC2962248 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536808023775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the molecule of the title compund [systematic name: N-butyl-N-ethyl-2,5,6-trimethyl-7-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine], C24H34N4, the pyrrolopyrimidine ring system is nearly planar, its five- and six-membered rings forming a dihedral angle of 5.3 (2)°. The benzene ring is nearly orthogonal to the central ring system. The N atom carrying the ethyl and n-butyl groups is flattened pyramidal.
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Khalafi‐Nezhad A, Zare A, Parhami A, Soltani Rad MN, Nejabat GR. Regioselective N‐Arylation of Some Pyrimidine and Purine Nucleobases. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910600943535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Khalafi‐Nezhad
- a Department of Chemistry , College of Sciences, Shiraz University , Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abdolkarim Zare
- a Department of Chemistry , College of Sciences, Shiraz University , Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abolfath Parhami
- a Department of Chemistry , College of Sciences, Shiraz University , Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Gholam Reza Nejabat
- a Department of Chemistry , College of Sciences, Shiraz University , Shiraz, Iran
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Vervaeke K, Gu N, Agdestein C, Hu H, Storm JF. Kv7/KCNQ/M-channels in rat glutamatergic hippocampal axons and their role in regulation of excitability and transmitter release. J Physiol 2006; 576:235-56. [PMID: 16840518 PMCID: PMC1995637 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.111336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
M-current (I(M)) plays a key role in regulating neuronal excitability. Mutations in Kv7/KCNQ subunits, the molecular correlates of I(M), are associated with a familial human epilepsy syndrome. Kv7/KCNQ subunits are widely expressed, and I(M) has been recorded in somata of several types of neurons, but the subcellular distribution of M-channels remains elusive. By combining field-potential, whole-cell and intracellular recordings from area CA1 in rat hippocampal slices, and computational modelling, we provide evidence for functional M-channels in unmyelinated axons in the brain. Our data indicate that presynaptic M-channels can regulate axonal excitability and synaptic transmission, provided the axons are depolarized into the I(M) activation range (beyond approximately -65 mV). Here, such depolarization was achieved by increasing the extracellular K(+) concentration ([K(+)](o)). Extracellular recordings in the presence of moderately elevated [K(+)](o) (7-11 mm), showed that the specific M-channel blocker XE991 reduced the amplitude of the presynaptic fibre volley and the field EPSP in a [K(+)](o)-dependent manner, both in stratum radiatum and in stratum lacknosum moleculare. The M-channel opener, retigabine, had opposite effects. The higher the [K(+)](o), the greater the effects of XE991 and retigabine. Similar pharmacological modulation of EPSPs recorded intracellularly from CA1 pyramidal neurons, while blocking postsynaptic K(+) channels with intracellular Cs(+), confirmed that active M-channels are located presynaptically. Computational analysis with an axon model showed that presynaptic I(M) can control Na(+) channel inactivation and thereby affect the presynaptic action potential amplitude and Ca(2+) influx, provided the axonal membrane potential is sufficiently depolarized. Finally, we compared the effects of blocking I(M) on the spike after-depolarization and bursting in CA3 pyramidal neuron somata versus their axons. In standard [K(+)](o) (2.5 mm), XE991 increased the ADP and promoted burst firing at the soma, but not in the axons. However, I(M) contributed to the refractory period in the axons when spikes were broadened by a low dose 4-aminopyridine (200 microm). Our results indicate that functional Kv7/KCNQ/M-channels are present in unmyelinated axons in the brain, and that these channels may have contrasting effects on excitability depending on their subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vervaeke
- Department of Physiology at IMB and Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, CMBN, University of Oslo, PB 1103 Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway
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16
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Khalafi-Nezhad A, Zare A, Parhami A, Rad MNS, Nejabat GR. Microwave-assisted N-nitroarylation of some pyrimidine and purine nucleobases. CAN J CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1139/v06-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An efficient procedure for the synthesis of some N-nitroaryl derivatives of nucleobases via microwave-assisted N-nitroarylation of nucleobases in the presence of SiO2 and Cs2CO3 in DMSO, as the homogenizing solvent, is described. In this method, some pyrimidine and purine nucleobases are nitroarylated regioselectively in moderate to high yields and short reaction times.Key words: microwave, N-nitroarylation, pyrimidine, purine, SNAr.
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17
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Provins L, Christophe B, Danhaive P, Dulieu J, Durieu V, Gillard M, Lebon F, Lengelé S, Quéré L, van Keulen B. First dual M3 antagonists-PDE4 inhibitors: synthesis and SAR of 4,6-diaminopyrimidine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:1834-9. [PMID: 16439121 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 01/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
SAR around 4,6-diaminopyrimidine derivatives allowed the discovery of the first potent dual M(3) antagonists and PDE4 inhibitors. Various chemical modulations around that scaffold led to the discovery of ucb-101333-3 which is characterized by the most interesting profile on both targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Provins
- Global Chemistry, UCB, R&D, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420 Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium.
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Minetti P, Tinti MO, Carminati P, Castorina M, Di Cesare MA, Di Serio S, Gallo G, Ghirardi O, Giorgi F, Giorgi L, Piersanti G, Bartoccini F, Tarzia G. 2-n-Butyl-9-methyl-8-[1,2,3]triazol-2-yl-9H-purin-6-ylamine and analogues as A2A adenosine receptor antagonists. Design, synthesis, and pharmacological characterization. J Med Chem 2005; 48:6887-96. [PMID: 16250647 DOI: 10.1021/jm058018d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two types of adenosine receptor ligands were designed, i.e., 9H-purine and 1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridines, to obtain selective A(2A) antagonists, and we report here their synthesis and binding affinities for the four adenosine receptor subtypes A(1), A(2A), A(2B) and A(3). The design was carried out on the basis of the molecular modeling of a number of potent adenosine receptor antagonists described in the literature. Three compounds (25b-d) showed an interesting affinity and selectivity for the A(2A) subtype. One of them, i.e., ST1535 (2-n-butyl-9-methyl-8-[1,2,3]triazol-2-yl-9H-purin-6-ylamine, 25b) (K(i) A(2A) = 6.6 nM, K(i) A(1)/A(2A) = 12; K(i) A(2B)/A(2A) = 58; K(i) A(3)/A(2A) > 160), was selected for in vivo study and shown to induce a dose-related increase in locomotor activity, suggestive of an A(2A) antagonist type of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Minetti
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy.
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Yang J, Che X, Dang Q, Wei Z, Gao S, Bai X. Synthesis of Tricyclic 4-Chloro-pyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]benzodiazepines. Org Lett 2005; 7:1541-3. [PMID: 15816747 DOI: 10.1021/ol050181f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A novel methodology was developed for the efficient synthesis of 4-chloro-pyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]benzodiazepines. The key is the intramolecular Friedel-Crafts cyclization of 5-amino-4-(N-substituted)anilino-6-chloropyrimidine with either a carboxylic acid or its derivatives to construct the 4-chloro-pyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]benzodiazepine core. Subsequent nucleophilic substitution allows the introduction of one more diversity point in the target molecules. This strategy provides an efficient method to access a library of compounds based on privileged substructures that are of great interest in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Yang
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Jilin University, 75 Jinlai Street, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China
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20
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Yang J, Dang Q, Liu J, Wei Z, Wu J, Bai X. Preparation of a Fully Substituted Purine Library. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 7:474-82. [PMID: 15877476 DOI: 10.1021/cc0498433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A library of tetra-substituted purine analogues was readily prepared via parallel synthesis. This strategy relies on a key cyclization of a 4,5-diaminopyrimidine with either a carboxylic acid or its derivative to construct the 2,8,9-trisubstituted 6-chloropurine core. Further elaborations of this core allow the introduction of other diversity points. This methodology is demonstrated through the preparation of a 135-membered library of tetra-substituted purines in good yields and high purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Yang
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Jilin University, 75 Jinlai Street, Changchun, Jilin 130012, PR China
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Rijkers DTS, Kruijtzer JAW, van Oostenbrugge M, Ronken E, den Hartog JAJ, Liskamp RMJ. Structure-activity studies on the corticotropin releasing factor antagonist astressin, leading to a minimal sequence necessary for antagonistic activity. Chembiochem 2004; 5:340-8. [PMID: 14997526 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200300769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF) antagonists are considered promising for treatment of stress-related illnesses such as major depression and anxiety-related disorders. We report here the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 91 truncated astressin analogues in order to deduce the pharmacophoric amino acid residues. Such truncated peptides may serve as valuable lead structures for the development of new small, non-peptide-based CRF antagonists. N-Terminal truncation of astressin led to active CRF antagonists that are substantially reduced in size and are selectively active at the human CRF receptor type 1 in vitro and in vivo. Subsequently, an alanine scan in combination with further truncated derivatives led to the proposal of a new pharmacophoric model of peptide-based CRF antagonists. It was found that the astressin(27-41)C sequence is the shortest active CRF antagonist. The first eight N-terminal amino acid residues were found to be an important structural determinant and were replaceable by alanine residues, thus enhancing the alpha-helical propensity. A covalent structural constraint is of utmost importance for the preorganization of the C-terminal amino acid residues. The C-terminal heptapeptide sequence, however, was found to be crucial for the antagonistic activity, since substitution or deletion of any residue led to inactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk T S Rijkers
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P. O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Dyck B, R. McCarthy J. Synthesis of Pyrrolopyrimidine CRF-R1 Antagonists Containing a Tricyclic Core via an Intra-molecular Heck Reaction. HETEROCYCLES 2004. [DOI: 10.3987/com-03-s(p)41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Huang CQ, Wilcoxen K, McCarthy JR, Haddach M, Webb TR, Gu J, Xie YF, Grigoriadis DE, Chen C. Synthesis and SAR of 8-arylquinolines as potent corticotropin-releasing factor1 (CRF1) receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:3375-9. [PMID: 12951129 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00684-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-substituted 8-aryl-2-methylquinolines 4 was designed and synthesized as highly potent antagonists for the human CRF(1) receptor. This series of compounds displayed parallel SAR to other bicyclic systems such as pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines, with several compounds possessing low nanomolar binding affinity. In addition to the high potency, the basicity of this 4-aminoquinoline core may offer CRF(1) antagonists with lower lipophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Q Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 10555 Science Centre Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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25
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Gilligan PJ, Folmer BK, Hartz RA, Koch S, Nanda KK, Andreuski S, Fitzgerald L, Miller K, Marshall WJ. Pyrazolo-[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazine corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:4093-102. [PMID: 12927871 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00398-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses and rat CRF receptor binding affinities of 'retro-pyrazolotriazine' corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) ligands 4 are reported. Some have high affinity for rat CRF receptors (K(i)< or =10 nM). The data provide additional support for the hypothesis that it is possible to interchange isosteric cores with similar electronic properties in the design of high-affinity CRF receptor ligands, provided the peripheral pharmacophore elements are maintained in the same three-dimensional array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Gilligan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Discovery Chemistry Department and E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Co., Central Research and Development Department, Experimental Station, Wilmington, DE 19880-0500, USA.
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26
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Saunders J, Williams J. Antagonists of the corticotropin releasing factor receptor. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2003; 41:195-247. [PMID: 12774695 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(02)41006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Saunders
- Department of Chemistry, Neurocrine Biosciences, 10555 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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27
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Bakkestuen AK, Gundersen LL. Regioselective N-9 arylation of purines employing arylboronic acids in the presence of Cu(II). Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(03)00576-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Zorrilla EP, Valdez GR, Nozulak J, Koob GF, Markou A. Effects of antalarmin, a CRF type 1 receptor antagonist, on anxiety-like behavior and motor activation in the rat. Brain Res 2002; 952:188-99. [PMID: 12376179 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular studies point to a role for the type 1 corticotropin-releasing factor receptor (CRF(1)) in anxiogenic-like and activating effects of CRF and stress. However, CP-154,526, a selective CRF(1) antagonist, has yielded mixed results in such tests. Few studies have examined the behavioral effects of other CRF(1) antagonists. Therefore, we examined the effects of antalarmin, a structurally related analog of CP-154,526, on anxiety-like behavior and motor activation. Antalarmin blocked the anxiogenic-like effect of CRF in the elevated plus maze, without affecting anxiety-like behavior in vehicle-treated animals. Antalarmin decreased spontaneous defensive withdrawal behavior in a novel, brightly illuminated open field. Finally, antalarmin blocked the activating effects of CRF, but not D-amphetamine, without producing motor sedation. These findings indicate that the CRF(1) receptor mediates anxiogenic-like effects of novelty stress and the anxiogenic-like and activating effects of CRF and support the hypothesis that CRF(1) antagonists may be useful for the pharmacotherapy of pathological anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Zorrilla
- Department of Neuropharmacology, CVN-7, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Yuan J, Gulianello M, De Lombaert S, Brodbeck R, Kieltyka A, Hodgetts KJ. 3-Aryl pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives: Nonpeptide CRF-1 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:2133-6. [PMID: 12127521 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00358-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a series of 3-aryl pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidines as potential corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF-1) antagonists is described. The effects of substitution on the aromatic ring, the amino group and the pyrazolo ring on CRF-1 receptor binding were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yuan
- Neurogen Corporation, 35Northeast Industrial Road, Branford, CT 06405, USA
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30
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Baraldi PG, Pavani MG, Nuñez MDC, Brigidi P, Vitali B, Gambari R, Romagnoli R. Antimicrobial and antitumor activity of N-heteroimmine-1,2,3-dithiazoles and their transformation in triazolo-, imidazo-, and pyrazolopirimidines. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:449-56. [PMID: 11741793 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of Appel's salt with o-amino nitrile heterocycles 10-19 gave the corresponding 4-chloro-5-heteroimmine-1,2,3-dithiazoles 20-29 which were evaluated for their antibacterial, antifungal and antitumor activity. Although all these N-heteroimines were devoid of significant antibacterial activity, they showed significant antifungal activity. Moreover, the same derivatives represent highly versatile intermediates in heterocyclic synthesis, in fact the pyrazoleimino dithiazoles 20-26 can be converted in one step into 2-cyano derivatives of the corresponding 4-methoxy-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines 30-35 by sodium methoxide in refluxing methanol. This provides a general and attractive route to 4-methoxy-6-cyano pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines from 1-substituted 5-amino pyrazoles 10-19 in two simple steps. Finally, the isosteric replacement of the pyrazole ring atoms to give the imidazole[3,4-d]pyrimidine and triazole [4,5-d] pyrimidine ring systems was examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44100, Ferrara, Italy.
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31
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Hsin LW, Tian X, Webster EL, Coop A, Caldwell TM, Jacobson AE, Chrousos GP, Gold PW, Habib KE, Ayala A, Eckelman WC, Contoreggi C, Rice KC. CRHR1 Receptor binding and lipophilicity of pyrrolopyrimidines, potential nonpeptide corticotropin-releasing hormone type 1 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:175-83. [PMID: 11738619 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of compounds related to N-butyl-N-ethyl[2,5,6-trimethyl-7-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl]amine (1, antalarmin) have been prepared and evaluated for their CRHR1 binding affinity as the initial step in the development of selective high affinity hydrophilic nonpeptide corticotropin-releasing hormone type 1 receptor (CRHR1) antagonists. Calculated log P (Clog P) values were used to evaluate the rank order of hydrophilicity for these analogues. Introducing oxygenated functionalities (delta-hydroxy or bis-beta-ethereal) into 1 gave more hydrophilic compounds, which had good affinity for the receptor. Introducing an amino group or shortening the alkyl side chain was detrimental to CRHR1 affinity. The alcohol 4-[ethyl[2,5,6-trimethyl-7-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl]amino]butan-1-ol (3), bearing a terminal hydroxyl group on an N-alkyl side-chain, showed the highest CRHR1 binding affinity among these compounds (K(i)=0.68 nM), and is one of the highest affinity CRHR1 ligands known. Compounds 3-5, and 8, which are likely to be less lipophilic than 1, have high CRHR1 affinity and may be valuable probes to further study the CRH system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Wei Hsin
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Building 8, Room B1-23, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8 Center Drive MSC 0815, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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32
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Greiner E, Atkinson AJ, Ayala A, Chrousos GP, Contoreggi C, Eckelman WC, Gold PW, Habib KE, Jacobson AE, Whittaker N, Webster EL, Rice KC. Synthesis of doubly13C-labelled antalarmin isotopomers for pharmacokinetic studies. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Jones G. The chemistry of the triazolopyridines: an update. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(02)83003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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34
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Martarello L, Kilts CD, Ely T, Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB, Camp M, Goodman MM. Synthesis and characterization of fluorinated and iodinated pyrrolopyrimidines as PET/SPECT ligands for the CRF1 receptor. Nucl Med Biol 2001; 28:187-95. [PMID: 11295429 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8051(00)00199-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine-18 labeled fluorobutyl[2,5-dimethyl-7-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-7H-pyrrolo [2,3-d] pyrimidin-4-yl]ethylamine (FBPPA) and iodine-123 labeled butyl[2,5-dimethyl-7-(4-iodo-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl]ethyl-amine (IBPPA) were synthesized in the development of a CRF receptor ligand. The methods of synthesis, in vitro binding assays, radiolabeling and in vivo tissue distribution in rats are described. Fluorine-18 labeled FBPPA was prepared with high specific activity (3 x 10(4) Ci/mmol) by nucleophilic displacement with an average radiochemical yield of 6% (EOB). Iodine-123 labeled IBPPA was prepared by electrophilic iododestannylation with good yield (60%) and high specific activity (3.3 x 10(3) Ci/mmol). The retention of FBPPA and IBPPA in the pituitary was good (1.16% i.d./g and 2.35% i.d./g respectively at 60 min). However, the accumulation of radioactivity in the brain for both radiotracers was very low at all time points of the study, which demonstrated the difficulties for these radiopharmaceuticals to penetrate the blood brain barrier (BBB).
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Affiliation(s)
- L Martarello
- Department of Radiology, Emory Center for Positron Emission Tomography, Emory University School of Medicine, 1634 Clifton Road N.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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35
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Keller PA, Elfick L, Garner J, Morgan J, McCluskey A. Corticotropin releasing hormone: therapeutic implications and medicinal chemistry developments. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:1213-23. [PMID: 10896102 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH, sometimes known as CRF) is an endogenous 41 amino acid peptide that has been implicated in the onset of pregnancy, the 'fight or flight' response, in addition to a large number of physiological disorders. Recently, medicinal chemists have developed a number of potent and selective compounds that show promise in a vast array of therapeutic uses. Herein we review the current status of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Keller
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
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36
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Gilligan PJ, Robertson DW, Zaczek R. Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) receptor modulators: progress and opportunities for new therapeutic agents. J Med Chem 2000; 43:1641-60. [PMID: 10794681 DOI: 10.1021/jm990590f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P J Gilligan
- DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company, Experimental Station, P.O. Box 80500, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0500, USA.
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37
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Nakazato A, Kumagai T, Okubo T, Tanaka H, Chaki S, Okuyama S, Tomisawa K. Design, synthesis and structure-affinity relationships of 4-methylidenepiperidine and 4-aryl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine derivatives as corticotropin-releasing factor1 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:1183-93. [PMID: 10882028 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recently, various non-peptide corticotropin-releasing factor1 (CRF1) receptor antagonists have been reported. Structure-affinity relationships (SARs) of non-peptide CRF antagonists suggest that such antagonists can be constructed of three units: a hydrophobic unit (Up-Area), a proton accepting unit (Central-Area), and an aromatic unit (Down-Area). Our interest focused on the Up-Area in deriving the novel methylidenepiperidine derivatives 8-10 and 4-aryl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine derivatives 11-13 as non-peptide CRF1 receptor antagonists. Compounds 8a and 11a had moderate affinity for CRF1 receptor, but compounds 9, 10, 12 and 13 did not exhibit CRF1 receptor affinity. Modification of derivatives 11 afforded compounds 11i (CRA1001) and 11x (CRA1000), which had high affinity and selectivity for CRF1 receptors with potent anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like properties in some experimental animal models. These findings suggest that the hydrophonic unit (Up-Area) may be useful for design of CRF1 antagonists. We report here the design, synthesis and SARs of the derivatives 8 and 11 and isosteres 9, 10, 12 and 13.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nakazato
- Medicinal Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ohmiya, Saitama, Japan.
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38
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Hsin LW, Webster EL, Chrousos GP, Gold PW, Eckelman WC, Contoreggi C, Rice KC. Synthesis and biological activity of fluoro-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines: the development of potential positron emission tomography imaging agents for the corticotropin-releasing hormone type 1 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:707-10. [PMID: 10782669 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of fluoro-substituted 4-(dialkylamino)pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines was synthesized and their binding affinity for corticotropin-releasing hormone type 1 receptor (CRHR1) was investigated. Compounds 11a and 11b possessed very high CRHR1 affinity (Ki=3.5, 0.91 nM, respectively). They are promising candidates for the development of 18F-containing nonpeptide PET radioligands for CRHR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Hsin
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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39
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He L, Gilligan PJ, Zaczek R, Fitzgerald LW, McElroy J, Shen HS, Saye JA, Kalin NH, Shelton S, Christ D, Trainor G, Hartig P. 4-(1,3-Dimethoxyprop-2-ylamino)-2,7-dimethyl-8-(2, 4-dichlorophenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazine: a potent, orally bioavailable CRF(1) receptor antagonist. J Med Chem 2000; 43:449-56. [PMID: 10669572 DOI: 10.1021/jm9904351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity studies in the pyrazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazine series led to the discovery that compound 11i (DMP696) is a potent hCRF(1) receptor antagonist (K(i) = 1.7 nM vs 7.5 nM for alpha-hel-CRF(9-41), hCRF(1) adenylate cyclase IC(50) = 82 nM vs 286 nM for alpha-hel-CRF(9-41)). Compound 11i has excellent oral pharmacokinetic profiles in rats and dogs (37% and 50% oral bioavailabilities, respectively). This compound displays good activity in the rat situational anxiety model (MED = 3 mg/kg (po)), whereas a literature standard 1 (CP154526-1) was inactive (MED > 30 mg/kg (po)). Analogue 11i reduced stereotypical mouth movements in rhesus monkeys by 50% at 21 mg/kg (po) using the human intruder paradigm. Overall, the profile of pyrazolotriazine 11i indicates that hCRF(1) receptor antagonists may be anxiolytic agents, which have reduced motor side effect profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- L He
- Chemical Science Department, DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company, Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 10880-0500, USA
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40
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Lahue BR, Snyder JK. Six-Membered Ring Systems: Diazines and Benzo Derivatives. PROGRESS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(00)80016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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41
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Gilligan PJ, Baldauf C, Cocuzza A, Chidester D, Zaczek R, Fitzgerald LW, McElroy J, Smith MA, Shen HS, Saye JA, Christ D, Trainor G, Robertson DW, Hartig P. The discovery of 4-(3-pentylamino)-2,7-dimethyl-8-(2-methyl-4-methoxyphenyl)-pyrazolo-[1 ,5-a]-pyrimidine: a corticotropin-releasing factor (hCRF1) antagonist. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:181-9. [PMID: 10968277 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Structure activity relationship studies led to the discovery of 4-(3-pentylamino)-2,7-dimethyl-8-(2-methyl-4-methoxyphenyl)-pyrazo lo-[1,5-a]-pyrimidine 11-31 (DMP904), whose pharmacological profile strongly supports the hypothesis that hCRF1 antagonists may be potent anxiolytic drugs. Compound 11-31 (hCRF1 Ki = 1.0+/-0.2 nM (n = 8)) was a potent antagonist of hCRF1-coupled adenylate cyclase activity in HEK293 cells (IC50= 10.0+/-0.01 nM versus 10 nM r/hCRF, n = 8); alpha-helical CRF(9-41) had weaker potency (IC50 = 286+/-63 nM, n = 3). Analogue 11-31 had good oral activity in the rat situational anxiety test; the minimum effective dose for 11-31 was 0.3 mg/kg (po). Maximal efficacy (approximately 57% reduction in latency time in the dark compartment) was observed at this dose. Chlordiazepoxide caused a 72% reduction in latency at 20 mg/kg (po). The literature compound 1 (CP154526-1, 30 mg/kg (po)) was inactive in this test. Compound 11-31 did not inhibit open-field locomotor activity at 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg (po) in rats. In beagle dogs, this compound (5 mg/kg, iv, po) afforded good plasma levels. The key iv pharmacokinetic parameters were t1/2, CL and Vd,ss values equal to 46.4+/-7.6 h. 0.49+/-0.08 L/kg/h and 23.0+/-4.2 L/kg, respectively. After oral dosing, the mean Cmax, Tmax t1/2 and bioavailability values were equal to 1260+/-290 nM, 0.75+/-0.25 h. 45.1+/-10.2 h and 33.1%, respectively. The overall rat behavioral profile of this compound suggests that it may be an anxiolytic drug with a low motor side effect liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Gilligan
- DuPont Pharmaceuticals Co., Chemical and Physical Sciences Departent, Experimental Station, Wilmington, DE 10880-0500, USA
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42
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Six-Membered Ring Systems: Triazines, Tetrazines and Fused Ring Polyaza Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(00)80017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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43
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Abstract
Following a search lasting nearly three decades, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a 41 amino acid-containing peptide, was isolated and characterised in 1981. In the preceding 18 years, a concatenation was developed that appears to show that CRF integrates not only the endocrine, but also the autonomic, immunologic and behavioural responses of mammalian organisms to stress. Direct CNS administration of CRF to laboratory animals produces actions similar to those observed after exposure to stress. Moreover, CNS administration of peptidergic CRF antagonists blocks many of the behavioural responses to stress. Since both early untoward life events as well as recently experienced stress have been implicated in the pathophysiology of affective disorders, and because there is substantial evidence for CRF neuronal hyperactivity in patients with affective disorders, small molecule, lipophilic CRF antagonists have been hypothesised to possess antidepressant and/or anxiolytic activity. Within the last few years, a number of pharmaceutical companies have developed selective, small molecule CRF(1) receptor antagonists. These compounds block the effects of CRF both in vitro and in vivo. There is also evidence that these agents possess anxiolytic and antidepressant activity in animal behavioural models. Compounds that act upon the CRF system have been hypothesised to be of value not only for certain psychiatric disorders, but also in neurodegenerative and inflammatory disorders. Some of these CRF(1) receptor antagonists are currently undergoing clinical trials to determine their efficacy and tolerability in patients with mood and anxiety disorders.
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44
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Rivier JE, Kirby DA, Lahrichi SL, Corrigan A, Vale WW, Rivier CL. Constrained corticotropin releasing factor antagonists (astressin analogues) with long duration of action in the rat. J Med Chem 1999; 42:3175-82. [PMID: 10447963 DOI: 10.1021/jm9902133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In an earlier report we identified specific modifications and substitutions of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) that led to the discovery of antagonists with extended duration of action as compared to that of astressin {cyclo(30-33)[DPhe(12),Nle(21),Glu(30), Lys(33),Nle(38)]hCRF((12)(-)(41))}. These additional modifications included elongation of the peptide chain by three residues at the N-terminus, its acetylation, and the [CalphaMeLeu(27)] substitution to yield cyclo(30-33)[DPhe(12), Nle(21),CalphaMeLeu(27),Glu(30), Lys(33),Nle(38)]Ac-hCRF((9)(-)(41)), which was found to be longer acting than astressin (Rivier, J.; et al. J. Med. Chem. 1998, 41, 5012-5019). To further increase the efficiency (potency, duration of action, and bioavailability) of this family of antagonists, we introduced two or more CalphaMe-leucine residues at positions shown in earlier studies to be favorable (Hernandez, J.-F.; et al. J. Med. Chem. 1993, 36, 2860-2867). Whereas the introduction of CalphaMe-leucine residues at positions 27 and either 18 (11), 37 (17), or 40 (19) resulted in dramatic increases in duration of inhibitory action in the adrenalectomized (adx) rat after intravenous injection, the same substitution at positions 27 and either 15 (7, 8), 17 (9), 19 (12, 13), or 41 (20) led to short acting analogues. Other substitutions by CalphaMeLeu at positions 27 and either 10 (4), 13 (5), 14 (6), 21 (14), 24 (15), 36 (16), or 38 (18) yielded analogues with duration of action intermediate between those mentioned above. Cyclo(30-33)[DPhe(12), Nle(21), CalphaMeLeu(27),Glu(30),Lys(33),Nle(38), CalphaMeLeu(40)]Ac-hCRF((9)(-)(41)) (astressin B, 19) was one of the most efficacious analogues of this series (>4 h inhibition of ACTH secretion at 25 microgram/adx rat). It was found to be even longer acting via subcutaneous administration in either an aqueous (>24 h inhibition of ACTH secretion at 100 microgram/adx rat) or lipid milieu (DMSO/peanut oil, >24 h inhibition of ACTH secretion at 30 microgram/adx rat) than after intravenous administration (<12 h inhibition of ACTH secretion at 100 microgram/adx rat). We concluded that Calpha-methylation at some positions may favor a bioactive conformation while also preventing degradation and/or elimination, resulting in significant extension of duration of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Rivier
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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45
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Abstract
The first potent nonpeptidic ligands for somatostatin, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, glucagon and bradykinin receptors have been reported. Nonpeptidic clinical candidates have been identified or are currently under study for substance P, bradykinin, endothelin, growth hormone secretagogue, angiotensin, vasopressin, motilin and cholecystokinin. Design, screening, combinatorial chemistry and classical medicinal chemistry all played important roles in these advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Freidinger
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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46
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Carroll FI, Howell LL, Kuhar MJ. Pharmacotherapies for treatment of cocaine abuse: preclinical aspects. J Med Chem 1999; 42:2721-36. [PMID: 10425082 DOI: 10.1021/jm9706729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F I Carroll
- Chemistry and Life Sciences, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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47
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Beck JP, Curry MA, Chorvat RJ, Fitzgerald LW, Gilligan PJ, Zaczek R, Trainor GL. Thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine thiones and -ones as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH-R1) receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:1185-8. [PMID: 10328310 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00159-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine thiones and -ones was prepared and discovered to have good binding affinity to the CRH-R1 receptor, thus showing promise as a new class of potential anxiolytics and/or antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Beck
- DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company, Chemical and Physical Sciences, Wilmington, DE 19880-0500, USA
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48
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Cocuzza AJ, Hobbs FW, Arnold CR, Chidester DR, Yarem JA, Culp S, Fitzgerald L, Gilligan PJ. 4-Aryl-2-anilinopyrimidines as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:1057-62. [PMID: 10230640 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00132-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-aryl-2-(N-ethylanilino)pyrimidines has been synthesized as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) inhibitors. The effect of substitution on each aromatic ring on receptor binding was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Cocuzza
- DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company, Chemical and Physical Sciences Department, Experimental Station, Wilmington, DE 19880-0500, USA
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49
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Beck JP, Arvanitis AG, Curry MA, Rescinito JT, Fitzgerald LW, Gilligan PJ, Zaczek R, Trainor GL. Purin-8-ones as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH-R1) receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:967-72. [PMID: 10230622 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00108-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of purin-8-ones was prepared and discovered to have excellent binding affinity to the CRH-R1 receptor. Structure-activity studies focused on amine side-chain optimization, urea substitution and pyridyl isostere incorporation. Thus, the highly potent purin-8-ones show promise as a new class of potential anxiolytics and/or antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Beck
- DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company, Chemical and Physical Sciences, Wilmington, DE 19880-0500, USA
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50
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Cocuzza AJ, Chidester DR, Culp S, Fitzgerald L, Gilligan P. Use of the Suzuki reaction for the synthesis of aryl-substituted heterocycles as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:1063-6. [PMID: 10230641 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Suzuki reaction has been used to synthesize a variety of aryl-substituted heterocyclic antagonists of the CRH1 receptor. Examples with several different heterocyclic cores are potent CRH receptor ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Cocuzza
- DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company, Chemical and Physical Sciences Department, Experimental Station, Wilmington, DE 19880-0500, USA
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