Novel esters and amides of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory carboxylic acids as antioxidants and antiproliferative agents

Streptomyces-Derived Metabolites with Potential Photoprotective Properties-A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis on the Reported Chemodiversity

Sun overexposure is associated with the development of diseases that primarily affect the skin, which can lead to skin cancer. Among the main measures of photoprotection is the use of sunscreens. However, there is currently concern about the reported harmful effects to both humans and the environment due to several of the sunscreen ingredients available on the market. For this reason, the search for and development of new agents with photoprotective properties is required. In searching for these metabolites, researchers have turned their attention to microbial sources, especially the microbiota in unusual hostile environments. Among the diverse microorganisms available in nature, Actinobacteria and specifically Streptomyces, have been shown to be a source of metabolites with various biological activities of interest, such as antimicrobial, antitumor and immunomodulator activities. Herein, we present the results of a systematic review of the literature in which Streptomyces isolates were studied as a source of compounds with photoprotective properties. A meta-analysis of the structure-property and structure-activity relationships of those metabolites identified in the qualitative analysis phase was also carried out. These findings indicate that Streptomyces are a source of metabolites with potential applications in the development of new, safe and more eco-friendly sunscreens.

Dexibuprofen amide derivatives as potential anticancer agents: synthesis, in silico docking, bioevaluation, and molecular dynamic simulation

BACKGROUND

The amide derivatives of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been reported to possess antitumor activity. The present work describes the synthesis of dexibuprofen amide analogues (4a-j) as potential anticancer agents.

METHODS

The title amides (4a-j) were obtained by simple nucleophilic substitution reaction of dexibuprofen acid chloride with substituted amines in good yield and chemical structures were confirmed by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectral data.

RESULTS

The brine shrimp lethality assay results showed that all of the synthesized compounds are non-toxic to shrimp larvae. The inhibitory effects on tumor growth were evaluated and it was observed that N-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-(4-isobutylphenyl) propionamide (4e) and N-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-isobutylphenyl) propionamide (4g) exhibited excellent antitumor activity compared to all other derivatives. The compound 4e bearing 2,5-dichloro substituted phenyl ring and 4g possesses 2-chloro substituted phenyl ring exhibited 100% inhibition of the tumor growth. The anticancer activity was evaluated against breast carcinoma cell line (MCF-7) and it was observed that derivative 4e exhibited excellent growth inhibition of cancer cells with IC50 value of 0.01±0.002 µm, which is better than the standard drugs. The docking studies against breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein BRCA1 (PDBID 3K0H) exhibited good binding affinities, which are in good agreement with the wet lab results. The compounds 4e and 4g showed the binding energy values of -6.39 and -6.34 Kcal/mol, respectively. The molecular dynamic (MD) simulation was also carried out to evaluate the residual flexibility of the best docking complexes of compounds 4e and 4g. The MD simulation analysis assured that the 4e formed a more stable complex with the target protein than the 4g. The synthesized amide derivatives exhibited were devoid of gastrointestinal side effects and no cytotoxic effects against human normal epithelial breast cell line (MCF-12A) were found.

CONCLUSION

Based upon our wet lab and dry lab findings we propose that dexibuprofen analogue 4e may serve as a lead structure for the design of more potent anticancer drugs.

Transition Metal- and Oxidant-Free Base-Mediated Selenation of Bicyclic Arenes at Room Temperature

Bicyclic arenyl selenides are of much importance because of their pharmaceutical applications. A simple method for their synthesis has been developed by a reaction of 2-naphthol and styrenyl selenocyanate/diaryl diselenide in the presence of a base at room temperature. The selenation occurs exclusively at the 1-position of 2-naphthol unit. The reactions are relatively fast (2-4 h) and high yielding. A library of substituted naphthyl styrenyl and naphthyl aryl selenides are obtained by this procedure.

Fenoprofen and Ketoprofen Amides as Potential Antitumor Agents

Following numerous experimental observations that various non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have antitumor potentials, a series of fenoprofenamides (1a-g) and ketoprofenamides (2a-c) was tested on proliferation of different human tumor cell lines and normal human fibroblasts in vitro. Fenoprofen and ketoprofen showed modest antiproliferative activity, whereas the growth inhibitory activity of the tested amides clearly demonstrates that the substituents linked by an amide bond are essential for the significantly stronger cytostatic activity, probably because of a greater lipophilicity and/or better cell uptake. Additionally, it was shown that the most active derivatives (1d and 2a) induced cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, as well as apoptosis.

Synthesis of chroman analogues of lipoic acid and evaluation of their activity against reperfusion arrhythmias

Novel hybrids of lipoic acid and trolox connected through triamine spacers as well as analogues in which the lipoic acid was attached at different positions of the chroman moiety of vitamin E through an amide bond, were synthesized and exhibited strong inhibition of the microsomal lipid peroxidation. Moreover, the new molecules, at 1 microM concentration, reduced reperfusion arrhythmias and MDA content on isolated rat heart preparations, with the 2- and 5-subtituted chromans possessing the better cardioprotective activity.

Characterization of the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of AL-5898 and related benzopyranyl esters and amides

Selected ester- (AL-5898 and AL-8417) and amide-linked benzopyran analogues (AL-7538 and AL-12615) were evaluated in vitro for their ability to inhibit key enzymes/processes of the inflammatory response. AL-7538 and AL-12615 exhibited weak intrinsic cyclooxygenase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 13 microM, 37 microM). In contrast, 5-HETE and LTB4 synthesis in A(23187)-stimulated neutrophils was effectively inhibited by both ester and amide analogs (IC50 = 2-3 microM). While there was some indication for differing sensitivities among benzopyran esters and amides in the suppression of cytokine synthesis in stimulated U-937 cells, there appeared to be no great discrimination when assessing their effect on U-937 cell adhesion to IL-1beta activated HMVEC-L cells. Inhibition of cell adhesion was concentration-dependent, with IC50 values ranging between 18 microM and 30 microM for AL-5898. Concentration-dependent inhibition of inflammatory cytokine production (i.e., IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, GM-CSF and IL-6) was also apparent in LPS-stimulated, cultured PBMC as well as in PMA/A(23187) activated U-937 cells monitoring the synthesis of IL-1beta, IL-8, TNF-alpha, and MCP-1. Notably, the hydrolysis products of the benzopyranyl ester, AL-5692 and (S)-6-methoxy-alpha-methyl-2-naphthaleneacetic acid, were devoid of pharmacological activity when assessed for inhibition of monocyte adhesion or IL-1beta synthesis. Collectively, our data demonstrate the unique in vitro polypharmacology of a novel series of benzopyran analogs that suppress pivotal enzymes and processes in the inflammatory response.