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2
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Synthesis, crystal structure and negative hyperconjugation study of quinoxaline derivatives containing piperazine. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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3
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Arulkumar M, Yang K, Wang N, Penislusshiyan S, Palvannan T, Ramalingam K, Chen F, Luo SH, Zhou YJ, Wang ZY. Synthesis of benzimidazole/triphenylamine-based compounds, evaluation of their bioactivities and an in silico study with receptor tyrosine kinases. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05073g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The antiproliferative activity of AL-1 against various cancer cells indicated the applicability of the BI-TPA-based compound as a potential multi-cancer inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Arulkumar
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Kai Yang
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Neng Wang
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Sakayanathan Penislusshiyan
- Laboratory of Bioprocess and Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thayumanavan Palvannan
- Laboratory of Bioprocess and Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karthick Ramalingam
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Management and Treatment, School of Environment, School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Fuming Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Management and Treatment, School of Environment, School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shi-He Luo
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Jun Zhou
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhao-Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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4
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Discovery of a Benzimidazole-based Dual FLT3/TrKA Inhibitor Targeting Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 56:116596. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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5
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Bansal Y, Minhas R, Singhal A, Arora RK, Bansal G. Benzimidazole: A Multifacted Nucelus for Anticancer Agents. CURR ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272825666210208141107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of cells, dedifferentiation,
invasiveness and metastasis. Endothelial growth factor (eGF), insulin-like growth factor
(IGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), Vascular endothelial
growth factor (VEGF), checkpoint kinase 1 & 2 ( Chk1 & Chk2), aurora kinases,
topoisomerases, histone deacetylators (HDAC), poly(ADP-Ribose)polymerase (PARP), farnesyl
transferases, RAS-MAPK pathway and PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway, are some of the
prominent mediators implicated in the proliferation of tumor cells. Huge artillery of natural
and synthetic compounds as anticancer, which act by inhibiting one or more of the enzymes
and/or pathways responsible for the progression of tumor cells, is reported in the literature.
The major limitations of anticancer agents used in clinics as well as of those under development
in literature are normal cell toxicity and other side effects due to lack of specificity.
Hence, medicinal chemists across the globe have been working for decades to develop potent and safe anticancer
agents from natural sources as well as from different classes of heterocycles. Benzimidazole is one of the most important
and explored heteronucelus because of their versatility in biological actions as well as synthetic applications
in medicinal chemistry. The structural similarity of amino derivatives of benzimidazole with purines makes it a fascinating
nucleus for the development of anticancer, antimicrobial and anti-HIV agents. This review article is an attempt
to critically analyze various reports on benzimidazole derivatives acting on different targets to act as anticancer so as
to understand the structural requirements around benzimidazole nucleus for each target and enable medicinal chemists
to promote rational development of antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala - 147002, India
| | - Richa Minhas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala - 147002, India
| | - Ankit Singhal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala - 147002, India
| | - Radhey Krishan Arora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala - 147002, India
| | - Gulshan Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala - 147002, India
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6
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Maity T, Ghosh P, Das S, Saha D, Koner S. A post-synthetically modified metal–organic framework for copper catalyzed denitrative C–N coupling of nitroarenes under heterogeneous conditions. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05711h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Post-synthesis modification of DMOF, afforded a desired material for strategic infusion of catalytically active centers in a porous matrix. The catalyst is capable for denitrative C–N coupling reactions of nitroarenes under heterogeneous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Maity
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032
- India
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit
| | - Pameli Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032
- India
| | - Soma Das
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032
- India
| | - Debraj Saha
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032
- India
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Subratanath Koner
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032
- India
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7
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Mueller R, Reddy V, Nchinda AT, Mebrahtu F, Taylor D, Lawrence N, Tanner L, Barnabe M, Eyermann CJ, Zou B, Kondreddi RR, Lakshminarayana SB, Rottmann M, Street LJ, Chibale K. Lerisetron Analogues with Antimalarial Properties: Synthesis, Structure-Activity Relationship Studies, and Biological Assessment. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:6967-6982. [PMID: 32258933 PMCID: PMC7114883 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A phenotypic whole cell high-throughput screen against the asexual blood and liver stages of the malaria parasite identified a benzimidazole chemical series. Among the hits were the antiemetic benzimidazole drug Lerisetron 1 (IC50 NF54 = 0.81 μM) and its methyl-substituted analogue 2 (IC50 NF54 = 0.098 μM). A medicinal chemistry hit to lead effort led to the identification of chloro-substituted analogue 3 with high potency against the drug-sensitive NF54 (IC50 NF54 = 0.062 μM) and multidrug-resistant K1 (IC50 K1 = 0.054 μM) strains of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Compounds 2 and 3 gratifyingly showed in vivo efficacy in both Plasmodium berghei and P. falciparum mouse models of malaria. Cardiotoxicity risk as expressed in strong inhibition of the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) potassium channel was identified as a major liability to address. This led to the synthesis and biological assessment of around 60 analogues from which several compounds with improved antiplasmodial potency, relative to the lead compound 3, were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Mueller
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Virsinha Reddy
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Aloysius T. Nchinda
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Fanuel Mebrahtu
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Dale Taylor
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology,
Department of Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Nina Lawrence
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology,
Department of Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Lloyd Tanner
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology,
Department of Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Marine Barnabe
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology,
Department of Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Charles J. Eyermann
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Bin Zou
- Shanghai
Blueray Biopharma Co. LTD, Block 3, 576 Libing Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201301, China
| | - Ravinder R. Kondreddi
- PJS
Pharma Pvt. Ltd., Plot
No. 103/1, Phase II, IDA Cherlapally, Hyderabad 500051, India
| | - Suresh B. Lakshminarayana
- Novartis
Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Matthias Rottmann
- Department
of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland
- University
of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leslie J. Street
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South
African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research
Unit, Department of Chemistry & Institute of Infectious Disease
and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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8
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Transition-metal-free insertion of benzyl bromides into 2-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)benzaldehyde: One-pot switchable syntheses of benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]quinolin-5(7H)-ones and 3-arylquinolin-4-ones mediated by base. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Anbu N, Dhakshinamoorthy A. Cu3(BTC)2 metal-organic framework catalyzed N-arylation of benzimidazoles and imidazoles with phenylboronic acid. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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10
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Wei JJ, Song WB, Zhu YF, Wei BL, Xuan LJ. N,N-dimethyl-d-glucosamine as an efficient ligand for copper-catalyzed Ullmann-type coupling of N-H heterocycles with aryl halides. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Wang Q, Jiao X, Liu C, He S, Zhao L, Zeng X. A rhodamine-based fast and selective fluorescent probe for monitoring exogenous and endogenous nitric oxide in live cells. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:4096-4103. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb00646f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective fluorescent probe for fast detection of nitric oxide was synthesized by grafting a NO-trapper o-phenylenediamine onto a rhodamine fluorophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- China
| | - Xiaojie Jiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices
- Department of Function Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
| | - Chang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices
- Department of Function Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
| | - Song He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices
- Department of Function Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
| | - Liancheng Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices
| | - Xianshun Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Photoelectric Materials and Devices
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12
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El Newahie AMS, Ismail NSM, Abou El Ella DA, Abouzid KAM. Quinoxaline-Based Scaffolds Targeting Tyrosine Kinases and Their Potential Anticancer Activity. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2016; 349:309-26. [PMID: 27062086 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201500468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Quinoxaline derivatives, also called benzopyrazines, are an important class of heterocyclic compounds. Quinoxalines have drawn great attention due to their wide spectrum of biological activities. They are considered as an important basis for anticancer drugs due to their potential activity as protein kinase inhibitors. In this review, we focus on the chemistry of the quinoxaline derivatives, the strategies for their synthesis, their potential activities against various tyrosine kinases, and on the structure-activity relationship studies reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya M S El Newahie
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, October University for Modern Science and Arts (MSA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nasser S M Ismail
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Industries, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Future University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalal A Abou El Ella
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled A M Abouzid
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
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13
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Maity T, Saha D, Koner S. Aromatic N-Arylations Catalyzed by Copper-Anchored Porous Zinc-Based Metal-Organic Framework under Heterogeneous Conditions. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201400056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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15
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Liu C, Wang H, Xing X, Xu Y, Ma JA, Zhang B. Selective C4–F bond cleavage of pentafluorobenzene: synthesis of N-tetrafluoroarylated heterocyclic compounds. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Primary anti-proliferative activity evaluation of 1-(quinolizidin-1’-yl)methyl- and 1-( $$\omega $$ -tert-amino)alkyl-substituted 2-phenyl-, 2-benzyl- and 2-[(benzotriazol-1/2-yl)methyl]benzimidazoles on human cancer cell lines. Mol Divers 2013; 17:409-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-013-9440-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Diness F, Fairlie DP. Catalyst-Free N-Arylation Using Unactivated Fluorobenzenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:8012-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201202149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Diness F, Fairlie DP. Catalyst-Free N-Arylation Using Unactivated Fluorobenzenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201202149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Fang XB, Fang L, Liu XY. 6-Methoxy-2-methyl-1- m-tolyl-1 H-benzimidazole hemihydrate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2011; 67:o2263. [PMID: 22064843 PMCID: PMC3200643 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536811031060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, C16H16N2O·0.5H2O, is a substituted 1-phenylbenzimidazole, which belongs to the class of ATP-site inhibitors of the platelet-derived growth-factor receptor. In the crystal, the components are linked by an O—H⋯N hydrogen bond.
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20
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Perez DI, Palomo V, Pérez C, Gil C, Dans PD, Luque FJ, Conde S, Martínez A. Switching reversibility to irreversibility in glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibitors: clues for specific design of new compounds. J Med Chem 2011; 54:4042-56. [PMID: 21500862 DOI: 10.1021/jm1016279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Development of kinase-targeted therapies for central nervous system (CNS) diseases is a great challenge. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) offers a great potential for severe CNS unmet diseases, being one of the inhibitors on clinical trials for different tauopathies. Following our hypothesis based on the enhanced reactivity of residue Cys199 in the binding site of GSK-3, we examine here the suitability of phenylhalomethylketones as irreversible inhibitors. Our data confirm that the halomethylketone unit is essential for the inhibitory activity. Moreover, addition of the halomethylketone moiety to reversible inhibitors turned them into irreversible inhibitors with IC(50) values in the nanomolar range. Overall, the results point out that these compounds might be useful pharmacological tools to explore physiological and pathological processes related to signaling pathways regulated by GSK-3 opening new avenues for the discovery of novel GSK-3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I Perez
- Instituto de Química Medica-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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21
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Huang X, Cao J, Huang J. Solid-phase synthesis of benzofused tricycles based on benzimidazole from resin-bound 3-(2-aminophenylamino)-2-seleno-ester. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 11:515-8. [PMID: 19499907 DOI: 10.1021/cc900006z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University (Xixi Campus), Hangzhou, P. R. China
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22
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PEG3400–Cu2O–Cs2CO3: an efficient and recyclable microwave-enhanced catalytic system for ligand-free Ullmann arylation of indole and benzimidazole. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Frohn M, Viswanadhan V, Pickrell AJ, Golden JE, Muller KM, Bürli RW, Biddlecome G, Yoder SC, Rogers N, Dao JH, Hungate R, Allen JR. Structure-guided design of substituted aza-benzimidazoles as potent hypoxia inducible factor-1α prolyl hydroxylase-2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5023-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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24
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Jalali‐Heravi M, Asadollahi‐Baboli M. QSAR Analysis of Platelet‐derived Growth Inhibitors Using GA‐ANN and Shuffling Crossvalidation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200710138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Tang LJ, Zhou YP, Jiang JH, Zou HY, Wu HL, Shen GL, Yu RQ. Radial Basis Function Network-Based Transform for a Nonlinear Support Vector Machine as Optimized by a Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm with Application to QSAR Studies. J Chem Inf Model 2007; 47:1438-45. [PMID: 17555309 DOI: 10.1021/ci700047x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The support vector machine (SVM) has been receiving increasing interest in an area of QSAR study for its ability in function approximation and remarkable generalization performance. However, selection of support vectors and intensive optimization of kernel width of a nonlinear SVM are inclined to get trapped into local optima, leading to an increased risk of underfitting or overfitting. To overcome these problems, a new nonlinear SVM algorithm is proposed using adaptive kernel transform based on a radial basis function network (RBFN) as optimized by particle swarm optimization (PSO). The new algorithm incorporates a nonlinear transform of the original variables to feature space via a RBFN with one input and one hidden layer. Such a transform intrinsically yields a kernel transform of the original variables. A synergetic optimization of all parameters including kernel centers and kernel widths as well as SVM model coefficients using PSO enables the determination of a flexible kernel transform according to the performance of the total model. The implementation of PSO demonstrates a relatively high efficiency in convergence to a desired optimum. Applications of the proposed algorithm to QSAR studies of binding affinity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors and activity of 1-phenylbenzimidazoles reveal that the new algorithm provides superior performance to the backpropagation neural network and a conventional nonlinear SVM, indicating that this algorithm holds great promise in nonlinear SVM learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
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Aoki K, Obata T, Yamazaki Y, Mori Y, Hirokawa H, Koseki JI, Hattori T, Niitsu K, Takeda S, Aburada M, Miyamoto KI. Potent platelet-derived growth factor-beta receptor (PDGF-betaR) inhibitors: Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-[3-(cyclohexylmethyl)ureido]-3-{1-methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-yl}quinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2007; 55:255-67. [PMID: 17268099 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We found previously that 7-[3-(cyclohexylmethyl)ureido]-3-{1-methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-yl}quinoxalin-2(1H)-one (7d-6) has considerable potency as a PDGF inhibitor. This compound showed potent inhibitory activity in a PDGF-induced CPA (Cell Proliferation Assay) and APA (Auto-Phosphorylation Assay) (IC50 = 0.05 micromol/l in CPA, 0.03 micromol/l in APA). Therefore, we tried to develop a novel and effective PDGF-betaR inhibitor by optimizing a series of its derivatives. We found that trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)-catalyzed coupling of pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridines with quinoxalin-2-ones proceeded efficiently under mild oxidation condition with manganese(IV) oxide (MnO2) in situ, so this method was applied to prepare a series of derivatives. Results of in vitro screening of newly synthesized derivatives identified compound 7d-9 as having potent (IC50 = 0.014 micromol/l in CPA, 0.007 micromol/l in APA) and selective [IC50 values against vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2, kinase domain region, KDR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), c-Met (hepatocyte growth factor receptor) and insulin growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR)/IC50 against PDGFR were each >1000] inhibitory activity. Moreover, in this series of derivatives, 7b-2 showed potent inhibitory activity toward both PDGF- and VEGF-induced signaling (PDGFR: IC50 = 0.004 micromol/l in CPA, 0.0008 micromol/l in APA, KDR: IC50 = 0.008 micromol/l in APA). Herein we report a new and convenient synthetic method for this series of derivatives and its SAR study.
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Karminski-Zamola G, Starcevic K, Kralj M, Ester K. Synthesis and Cytostatic Evaluation of Pyridopyrimidobenzimidazole Derivatives. HETEROCYCLES 2007. [DOI: 10.3987/com-06-10977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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CuI catalyzed C–N bond forming reactions between aryl/heteroaryl bromides and imidazoles in [Bmim]BF4. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Katritzky AR, Dobchev DA, Fara DC, Karelson M. QSAR studies on 1-phenylbenzimidazoles as inhibitors of the platelet-derived growth factor. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:6598-608. [PMID: 16230017 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Revised: 06/29/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work is devoted to the development of quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models of the biological activity of 123 1-phenylbenzimidazoles as inhibitors of the PDGF receptor. The molecular features are represented by chemical descriptors that have been calculated on geometrical, topological, quantum mechanical, and electronic basis by using CODESSA PRO. The obtained models, linear (multilinear regression) and nonlinear (artificial neural network), are aimed to link the structures to their reported activity log 1/IC50. The former model can be used for physico-chemical interpretation, while the latter possesses a superior predictive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Katritzky
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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30
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Nishiura K, Urawa Y, Soda S. N-Arylation of Benzimidazole with Arylboronate, Boroxine and Boronic Acids. Acceleration with an Optimal Amount of Water. Adv Synth Catal 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200404193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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31
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Abstract
PDGF and its receptors are involved in a variety of diseases: cancers, atherosclerosis, balloon injury induced restenosis, pulmonary fibrosis and more. In all cases enhanced signaling of the receptor is the hallmark. In some cases, like chronic monomyelocytic leukemia (CMML), the persistent PDGFR signaling is essential for the survival of the cancer cell. These findings induced the research community as well as the pharmaceutical industry to develop agents that block PDGFR signaling. The possible utilization of PDGFR kinase inhibitors as anti-restenosis agents is likely to move ahead of the utilization of these agents to treat human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Levitzki
- Unit of Cellular Signaling, Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
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32
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Abstract
With the many protein sequences coming from the genome sequencing projects, it is unlikely that we will ever have an atomic resolution structure of every relevant protein. With high throughput crystallography, however, we will soon have representative structures for the vast majority of protein families. Thus the drug discovery and design process will rely heavily on protein modeling to address issues such as designing combinatorial libraries for an entire class of targets and engineering genome-wide selectivity over a target class. In this study we assess the value of high throughput docking into homology models. To do this we dock a database of random compounds seeded with known inhibitors into homology models of six different kinases. In five of the six cases the known inhibitors were found to be enriched by factors of 4-5 in the top 5% of the overall scored and ranked compounds. Furthermore, in the same five cases the known inhibitors were found to be enriched by factors of 2-3 in the top 5% of the scored and ranked known kinase inhibitors, thus showing that the homology models can pick up some of the crucial selectivity information.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Diller
- Pharmacopeia, Inc., CN5350, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5350, USA.
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33
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Shen Q, Lü QZ, Jiang JH, Shen GL, Yu RQ. Quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSAR): studies of inhibitors of tyrosine kinase. Eur J Pharm Sci 2003; 20:63-71. [PMID: 13678794 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(03)00170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) study of the 1-phenylbenzimidazoles as inhibitors of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) was performed. Some new electronic parameters Q(o), Q(m) and Q(p) are suggested for characterizing the effect of substituents. Many other descriptors are also used which are selected by evolution algorithm (EA) using modified Cp as objective function proposed by the present authors. The descriptor Q(m) is shown to be an important variable to express effect of substituents. The variable selection shows that spatial descriptors are most important variables revealing important properties of the inhibitors. Electron-releasing substitutes at 5-position and the absence of bulky groups at 4,7-positions of the parent structure can enhance inhibitor activity. Principal component analysis is performed to classify this series of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
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34
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Bilodeau MT, Cunningham AM, Koester TJ, Ciecko PA, Coll KE, Huckle WR, Hungate RW, Kendall RL, McFall RC, Mao X, Rutledge RZ, Thomas KA. Design and synthesis of 1,5-diarylbenzimidazoles as inhibitors of the VEGF-receptor KDR. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:2485-8. [PMID: 12852948 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1,5-Diarylbenzimidazoles have been identified as potent inhibitors of KDR kinase activity. The series was developed with a goal of finding compounds with optimal drug-like properties. This communication describes structural modifications in the series that enhance solubility, lower protein binding, and provide compounds with excellent potency and pharmacokinetic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Bilodeau
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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35
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Bilder G, Amin D, Morgan L, McVey M, Needle S, Galczenski H, Leadley R, He W, Myers M, Spada A, Luo Y, Natajaran C, Perrone M. Stent-induced restenosis in the swine coronary artery is inhibited by a platelet-derived growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, TKI963. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2003; 41:817-29. [PMID: 12775958 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-200306000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Activities of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) such as proliferation, migration, and matrix production contribute to restenosis following clinical interventions of angioplasty and stent placement. Because activation of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-receptor tyrosine kinase (PDGFr-TK) influences these processes and promotes restenosis, TKI963, an inhibitor of the PDGFr-TK was discovered, and its efficacy was evaluated in blocking stent-induced restenosis as analyzed by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). TKI963, a low-molecular-weight compound, inhibited the cell-free PDGFbetar-TK with a K(i) value of 56 +/- 14 nM. TKI963 also inhibited PDGF-dependent events in human aortic SMCs (e.g., in situ PDGFr autophosphorylation, mitogenesis, chemotaxis, and collagen production with median inhibitory concentration values of approximately 300 nM) without affecting the activity of a series of membrane receptor tyrosine kinases and intracellular serine/threonine kinases. In vivo, stent-induced restenosis in the swine coronary artery was reduced by oral administration of TKI963 (1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg BID, for 28 days). Late lumen cross-sectional area (CSA) loss, plaque CSA growth, and plaque volume in the stent determined by IVUS were dose-relatedly decreased (33-62% at 1.25 mg/kg BID to 66-92% at 5 mg/kg BID, depending on the parameter) compared with controls. TKI963 treatment of </=1 week following stent placement had no effect on the prevention of restenosis. TKI963, a selective, orally bioavailable inhibitor of the PDGFr-TK, dose-relatedly reduced stent-induced restenosis and did so by inhibiting PDGF-dependent activities that occur as late events following stent placement.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemotaxis/drug effects
- Collagen/biosynthesis
- Coronary Restenosis/etiology
- Coronary Restenosis/prevention & control
- Coronary Vessels/drug effects
- Coronary Vessels/metabolism
- Coronary Vessels/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Phosphorylation
- Quinoxalines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/metabolism
- Stents/adverse effects
- Swine, Miniature
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda Bilder
- Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA.
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36
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Böhmer FD, Karagyozov L, Uecker A, Serve H, Botzki A, Mahboobi S, Dove S. A single amino acid exchange inverts susceptibility of related receptor tyrosine kinases for the ATP site inhibitor STI-571. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:5148-55. [PMID: 12435730 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m209861200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI-571 potently blocks BCR-Abl, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) alpha- and beta-receptors, and c-Kit kinase activity. Flt3, a receptor tyrosine kinase closely related to PDGF receptors and c-Kit is, however, not inhibited by STI-571. Sequence alignments of different kinases and indications from the crystal structure of the STI-571 Abl kinase complex revealed amino acid residues that are probably crucial for this activity profile. It was predicted that Flt3 Phe-691 in the beta5 strand may sterically prevent interaction with STI-571. The point mutants Flt3 F691T and PDGFbeta-receptor T681F were constructed, and kinase assays showed that the Flt3 mutant but not the PDGFbeta-receptor mutant is inhibited by STI-571. Docking of STI-571 into computer models of the PDGFbeta-receptor and Flt3 kinase domains and comparison with the crystal structure of the STI-571 Abl kinase complex indicated very similar binding sites among the three nonphosphorylated kinases, suggesting corresponding courses of their Asp-Phe-Gly motifs and activation loops. Accordingly, we observed reduced sensitivity of preactivated compared with nonactivated PDGFR-beta for the inhibition by STI-571. Courses of the activation loop that collide with STI-571 binding explain its inactivity at other kinases as the insulin receptor. The binding site models of PDGFR-beta and Flt3 were applied to predict structural approaches for more selective PDGFbeta-receptor inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank D Böhmer
- Research Unit Molecular Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Friedrich Schiller University, D-07747 Jena, Germany.
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37
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Akamatsu H, Fukase K, Kusumoto S. New efficient route for solid-phase synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2002; 4:475-83. [PMID: 12217019 DOI: 10.1021/cc020006f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A simple and efficient method for the solid-phase synthesis of benzimidazole libraries is described. Monoalkylation of various o-phenylenediamines on resin-bound bromoacetamide proceeded smoothly to give the monoalkyl resin-bound o-phenylenediamines in high yields. Subsequent cyclization of the diamines with various aldehydes afforded solid-supported benzimidazoles. Cleavage from the resin gave benzimidazoles in good yields. The present method enabled the introduction of the diversity on the benzene ring of imidazoles. Azabenzimidazoles, such as 4-azabenzimidazoles, 5-azabenzimidazoles, and purines, were also synthesized in good yields with high purities by the same procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Akamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama-cho 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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38
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Schroeder MC, Hamby JM, Connolly CJ, Grohar PJ, Winters RT, Barvian MR, Moore CW, Boushelle SL, Crean SM, Kraker AJ, Driscoll DL, Vincent PW, Elliott WL, Lu GH, Batley BL, Dahring TK, Major TC, Panek RL, Doherty AM, Showalter HD. Soluble 2-substituted aminopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-yl ureas. Structure-activity relationships against selected tyrosine kinases and exploration of in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity. J Med Chem 2001; 44:1915-26. [PMID: 11384237 DOI: 10.1021/jm0004291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In continuing our search for medicinal agents to treat proliferative diseases, we have discovered 2-substituted aminopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-yl ureas as a novel class of soluble, potent, broadly active tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitors. An efficient route was developed that enabled the synthesis of a wide variety of analogues with substitution on several positions of the template. From the lead structure 1, several series of analogues were made that examined the C-6 aryl substituent, a variety of water solublizing substitutents at the C-2 position, and urea or other acyl functionality at the N-7 position. Compounds of this series were competitive with ATP and displayed submicromolar to low nanomolar potency against a panel of TKs, including receptor (platelet-derived growth factor, PDGFr; fibroblast growth factor, FGFr;) and nonreceptor (c-Src) classes. Several of the most potent compounds displayed submicromolar inhibition of PDGF-mediated receptor autophosphorylation in rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells and low micromolar inhibition of cellular growth in five human tumor cell lines. One of the more thoroughly evaluated members, 32, with IC50 values of 0.21 microM (PDGFr), 0.049 microM (bFGFr), and 0.018 microM (c-Src), was evaluated in in vivo studies against a panel of five human tumor xenografts, with known and/or inferred dependence on the EGFr, PDGFr, and c-Src TKs. Compound 32 produced a tumor growth delay of 14 days against the Colo-205 colon xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Schroeder
- Departments of Chemistry, Cancer Research, and Vascular and Cardiac Diseases, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Ann Arbor Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.
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39
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Bilokin YV, Vasylyev MV, Branytska OV, Kovalenko SM, Chernykh VP. A novel and expedient approach to new heterocycles containing benzothiophene, benzothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine and coumarin moieties. Tetrahedron 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(99)00859-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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Palmer BD, Kraker AJ, Hartl BG, Panopoulos AD, Panek RL, Batley BL, Lu GH, Trumpp-Kallmeyer S, Showalter HD, Denny WA. Structure-activity relationships for 5-substituted 1-phenylbenzimidazoles as selective inhibitors of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor. J Med Chem 1999; 42:2373-82. [PMID: 10395478 DOI: 10.1021/jm980658b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Following an earlier discovery of 1-phenylbenzimidazoles as ATP-site inhibitors of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), further structure-activity relationships for analogues (particularly 5-substituted derivatives) are reported. The data are consistent with a binding model (constructed from the homology-modeled structure of the catalytic subunit of the PDGFR using protein kinase A as the template) in which the ligand binds in the relatively narrow ATP site, with the phenyl ring pointing toward the interior of the pocket and the 5-position of the benzimidazole ring toward the mouth of the pocket. The narrow binding pocket allows a maximum torsion angle between the phenyl and benzimidazole rings of about 40 degrees, consistent with that calculated (43.6 degrees) for the minimum-energy conformation of the unsubstituted free ligand. The inactivity of 7- or 2'-substituted analogues is consistent with the greater torsion angle (and thus larger ligand cross-section) of such substituted analogues. There is substantial bulk tolerance for 5-substituents, which protrude out of the mouth of the hydrophobic pocket, with the most effective analogues being those bearing weak bases. On the basis of this model, 5-OR derivatives bearing cationic side chains were prepared as soluble analogues, and these showed sub-micromolar potencies against the isolated PDGFR enzyme. They were also moderately effective inhibitors of autophosphorylation of PDGFR in rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells, with IC50s in the range 0.1-1 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Palmer
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland School of Medicine, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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41
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Huang W, Scarborough RM. A new “traceless” solid-phase synthesis strategy: Synthesis of a benzimidazole library. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)00293-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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