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Ruggieri F, Compagne N, Antraygues K, Eveque M, Flipo M, Willand N. Antibiotics with novel mode of action as new weapons to fight antimicrobial resistance. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 256:115413. [PMID: 37150058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health issue, causing 5 million deaths per year. Without any action plan, AMR will be in a near future the leading cause of death ahead of cancer. AMR comes from the ability of bacteria to rapidly develop and share resistance mechanisms towards current antibiotics, rendering them less effective. To circumvent this issue and avoid the phenomenon of cross-resistance, new antibiotics acting on novel targets or with new modes of action are required. Today, the pipeline of potential new treatments with these characteristics includes promising compounds such as gepotidacin, zoliflodacin, ibezapolstat, MGB-BP-3, CRS-3123, afabicin and TXA-709, which are currently in clinical trials, and lefamulin, which has been recently approved by FDA and EMA. In this review, we report the chemical synthesis, mode of action, structure-activity relationships, in vitro and in vivo activities as well as clinical data of these eight small molecules listed above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ruggieri
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177-Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Nina Compagne
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177-Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Kevin Antraygues
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177-Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Maxime Eveque
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177-Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Marion Flipo
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177-Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Willand
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177-Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000, Lille, France.
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2
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Novel Antibiotics Targeting Bacterial Replicative DNA Polymerases. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9110776. [PMID: 33158178 PMCID: PMC7694242 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance is a worldwide problem that is an increasing threat to global health. Therefore, the development of new antibiotics that inhibit novel targets is of great urgency. Some of the most successful antibiotics inhibit RNA transcription, RNA translation, and DNA replication. Transcription and translation are inhibited by directly targeting the RNA polymerase or ribosome, respectively. DNA replication, in contrast, is inhibited indirectly through targeting of DNA gyrases, and there are currently no antibiotics that inhibit DNA replication by directly targeting the replisome. This contrasts with antiviral therapies where the viral replicases are extensively targeted. In the last two decades there has been a steady increase in the number of compounds that target the bacterial replisome. In particular a variety of inhibitors of the bacterial replicative polymerases PolC and DnaE have been described, with one of the DNA polymerase inhibitors entering clinical trials for the first time. In this review we will discuss past and current work on inhibition of DNA replication, and the potential of bacterial DNA polymerase inhibitors in particular as attractive targets for a new generation of antibiotics.
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Xu WC, Silverman MH, Yu XY, Wright G, Brown N. Discovery and development of DNA polymerase IIIC inhibitors to treat Gram-positive infections. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3209-3217. [PMID: 31221610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite the growing global crisis caused by antimicrobial drug resistance among pathogenic bacteria, the number of new antibiotics, especially new chemical class of antibiotics under development is insufficient to tackle the problem. Our review focuses on an emerging class of antibacterial therapeutic agents that holds a completely novel mechanism of action, namely, inhibition of bacterial DNA polymerase IIIC. The recent entry of this new class into human trials may herald the introduction of novel drugs whose novel molecular target precludes cross-resistance with existing antibiotic classes. This review therefore examines the evolution of DNA pol IIIC inhibitors from the discovery of 6-(p-hydroxyphenylazo)uracil (HPUra) in the 1960s to the development of current first-in-class N7-substituted guanine drug candidate ACX-362E, now under clinical development for the treatment of Clostridioides difficile infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Worcester State University, 486 Chandler Street, Worcester, MA 01602, USA.
| | | | - Xiang Yang Yu
- Acurx Pharmaceuticals LLC, 22 Camelot Court, White Plains, NY 10603, USA
| | - George Wright
- Acurx Pharmaceuticals LLC, 22 Camelot Court, White Plains, NY 10603, USA
| | - Neal Brown
- Acurx Pharmaceuticals LLC, 22 Camelot Court, White Plains, NY 10603, USA
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4
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Lagzian M, Qasemi A, Kaviani P, Mohammadi M. Identification of new promising plant-based lead compounds for inhibition of prokaryotic replicative DNA polymerases: combination of in silico and in vitro studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:4222-4237. [PMID: 30526389 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1545701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Emerging widespread bacterial resistance to current antibiotics with traditional targets is one of the major global concerns. Therefore, so many investigations are exploring the potential of other druggable macromolecules of bacteria such as replication machinery components that are not addressed by previous antibiotics. DNA polymerase is the major part of this machine. However, a few studies have been done on it so far. In this respect, we report the discovery of four new plant-based leads against DNA polymerase (pol) IIIC (three leads) and pol IIIE (one lead) of Gram-positive and negative bacteria by combining a sequentially constrained high-throughput virtual screenings on Traditional Chinese Medicine Database with in vitro assays. The compounds displayed relatively good levels of inhibitory effect. They were active against their designated targets at micromolar concentrations. The IC50 values for them are ranged from 25 to 111 μM. In addition, they showed minimum inhibitory concentrations in the range of 8-128 μg/mL against five representatives of pathogenic bacteria species. However, they were inactive against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Given these results, these leads hold promise for future modification and optimization to be more effective in lower concentrations and also against most of the important bacterial species. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Lagzian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan , Zahedan , Iran
| | - Ali Qasemi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan , Zahedan , Iran
| | - Pegah Kaviani
- Department of Biology, University of Skövde , Skövde , Sweden
| | - Malihe Mohammadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan , Zahedan , Iran
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5
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Gao C, Fan YL, Zhao F, Ren QC, Wu X, Chang L, Gao F. Quinolone derivatives and their activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:1081-1095. [PMID: 30179746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the most common pathogen both in hospital and community settings, and is capable of causing serious and even fatal infections. Several antibiotics have been approved for the treatment of infections caused by MRSA, but MRSA has already developed resistance to them. More than ever, it's imperative to develop novel, high effective and fast acting anti-MRSA agents. Quinolones are one of the most common antibiotics in clinical practice used to treat various bacterial infections, and some of them displayed excellent in vitro and in vivo anti-MRSA activities, so quinolone derivatives are one of the most promising candidates. This review summarizes the recent developments of quinolone derivatives with potential activity against MRSA, and the structure-activity relationship is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Gao
- WuXi AppTec (Wuhan), Hubei, PR China
| | - Yi-Lei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Control Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Feng Zhao
- WuXi AppTec (Wuhan), Hubei, PR China
| | | | - Xiang Wu
- WuXi AppTec (Wuhan), Hubei, PR China.
| | - Le Chang
- WuXi AppTec (Wuhan), Hubei, PR China.
| | - Feng Gao
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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6
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Kaguni JM. The Macromolecular Machines that Duplicate the Escherichia coli Chromosome as Targets for Drug Discovery. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018. [PMID: 29538288 PMCID: PMC5872134 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replication is an essential process. Although the fundamental strategies to duplicate chromosomes are similar in all free-living organisms, the enzymes of the three domains of life that perform similar functions in DNA replication differ in amino acid sequence and their three-dimensional structures. Moreover, the respective proteins generally utilize different enzymatic mechanisms. Hence, the replication proteins that are highly conserved among bacterial species are attractive targets to develop novel antibiotics as the compounds are unlikely to demonstrate off-target effects. For those proteins that differ among bacteria, compounds that are species-specific may be found. Escherichia coli has been developed as a model system to study DNA replication, serving as a benchmark for comparison. This review summarizes the functions of individual E. coli proteins, and the compounds that inhibit them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon M Kaguni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1319, USA.
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Reiche MA, Warner DF, Mizrahi V. Targeting DNA Replication and Repair for the Development of Novel Therapeutics against Tuberculosis. Front Mol Biosci 2017; 4:75. [PMID: 29184888 PMCID: PMC5694481 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the etiological agent of tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease which results in approximately 10 million incident cases and 1.4 million deaths globally each year, making it the leading cause of mortality from infection. An effective frontline combination chemotherapy exists for TB; however, this regimen requires the administration of four drugs in a 2 month long intensive phase followed by a continuation phase of a further 4 months with two of the original drugs, and is only effective for the treatment of drug-sensitive TB. The emergence and global spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) as well as extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of M. tuberculosis, and the complications posed by co-infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other co-morbidities such as diabetes, have prompted urgent efforts to develop shorter regimens comprising new compounds with novel mechanisms of action. This demands that researchers re-visit cellular pathways and functions that are essential to M. tuberculosis survival and replication in the host but which are inadequately represented amongst the targets of current anti-mycobacterial agents. Here, we consider the DNA replication and repair machinery as a source of new targets for anti-TB drug development. Like most bacteria, M. tuberculosis encodes a complex array of proteins which ensure faithful and accurate replication and repair of the chromosomal DNA. Many of these are essential; so, too, are enzymes in the ancillary pathways of nucleotide biosynthesis, salvage, and re-cycling, suggesting the potential to inhibit replication and repair functions at multiple stages. To this end, we provide an update on the state of chemotherapeutic inhibition of DNA synthesis and related pathways in M. tuberculosis. Given the established links between genotoxicity and mutagenesis, we also consider the potential implications of targeting DNA metabolic pathways implicated in the development of drug resistance in M. tuberculosis, an organism which is unusual in relying exclusively on de novo mutations and chromosomal rearrangements for evolution, including the acquisition of drug resistance. In that context, we conclude by discussing the feasibility of targeting mutagenic pathways in an ancillary, “anti-evolution” strategy aimed at protecting existing and future TB drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Reiche
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Digby F Warner
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Valerie Mizrahi
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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8
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Jadaun A, Sudhakar D R, Subbarao N, Dixit A. In silico screening for novel inhibitors of DNA polymerase III alpha subunit of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MtbDnaE2, H37Rv). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119760. [PMID: 25811866 PMCID: PMC4374717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, a pandemic disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). DNA polymerase III encoded by DnaE2 of Mtb is specifically required for its survival in vivo, and hence can be considered to be a potential drug target. Amino acid sequence analysis of the MtbDnaE2 and its human counterpart does not show any significant similarity. Therefore, a 3D model of the MtbDnaE2 was generated using Modeller 9v10 with the template structure of E. Coli DNA polymerase III alpha subunit (2HNH_A). The generated models were validated using a number of programmes such as RAMPAGE/PROCHECK, VERIFY_3D, and ProSA. MtbDnaE2 has few conserved residues and four conserved domains similar to that present in DNA polymerase III of E. coli. In silico screening was performed with bioactive anti-tuberculosis compounds and 6-AU (a known inhibitor of DNA polymerase III of Bacillus subtilis) and its analogues against the modeled MtbDnaE2 structure. Docking was performed using GOLD v5.2 software which resulted in the identification of top ten compounds with high GOLD fitness scores and binding affinity (X-Score). To further evaluate the efficacy of these compounds, in silico ADMET analysis was performed using MedChem Designer v3. Given their high binding affinity to the targeted MtbDnaE2, which is essential for DNA replication in the Mtb and good ADMET properties, these compounds are promising candidates for further evaluation and development as anti-tubercular agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Jadaun
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Raja Sudhakar D
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - N. Subbarao
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Aparna Dixit
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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9
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Antibiotic-induced replication stress triggers bacterial competence by increasing gene dosage near the origin. Cell 2014; 157:395-406. [PMID: 24725406 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) kills nearly 1 million children annually, and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains poses a serious threat to human health. Because pneumococci can take up DNA from their environment by a process called competence, genes associated with antibiotic resistance can rapidly spread. Remarkably, competence is activated in response to several antibiotics. Here, we demonstrate that antibiotics targeting DNA replication cause an increase in the copy number of genes proximal to the origin of replication (oriC). As the genes required for competence initiation are located near oriC, competence is thereby activated. Transcriptome analyses show that antibiotics targeting DNA replication also upregulate origin-proximal gene expression in other bacteria. This mechanism is a direct, intrinsic consequence of replication fork stalling. Our data suggest that evolution has conserved the oriC-proximal location of important genes in bacteria to allow for a robust response to replication stress without the need for complex gene-regulatory pathways. PAPERCLIP:
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10
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Gerhardt V, Bolte M. Three new pseudopolymorphs of 6-aminouracil. Acta Crystallogr C 2013; 69:1402-7. [PMID: 24192197 DOI: 10.1107/s0108270113028874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 6-aminouracil derivatives show diversified use in various fields of application, we crystallized 6-aminouracil to examine its preferred hydrogen-bonding frameworks. 6-Aminouracil shows two rigid hydrogen-bonding sites, viz. one acceptor-donor-acceptor (ADA) site and one donor-donor-acceptor (DDA) site. During various crystallization attempts, we obtained three structures, namely two dimethylacetamide monosolvates, C4H5N3O2·C4H9NO, and a 1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one monosolvate, C4H5N3O2·C5H9NO. In all three structures, R2(1)(6) N-H...O hydrogen-bonding patterns link the molecules to their respective solvent molecules. The formation of R2(2)(8) N-H...O hydrogen-bond motifs between 6-aminouracil molecules can only be found in two-dimensional frameworks, whereas R3(3)(14) N-H...O patterns are present when zigzag chzins of 6-aminouracil molecules are formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeska Gerhardt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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11
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Robinson A, Causer RJ, Dixon NE. Architecture and conservation of the bacterial DNA replication machinery, an underexploited drug target. Curr Drug Targets 2012; 13:352-72. [PMID: 22206257 PMCID: PMC3290774 DOI: 10.2174/138945012799424598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
New antibiotics with novel modes of action are required to combat the growing threat posed by multi-drug resistant bacteria. Over the last decade, genome sequencing and other high-throughput techniques have provided tremendous insight into the molecular processes underlying cellular functions in a wide range of bacterial species. We can now use these data to assess the degree of conservation of certain aspects of bacterial physiology, to help choose the best cellular targets for development of new broad-spectrum antibacterials. DNA replication is a conserved and essential process, and the large number of proteins that interact to replicate DNA in bacteria are distinct from those in eukaryotes and archaea; yet none of the antibiotics in current clinical use acts directly on the replication machinery. Bacterial DNA synthesis thus appears to be an underexploited drug target. However, before this system can be targeted for drug design, it is important to understand which parts are conserved and which are not, as this will have implications for the spectrum of activity of any new inhibitors against bacterial species, as well as the potential for development of drug resistance. In this review we assess similarities and differences in replication components and mechanisms across the bacteria, highlight current progress towards the discovery of novel replication inhibitors, and suggest those aspects of the replication machinery that have the greatest potential as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Robinson
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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12
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McHenry CS. Bacterial replicases and related polymerases. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2011; 15:587-94. [PMID: 21855395 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial replicases are complex, tripartite replicative machines. They contain a polymerase, Pol III, a β(2) processivity factor and a DnaX complex ATPase that loads β(2) onto DNA and chaperones Pol III onto the newly loaded β(2). Many bacteria encode both a full length τ and a shorter γ form of DnaX by a variety of mechanisms. The polymerase catalytic subunit of Pol III, α, contains a PHP domain that not only binds to prototypical ɛ Mg(2+)-dependent exonuclease, but also contains a second Zn(2+)-dependent proofreading exonuclease, at least in some bacteria. Replication of the chromosomes of low GC Gram-positive bacteria require two Pol IIIs, one of which, DnaE, appears to extend RNA primers a only short distance before handing the product off to the major replicase, PolC. Other bacteria encode a second Pol III (ImuC) that apparently replaces Pol V, required for induced mutagenesis in E. coli. Approaches that permit simultaneous biochemical screening of all components of complex bacterial replicases promise inhibitors of specific protein targets and reaction stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S McHenry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309, USA.
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13
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7-Alkyl-N(2)-substituted-3-deazaguanines. Synthesis, DNA polymerase III inhibition and antibacterial activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4197-202. [PMID: 21684746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Several 2-anilino- and 2-benzylamino-3-deaza-6-oxopurines [3-deazaguanines] and selected 8-methyl and 8-aza analogs have been synthesized. 7-Substituted N(2)-(3-ethyl-4-methylphenyl)-3-deazaguanines were potent and selective inhibitors of Gram+ bacterial DNA polymerase (pol) IIIC, and 7-substituted N(2)-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)-3-deazaguanines were potent inhibitors of both pol IIIC and pol IIIE from Gram+ bacteria, but weakly inhibited pol IIIE from Gram- bacteria. Potent enzyme inhibitors in both classes inhibited the growth of Gram+ bacteria (MICs 2.5-10μg/ml), and were inactive against the Gram- organism Escherichia coli. Several derivatives had moderate protective activity in Staphylococcus aureus-infected mice.
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14
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McHenry CS. Breaking the rules: bacteria that use several DNA polymerase IIIs. EMBO Rep 2011; 12:408-14. [PMID: 21475246 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2011.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies using Escherichia coli DNA polymerase (Pol) III as the prototype for bacterial DNA replication have suggested that--in contrast to eukaryotes--one replicase performs all of the main functions at the replication fork. However, recent studies have revealed that replication in other bacteria requires two forms of Pol III, one of which seems to extend RNA primers by only a few nucleotides before transferring the product to the other polymerase--an arrangement analogous to that in eukaryotes. Yet another group of bacteria encode a second Pol III (ImuC), which apparently replaces a Pol Y-type polymerase (Pol V) that is required for induced mutagenesis in E. coli. A complete understanding of complex bacterial replicases will allow the simultaneous biochemical screening of all their components and, thus, the identification of new antibacterial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S McHenry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Chemistry 76, UCB 215, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
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15
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Reconstitution of the B. subtilis Replisome with 13 Proteins Including Two Distinct Replicases. Mol Cell 2010; 37:273-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Svenstrup N, Ehlert K, Ladel C, Kuhl A, Häbich D. New DNA Polymerase IIIC Inhibitors: 3-Subtituted Anilinouracils with Potent Antibacterial Activity in vitro and in vivo. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:1604-15. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Svenstrup N, Kuhl A, Ehlert K, Häbich D. Improved synthesis of antibacterial 3-substituted 6-anilinouracils. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3215-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Boudet N, Dubbaka SR, Knochel P. Oxidative Amination of Cuprated Pyrimidine and Purine Derivatives. Org Lett 2008; 10:1715-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ol800353s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Boudet
- Department Chemie and Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Srinivas Reddy Dubbaka
- Department Chemie and Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie and Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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Goudgaon ΝM, Reddy CHU. EFFICIENT SYNTHESIS OF NOVEL 6-PHENYLTHIO-2,4- DISUBSTITUTED PYRIMIDINES. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2008. [DOI: 10.1515/hc.2008.14.6.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Butler MM, Lamarr WA, Foster KA, Barnes MH, Skow DJ, Lyden PT, Kustigian LM, Zhi C, Brown NC, Wright GE, Bowlin TL. Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of a novel anilinouracil-fluoroquinolone hybrid compound. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 51:119-27. [PMID: 17074800 PMCID: PMC1797695 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01311-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The anilinouracils (AUs) such as 6-(3-ethyl-4-methylanilino)uracil (EMAU) are a novel class of gram-positive, selective, bactericidal antibacterials which inhibit pol IIIC, the gram-positive-specific replicative DNA polymerase. We have linked various fluoroquinolones (FQs) to the N-3 position of EMAU to generate a variety of AU-FQ "hybrids" offering the potential for targeting two distinct steps in DNA replication. In this study, the properties of a hybrid, "251D," were compared with those of representative AUs and FQs in a variety of in vitro assays, including pol IIIC and topoisomerase/gyrase enzyme assays, antibacterial, bactericidal, and mammalian cytotoxicity assays. Compound 251D potently inhibited pol IIIC and topoisomerase/gyrase, displayed gram-positive antibacterial potency at least 15 times that of the corresponding AU compound, and as expected, acted selectively on bacterial DNA synthesis. Compound 251D was active against a broad panel of antibiotic-resistant gram-positive pathogens as well as several gram-negative organisms and was also active against both AU- and FQ-resistant gram-positive organisms, demonstrating its capacity for attacking both of its potential targets in the bacterium. 251D also was bactericidal for gram-positive organisms and lacked toxicity in vitro. Although we obtained strains of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to the individual parent compounds, spontaneous resistance to 251D was not observed. We obtained 251D resistance in multiple-passage experiments, but resistance developed at a pace comparable to those for the parent compounds. This class of AU-FQ hybrids provides a promising new pharmacophore with an unusual dual mechanism of action and potent activity against antibiotic-sensitive and -resistant gram-positive pathogens.
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Zhi C, Long ZY, Manikowski A, Comstock J, Xu WC, Brown NC, Tarantino PM, Holm KA, Dix EJ, Wright GE, Barnes MH, Butler MM, Foster KA, LaMarr WA, Bachand B, Bethell R, Cadilhac C, Charron S, Lamothe S, Motorina I, Storer R. Hybrid antibacterials. DNA polymerase-topoisomerase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2006; 49:1455-65. [PMID: 16480282 PMCID: PMC2566945 DOI: 10.1021/jm0510023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel Gram-positive (Gram+) antibacterial compounds consisting of a DNA polymerase IIIC (pol IIIC) inhibitor covalently connected to a topoisomerase/gyrase inhibitor are described. Specifically, 3-substituted 6-(3-ethyl-4-methylanilino)uracils (EMAUs) in which the 3-substituent is a fluoroquinolone moiety (FQ) connected by various linkers were synthesized. The resulting "AU-FQ" hybrid compounds were significantly more potent than the parent EMAU compounds as inhibitors of pol IIIC and were up to 64-fold more potent as antibacterials in vitro against Gram+ bacteria. The hybrids inhibited the FQ targets, topoisomerase IV and gyrase, with potencies similar to norfloxacin but 10-fold lower than newer agents, for example, ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin. Representative hybrids protected mice from lethal Staphylococcus aureus infection after intravenous dosing, and one compound showed protective effect against several antibiotic-sensitive and -resistant Gram+ infections in mice. The AU-FQ hybrids are a promising new family of antibacterials for treatment of antibiotic-resistant Gram+ infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxin Zhi
- GLSynthesis Inc., One Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Zheng-yu Long
- GLSynthesis Inc., One Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA 01605
| | | | | | - Wei-Chu Xu
- GLSynthesis Inc., One Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Neal C. Brown
- GLSynthesis Inc., One Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA 01605
| | | | | | - Edward J. Dix
- GLSynthesis Inc., One Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - George E. Wright
- GLSynthesis Inc., One Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA 01605
- Author for correspondence: George E. Wright, Ph.D., GLSynthesis Inc., One Innovation, Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, Phone 508 754-6700, FAX 508, 754-7075,
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22
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Zhi C, Long ZY, Manikowski A, Brown NC, Tarantino PM, Holm K, Dix EJ, Wright GE, Foster KA, Butler MM, LaMarr WA, Skow DJ, Motorina I, Lamothe S, Storer R. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 3-substituted-6-(3-ethyl-4-methylanilino)uracils. J Med Chem 2005; 48:7063-74. [PMID: 16250666 DOI: 10.1021/jm050517r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Numerous 3-substituted-6-(3-ethyl-4-methylanilino)uracils (EMAU) have been synthesized and screened for their capacity to inhibit the replication-specific bacterial DNA polymerase IIIC (pol IIIC) and the growth of Gram+ bacteria in culture. Direct alkylation of 2-methoxy-6-amino-4-pyrimidone produced the N3-substituted derivatives, which were separated from the byproduct 4-alkoxy analogues. The N3-substituted derivatives were heated with a mixture of 3-ethyl-4-methylaniline and its hydrochloride to effect displacement of the 6-amino group and simultaneous demethylation of the 2-methoxy group to yield target compounds in good yields. Certain intermediates, e.g. the 3-(iodoalkyl) compounds, were converted to a variety of (3-substituted-alkyl)-EMAUs by displacement. Most compounds were potent competitive inhibitors of pol IIIC (K(i)s 0.02-0.5 microM), and those with neutral, moderately polar 3-substituents had potent antibacterial activity against Gram+ organisms in culture (MICs 0.125-10 microg/mL). Several compounds protected mice from lethal intraperitoneal (ip) infections with S. aureus (Smith) when given by the ip route. A water soluble derivative, 3-(4-morpholinylbutyl)-EMAU hydrochloride, given subcutaneously, prolonged the life of infected mice in a dose dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxin Zhi
- GLSynthesis Inc., One Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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23
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Ali A, Taylor GE. Development of DNA polymerase IIIC inhibitors for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.15.8.947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Wright GE, Brown NC, Xu WC, Long ZY, Zhi C, Gambino JJ, Barnes MH, Butler MM. Active site directed inhibitors of replication-specific bacterial DNA polymerases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:729-32. [PMID: 15664846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Revised: 11/04/2004] [Accepted: 11/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
7-Substituted-N(2)-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)guanines potently and competitively inhibit DNA polymerases IIIC and IIIE from Gram(+) bacteria. Certain derivatives are also competitive inhibitors of DNA polymerase IIIE from Gram(-) bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Wright
- GLSynthesis Inc., One Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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25
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Kuhl A, Svenstrup N, Ladel C, Otteneder M, Binas A, Schiffer G, Brands M, Lampe T, Ziegelbauer K, Rübsamen-Waigmann H, Haebich D, Ehlert K. Biological characterization of novel inhibitors of the gram-positive DNA polymerase IIIC enzyme. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:987-95. [PMID: 15728893 PMCID: PMC549236 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.3.987-995.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel N-3-alkylated 6-anilinouracils have been identified as potent and selective inhibitors of bacterial DNA polymerase IIIC, the enzyme essential for the replication of chromosomal DNA in gram-positive bacteria. A nonradioactive assay measuring the enzymatic activity of the DNA polymerase IIIC in gram-positive bacteria has been assembled. The 6-anilinouracils described inhibited the polymerase IIIC enzyme at concentrations in the nanomolar range in this assay and displayed good in vitro activity (according to their MICs) against staphylococci, streptococci, and enterococci. The MICs of the most potent derivatives were about 4 microg/ml for this panel of bacteria. The 50% effective dose of the best compound (6-[(3-ethyl-4-methylphenyl)amino]-3-{[1-(isoxazol-5-ylcarbonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}uracil) was 10 mg/kg of body weight after intravenous application in a staphylococcal sepsis model in mice, from which in vivo pharmacokinetic data were also acquired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kuhl
- Bayer HealthCare AG, Pharma Research EU, D-42096 Wuppertal, Germany
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Zhi C, Long ZY, Gambino J, Xu WC, Brown NC, Barnes M, Butler M, LaMarr W, Wright GE. Synthesis of substituted 6-anilinouracils and their inhibition of DNA polymerase IIIC and Gram-positive bacterial growth. J Med Chem 2003; 46:2731-9. [PMID: 12801236 DOI: 10.1021/jm020591z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Certain substituted 6-anilinouracils are potent and selective inhibitors of Gram+ bacterial DNA polymerase IIIC (pol IIIC). In addition, analogues with 3-substituents in the uracil ring have potent antibacterial activity against Gram+ organisms in culture. In an attempt to find optimal anilino substituents for pol IIIC binding and optimal 3-substituents for antibacterial activity, we have prepared several series of 3-substituted-6-aminouracils and assayed their activity against pol IIIC from Bacillus subtilis and a panel of Gram+ and Gram- bacteria in culture. The 6-(3-ethyl-4-methylanilino) group and closely related substituent patterns maximized pol IIIC inhibition potency. Among a series of 3-(substituted-butyl)-6-(3-ethyl-4-methylanilino)uracils, basic amino substituents increased pol IIIC inhibition, but decreased antibacterial activity. The most potent antibacterials were simple hydroxybutyl and methoxybutyl derivatives, and hydrophobically substituted piperidinylbutyl derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxin Zhi
- GLSynthesis Inc., One Innovation Drive, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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Ali A, Taylor GE, Ellsworth K, Harris G, Painter R, Silver LL, Young K. Novel pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-based inhibitors of Staphlococcus aureus DNA polymerase III: design, synthesis, and biological evaluation. J Med Chem 2003; 46:1824-30. [PMID: 12723946 DOI: 10.1021/jm020483c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
6-Anilinopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-ones are novel dGTP analogues that inhibit the replication-specific enzyme DNA polymerase III (DNA pol III) of Staphlococcus aureus and other Gram-positive (Gr+) bacteria. To enhance the potential of these inhibitors as antimicrobial agents, a structure-activity relationship was developed involving substitutions at the 2, 4, and pyrazolo NH positions. All of the new inhibitors were tested for their ability to inhibit S. aureus DNA pol III and the growth of several other Gr+ bacteria in culture. 2-Anilino groups with small hydrophobic groups in the meta or para position enhanced both antipolymerase and antimicrobial activity. 2-Benzyl-substituted inhibitors were substantially less active. Substitution in the 4-position by oxygen gave the optimal activity, whereas substitution at the pyrazolo NH was not tolerated. These pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives represent a novel class of antimicrobials with promising activities against Gr+ bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA.
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Butler MM, Skow DJ, Stephenson RO, Lyden PT, LaMarr WA, Foster KA. Low frequencies of resistance among Staphylococcus and Enterococcus species to the bactericidal DNA polymerase inhibitor N(3)-hydroxybutyl 6-(3'-ethyl-4'-methylanilino) uracil. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:3770-5. [PMID: 12435675 PMCID: PMC132772 DOI: 10.1128/aac.46.12.3770-3775.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2002] [Revised: 07/25/2002] [Accepted: 09/06/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 6-anilinouracils (AUs) constitute a new class of bactericidal antibiotics selective against gram-positive (Gr(+)) organisms. The AU family of compounds specifically inhibits a novel target, replicative DNA polymerase Pol IIIC. Like other antibiotics, AUs can be expected to engender the development of resistant bacteria. We have used a representative AU and clinically relevant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus to determine the frequency and mechanism(s) of resistance development. The frequency of resistance was determined by using N(3)-hydroxybutyl 6-(3'-ethyl-4'-methylanilino) uracil (HBEMAU) and commercially available antibiotics at eight times the MICs. For all five Gr(+) organisms tested, the frequency of resistance to HBEMAU ranged from 1 x 10(-8) to 3 x 10(-10). The frequencies of resistance to the antibiotics tested, including rifampin, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin, were either greater than or equal to those for HBEMAU. In order to understand the mechanism of resistance, HBEMAU-resistant organisms were isolated. MIC assays showed that the organisms had increased resistance to AU inhibitors but not to other families of antibiotics. Inhibition studies with DNA polymerases from HBEMAU-sensitive and -resistant strains demonstrated that the resistance was associated with Pol IIIC. DNA sequence analysis of the entire polC genes from both wild-type and resistant organisms revealed that the resistant organisms had a sequence change that mapped to a single amino acid codon in all strains examined.
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Ali A, Aster SD, Graham DW, Patel GF, Taylor GE, Tolman RL, Painter RE, Silver LL, Young K, Ellsworth K, Geissler W, Harris GS. Design and synthesis of novel antibacterial agents with inhibitory activity against DNA polymerase III. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:2185-8. [PMID: 11514166 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00407-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
4-Substituted 2-amino-6-(anilino)pyrimidines have been found to be selective inhibitors of DNA polymerase III, a replicative enzyme known to be essential in the DNA synthesis of Gram-positive bacteria. Among the analogues, 18 displayed an IC(50) of 10 microM against DNA polymerase III from Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ali
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA.
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30
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31
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Daly JS, Giehl TJ, Brown NC, Zhi C, Wright GE, Ellison RT. In vitro antimicrobial activities of novel anilinouracils which selectively inhibit DNA polymerase III of gram-positive bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:2217-21. [PMID: 10898708 PMCID: PMC90046 DOI: 10.1128/aac.44.8.2217-2221.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 6-anilinouracils are novel dGTP analogs that selectively inhibit the replication-specific DNA polymerase III of gram-positive eubacteria. Two specific derivatives, IMAU (6-[3'-iodo-4'-methylanilino]uracil) and EMAU (6-[3'-ethyl-4'-methylanilino]uracil), were substituted with either a hydroxybutyl (HB) or a methoxybutyl (MB) group at their N3 positions to produce four agents: HB-EMAU, MB-EMAU, HB-IMAU, and MB-IMAU. These four new agents inhibited Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Enterococcus faecalis, and Enterococcus faecium. Time-kill assays and broth dilution testing confirmed bactericidal activity. These anilinouracil derivatives represent a novel class of antimicrobials with promising activities against gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to currently available agents, validating replication-specific DNA polymerase III as a new target for antimicrobial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Daly
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655, USA.
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32
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Focher F, Ubiali D, Pregnolato M, Zhi C, Gambino J, Wright GE, Spadari S. Novel nonsubstrate inhibitors of human thymidine phosphorylase, a potential target for tumor-dependent angiogenesis. J Med Chem 2000; 43:2601-7. [PMID: 10891120 DOI: 10.1021/jm000037u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase/platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (TP/PD-ECGF) is an enzyme involved in thymidine metabolism and homeostasis, and its catalytic activity appears to play an important role in angiogenesis. Here we describe the cloning and expression of a His-tagged human TP/PD-ECGF and its assay with uracil and thymine analogues. We present the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel 6-(phenylalkylamino)uracil derivatives which, at micromolar concentrations, inhibit both catabolic and anabolic reactions of human TP in vitro. These base analogues are not converted by the enzyme into the nucleoside form, thus representing pure nonsubstrate inhibitors of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Focher
- Istituto di Genetica Biochimica ed Evoluzionistica, CNR, Pavia, Italy.
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Tarantino PM, Zhi C, Wright GE, Brown NC. Inhibitors of DNA polymerase III as novel antimicrobial agents against gram-positive eubacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:1982-7. [PMID: 10428923 PMCID: PMC89401 DOI: 10.1128/aac.43.8.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
6-Anilinouracils are selective inhibitors of DNA polymerase III, the enzyme required for the replication of chromosomal DNA in gram-positive bacteria (N. C. Brown, L. W. Dudycz, and G. E. Wright, Drugs Exp. Clin. Res. 12:555-564, 1986). A new class of 6-anilinouracils based on N-3 alkyl substitution of the uracil ring was synthesized and analyzed for activity as inhibitors of the gram-positive bacterial DNA polymerase III and the growth of gram-positive bacterial pathogens. Favorable in vitro properties of N-3-alkyl derivatives prompted the synthesis of derivatives in which the R group at N-3 was replaced with more-hydrophilic methoxyalkyl and hydroxyalkyl groups. These hydroxyalkyl and methoxyalkyl derivatives displayed K(i) values in the range from 0.4 to 2.8 microM against relevant gram-positive bacterial DNA polymerase IIIs and antimicrobial activity with MICs in the range from 0.5 to 15 microg/ml against a broad spectrum of gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant staphylococci and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Two of these hydrophilic derivatives displayed protective activity in a simple mouse model of lethal staphylococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Tarantino
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Toxicology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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