1
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Debnath U, Verma S, Patra J, Mandal SK. A review on recent synthetic routes and computational approaches for antibody drug conjugation developments used in anti-cancer therapy. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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2
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Ferguson L, Bhakta S, Fox KR, Wells G, Brucoli F. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Novel C8-Pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) Adenosine Conjugate. A Study on the Role of the PBD Ring in the Biological Activity of PBD-Conjugates. Molecules 2020; 25:E1243. [PMID: 32164166 PMCID: PMC7179398 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we sought to evaluate the contribution of the PBD unit to the biological activity of PBD-conjugates and, to this end, an adenosine nucleoside was attached to the PBD A-ring C8 position. A convergent approach was successfully adopted for the synthesis of a novel C8-linked pyrrolo(2,1-c)(1,4)benzodiazepine(PBD)-adenosine(ADN) hybrid. The PBD and adenosine (ADN) moieties were synthesized separately and then linked through a pentynyl linker. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a PBD connected to a nucleoside. Surprisingly, the compound showed no cytotoxicity against murine cells and was inactive against Mycobacterium aurum and M. bovis strains and did not bind to guanine-containing DNA sequences, as shown by DNase I footprinting experiments. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the PBD-ADN conjugate was poorly accommodated in the DNA minor groove of two DNA sequences containing the AGA-PBD binding motif, with the adenosine moiety of the ligand preventing the covalent binding of the PBD unit to the guanine amino group of the DNA duplex. These interesting findings shed further light on the ability of the substituents attached at the C8 position of PBDs to affect and modulate the biological and biophysical properties of PBD hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Ferguson
- School of Science, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland PA1 2BE, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Keith R. Fox
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Geoff Wells
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Federico Brucoli
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
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Shameem M, Kumar R, Krishna S, Kumar C, Siddiqi MI, Kundu B, Banerjee D. Synthetic modified pyrrolo[1,4] benzodiazepine molecules demonstrate selective anticancer activity by targeting the human ligase 1 enzyme: An in silico and in vitro mechanistic study. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 237:115-24. [PMID: 26079053 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human DNA ligase1 (hLig1) is the major replicative enzyme in proliferating mammalian cells that join Okazaki fragments of the lagging strand during DNA replication. Interruptions in the process of ligation cause DNA damage to accumulate, resulting in cytotoxicity and cell death. In the present study we demonstrate that pyrrolo[1,4] benzodiazepine (PBD) derivatives exhibit anticancer properties by targeting the nick sealing activity of hLig1 as opposed to the DNA interaction activity known for such compounds. Our in silico and in vitro assays demonstrate the binding of these molecules with amino acid residues present in the DNA binding domain (DBD) of the hLig1 enzyme. Two of these hLig1 inhibitors S010-015 and S010-018 demonstrated selective cytotoxicity against DLD-1 (colon cancer) and HepG2 (hepatic cancer) cells in a dose dependant manner. The molecules also reduced cell viability and colony formation at concentrations of ⩽20μM in DLD-1 and HepG2 cells and induced apoptotic cell death. In yet another significant finding, the molecules reduced the migration of cancer cells in wound healing experiments, indicating their anti-metastatic property. In summary, we report the anticancer activity of PBD derivatives against DLD-1 and HepG2 cells and propose a new molecular target for their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shameem
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Janakipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Janakipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Shagun Krishna
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Janakipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Chandan Kumar
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Janakipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Mohammad Imran Siddiqi
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Janakipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Bijoy Kundu
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Janakipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India.
| | - Dibyendu Banerjee
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Janakipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India.
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Jackson PJM, James CH, Jenkins TC, Rahman KM, Thurston DE. Computational studies support the role of the C7-sibirosamine sugar of the pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) sibiromycin in transcription factor inhibition. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:2432-40. [PMID: 25111266 DOI: 10.1021/cb5002203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepines (PBDs) are a group of sequence-selective, DNA minor-groove binding agents that covalently attach to guanine residues. Originally derived from Streptomyces species, a number of naturally occurring PBD monomers exist with varying A-Ring and C2-substituents. One such agent, sibiromycin, is unusual in having a glycosyl residue (sibirosamine) at its A-Ring C7-position. It is the most cytotoxic member of the naturally occurring PBD family and has the highest DNA-binding affinity. Recently, the analogue 9-deoxysibiromyin was produced biosynthetically by Yonemoto and co-workers.1 Differing only in the loss of the A-Ring C9-hydroxyl group, it was reported to have a significantly higher DNA-binding affinity than sibiromycin based on DNA thermal denaturation studies, although these data have since been retracted.2 As deletion of the C9-OH moiety, which points toward the DNA minor groove floor, might intuitively be expected to reduce DNA-binding affinity through the loss of hydrogen bonding, we carried out molecular dynamics simulations on the interaction of both molecules with DNA over a 10 ns time-course in explicit solvent. Our results suggest that the two molecules may differ in their sequence-selectivity and that 9-deoxysibiromycin should have a lower binding affinity for certain sequences of DNA compared to sibiromycin. Our molecular dynamics results indicate that the C7-sibirosamine sugar does not form hydrogen bonding interactions with groups in the DNA minor-groove wall as previously reported, but instead points orthogonally out from the minor groove where it may inhibit the approach of DNA control proteins such as transcription factors. This was confirmed through a docking study involving sibiromycin and the GAL4 transcription factor, and these results could explain the significantly enhanced cytotoxicity of sibiromycin compared to other PBD family members without bulky C7-substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. M. Jackson
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - Colin H. James
- The
School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29−39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kindgom
| | - Terence C. Jenkins
- School
of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Khondaker M. Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - David E. Thurston
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
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Rahman KM, Corcoran DB, Bui TTT, Jackson PJM, Thurston DE. Pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) do not bind to DNA G-quadruplexes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105021. [PMID: 25133504 PMCID: PMC4136862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4] benzodiazepines (PBDs) are a family of sequence-selective, minor-groove binding DNA-interactive agents that covalently attach to guanine residues. A recent publication in this journal (Raju et al, PloS One, 2012, 7, 4, e35920) reported that two PBD molecules were observed to bind with high affinity to the telomeric quadruplex of Tetrahymena glaucoma based on Electrospray Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS), Circular Dichroism, UV-Visible and Fluorescence spectroscopy data. This was a surprising result given the close 3-dimensional shape match between the structure of all PBD molecules and the minor groove of duplex DNA, and the completely different 3-dimensional structure of quadruplex DNA. Therefore, we evaluated the interaction of eight PBD molecules of diverse structure with a range of parallel, antiparallel and mixed DNA quadruplexes using DNA Thermal Denaturation, Circular Dichroism and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Those PBD molecules without large C8-substitutents had an insignificant affinity for the eight quadruplex types, although those with large π-system-containing C8-substituents (as with the compounds evaluated by Raju and co-workers) were found to interact to some extent. Our molecular dynamics simulations support the likelihood that molecules of this type, including those examined by Raju and co-workers, interact with quadruplex DNA through their C8-substituents rather than the PBD moiety itself. It is important for the literature to be clear on this matter, as the mechanism of action of these agents will be under close scrutiny in the near future due to the growing number of PBD-based agents entering the clinic as both single-agents and as components of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Khondaker M. Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (KMR); (DET)
| | - David B. Corcoran
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tam T. T. Bui
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. M. Jackson
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David E. Thurston
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (KMR); (DET)
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Synthesis of 1,4-benzodiazepinones via palladium-catalysed allene carbopalladation/amination domino sequence. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Rational approaches, design strategies, structure activity relationship and mechanistic insights for anticancer hybrids. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 77:422-87. [PMID: 24685980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A Hybrid drug which comprises the incorporation of two drug pharmacophores in one single molecule are basically designed to interact with multiple targets or to amplify its effect through action on another bio target as one single molecule or to counterbalance the known side effects associated with the other hybrid part(.) The present review article offers a detailed account of the design strategies employed for the synthesis of anticancer agents via molecular hybridization techniques. Over the years, the researchers have employed this technique to discover some promising chemical architectures displaying significant anticancer profiles. Molecular hybridization as a tool has been particularly utilized for targeting tubulin protein as exemplified through the number of research papers. The microtubule inhibitors such as taxol, colchicine, chalcones, combretasatin, phenstatins and vinca alkaloids have been utilized as one of the functionality of the hybrids and promising results have been obtained in most of the cases with some of the tubulin based hybrids exhibiting anticancer activity at nanomolar level. Linkage with steroids as biological carrier vector for anticancer drugs and the inclusion of pyrrolo [2,1-c] [1,4]benzodiazepines (PBDs), a family of DNA interactive antitumor antibiotics derived from Streptomyces species in hybrid structure based drug design has also emerged as a potential strategy. Various heteroaryl based hybrids in particular isatin and coumarins have also been designed and reported to posses' remarkable inhibitory potential. Apart from presenting the design strategies, the article also highlights the structure activity relationship along with mechanistic insights revealed during the biological evaluation of the hybrids.
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Khan GS, Shah A, Zia-ur-Rehman, Barker D. Chemistry of DNA minor groove binding agents. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2012; 115:105-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
Pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) are sequence selective DNA alkylating agents with remarkable antineoplastic activity. They are either naturally produced by actinomycetes or synthetically produced. The remarkable broad spectrum of activities of the naturally produced PBDs encouraged the synthesis of several PBDs, including dimeric and hybrid PBDs yielding to an improvement in the DNA-binding sequence specificity and in the potency of this class of compounds. However, limitation in the chemical synthesis prevented the testing of one of the most potent PBDs, sibiromycin, a naturally produced glycosylated PBDs. Only recently, the biosynthetic gene clusters for PBDs have been identified opening the doors to the production of glycosylated PBDs by mutasynthesis and biosynthetic engineering. This review describes the recent studies on the biosynthesis of naturally produced pyrrolobenzodiazepines. In addition, it provides an overview on the isolation and characterization of naturally produced PBDs, chemical synthesis of PBDs, mechanism of DNA alkylation, and DNA-binding affinity and cytotoxic properties of both naturally produced and synthetic pyrrolobenzodiazepines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gerratana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
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10
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Rahman KM, James CH, Bui TTT, Drake AF, Thurston DE. Observation of a Single-Stranded DNA/Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Adduct. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:19376-85. [DOI: 10.1021/ja205395r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Khondaker M. Rahman
- Gene Targeted Drug Design Research Group, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | - Colin H. James
- Gene Targeted Drug Design Research Group, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | - Tam T. T. Bui
- Biomolecular Spectroscopy Centre, Kings College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Alex F. Drake
- Biomolecular Spectroscopy Centre, Kings College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - David E. Thurston
- Gene Targeted Drug Design Research Group, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
- Spirogen Ltd., The School of Pharmacy, University of London, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
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11
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Kamal A, Reddy MK, Ramaiah MJ, Srikanth YVV, Rajender, Reddy VS, Kumar GB, Pushpavalli SNCVL, Bag I, Juvekar A, Sen S, Zingde SM, Pal-Bhadra M. Synthesis of Aryl-Substituted Naphthalene-Linked Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Conjugates as Potential Anticancer Agents with Apoptosis-Inducing Ability. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1665-79. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Synthesis and anticancer activity of chalcone-pyrrolobenzodiazepine conjugates linked via 1,2,3-triazole ring side-armed with alkane spacers. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:3820-31. [PMID: 21676506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aiming to develop multitarget drugs for the anticancer treatment, a new class of chalcone-pyrrolo[2,1-c] [1,4]benzodiazepine (PBD) conjugates linked through a 1,2,3-triazole moiety containing alkane spacers has been designed and synthesized. Combining these two core pharmacophore structures with modifications at A-C8/C-C2-position of PBD ring system yielded analogs with improved efficacy and have shown promising in vitro anticancer activity ranging from <0.1-2.92 μM. These PBD-conjugates caused G1 cell cycle arrest with effect on G1 cell cycle regulatory proteins such as Cyclin D1 and Cdk4. These conjugates also exhibited inhibitory effect on NF-kB, Bcl-XL proteins that play a vital role in breast cancer cell proliferation. These findings suggest that one of the compound 4d among this series is most effective and has potential for detailed investigations.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION DNA interacting agents play a major role in cancer chemotherapy, either as single agents, in combination drug regimens, or as components of novel targeted therapies. The search for more selective and efficacious drugs that can deliver critical DNA damage with minimal side effects continues. AREAS COVERED The development of the pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) from their discovery as natural products in the 1960s, through synthetic PBD monomers, PBD hybrids and conjugates, and PBD dimers is described. The latter molecules are capable of forming sequence selective, non-distorting and potently cytotoxic DNA interstrand cross-links in the minor groove of DNA. In particular, the development of PBD dimer SJG-136 (SG2000), currently in Phase II clinical trials, is presented. Potential future cancer therapeutic applications of PBDs, including their use as components of targeting strategies, are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION The culmination of over four decades of study on structure-activity relationships of PBDs has led to a detailed understanding of how to introduce structural modification to enhance biological activity and potency. The challenge for the next phase in the development of the PBDs is to harness this activity and potency in a new generation of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Hartley
- UCL Cancer Institute, 72 Huntley St, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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14
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Antonow D, Thurston DE. Synthesis of DNA-Interactive Pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepines (PBDs). Chem Rev 2010; 111:2815-64. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100120f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dyeison Antonow
- Gene Targeting Drug Design Research Group, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | - David E. Thurston
- Gene Targeting Drug Design Research Group, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
- Spirogen Ltd., 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
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Kamal A, Vijaya Bharathi E, Janaki Ramaiah M, Surendranadha Reddy J, Dastagiri D, Viswanath A, Sultana F, Pushpavalli S, Pal-Bhadra M, Juvekar A, Sen S, Zingde S. Synthesis, anticancer activity and apoptosis inducing ability of anthranilamide-PBD conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:3310-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 04/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Basolo L, Beccalli EM, Borsini E, Broggini G, Khansaa M, Rigamonti M. Access to a Novel Class of Tetracyclic 1,4-Benzodiazepin-5-ones Starting from α-Amino Acids by Pd-Catalyzed Amination/1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition as the Key Steps. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200901290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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17
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Kamal A, Vijaya Bharathi E, Janaki Ramaiah M, Dastagiri D, Surendranadha Reddy J, Viswanath A, Sultana F, Pushpavalli S, Pal-Bhadra M, Srivastava HK, Narahari Sastry G, Juvekar A, Sen S, Zingde S. Quinazolinone linked pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine (PBD) conjugates: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation as potential anticancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:526-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Kamal A, Ramu R, Tekumalla V, Ramesh Khanna G, Barkume MS, Juvekar AS, Zingde SM. Remarkable DNA binding affinity and potential anticancer activity of pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine–naphthalimide conjugates linked through piperazine side-armed alkane spacers. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:7218-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Eco-friendly synthesis of 1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-diones in the ionic liquid [bmim]Br. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-008-0922-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Kamal A, Ramu R, Tekumalla V, Khanna GBR, Barkume MS, Juvekar AS, Zingde SM. Synthesis, DNA binding, and cytotoxicity studies of pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine-anthraquinone conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:6868-75. [PMID: 17822905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine-anthraquinone conjugates have been prepared and evaluated for their DNA binding ability as well as anticancer activity. Some of these molecules have shown significant anticancer activity in a number of cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kamal
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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21
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Synthesis of a C-2 Stapled Bis-Lexitropsin. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-007-0644-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Hadjivassileva T, Stapleton PD, Thurston DE, Taylor PW. Interactions of pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimers and duplex DNA from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007; 29:672-8. [PMID: 17350809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Binding of two bactericidal pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimers, SJG-136 and ELB-21, to genomic DNA from Staphylococcus aureus EMRSA-16 was investigated. Both agents cross-linked purified EMRSA-16 DNA. The more potent agent, ELB-21, had a greater capacity to cross-link DNA after incubation with intact cells than SJG-136. Extensive interstrand cross-linking at multiple sites on the EMRSA-16 genome was demonstrated by probing EcoRI-restricted DNA with mecA and 16S rDNA. Cross-linking was again greater in DNA extracted from ELB-21-treated cells and was compatible with frequency analysis of preferred binding sequences in EMRSA-16 DNA. These studies support the premise that the potency of ELB-21 is due to efficient cell penetration and provide evidence that the antibacterial activity of PBD dimers results from cross-linking at specific genomic sites.
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Baraldi PG, Preti D, Fruttarolo F, Tabrizi MA, Romagnoli R. Hybrid molecules between distamycin A and active moieties of antitumor agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:17-35. [PMID: 17081759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Revised: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 07/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The DNA minor groove is an attractive target for the design and development of molecules able to specifically recognize predetermined DNA sequences. The pyrrole-amide skeleton of distamycin A has been also used as DNA sequence selective vehicle for the delivery of alkylating functions to DNA targets. Selectivity for specific sequences may be of particular importance in affecting the activity of regulatory genes (oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes). Recent work on a number of hybrid compounds, in which known antitumor compounds or simple active moieties of known antitumor agents have been tethered to distamycin frame or hairpin polyamides derived from distamycin, is reviewed. The DNA alkylating and growth inhibition activities against several tumor cell lines are reported and discussed in terms of their structural differences in relation to both the number of N-methyl pyrrolic rings and the type of the alkylating unit tethered to the oligopyrrolic frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- University of Ferrara, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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24
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Al-Said NH. The Synthesis of a Terminally Linked Homodimeric Bisdistamycin Analog. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-006-0547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Purnell B, Sato A, O'kelley A, Price C, Summerville K, Hudson S, O'hare C, Kiakos K, Asao T, Lee M, Hartley JA. DNA interstrand crosslinking agents: Synthesis, DNA interactions, and cytotoxicity of dimeric achiral seco-amino-CBI and conjugates of achiral seco-amino-CBI with pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:5677-81. [PMID: 16919946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of three novel bisalkylating agents derived from the achiral seco-duocarmycin or CC-1065 analogs and pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) are described: achiral seco-CBI (cyclopropanebenz[e]indoline)-PBD 11, achiral seco-CI-PBD 12, and achiral seco-CBI dimer 13. Compounds 11 and 12 demonstrated enhanced cytotoxicity over the monomer counterparts against the growth of P815 murine mastocytoma cells in culture. Conjugate 11 was found to covalently react with adenine-N3 positions within the minor groove at AT-rich sequences and to produce DNA interstrand crosslinks. Both compounds were found to induce apoptosis in P815 cells. Due to its poor water solubility, dimer 13 did not give any appreciable DNA binding or cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Purnell
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, 3300 Pointsett Highway, Greenville, SC 29613, USA
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26
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Wells G, Martin CRH, Howard PW, Sands ZA, Laughton CA, Tiberghien A, Woo CK, Masterson LA, Stephenson MJ, Hartley JA, Jenkins TC, Shnyder SD, Loadman PM, Waring MJ, Thurston DE. Design, Synthesis, and Biophysical and Biological Evaluation of a Series of Pyrrolobenzodiazepine−Poly(N-methylpyrrole) Conjugates. J Med Chem 2006; 49:5442-61. [PMID: 16942018 DOI: 10.1021/jm051199z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of methyl ester-terminated C8-linked pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD)-poly(N-methylpyrrole) conjugates (50a-f) has been synthesized and their DNA interaction evaluated by thermal denaturation, DNA footprinting, and in vitro transcription stop assays. The synergistic effect of attaching a PBD unit to a polypyrrole fragment is illustrated by the large increase in DNA binding affinity (up to 50-fold) compared to the individual PBD and pyrrole components. 50a-f were found to bind mainly to identical DNA sequences but with apparent binding site widths increasing with molecular length and the majority of sites conforming to the consensus motif 5'-XGXWz (z = 3 +/- 1; W = A or T; X = any base but preferably a purine). They also provided robust sequence-selective blockade of transcription at sites corresponding approximately to their DNA footprints. 50a-f were shown to have good cellular/nuclear penetration properties, and a degree of correlation between cytotoxicity and DNA-binding affinity was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoff Wells
- Cancer Research UK Gene Targeted Drug Design Research Group, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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27
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Kamal A, Ramesh G, Srinivas O, Ramulu P, Laxman N, Rehana T, Deepak M, Achary MS, Nagarajaram HA. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of mixed imine-amine pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimers with efficient DNA binding affinity and potent cytotoxicity. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 12:5427-36. [PMID: 15388169 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Revised: 07/21/2004] [Accepted: 07/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of mixed imine-amine pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimers that are comprised of DC-81 and secondary amine (N10) of DC-81 subunits tethered to their C8 positions through alkanedioxy linkers (comprised of three and five carbons) is described. These noncross-linking unsymmetrical molecules exhibit significant DNA minor groove binding ability and one of them 5b linked through the pentanedioxy chain exhibits efficient DNA binding ability (DeltaTm=11.0 degrees C) when compared to naturally occurring DC-81, 1 (DeltaTm=0.7 degrees C). The imine-amine PBD dimers exhibit promising in vitro antitumor activity in a number of human cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kamal
- Biotransformation Laboratory, Division of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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28
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Baraldi PG, Spalluto G, Cacciari B, Romagnoli R. DNA minor groove alkylating agents structurally related to distamycin A. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.10.6.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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29
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Kamal A, Ramu R, Khanna GBR, Saxena AK, Shanmugavel M, Pandita RM. Pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine–anthraquinone conjugates. Synthesis, DNA binding and cytotoxicity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:4907-9. [PMID: 15341949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2004] [Accepted: 07/15/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
New pyrrolobenzodiazepine-anthraquinone hybrids have been designed and synthesized, found to effectively bind to DNA and also exhibit cytotoxicity against many cancer cell lines
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kamal
- Division of Organic Chemistry-I, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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30
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Kamal A, Ramulu P, Srinivas O, Ramesh G, Kumar PP. Synthesis of C8-linked pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine–benzimidazole conjugates with remarkable DNA-binding affinity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:4791-4. [PMID: 15324909 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2004] [Accepted: 06/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Two types of benzimidazoles have been synthesized and linked to DC-81 at C8-position through different alkyl chain spacers. These PBD conjugates have exhibited remarkable DNA-binding affinity, and a representative compound shows promising in vitro anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kamal
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India.
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31
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Kamal A, Srinivas O, Ramulu P, Ramesh G, Kumar PP. Synthesis of C8-linked pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine-acridone/acridine hybrids as potential DNA-binding agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:4107-11. [PMID: 15225736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2004] [Accepted: 04/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolobenzodiazepine hybrids linked to acridone/acridine ring systems at C8-position have been designed and prepared that exhibit significant DNA-binding affinity, and a representative compound shows promising in vitro anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kamal
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India.
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32
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Mischiati C, Finotti A, Sereni A, Boschetti S, Baraldi PG, Romagnoli R, Feriotto G, Jeang KT, Bianchi N, Borgatti M, Gambari R. Binding of hybrid molecules containing pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine (PBD) and oligopyrrole carriers to the human immunodeficiency type 1 virus TAR-RNA. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 67:401-10. [PMID: 15037192 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2003] [Accepted: 09/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The binding properties of a set of four hybrids, prepared combining from one to four polypyrrole minor groove binders and pyrrolo [2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine (PBD), have been studied using as target molecule the HIV-1 TAR-RNA. We found that these hybrids bind to TAR-RNA and inhibit TAR/protein(s) interactions. The anti-proliferative activity of the hybrids has been tested in vitro on HL3T1 cells and compared to the anti-proliferative effects of the natural product distamycin A and PBD. The effects on HIV-1 LTR directed transcription were studied using the chloramphenicol-acetyltransferase gene reporter system, and structure-activity relationships are discussed. The results obtained demonstrate that the hybrids 22-25 exhibit different TAR-RNA binding activity with respect to both distamycin A and PBD. In addition, a direct relationship was found between number of pyrrole rings present in the hybrids 22-25 and anti-proliferative effects. It was found that increased length of the polypyrrole backbone leads to an increased in vitro anti-proliferative effect, i.e. the hybrid 25, containing the four pyrroles distamycin analogous, is more active than 22, 23 and 24 against cell proliferation. With respect to inhibition of HIV-1 LTR-driven transcription, it was found that the hybrids 23-25 containing two-four pyrroles are active. Therefore, when anti-proliferative effects are considered together with the inhibitory effects of HIV-1 LTR driven transcription, our results suggest that the hybrid 23 is the more interesting, since it exhibits low anti-proliferative activity and inhibits HIV-1 LTR driven transcription both in vitro and in ex vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Mischiati
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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33
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Selective reduction of aromatic azides with hexamethyldisilathiane: synthesis of new 2-azidopyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepines. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.02.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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34
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Jadidi K, Aryan R, Mehrdad M, Lügger T, Ekkehardt Hahn F, Ng SW. Simple synthesis, structure and ab initio study of 1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-diones. J Mol Struct 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2003.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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35
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Masterson LA, Croker SJ, Jenkins TC, Howard PW, Thurston DE. Synthesis and biological evaluation of pyrrolo[2,1- c ][1,4]benzodiazepine (PBD) C8 cyclic amine conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:901-4. [PMID: 15012990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2003] [Revised: 10/31/2003] [Accepted: 12/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report examples of a series of novel pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine (PBD) analogues 12-15 prepared from a common functionalized building block 11 that can be conveniently synthesized on a large scale and in optically pure form. Isoindoline analogue 15 is the most cytotoxic agent in this series, has the highest DNA-binding affinity, and shows significant activity in the in vivo hollow fibre assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Masterson
- Cancer Research UK Gene Targeted Drug Design Research Group, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1 1AX, UK
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36
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Borgatti M, Rutigliano C, Bianchi N, Mischiati C, Baraldi PG, Romagnoli R, Gambari R. Inhibition of NF-kB/DNA Interactions and HIV-1 LTR Directed Transcription by Hybrid Molecules Containing Pyrrolo [2,1-c] [1,4] Benzodiazepine (PBD) and Oligopyrrole Carriers. Drug Dev Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.10280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Kamal A, Ramulu P, Srinivas O, Ramesh G. Synthesis of C-8 methanesulphonate substituted pyrrolobenzodiazepines as potential antitumour agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:3517-9. [PMID: 14505661 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00738-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The facile synthesis of C-8 methanesulphonate substituted pyrrolobenzodiazepines is described. These have been prepared by linking the methanesulphonate at C-8 position with alkanol spacer and their in vitro cytotoxicity have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kamal
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India.
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38
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Kamal A, Ramesh G, Ramulu P, Srinivas O, Rehana T, Sheelu G. Design and synthesis of novel chrysene-linked pyrrolo[2,1- c ][1,4]-benzodiazepine hybrids as potential DNA-binding agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:3451-4. [PMID: 14505647 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00743-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chrysene-linked pyrrolobenzodiazepine hybrids have been prepared that possess cytotoxicity in some cancer cell lines. They also exhibit promising DNA-binding affinity and this is supported by molecular modeling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kamal
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India.
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39
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Kamal A, Reddy BSN, Reddy GSK, Ramesh G. Design and synthesis of C-8 linked pyrrolobenzodiazepine-naphthalimide hybrids as anti-tumour agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:1933-5. [PMID: 12113812 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The facile synthesis of C-8 linked pyrrolobenzodiazepine-naphthalimide hybrid analogues is described. The compounds are prepared with varying degrees of linker length in order to probe the structural requirements for optimal in vitro anti-tumour activity. Some of these new hybrid compounds showed higher cytotoxic activity than the existing natural and synthetic pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kamal
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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40
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41
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Marchini S, Broggini M, Sessa C, D'Incalci M. Development of distamycin-related DNA binding anticancer drugs. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2001; 10:1703-14. [PMID: 11772279 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.10.9.1703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The relatively low therapeutic index of the clinically used alkylating agents is probably related to the fact that these compounds cause DNA damage in a relatively unspecific manner, mainly involving guanine-cytosine rich stretches of DNA present in virtually all genes, therefore inducing unselective growth inhibition and death, both in neoplastic and in highly proliferative normal tissues. These considerations explain why in the last twenty years there has been an increasing interest in the identification of compounds which can target DNA with a much higher degree of sequence specificity than that of conventional alkylators. Minor groove binders (MGBs) are one of the most widely studied class of alkylating agents characterised by a high level of sequence specificity. The prototype of this class of drugs is distamycin A which is an antiviral compound able to interact, non-covalently, in theminor groove of DNA in A-T rich regions. It is not cytotoxic against tumour cells and thus has been used as a carrier for targeting cytotoxic alkylating moieties in theminor groove of DNA. The benzoyl mustard derivative of distamycin A, tallimustine, was found to be able to alkylate the N(3) of adenine in theminor groove of DNA only in the target hexamer 5'-TTTTGA or 5'-TTTTAA. Tallimustine was investigated in the clinic and was not successful because it causes severe bone marrow toxicity. The screening of other distamycin derivatives, which maintain antitumour activity and exhibit much lower toxicity against human bone marrow cells than tallimustine led to the identification of brostallicin (PNU-166196) which is currently under early clinical investigation. Although MGBs which bind DNA in A-T rich regions have not fulfilled the expectations, it is too early to draw definitive conclusions on this class of compounds. The peculiar bone-marrow toxicity observed in the clinic both with tallimustine or with CC-1065 derivatives is not necessarily a feature of all MGBs, as indicated by recent evidence obtained with brostallicin and other structurally unrelated MGBs (e.g., ET-743).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marchini
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via Eritrea, 62- 20157 Milan, Italy
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42
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Bianchi N, Chiarabelli C, Borgatti M, Mischiati C, Fibach E, Gambari R. Accumulation of gamma-globin mRNA and induction of erythroid differentiation after treatment of human leukaemic K562 cells with tallimustine. Br J Haematol 2001; 113:951-61. [PMID: 11442489 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human leukaemic K562 cells can be induced in vitro to erythroid differentiation by a variety of chemical compounds, including haemin, butyric acid, 5-azacytidine, cytosine arabinoside, mithramycin and chromomycin, cisplatin and cisplatin analogues. Differentiation of K562 cells is associated with an increase of expression of embryo-fetal globin genes, such as the zeta-, epsilon- and gamma-globin genes. The K562 cell line has been proposed as a very useful in vitro model system to determine the therapeutic potential of new differentiating compounds as well as to study the molecular mechanism(s) regulating changes in the expression of embryonic and fetal human globin genes. Inducers of erythroid differentiation stimulating gamma-globin synthesis could be considered for possible use in the therapy of haematological diseases associated with a failure in the expression of normal beta-globin genes. We have analysed the effects of tallimustine and distamycin on cell growth and differentiation of K562 cells. The results demonstrated that tallimustine is a potent inducer, while distamycin is a weak inducer, of K562 cell erythroid differentiation. Erythroid differentiation was associated with an increase of accumulation of gamma-globin mRNA and of production of both haemoglobin (Hb) Gower 1 and Hb Portland. In addition, tallimustine-mediated erythroid induction occurred in the presence of activation of the apoptotic pathway. The reasons for proposing tallimustine as an inducer of gamma-globin gene expression are strongly sustained by the finding that this compound stimulates fetal haemoglobin production in human erythroid precursor cells from normal subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bianchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Italy
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43
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Zhou Q, Duan W, Simmons D, Shayo Y, Raymond MA, Dorr RT, Hurley LH. Design and synthesis of a novel DNA-DNA interstrand adenine-guanine cross-linking agent. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:4865-6. [PMID: 11457309 DOI: 10.1021/ja005658r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Q Zhou
- Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
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44
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Kamal A, Laxman E, Reddy P. Reductive cyclization of ω-azido/nitrocarbonyl compounds by samarium iodide: a facile preparation of DNA-binding pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine and its dimers. Tetrahedron Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)01524-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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