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De Vries EFJ, Veenstra J, Elsinga PH, Vaalburg W. Survey of fluorine-18 labeled synthons as alkylating agents for the radiolabeling of (OLIGO)nucleotides. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580440152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Eleventh international symposium on radiopharmaceutical chemistry: Abstracts. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580370201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Stone-Elander S, Elander N, Thorell JO, Fredriksson A. Microwaving in F-18 chemistry: quirks and tweaks. ERNST SCHERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION WORKSHOP 2007:243-69. [PMID: 17172158 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-49527-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Since the late 1980s, microwave dielectric heating has been used to speed up chemical transformations, also in radiolabeling tracers for positron emission tomography. In addition to shorter reaction times, higher yields, cleaner product mixtures and improved reproducibility have also been obtained for reactions involving polar components that require heating at elevated temperatures. The conditions used in microwave chemistry can differ considerably from those in conventional heating. Understanding the factors that influence the interaction of the electromagnetic field with the sample is critical for the successful implementation of microwave heating. These parameters are discussed here and exemplified with radiolabelings with fluorine-18.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stone-Elander
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Positron Emission Tomography, Karolinska Pharmacy, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Stone-Elander SA, Elander N, Thorell JO, Solås G, Svennebrink J. A single-mode microwave cavity for reducing radiolabelling reaction times, demonstrated by alkylations with [11C]alkyl halides. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580341008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kuznetsov DV, Raev VA, Kuranov GL, Arapov OV, Kostikov RR. Microwave Activation in Organic Synthesis. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11178-006-0030-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lin KS, Ding YS, Kim SW, Kil KE. Synthesis, enantiomeric resolution, F-18 labeling and biodistribution of reboxetine analogs: promising radioligands for imaging the norepinephrine transporter with positron emission tomography. Nucl Med Biol 2005; 32:415-22. [PMID: 15878511 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2005.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2004] [Revised: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Racemic and enantiomerically pure ((S,S) and (R,R)) 2-[alpha-(2-(2-[(18)F]fluoroethoxy)phenoxy)benzyl]morpholine ([(18)F]FRB) and its tetradeuterated form [(18)F]FRB-D(4), analogs of the highly selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor reboxetine (2-[alpha-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)benzyl]morpholine, RB), have been synthesized for studies of norepinephrine transporter (NET) system with positron emission tomography (PET). The [(18)F]fluorinated precursor, (S,S)/(R,R)-N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-2-[alpha-(2-hydroxyphenoxy)benzyl]morpholine ((S,S)/(R,R)-N-Boc-desethylRB), was prepared by the N-protection of (S,S)/(R,R)-2-[alpha-(2-hydroxyphenoxy)benzyl]morpholine ((S,S)/(R,R)-desethylRB) with a tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) group followed by enantiomeric resolution with chiral HPLC to provide both (S,S) and (R,R) enantiomers with >99% enantiomeric purity. These compounds were then used for radiosynthesis to prepare enantiomerically pure [(18)F]FRB and [(18)F]FRB-D(4) via the following three-step procedure: (1) formation of 1-bromo-2-[(18)F]fluoroethane ([(18)F]BFE or [(18)F]BFE-D(4)) by nucleophilic displacement of 2-bromoethyl triflate (or D(4) analog) with no-carrier added [(18)F]F(-) in THF; (2) reaction of [(18)F]BFE (or [(18)F]BFE-D(4)) with N-Boc-desethylRB in DMF in the presence of excess base; and (3) deprotection with trifluoroacetic acid. The racemates, (S,S) and (R,R) enantiomers of [(18)F]FRB and [(18)F]FRB-D(4) were obtained in 11-27% (decay corrected to the end of bombardment, EOB) in 120-min synthesis time with a radiochemical purity of >98% and specific activities of 21-48 GBq/micromol (EOB). The results of the whole-body biodistribution studies with (S,S)-[(18)F]FRB-D(4) were similar to those with (S,S)-[(18)F]FRB but showed relatively faster blood clearance and no significant in vivo defluorination. Positron emission tomography studies in baboon brain also showed that (S,S)-[(18)F]FRB-D(4) may be a potentially useful ligand for imaging NET with PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Shyan Lin
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
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Stone-Elander S, Elander N. Microwave applications in radiolabelling with short-lived positron-emitting radionuclides. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lasne MC, Perrio C, Rouden J, Barré L, Roeda D, Dolle F, Crouzel C. Chemistry of β +-Emitting Compounds Based on Fluorine-18. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-46009-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Bremberg U, Larhed M, Moberg C, Hallberg A. Rapid Microwave-Induced Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation. J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jo981896h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Bremberg
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden, and Department of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden, and Department of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christina Moberg
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden, and Department of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden, and Department of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Langa F, de la Cruz P, de la Hoz A, Díaz-Ortiz A, Díez-Barra E. Microwave irradiation: more than just a method for accelerating reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1039/co9970400373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Morcuende A, Ors M, Valverde S, Herradón B. Microwave-Promoted Transformations: Fast and Chemoselective N-Acylation of Amino Alcohols Using Catalytic Amounts of Dibutyltin Oxide. Influence of the Power Output and the Nature of the Acylating Agent on the Selectivity. J Org Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9605511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Morcuende
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General, C. S. I. C., c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ors
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General, C. S. I. C., c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Serafín Valverde
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General, C. S. I. C., c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernardo Herradón
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General, C. S. I. C., c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Syntheses of long-chain quaternary ammonium salts from fatty alcohols by microwave irradiation. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02517985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Strategies for reducing isotopic dilution in the synthesis of 18F-labeled polyfluorinated ethyl groups. Appl Radiat Isot 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0969-8043(95)00321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Effects of high-frequency electromagnetic treatment on the solid-phase extraction of aqueous benzene, naphthalene and phenol. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)01180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Eleventh international symposium on radiopharmaceutical chemistry: Abstracts. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580370801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
Microwaves are now widely used in immunohistochemistry for fixing and stabilizing tissue prior to embedding and cutting, for antigen retrieval and for immunoincubations. These techniques can be used for frozen sections and for material embedded in paraffin and plastic. Material prepared in this way shows high contrast in light microscopy. In principle, these microwave methods can also be used for electron microscopy. To be successful in the application of these techniques, insight into the physics of exposure to microwaves and the effects of microwaves on the material is a must. Microwave immunohistochemistry depends on optimal temperature control. To guarantee this, special measures should be taken and dedicated laboratory ovens should be used. The recently developed Coverplate units facilitate immunoincubations in the microwave oven. We show that the total microwave approach, combining microwave fixation, embedding and immunoincubations, is very useful for confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Boon
- Leiden Cytology and Pathology Laboratory, The Netherlands
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Elsinga PH, Van Waarde A, Visser GM, Vaalburg W. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of (R,S)-1-[2-((carbamoyl-4-hydroxy)phenoxy)-ethylamino]-3-[4-(1-[11C]-met hyl-4-trifluoromethyl-2-imidazolyl)phenoxy]-2-propanol ([11C]CGP 20712A) as a selective beta 1-adrenoceptor ligand for PET. Nucl Med Biol 1994; 21:211-7. [PMID: 9234285 DOI: 10.1016/0969-8051(94)90011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The most selective beta 1-adrenoceptor ligand known at this moment is (S)-1-[2-((carbamoyl-4-hydroxy) phenoxy)ethylamino]-3-[4-(1-methyl-4-trifluoromethyl-2-imidazolyl) phenoxy]-2-propanol (CGP 26505), the S-isomer of CGP 20712A. We prepared the racemic 11C analogue by methylation with [11C]CH3I of the corresponding desmethyl compound using a microwave oven to accelerate the reaction. Several radioactive by-products (about 70% of the non-volatile radioactive products) were formed. After HPLC purification [11C]CGP 20712A with a specific activity of 35 TBq/mmol was dissolved in a propylene glycol-ethanol-saline mixture to prepare it for injection. The total preparation time was 35 min. The radiochemical yield was 5% (calculated from [11C]CH3I, not corrected for decay). The identity of [11C]CGP 20712A was proved by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Tissue distribution studies in male Wistar rats have been performed. At 20 min after injection of the radioligand (0.1 nmol) the DAR [differential absorption ratio = (counts per minute recovered/g tissue)/(counts per min injected/g body weight)] in heart tissue decreased significantly (P < 0.005) from 1.84 +/- 0.11 to 1.21 +/- 0.12 after blocking of beta-adrenoceptors with 500 micrograms (R,S)-propranolol. A preliminary PET study in a Wistar rat showed maximal uptake in the time frame 10-20 min after injection. The ratio of specific/non-specific binding at this interval was 2.6.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Elsinga
- PET Center and Groningen Center for Catalysis and Synthesis, University Hospital, The Netherlands
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Chemat F, Poux M, Berlan J. ‘Dry’ hydrolysis of nitriles effected by microwave heating. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1039/p29940002597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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