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Wiseman FL, Scott DW. A thermodynamic approach to analyzing relative permittivity and solvent mole fraction models, and application to S N1 reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:1984-1993. [PMID: 38116641 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04155g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The standard methods for analyzing solvent effects on chemical reactions largely include linear free energy relations that relate kinetic and spectroscopic terms to solvent interactive parameters. The number of these parameters has grown over the years in order to make linear free energy techniques more accurate and cover a wider range of reaction systems. However, even with the myriad of parameters, the details of specific reaction systems make the application of these techniques sometimes unreliable. On the other hand, a thermodynamic approach provides a more precise analysis, and has proven particularly useful for reactions in multi-component solvent systems. In this article we present the mathematical formalism for relating the activation free energy to the bulk thermodynamic properties for a binary (cosolvent) system. We then use this thermodynamic approach, coupled with selected solvent models, to analyze the hydrolysis rates of tert-butyl chloride in the acetonitrile/water solvent system under iso-mole fraction, isodielectric, and isothermal conditions. These analyses allow us to differentiate and quantify bulk electrostatic effects and the effects of close-range solute-solvent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floyd L Wiseman
- Department of Mathematics & Natural Science, Blue Mountain Christian University, P.O. Box 160, Blue Mountain, MS 38610, USA.
| | - Dane W Scott
- Department of Chemistry, East Tennessee State University, 325 Treasure Lane, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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2
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Onyido I, Obumselu OF, Egwuatu CI, Okoye NH. Solvent and solvation effects on reactivities and mechanisms of phospho group transfers from phosphate and phosphinate esters to nucleophiles. Front Chem 2023; 11:1176746. [PMID: 37179775 PMCID: PMC10172589 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1176746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus esters fulfil many industrial, agricultural, and household roles. Nature has deployed phosphates and their related anhydrides as energy carriers and reservoirs, as constituents of genetic materials in the form of DNA and RNA, and as intermediates in key biochemical conversions. The transfer of the phosphoryl (PO3) group is thus a ubiquitous biological process that is involved in a variety of transformations at the cellular level such as bioenergy and signals transductions. Significant attention has been paid in the last seven decades to understanding the mechanisms of uncatalyzed (solution) chemistry of the phospho group transfer because of the notion that enzymes convert the dissociative transition state structures in the uncatalyzed reactions into associative ones in the biological processes. In this regard, it has also been proposed that the rate enhancements enacted by enzymes result from the desolvation of the ground state in the hydrophobic active site environments, although theoretical calculations seem to disagree with this position. As a result, some attention has been paid to the study of the effects of solvent change, from water to less polar solvents, in uncatalyzed phospho transfer reactions. Such changes have consequences on the stabilities of the ground and the transition states of reactions which affect reactivities and, sometimes, the mechanisms of reactions. This review seeks to collate and evaluate what is known about solvent effects in this domain, especially their effects on rates of reactions of different classes of organophosphorus esters. The outcome of this exercise shows that a systematized study of solvent effects needs to be undertaken to fully understand the physical organic chemistry of the transfer of phosphates and related molecules from aqueous to substantially hydrophobic environments, since significant knowledge gaps exist.
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Samuel JJ, Garudapalli A, Gangadharappa C, Mahapatra SR, Patil S, Aetukuri NPB. Charge polarity-dependent ion-insertion asymmetry during electrochemical doping of an ambipolar π-conjugated polymer. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7788. [PMID: 36526634 PMCID: PMC9758163 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35408-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical doping is central to a host of important applications such as bio-sensing, neuromorphic computing and charge storage. However, the mechanisms that enable electrochemical dopability and the various parameters that control doping efficiencies are poorly understood. Here, employing complementary electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical measurements, we report a charge-polarity dependent ion insertion asymmetry in a diketopyrrolopyrrole-based ambipolar π-conjugated polymer. We argue that electrostatic interactions are insufficient to fully account for the observed charge-specific ion insertion into the polymer matrix. Using polymer side-chain dependent electrochemical doping studies, we show that electron density donating and accepting tendencies of polymer side-chains sufficiently describe the observed charge-polarity dependent electrochemical doping. Our observations are akin to the solvation of dopant ions by polymer side-chains. We propose that Gutmann donor/acceptor number framework qualifies the 'solvent-like' properties of polymer side-chains and provides a rational basis for designing π-conjugated polymers with favorable mixed ionic electronic transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin J. Samuel
- grid.34980.360000 0001 0482 5067Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012 Karnataka India
| | - Ashutosh Garudapalli
- grid.34980.360000 0001 0482 5067Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012 Karnataka India
| | - Chandrasekhar Gangadharappa
- grid.34980.360000 0001 0482 5067Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012 Karnataka India
| | - Smruti Rekha Mahapatra
- grid.34980.360000 0001 0482 5067Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012 Karnataka India
| | - Satish Patil
- grid.34980.360000 0001 0482 5067Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012 Karnataka India
| | - Naga Phani B. Aetukuri
- grid.34980.360000 0001 0482 5067Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012 Karnataka India
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4
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Hopewell R, Jolly D, Li QY, Ross K, Tsai IH, Lactus-Samoila M, Soucy JP, Kobayashi E, Rosa-Neto P, Massarweh G. High-yielding, automated radiosynthesis of [ 11 C]martinostat using [ 11 C]methyl triflate. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2022; 65:167-173. [PMID: 35218059 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) mediate epigenetic mechanisms implicated in a broad range of central nervous system dysfunction, including neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders. [11 C]Martinostat allows in vivo quantification of class I/IIb HDACs and may be useful for the quantification of drug-occupancy relationship, facilitating drug development for disease modifying therapies. The present study reports a radiosynthesis of [11 C]martinostat using [11 C]methyl triflate in ethanol, as opposed to the originally described synthesis using [11 C]methyl iodide and DMSO. [11 C]Methyl triflate is trapped in a solution of 2 mg of precursor 1 dissolved in anhydrous ethanol (400 μl), reacted at ambient temperature for 5 minutes, and purified by high-performance liquid chromatography. 1.5-1.8 GBq (41-48 mCi; n=3) of formulated [11 C]martinostat was obtained from solid phase extraction using a hydrophilic-lipophilic cartridge in a radiochemical yield of 11.4 ± 1.1% (non-decay corrected to trapped [11 C]MeI), with a molar activity of 369 ± 53 GBq/μmol (9.97 ± 1.3 Ci/μmol) at the end of synthesis (40 min) and validated for human use. This methodology was used at our production site to produce [11 C]martinostat in sufficient quantities of activity to scan humans, including losses incurred from decay during pre-release quality control testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hopewell
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dean Jolly
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Qian Ying Li
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karen Ross
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - I-Huang Tsai
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Jean-Paul Soucy
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eliane Kobayashi
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gassan Massarweh
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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5
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Abraham MH, Martins F, Elvas-Leitão R, Moreira L. Properties of the tert-butyl halide solvolysis transition states. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:3311-3320. [PMID: 33527930 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05099g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have obtained properties (or descriptors) of the transition states in the solvolysis of tert-butyl chloride, bromide and iodide. We show that all three transition states, in both protic and in aprotic solvents, are highly dipolar and are strong hydrogen bond acids and strong hydrogen bond bases, except for the tert-butyl iodide transition state in aprotic solvents, which has a rather low hydrogen bond acidity. Thus, the transition states are stabilized by solvents that are hydrogen bond bases (nucleophiles) and are hydrogen bond acids (electrophiles). We show also that the partition of the transition states between water and solvents is aided by both nucleophilic and electrophilic solvents and conclude that the rate of solvolysis of the three halides is increased by both nucleophilic and electrophilic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Abraham
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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6
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Chakma P, Morley CN, Sparks JL, Konkolewicz D. Exploring How Vitrimer-like Properties Can Be Achieved from Dissociative Exchange in Anilinium Salts. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Progyateg Chakma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Colleen N. Morley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Jessica L. Sparks
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
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7
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Lemishko SS, Lemishko AS. Non-equilibrium steady state in closed system with reversible reactions: Mechanism, kinetics and its possible application for energy conversion. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2020.100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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8
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Kaiser D, Tona V, Gonçalves CR, Shaaban S, Oppedisano A, Maulide N. A General Acid-Mediated Hydroaminomethylation of Unactivated Alkenes and Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14639-14643. [PMID: 31482639 PMCID: PMC6790944 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In comparison to the extensively studied metal-catalyzed hydroamination reaction, hydroaminomethylation has received significantly less attention despite its considerable potential to streamline amine synthesis. State-of-the-art protocols for hydroaminomethylation of alkenes rely largely on transition-metal catalysis, enabling this transformation only under highly designed and controlled conditions. Here we report a broadly applicable, acid-mediated approach to the hydroaminomethylation of unactivated alkenes and alkynes. This methodology employs cheap, readily available, and bench-stable reactants and affords the desired amines with excellent functional group tolerance and impeccable regioselectivity. The broad scope of this transformation, as well as mechanistic investigations and in situ domino functionalization reactions are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kaiser
- University of Vienna, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronica Tona
- University of Vienna, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carlos R Gonçalves
- University of Vienna, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Saad Shaaban
- University of Vienna, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alberto Oppedisano
- University of Vienna, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nuno Maulide
- University of Vienna, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Kaiser D, Tona V, Gonçalves CR, Shaaban S, Oppedisano A, Maulide N. Eine allgemeine Methode zur Hydroaminomethylierung von Alkenen und Alkinen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kaiser
- Universität Wien Institut für Organische Chemie Währinger Straße 38 1090 Wien Österreich
| | - Veronica Tona
- Universität Wien Institut für Organische Chemie Währinger Straße 38 1090 Wien Österreich
| | - Carlos R. Gonçalves
- Universität Wien Institut für Organische Chemie Währinger Straße 38 1090 Wien Österreich
| | - Saad Shaaban
- Universität Wien Institut für Organische Chemie Währinger Straße 38 1090 Wien Österreich
| | - Alberto Oppedisano
- Universität Wien Institut für Organische Chemie Währinger Straße 38 1090 Wien Österreich
| | - Nuno Maulide
- Universität Wien Institut für Organische Chemie Währinger Straße 38 1090 Wien Österreich
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10
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Reif MM, Hünenberger PH. Origin of Asymmetric Solvation Effects for Ions in Water and Organic Solvents Investigated Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations: The Swain Acity-Basity Scale Revisited. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:8485-517. [PMID: 27173101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b02156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric solvation of ions can be defined as the tendency of a solvent to preferentially solvate anions over cations or cations over anions, at identical ionic charge magnitudes and effective sizes. Taking water as a reference, these effects are quantified experimentally for many solvents by the relative acity (A) and basity (B) parameters of the Swain scale. The goal of the present study is to investigate the asymmetric solvation of ions using molecular dynamics simulations, and to connect the results to this empirical scale. To this purpose, the charging free energies of alkali and halide ions, and of their hypothetical oppositely charged counterparts, are calculated in a variety of solvents. In a first set of calculations, artificial solvent models are considered that present either a charge or a shape asymmetry at the molecular level. The solvation asymmetry, probed by the difference in charging free energy between the two oppositely charged ions, is found to encompass a term quadratic in the ion charge, related to the different solvation structures around the anion and cation, and a term linear in the ion charge, related to the solvation structure around the uncharged ion-sized cavity. For these simple solvent models, the two terms are systematically counteracting each other, and it is argued that only the quadratic term should be retained when comparing the results of simulations involving physical solvents to experimental data. In a second set of calculations, 16 physical solvents are considered. The theoretical estimates for the acity A are found to correlate very well with the Swain parameters, whereas the correlation for B is very poor. Based on this observation, the Swain scale is reformulated into a new scale involving an asymmetry parameter Σ, positive for acitic solvents and negative for basitic ones, and a polarity parameter Π. This revised scale has the same predictive power as the original scale, but it characterizes asymmetry in an absolute sense, the atomistic simulations playing the role of an extra-thermodynamic assumption, and is optimally compatible with the simulation results. Considering the 55 solvents in the Swain set, it is observed that a moderate basity (Σ between -0.9 and -0.3, related to electronic polarization) represents the baseline for most solvents, while a highly variable acity (Σ between 0.0 and 3.0, related to hydrogen-bond donor capacity modulated by inductive effects) represents a landmark of protic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Reif
- Physics Department (T38), Technische Universität München , D-85748 Garching, Germany
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11
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Ou G, He B, Halling P. Ionization basis for activation of enzymes soluble in ionic liquids. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1404-8. [PMID: 27060372 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complex interactions between electrolytes and proteins have been studied for more than a century. However, understanding is not yet complete and does not provide a basis for predicting the activity of enzymes in ionic media. The use of ionic liquids (ILs) as reaction medium has opened up new opportunities for better understanding of the mechanism of enzymatic catalysis. Although a number of properties of ILs have been correlated with enzyme function, these relationships are not completely understood at a molecular level. METHODS We propose that ILs must be able to promote ionization of protein ionizable groups in order to dissolve active enzymes. The biocompatible IL need to possess a functional group with large donor number and acceptor number in both cationic and anionic units, each of which is based on a high dielectric constant lead structure. We designed and synthesized two series of ILs and determined their ionizing-dissociating abilities and activities of lipases soluble in these new ILs. RESULTS The results showed that the ionizing-dissociating abilities of ILs paralleled the catalytic activity trend of lipases dissolved in the ILs. The activities of lipases soluble in the newly designed ILs were comparable to those in water. CONCLUSIONS We can conclude that ionizing-dissociating abilities of an IL can be used as a basis for predicting the activity of enzymes soluble in the IL. General significance Ionization basis for activation of enzymes gives a deeper understanding of the behavior of enzymes in non-aqueous media at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangnan Ou
- School of Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China; WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK
| | - Biyan He
- School of Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Peter Halling
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK
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12
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Kotoni D, Piras M, Cabri W, Giorgi F, Mazzanti A, Pierini M, Quaglia M, Villani C, Gasparrini F. Thermodynamic and kinetic investigation of monoketo-aldehyde-peroxyhemiacetal (MKA), a stereolabile degradation product of dihydroartemisinin. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00879k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Theβ⇆αepimerization process ofMKAhas been studied under a thermodynamic and kinetic point of view in several solvents. LSER analyses and molecular modeling calculations allowed an effective rationalization of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Kotoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco
- Sapienza Università di Roma
- 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - M. Piras
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco
- Sapienza Università di Roma
- 00185 Roma, Italy
- Kosterlitz Centre for Therapeutics
- Institute of Medical Sciences
| | - W. Cabri
- Analytical Development
- R&D Department
- Sigma-Tau S.p.A
- 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - F. Giorgi
- Analytical Development
- R&D Department
- Sigma-Tau S.p.A
- 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - A. Mazzanti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “T. Montanari”
- Università di Bologna
- 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - M. Pierini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco
- Sapienza Università di Roma
- 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - M. Quaglia
- Analytical Development
- R&D Department
- Sigma-Tau S.p.A
- 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - C. Villani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco
- Sapienza Università di Roma
- 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - F. Gasparrini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco
- Sapienza Università di Roma
- 00185 Roma, Italy
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13
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Shamsipur M, Ghavami R, Hemmateenejad B, Sharghi H. Solvatochromic Linear Solvation Energy Relationships (LSER) for Solubility of Gases in Various Solvents by Target Factor Analysis. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200500003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Yamamura M, Kano N, Kawashima T. Control of the Equilibrium between 2-Phosphinoazobenzenes and Inner Phosphonium Salts by Heat, Solvent, Acid, and Photoirradiation. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2012. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20110259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Yamamura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo
| | - Naokazu Kano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo
| | - Takayuki Kawashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo
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15
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Buchikhin EP, Chekmarev AM, Bobyrenko NA. Relative quantitative characteristics of the donor ability of monovalent anions in donor-acceptor reactions. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023611070059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Appel R, Mayr H. Quantification of the Electrophilic Reactivities of Aldehydes, Imines, and Enones. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:8240-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ja200820m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Appel
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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17
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Gupta L, Ramírez A, Collum DB. Reaction of lithium diethylamide with an alkyl bromide and alkyl benzenesulfonate: origins of alkylation, elimination, and sulfonation. J Org Chem 2010; 75:8392-9. [PMID: 21077695 DOI: 10.1021/jo101505x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A combination of NMR, kinetic, and computational methods are used to examine reactions of lithium diethylamide in tetrahydrofuran (THF) with n-dodecyl bromide and n-octyl benzenesulfonate. The alkyl bromide undergoes competitive S(N)2 substitution and E2 elimination in proportions independent of all concentrations except for a minor medium effect. Rate studies show that both reactions occur via trisolvated-monomer-based transition structures. The alkyl benzenesulfonate undergoes competitive S(N)2 substitution (minor) and N-sulfonation (major) with N-sulfonation promoted at low THF concentrations. The S(N)2 substitution is shown to proceed via a disolvated monomer suggested computationally to involve a cyclic transition structure. The dominant N-sulfonation follows a disolvated-dimer-based transition structure suggested computationally to be a bicyclo[3.1.1] form. The differing THF and lithium diethylamide orders for the two reactions explain the observed concentration-dependent chemoselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekha Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Baker Laboratory, Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
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18
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Liu Q, Cong C, Zhang H. Investigation on infrared spectra of androsterone in single solvents. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2007; 68:1269-73. [PMID: 17376738 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Revised: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The infrared absorption spectra of the androsterone in 19 pure organic solvents have been investigated. The carbonyl stretching vibration frequencies of androsterone observed in the solvents were correlated with the empirical parameters G, Swain parameters (A(j) and B(j)) and the linear solvation energy relationships (LSER). The applicabilities of different parameters were discussed and the solute-solvent interactions in single solvents were studied in detail. The correlation results indicated that the LSER is optimal for a complete description of solute-solvent interactions while G-values and Swain parameters are unilateral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.
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19
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Arnaut LG, Formosinho SJ. The rates of S(N)2 reactions and their relation to molecular and solvent properties. Chemistry 2007; 13:8018-28. [PMID: 17616960 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The energy barriers of symmetrical methyl exchanges in the gas phase have been calculated with the reaction path of the intersecting/interacting-state model (ISM). Reactive bond lengths increase down a column of the Periodic Table and compensate for the decrease in the force constants, which explains the near constancy of the intrinsic barriers in the following series of nucleophiles: F(-) approximately Cl(-) approximately Br(-) approximately I(-). This compensation is absent along the rows of the Periodic Table and the trend in the reactivity is dominated by the increase in the electrophilicity index of the nucleophile in the series C<N<O<F. Solvent effects have been quantitatively incorporated into the ISM model through a correlation between electrophilicity and the solvent acceptor number. This correlation is transferable between nucleophiles and solvents and allows the methyl transfer rate constants in solution to be calculated with remarkable simplicity and accuracy. The relationship between the S(N)2 and electron-transfer mechanisms is clarified and it is shown that smaller solvent static effects should be expected for electron transfer in the absence of a thermodynamic driving force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis G Arnaut
- Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, P-3049 Coimbra Codex, Portugal.
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21
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Schulmeier BE, Cantrell WR, Bauta WE. Preparation of a fludarabine intermediate via selective alkylation of 2-fluoroadenine. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2006; 25:735-45. [PMID: 16898412 DOI: 10.1080/15257770600725960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The reaction between 2-fluoroadenine (3) and 1,3,5-tri-O-benzyl-1-alpha-D-chloroarabinofuranose (4) with potassium t-amylate was evaluated in various solvents to afford 9-beta-D-(2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl-arabinofuranosyl)-2-fluoroadenine (5) and the corresponding alpha-anomer (6). In addition, 7-beta-D-(2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl-arabinofuranosyl)-2-fluoroadenine (7) and an unusual "bis-fluoroadenine" nucleoside (8) were isolated as byproducts. The highest anomeric ratio (beta/alpha > 10) and conversion (> 80%) were observed with the highly polar solvent sulfolane. This reaction was demonstrated on gram scale as a practical laboratory synthesis of 5, a known intermediate in the synthesis of fludarabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Schulmeier
- Genzyme Corporation, Therapeutics Manufacturing and Development, 14805 Omicron Dr., San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
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22
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Wu HS, Tseng MS. Modeling and extractive properties of quaternary salt in a two-phase system. AIChE J 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.690480420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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23
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Ito K, Eno S, Saito B, Katsuki T. Enantioselective conjugate addition of diethylzinc to acyclic enones using a copper phosphino-phenol complex as catalyst. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Kawashima T. Syntheses, Structures, and Thermolyses of Three- and Four-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds Containing Highly Coordinate Main Group Elements. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2003. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.76.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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25
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Yang HM, Wu HS. Interfacial Mechanism and Kinetics of Phase-Transfer Catalysis. CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/cr-120025540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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26
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Sase S, Kano N, Kawashima T. Synthesis and structure of the first 1,2sigma5-selenaphosphirane. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:9706-7. [PMID: 12175219 DOI: 10.1021/ja026107z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 1,2sigma5-selenaphosphirane bearing the Martin ligand was synthesized. Its structure in both the solid and the solution state was established by X-ray crystallographic analysis and NMR measurements, respectively. The selenaphosphirane has a polar P-Se bond, and the selenium atom is negatively charged. In the solution state, the degree of polarization of the P-Se bond depends on the acceptor number of the solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Sase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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27
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Linert W, Fukuda Y, Camard A. Chromotropism of coordination compounds and its applications in solution. Coord Chem Rev 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0010-8545(01)00359-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Bogdanov B, McMahon TB. An Ab Initio and Density Functional Theory Investigation of the Structures and Energetics of Halide Ion−Alcohol Complexes in the Gas Phase. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp000776m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Bogdanov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - T. B. McMahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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Garcia-Rio L, Mejuto JC, Ciri R, Blagoeva IB, Leis JR, Ruasse MF. Bromine−AOT Charge-Transfer Complexes and Hydrogen-Bond Donor Ability of Water in AOT−isooctane−H2O Reverse Micelles and Water-in-Oil Microemulsions. J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp982789u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Garcia-Rio
- Institut de Topologie et de Dynamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), associé au CNRS - UPRES-A 7086, 1 rue Guy de la Brosse, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Juan C. Mejuto
- Institut de Topologie et de Dynamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), associé au CNRS - UPRES-A 7086, 1 rue Guy de la Brosse, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Renata Ciri
- Institut de Topologie et de Dynamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), associé au CNRS - UPRES-A 7086, 1 rue Guy de la Brosse, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Iva B. Blagoeva
- Institut de Topologie et de Dynamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), associé au CNRS - UPRES-A 7086, 1 rue Guy de la Brosse, 75005 Paris, France
| | - J. Ramon Leis
- Institut de Topologie et de Dynamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), associé au CNRS - UPRES-A 7086, 1 rue Guy de la Brosse, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Ruasse
- Institut de Topologie et de Dynamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), associé au CNRS - UPRES-A 7086, 1 rue Guy de la Brosse, 75005 Paris, France
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30
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Single-ion transfer properties: a measure of ion-solvation in solvents and solvent mixtures. Electrochim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(98)00153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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Adam W, Moorthy JN, Nau WM, Scaiano JC. Solvent Effect on Product Distribution in Photochemical Pathways of α C−N versus β C−C Cleavage of n,π* Triplet-Excited Azoalkanes. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja963948v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Adam
- Contribution from the Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, and the Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jarugu N. Moorthy
- Contribution from the Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, and the Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Werner M. Nau
- Contribution from the Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, and the Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - J. C. Scaiano
- Contribution from the Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, and the Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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33
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Development and uses of scales of solvent nucleophilicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-527x(96)80006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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34
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Luehrs DC, Chesney DJ, Godbole KA. Correlation of the eluting strengths of solvents in adsorption chromatography with solvatochromic parameters. J Chromatogr A 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)87184-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Reduction of 1-benzyl-3-cyanoquinolinium ion by phosphonate: Solvent effects in propan-2-ol-water mixed solvents. J PHYS ORG CHEM 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.610050508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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Luehrs DC, Godbole KA. Correlation of the gibbs free energy of transfer of fluoride ion from water to other solvents with solvent actidity and polarity parameters. J SOLUTION CHEM 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00646612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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Variation of fluoride ion solvation and pF− buffer properties of HF2−/HF and HF/H+ pairs in acetonitrile-water mixtures. J Fluor Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1139(00)84370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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38
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Liquid structure of 2,2,2,-trifluoroethanol-dimethyl sulfoxide mixtures as studied by X-ray diffraction. Chem Phys Lett 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(89)87527-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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39
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Linear solvation energy relationship of the energy of the absorption maximum of the solvated electron with the solvatochromic parameter alpha. Inorganica Chim Acta 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)85390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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40
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Luehrs DC, Brown RE, Godbole KA. Linear free energy relationship of the energy of the CTTS transition of Halide ions with the solvatochromic parameter ? J SOLUTION CHEM 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00657333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dwyer J, Jo'Malley P. Chapter 1: Relation between Acidic and Catalytic Properties of Zeolites. STUDIES IN SURFACE SCIENCE AND CATALYSIS 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-2991(09)60484-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ishiguro SI, Suzuki H, Jeliazkova BG, Ohtaki H. Calorimetric and Spectrophotometric Studies of Copper(II) Chloro Complexes in Dimethyl Sulfoxide. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1986. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.59.2407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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44
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45
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46
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Schmid R. Re-interpretation of the solvent dielectric constant in coordination chemical terms. J SOLUTION CHEM 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00645354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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47
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Barthel J, Gores HJ, Schmeer G, Wachter R. Non-aqueous electrolyte solutions in chemistry and modern technology. PHYSICAL AND INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-12065-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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48
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49
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Langhals H. Die quantitative Beschreibung der Lösungsmittelpolarität binärer Gemische unter Berücksichtigung verschiedener Polaritätsskalen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19811140821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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50
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Yatsimirsky A, Ryabov A, Zagorodnikov V, Sakodinskaya I, Kavetskaya O, Berezin I. Initial state and transition state solvation in oxidative dimerization of styrenein the presence of Palladium(II) acetate in various solvents. Inorganica Chim Acta 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)90086-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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