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Tabor AB. The challenge of the lantibiotics: synthetic approaches to thioether-bridged peptides. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:7606-28. [PMID: 21960309 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05946g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The unique antibacterial properties and structural complexity of the lantibiotics has stimulated considerable interest in the development of methodology to synthesise these peptides. One of the most challenging issues has been the synthesis of polycyclic peptides with multiple thioether bridges between side-chains, which are a characteristic feature of the lantibiotics. In this perspective, the different approaches to this problem, including solution-phase synthesis, solid-phase synthesis, biomimetic approaches and biotransformation strategies, are reviewed, highlighting the advances resulting from each of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alethea B Tabor
- Department of Chemistry, UCL, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, UK WC1H 0AJ.
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2
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Körner C, Raiber EA, Keegan SE, Nicolau DC, Sheppard TD, Tabor AB. An expedient synthesis of orthogonally protected lysinoalanine from Aloc-protected Garner’s aldehyde. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.09.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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3
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Costa SP, Batista RM, Raposo MMM. Synthesis and photophysical characterization of new fluorescent bis-amino acids bearing a heterocyclic bridge containing benzoxazole and thiophene. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.07.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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An unexpected product from attempted reductive etherification of a silyl alcohol with an aldehyde. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.03.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Undheim K. The Schöllkopf chiron and transition metal mediated reactions, a powerful combination for stereoselective construction of cyclic α-quaternary-α-amino acid derivatives. Amino Acids 2007; 34:357-402. [PMID: 17476570 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0512-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The focus has been on the development of methodology for stereoselective preparation of spiroannulated intermediates of the Schöllkopf chiron and further transformations to cyclic alpha-amino acids. The spiroannulations are effected by Ru(II)-catalysed ring-closing metathesis reactions, by Ru(II)- and Pd(0)-catalysed cycloisomerisations, by Rh(II)-carbenoid cyclisation reactions and by intramolecular aldol condensations. Hydrolytic reactions of the spirane intermediates have provided several groups of highly novel and functionalised five-, six- and seven-membered cyclic alpha-quaternary-alpha-amino acid derivatives as well as alicyclic derivatives. The novel cyclic amino acid derivatives can be regarded as cyclic constrained analogues of corresponding common amino acids, or in some cases as intermediates for further preparation of such amino acids. Some emphasis has been on the preparation of cyclic serine analogues. Major efforts have been on the preparation of cyclic alpha-quaternary bis(alpha-amino acid) derivatives as conformationally constrained dicarba-analogues of cystine.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Undheim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Soloshonok VA, Yamada T, Ueki H, Moore AM, Cook TK, Arbogast KL, Soloshonok AV, Martin CH, Ohfune Y. Operationally convenient, efficient asymmetric synthesis of enantiomerically pure 4-aminoglutamic acids via methylene dimerization of chiral glycine equivalents with dichloromethane. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bregant S, Tabor AB. Orthogonally protected lanthionines: synthesis and use for the solid-phase synthesis of an analogue of nisin ring C. J Org Chem 2005; 70:2430-8. [PMID: 15787528 DOI: 10.1021/jo048222t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] Lanthionine, a thioether analogue of cystine, is a key component of the lantibiotics, a family of modified peptides bearing multiple thioether bridges resulting from posttranslational modifications between side chains. It is also used as a conformational constraint in medicinally active peptides. We have explored two synthetic routes to give lanthionine, orthogonally protected with Alloc/allyl and Fmoc groups. One route utilized a carbamate-protected iodoalanine that yielded a mixture of diastereoisomers, and one utilized a trityl-protected iodoalanine, formed via a Mitsunobu reaction, that gave the single desired lanthionine, in complete regio- and diastereoselectivity. We then used this orthogonally protected lanthionine in the solid-phase synthesis of an analogue of a fragment of nisin containing its ring C. The chemoselective deprotection of the allyl and Alloc groups of the incorporated lanthionine unit was followed by regio- and stereoselective cyclization on resin to give the desired lanthionine-bridged peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bregant
- Department of Chemistry, UCL, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
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O'Donnell MJ, Alsina J, Scott WL. Solid-phase synthesis and utilization of side-chain reactive unnatural amino acids. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2003.09.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mohd Mustapa MF, Harris R, Esposito D, Chubb NAL, Mould J, Schultz D, Driscoll PC, Tabor AB. Synthesis of a Cyclic Peptide Containing Norlanthionine: Effect of the Thioether Bridge on Peptide Conformation. J Org Chem 2003; 68:8193-8. [PMID: 14535803 DOI: 10.1021/jo0346407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two diastereomeric analogues of ring C of nisin incorporating a novel norlanthionine residue have been synthesized via a triply orthogonal protecting group strategy. A full structural study was carried out by NMR, which elucidated the conformational properties of the two peptides and enabled the identity of each diastereoisomer to be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Firouz Mohd Mustapa
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H OAJ, UK
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Mohd Mustapa MF, Harris R, Bulic-Subanovic N, Elliott SL, Bregant S, Groussier MFA, Mould J, Schultz D, Chubb NAL, Gaffney PRJ, Driscoll PC, Tabor AB. Synthesis of Orthogonally Protected Lanthionines. J Org Chem 2003; 68:8185-92. [PMID: 14535802 DOI: 10.1021/jo0346398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic approaches to the lantibiotics, a family of thioether-bridged antimicrobial peptides, require flexible synthetic routes to a variety of orthogonally protected derivatives of lanthionine 1. The most direct approaches to lanthionine involve the reaction of cysteine with an alanyl beta-cation equivalent. Several possibilities exist for the alanyl beta-cation equivalent, including direct activation of serine under Mitsunobu conditions: however, the low reactivity of sulfur nucleophiles in the Mitsunobu reaction has previously precluded its use in the synthesis of the lantibiotics. We report here a new approach to the synthesis of protected lanthionine, using a novel variant of the Mitsunobu reaction in which catalytic zinc tartrate is used to enhance the nucleophilicity of the thiol. In the course of these studies, we have also demonstrated that the synthesis of lanthionine from trityl-protected beta-iodoalanines is prone to rearrangement, via an aziridine, to give predominantly trityl-protected alpha-iodo-beta-alanines, and hence norlanthionines, as the major products.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Firouz Mohd Mustapa
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H OAJ UK
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Synthesis of cyclic peptides containing nor-lanthionine bridges via a triply-orthogonal protecting group strategy. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)01980-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Mohd Mustapa M, Harris R, Mould J, Chubb NA, Schultz D, Driscoll PC, Tabor AB. Synthesis of orthogonally protected lanthionines: a reassessment of the use of alanyl β-cation equivalents. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)01981-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Johannesson P, Lindeberg G, Johansson A, Nikiforovich GV, Gogoll A, Synnergren B, Le Grèves M, Nyberg F, Karlén A, Hallberg A. Vinyl sulfide cyclized analogues of angiotensin II with high affinity and full agonist activity at the AT(1) receptor. J Med Chem 2002; 45:1767-77. [PMID: 11960488 DOI: 10.1021/jm011063a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vinyl sulfide cyclized analogues of the octapeptide angiotensin II that are structurally related to the cyclic disulfide agonist c[Hcy(3,5)]Ang II have been prepared. The synthesis relies on the reaction of the mercapto group of a cysteine residue in position 3 with the formyl group of allysine incorporated in position 5 of angiotensin II. A mixture of the cis and the trans isomers was formed, and these were separated and isolated by RP-HPLC. Thus, the three-atom CH(2)[bond]S[bond]S element of the AT(1) receptor agonist c[Hcy(3,5)]Ang II has been displaced by a bioisosteric three-atom S[bond]CH[double bond]CH element. A comparative conformational analysis of the 13-membered ring systems of c[Hcy(3,5)]Ang II and the 13-membered cyclic vinyl sulfides with cis and trans configuration, respectively, suggested that all three systems adopted very similar low-energy conformations. This similarity was also reflected in the bioactivity. Both of the compounds that contained the ring systems encompassing the cis or trans vinyl sulfide elements between positions 3 and 5 exhibited K(i) values less than 2 nM and exerted full agonism at the AT(1) receptor. In contrast, vinyl sulfide cyclization involving the amino acid residues 5 and 7 rendered inactive compounds. The cyclic vinyl sulfides that have agonist activity were both shown to possess low-energy conformers compatible with the previously proposed 3D model for the bioactive conformation of Ang II.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/analogs & derivatives
- Angiotensin II/chemical synthesis
- Angiotensin II/chemistry
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/physiology
- Binding, Competitive
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- In Vitro Techniques
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Conformation
- Muscle Contraction
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Peptide Fragments/chemical synthesis
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemical synthesis
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemistry
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Rabbits
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1
- Receptors, Angiotensin/agonists
- Receptors, Angiotensin/metabolism
- Stereoisomerism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Sulfides/chemical synthesis
- Sulfides/chemistry
- Sulfides/pharmacology
- Vinyl Compounds/chemical synthesis
- Vinyl Compounds/chemistry
- Vinyl Compounds/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Johannesson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Saviano M, Benedetti E, Vitale RM, Kaptein B, Broxterman QB, Crisma M, Formaggio F, Toniolo C. X-ray Diffraction Analysis and Conformational Energy Computations of β-Turn and 310-Helical Peptides Based on α-Amino Acids with an Olefinic Side Chain. Implications for Ring-Closing Metathesis. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma012043l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosa Maria Vitale
- Department of Environmental Sciences, 2nd University of Naples, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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Abstract
Subjecting a D-Pro-L-Pro template harboring N- and C-terminal omega-alkenyl amino acids to a ring-closure metathesis reaction afforded the corresponding macrocyclic alkenes. A cis-alkene analogue crystallized with one molecule each of water and chloroform, which were retained even after heating at 100 degrees C. By using the reduced macrocyclic product as a template, the metathesis could be repeated twice on newly installed omega-alkenyl amino acids to give three-tiered macrocarbocyclic pseudopeptides as mixtures of conformers. NMR studies revealed the high conformational stability of these motifs.
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