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Exploiting photoredox catalysis for carbohydrate modification through C–H and C–C bond activation. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:782-805. [PMID: 37118094 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00422-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis has recently emerged as a powerful synthetic platform for accessing complex chemical structures through non-traditional bond disconnection strategies that proceed through free-radical intermediates. Such synthetic strategies have been used for a range of organic transformations; however, in carbohydrate chemistry they have primarily been applied to the generation of oxocarbenium ion intermediates in the ubiquitous glycosylation reaction. In this Review, we present more intricate light-induced synthetic strategies to modify native carbohydrates through homolytic C-H and C-C bond cleavage. These strategies allow access to glycans and glycoconjugates with profoundly altered carbohydrate skeletons, which are challenging to obtain through conventional synthetic means. Carbohydrate derivatives with such structural motifs represent a broad class of natural products integral to numerous biochemical processes and can be found in active pharmaceutical substances. Here we present progress made in C-H and C-C bond activation of carbohydrates through photoredox catalysis, focusing on the operational mechanisms and the scope of the described methodologies.
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Budnikov AS, Krylov I, Lastovko AV, Yu B, Terent'ev AO. N‐Alkoxyphtalimides as Versatile Alkoxy Radical Precursors in Modern Organic Synthesis. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Budnikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS: Institut organiceskoj himii imeni N D Zelinskogo RAN Laboratory for Studies of Homolytic Reactions RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Igor Krylov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS: Institut organiceskoj himii imeni N D Zelinskogo RAN Laboratory for Studies of Homolytic Reactions Leninsky Prospect, 47 119991 Moscow RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Andrey V. Lastovko
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS: Institut organiceskoj himii imeni N D Zelinskogo RAN Laboratory for Studies of Homolytic Reactions RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Bing Yu
- Zhengzhou University Green Catalysis Center CHINA
| | - Alexander O. Terent'ev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS: Institut organiceskoj himii imeni N D Zelinskogo RAN Laboratory for Studies of Homolytic Reactions Leninsky prospekt 47 119991 Moscow RUSSIAN FEDERATION
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Matsumoto A, Maruoka K. Development of Organosilicon Peroxides as Practical Alkyl Radical Precursors and Their Applications to Transition Metal Catalysis. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Keiji Maruoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Matsuoka T, Inuki S, Miyagawa T, Oishi S, Ohno H. Total Synthesis of (+)-Polyoxamic Acid via Visible-Light-Mediated Photocatalytic β-Scission and 1,5-Hydrogen Atom Transfer of Glucose Derivative. J Org Chem 2020; 85:8271-8278. [PMID: 32425047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A total synthesis of polyoxamic acid has been achieved. The key feature of the synthetic route is a visible-light-mediated β-scission and carbon-to-carbon 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (1,5-HAT) to provide the functionalized alditol under mild conditions. This type of carbon-to-carbon 1,5-HAT initiated by C(sp3)-centered radicals has been scarcely reported. Furthermore, the reaction was adapted for flow chemistry, facilitating the total synthesis of polyoxamic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Matsuoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Miyagawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinya Oishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ohno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Hernández-Guerra D, Kennedy AR, León EI, Martín Á, Pérez-Martín I, Rodríguez MS, Suárez E. Synthetic Approaches to Phosphasugars (2-oxo-1,2-oxaphosphacyclanes) Using the Anomeric Alkoxyl Radical β-Fragmentation Reaction as the Key Step. J Org Chem 2020; 85:4861-4880. [PMID: 32174121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The anomeric alkoxyl radical β-fragmentation (ARF) of carbohydrates possessing an electron-withdrawing group (EWG) at C2, promoted by PhI(OAc)2/I2, gives rise to an acyclic iodide through which a pentavalent atom of phosphorus can be introduced via the Arbuzov reaction. After selective hydrolysis and subsequent cyclization, the phosphonate or phosphinate intermediates can be converted into 2-deoxy-1-phosphahexopyranose and 2-deoxy-1-phosphapentopyranose sugars. The ARF of carbohydrates with an electron-donor group (EDG) at C2 proceeds by a radical-polar crossover mechanism, and the cyclization occurs by nucleophilic attack of a conveniently positioned phosphonate or phosphinate group to the transient oxocarbenium ion. This alternative methodology leads to 5-phosphasugars with a 4-deoxy-5-phosphapentopyranose framework. The structure and conformation of the 2-oxo-1,2-oxaphosphinane and 2-oxo-1,2-oxaphospholane ring systems in different carbohydrate models have been studied by NMR and X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hernández-Guerra
- Sı́ntesis de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiologı́a del CSIC, Carretera de La Esperanza 3, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Alan R Kennedy
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland, U.K
| | - Elisa I León
- Sı́ntesis de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiologı́a del CSIC, Carretera de La Esperanza 3, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ángeles Martín
- Sı́ntesis de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiologı́a del CSIC, Carretera de La Esperanza 3, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Inés Pérez-Martín
- Sı́ntesis de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiologı́a del CSIC, Carretera de La Esperanza 3, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - María S Rodríguez
- Sı́ntesis de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiologı́a del CSIC, Carretera de La Esperanza 3, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ernesto Suárez
- Sı́ntesis de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiologı́a del CSIC, Carretera de La Esperanza 3, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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Shiozaki Y, Sakurai S, Sakamoto R, Matsumoto A, Maruoka K. Iron-Catalyzed Radical Cleavage/C-C Bond Formation of Acetal-Derived Alkylsilyl Peroxides. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:573-576. [PMID: 32017369 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel radical-based approach for the iron-catalyzed selective cleavage of acetal-derived alkylsilyl peroxides, followed by the formation of a carbon-carbon bond is reported. The reaction proceeds under mild reaction conditions and exhibits a broad substrate scope with respect to the acetal moiety and the carbon electrophile. Mechanistic studies suggest that the present reaction proceeds through a free-radical process involving carbon radicals generated by the homolytic cleavage of a carbon-carbon bond within the acetal moiety. A synthetic application of this method to sugar-derived alkylsilyl peroxides is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Shiozaki
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shunya Sakurai
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ryu Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Akira Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Keiji Maruoka
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Wang T, Nigudkar SS, Yasomanee JP, Rath NP, Stine KJ, Demchenko AV. Glycosyl nitrates in synthesis: streamlined access to glucopyranose building blocks differentiated at C-2. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:3596-3604. [PMID: 29693690 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00477c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to refine a CAN-mediated synthesis of 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-d-glucopyranose (2-OH glucose) we unexpectedly discovered that this reaction proceeds via the intermediacy of glycosyl nitrates. Improved mechanistic understanding of this reaction led to the development of a more versatile synthesis of 2-OH glucose from a variety of precursors. Also demonstrated is the conversion of 2-OH glucose into a variety of building blocks differentially protected at C-2, a position that is generally hard to protect regioselectively in the glucopyranose series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinghua Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, USA.
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O'Neil CL, Stine KJ, Demchenko AV. Immobilization of glycans on solid surfaces for application in glycomics. J Carbohydr Chem 2018; 37:225-249. [PMID: 30505067 PMCID: PMC6261488 DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2018.1462372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are an important class of biomolecules which are involved in a multitude of cellular functions. In the field of glycomics, the structure and function of various carbohydrates, oligosaccharides, glycans and their conjugates are constantly under investigation. In the continuing quest to understand the roles of carbohydrates in their interactions with proteins, immunogens, and other cell-surface carbohydrates, scientists have developed methods for observing the effects of specific saccharide sequences on various cellular components. Carbohydrate immobilization has allowed researchers to study the impact of specific sequences, leading to a deeper understanding of many cellular processes. The goal of this review is to highlight the chemical reactions and interactions that have been used for glycan immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L O'Neil
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Keith J Stine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alexei V Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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9
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Luyen BTT, Tai BH, Thao NP, Eun KJ, Cha JY, Xin MJ, Lee YM, Kim YH. Anti-inflammatory components of Euphorbia humifusa Willd. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1895-900. [PMID: 24679441 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Two new compounds, euphorbinoside (1) and dehydropicrorhiza acid methyl diester (2), along with 24 known compounds (3-26) were isolated from Euphorbia humifusa Willd. The effects of these compounds on soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitory activity were evaluated. Flavonoid compounds (10-21) exhibited high sEH inhibitory activity. Among them, compounds 12, 13, and 19 greatly inhibited sEH enzymatic activity, with IC50 values as low as 18.05±1.17, 18.64±1.83, and 17.23±0.84 μM, respectively. In addition, the effects of these compounds on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production by RAW 264.7 cells were investigated. Compounds 3-6, 8, 18, 20-23, and 25-26 inhibited the production of both NO and TNF-α, with IC50 values ranging from 11.1±0.9 to 45.3±1.6 μM and 14.4±0.5 to 44.5±1.2 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bui Thi Thuy Luyen
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Bui Huu Tai
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea; Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Phuong Thao
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea; Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Kim Ji Eun
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yun Cha
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Wonkwang Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Ming Jie Xin
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Wonkwang Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mi Lee
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Wonkwang Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Monrad RN, Madsen R. Modern methods for shortening and extending the carbon chain in carbohydrates at the anomeric center. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Nygaard Monrad
- Center for Sustainable and Green Chemistry, Building 201, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Robert Madsen
- Center for Sustainable and Green Chemistry, Building 201, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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Hernandez-García L, Quintero L, Sánchez M, Sartillo-Piscil F. Beneficial Effect of Internal Hydrogen Bonding Interactions on the β-Fragmentation of Primary Alkoxyl Radicals. Two-Step Conversion of d-Xylo- and d-Ribofuranoses into l-Threose and d-Erythrose, Respectively. J Org Chem 2007; 72:8196-201. [PMID: 17900138 DOI: 10.1021/jo0709551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Primary alkoxyl free radicals were generated from their readily synthesized N-phthalimido derivatives under reductive conditions. Primary alkoxyl radicals derived from their corresponding xylo- and ribofuranose derivatives underwent, exclusively, an unusual beta-fragmentation affording L-threose and D-erythrose derivatives, respectively. This occurs because the alkoxyl radical is capable of achieving an internal hydrogen-bonding interaction leading to a stable six-membered ring intramolecular hydrogen-bonded structure. When the hydroxyl group is protected, the beta-fragmentation pathway is prevented and the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) pathway occurs. Computational studies provided strong support for the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Hernandez-García
- Centro de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, BUAP, 14 Sur Esq. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, 72570, Puebla, México
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Gavrila A, Andersen L, Skrydstrup T. A convenient and simple procedure for the preparation of nitrate esters from alcohols employing LiNO3/(CF3CO)2O. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lehtilä RL, Lehtilä JO, Roslund MU, Leino R. Selectively protected galactose derivatives for the synthesis of branched oligosaccharides. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Martı́n A, Pérez-Martı́n I, Suárez E. Sequential alkoxy radical fragmentation–intermolecular allylation in carbohydrate systems. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)00911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Francisco CG, Herrera AJ, Kennedy AR, Melián D, Suárez E. Intramolecular 1,8-Hydrogen Abstraction Between Glucopyranose Units in a Disaccharide Model Promoted by Alkoxy Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20020301)114:5<884::aid-ange884>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Francisco CG, Herrera AJ, Kennedy AR, Melián D, Suárez E. Intramolecular 1,8-hydrogen abstraction between glucopyranose units in a disaccharide model promoted by alkoxy radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2002; 41:856-8. [PMID: 12491359 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20020301)41:5<856::aid-anie856>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cosme G Francisco
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del C.S.I.C., Carretera de La Esperanza 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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