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Zeidman LA, Saini P, Mai P. Immune-Mediated Small Fiber Neuropathy With Trisulfated Heparin Disaccharide, Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3, or Plexin D1 Antibodies: Presentation and Treatment With Intravenous Immunoglobulin. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 2022; 24:26-37. [PMID: 36005471 DOI: 10.1097/cnd.0000000000000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Up to 50% of small fiber neuropathy (SFN) cases are idiopathic, but novel antibodies to Trisulfated Heparin Disaccharide (TS-HDS) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR-3) have been implicated in half of these cases; the role of anti-Plexin D1 is less clear. We aimed to clarify presentation and management of these patients. METHODS An 18-month retrospective analysis revealed 54 cases of cryptogenic SFN who had testing for the 3 autoantibodies. Demographics, clinical features, epidermal nerve fiber density, and Quantitative Sudomotor Axon Reflex Test results were analyzed. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment response was assessed. RESULTS In total, 44.4% of patients had antibodies (62.5% TS-HDS, 29.2% FGFR-3, and 20.8% Plexin D1). Male patients were more likely to be FGFR-3 positive (P = 0.014). Facial involvement was more common in seropositive patients (P = 0.034), and patients with a higher Utah Early Neuropathy Scale score had a higher TS-HDS titer (P = 0.0469), but other clinical features were not significantly different. Seropositive patients trended toward a higher SFN screening list score (P = 0.16), abnormal Quantitative Sudomotor Axon Reflex Test (P = 0.052), and prior erroneous diagnosis (P = 0.19). In patients who completed IVIG, examinations and questionnaires improved and mean epidermal nerve fiber density increased by 297%. CONCLUSIONS TS-HDS, FGFR-3, and Plexin D1 antibodies are present in a high proportion of cryptogenic SFN cases with more facial involvement, and greater disease severity is associated with higher antibody titers. They are often misdiagnosed but may respond subjectively and objectively to IVIG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence A Zeidman
- Arlington Heights, IL; Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL; Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; and Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
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Craige S, Jouppila A, Humphries B, Lassila R. Safety and Functional Pharmacokinetic Profile of APAC, a Novel Intravascular Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 78:453-462. [PMID: 34132685 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Vascular intervention-induced platelet and coagulation activation is often managed with a combination of antiplatelets and anticoagulants, with evident benefits, but with a risk of systemic bleeding. Antiplatelet and anticoagulant (APAC) is a dual antiplatelet and anticoagulant heparin bioconjugate, which targets vascular injury sites to act as a local antithrombotic. We assessed the nonclinical safety and exposure of intravenously infused APAC in rats and cynomolgus monkeys by using single-day and 14-day repeat dose toxicology and pharmacodynamic markers. Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was used as a functional surrogate of anticoagulant exposure of APAC. Routine clinical in-life observations were followed by clinical pathology and necropsy. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) in rats for the single APAC dose was 20 mg/kg and for the repeated administration was 10 mg/kg/d. Monkeys tolerated a single APAC dose of 10 mg/kg, although the red blood cell count reduced 16%-19% correlating with tissue hemorrhage at vein puncture and affected muscle sites during handling of the animals. However, after 2-week recovery, all clinical signs were normal. The single dose NOAEL exceeded 3 mg/kg. The repeat administration of 3-6 mg/kg/d of APAC was tolerated, but some clinical signs were observed. The NOAEL for repeated dosing was 0.5 mg/kg/d. APAC prolonged APTT dose-dependently in both species, returning to baseline after 1.5 (<10 mg/kg) or essentially by 6 hours also under repetitive dosing. The toxicology profile supports the safety of an intravenous APAC dose of 0.5 mg/kg/d for possible clinical applications. APTT is an acceptable indicator of the immediate systemic anticoagulation effect of APAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Craige
- EdGe Toxicology Consulting Limited, Stratford Upon Avon, United Kingdom
| | - Annukka Jouppila
- Clinical Research Institute HUCH, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program Unit in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Unit of Coagulation Disorders, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Riitta Lassila
- Research Program Unit in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Unit of Coagulation Disorders, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Hematology, Unit of Coagulation Disorders, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; and
- Aplagon Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
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Wang M, Gauthier AG, Kennedy TP, Wang H, Velagapudi UK, Talele TT, Lin M, Wu J, Daley L, Yang X, Patel V, Mun SS, Ashby CR, Mantell LL. 2-O, 3-O desulfated heparin (ODSH) increases bacterial clearance and attenuates lung injury in cystic fibrosis by restoring HMGB1-compromised macrophage function. Mol Med 2021; 27:79. [PMID: 34271850 PMCID: PMC8283750 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00334-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is an alarmin following its release by immune cells upon cellular activation or stress. High levels of extracellular HMGB1 play a critical role in impairing the clearance of invading pulmonary pathogens and dying neutrophils in the injured lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). A heparin derivative, 2-O, 3-O desulfated heparin (ODSH), has been shown to inhibit HMGB1 release from a macrophage cell line and is efficacious in increasing bacterial clearance in a mouse model of pneumonia. Thus, we hypothesized that ODSH can attenuate the bacterial burden and inflammatory lung injury in CF and we conducted experiments to determine the underlying mechanisms. METHODS We determined the effects of ODSH on lung injury produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infection in CF mice with the transmembrane conductance regulator gene knockout (CFTR-/-). Mice were given ODSH or normal saline intraperitoneally, followed by the determination of the bacterial load and lung injury in the airways and lung tissues. ODSH binding to HMGB1 was determined using surface plasmon resonance and in silico docking analysis of the interaction of the pentasaccharide form of ODSH with HMGB1. RESULTS CF mice given 25 mg/kg i.p. of ODSH had significantly lower PA-induced lung injury compared to mice given vehicle alone. The CF mice infected with PA had decreased levels of nitric oxide (NO), increased levels of airway HMGB1 and HMGB1-impaired macrophage phagocytic function. ODSH partially attenuated the PA-induced alteration in the levels of NO and airway HMGB1 in CF mice. In addition, ODSH reversed HMGB1-impaired macrophage phagocytic function. These effects of ODSH subsequently decreased the bacterial burden in the CF lungs. In a surface plasmon resonance assay, ODSH interacted with HMGB1 with high affinity (KD = 3.89 × 10-8 M) and induced conformational changes that may decrease HMGB1's binding to its membrane receptors, thus attenuating HMGB1-induced macrophage dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that ODSH can significantly decrease bacterial infection-induced lung injury in CF mice by decreasing both HMGB1-mediated impairment of macrophage function and the interaction of HMGB1 with membrane receptors. Thus, ODSH could represent a novel approach for treating CF and ARDS patients that have HMGB1-mediated lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Queens, 11439, NY, USA
| | - Alex G Gauthier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Queens, 11439, NY, USA
| | - Thomas P Kennedy
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Haichao Wang
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Uday Kiran Velagapudi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Queens, 11439, NY, USA
| | - Tanaji T Talele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Queens, 11439, NY, USA
| | - Mosi Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Queens, 11439, NY, USA
| | - Jiaqi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Queens, 11439, NY, USA
| | - LeeAnne Daley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Queens, 11439, NY, USA
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Queens, 11439, NY, USA
| | - Vivek Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Queens, 11439, NY, USA
| | - Sung Soo Mun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Queens, 11439, NY, USA
| | - Charles R Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Queens, 11439, NY, USA
| | - Lin L Mantell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Queens, 11439, NY, USA.
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA.
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Lisztes E, Mező E, Demeter F, Horváth L, Bősze S, István Tóth B, Borbás A, Herczeg M. Synthesis and Cell Growth Inhibitory Activity of Six Non-glycosaminoglycan-Type Heparin-Analogue Trisaccharides. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1467-1476. [PMID: 33433040 PMCID: PMC8247843 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of heparin mimetics with high anticancer activity but no anticoagulant activity is an important task in medicinal chemistry. Herein, we present the efficient synthesis of five Glc-GlcA-Glc-sequenced and one Glc-IdoA-Glc-sequenced non-glycosaminoglycan, heparin-related trisaccharides with various sulfation/sulfonylation and methylation patterns. The cell growth inhibitory effects of the compounds were tested against four cancerous human cell lines and two non-cancerous cell lines. Two d-glucuronate-containing tetra-O-sulfated, partially methylated trisaccharides displayed remarkable and selective inhibitory effects on the growth of ovary carcinoma (A2780) and melanoma (WM35) cells. Methyl substituents on the glucuronide unit proved to be detrimental, whereas acetyl substituents were beneficial to the cytostatic activity of the sulfated derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Lisztes
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Debrecen PO Box 224012DebrecenHungary
| | - Erika Mező
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of DebrecenEgyetem tér 14032DebrecenHungary
| | - Fruzsina Demeter
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of DebrecenEgyetem tér 14032DebrecenHungary
- Doctoral School of ChemistryUniversity of DebrecenEgyetem tér 14032DebrecenHungary
- MTA-DE Molecular Recognition and Interaction Research Group, ELKHUniversity of DebrecenEgyetem tér 14032DebrecenHungary
| | - Lilla Horváth
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide ChemistryEötvös Loránd UniversityPázmány Péter sétány 1/a1117BudapestHungary
| | - Szilvia Bősze
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide ChemistryEötvös Loránd UniversityPázmány Péter sétány 1/a1117BudapestHungary
| | - Balázs István Tóth
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Debrecen PO Box 224012DebrecenHungary
| | - Anikó Borbás
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of DebrecenEgyetem tér 14032DebrecenHungary
| | - Mihály Herczeg
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of DebrecenEgyetem tér 14032DebrecenHungary
- MTA-DE Research Group for Oligosaccharide Chemistry, ELKHEgyetem tér 14032DebrecenHungary
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5
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Li L, Wang X, Zhang H, Chen Q, Cui H. Low anticoagulant heparin-iron complex targeting inhibition of hepcidin ameliorates anemia of chronic disease in rodents. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 897:173958. [PMID: 33610598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepcidin is the only known hormone negatively regulates systemic iron availability, its excess contributes to anemia of chronic disease (ACD).Heparin has been shown to be an efficient hepcidin inhibitor both in vitro and in vivo, but its powerful anticoagulant activity limits this therapeutic application. To this end, heparin-iron complex was prepared by electrostatic interaction and/or coordination between heparin and dihydroxy iron solution ([Fe(OH)2]+) under the condition of ultrasonic assisted. We assessed the anticoagulant activity of heparin-iron in vitro and vivo by sheep plasma, chromogenic substrate method and tail-bleeding in mice, respectively. Anti-hepcidin effect of heparin-iron was detected in HepG2 cell and LPS induced acute inflammation mice by qRT-PCR and ELISA. Turpentine-induced anemia mice were established to evaluate the effect of heparin-iron in ACD. Mice were treated with heparin-iron for 4 weeks. The results indicated that heparin-iron has significantly reduced anticoagulant activity in vitro and in vivo, strongly decreases hepcidin mRNA and IL-6 induced high level of secreted hepcidin in HepG2 cell. Heparin-iron was also found to cause a reduction on hepcidin expression through BMP/SMAD and JAK/STAT3 pathways in LPS induced acute inflammation model in mice. In ACD mice, heparin-iron could lower elevated serum hepcidin and improve anemia. These findings demonstrated low anticoagulant heparin-iron has potential applications for the treatment of ACD with high hepcidin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuxiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Qingqing Chen
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Huifei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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6
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Åkerud A, Axelsson J, Yadav M, Erjefält J, Ekman-Ordeberg G, Malmström A, Fischer H. Heparin fragments induce cervical inflammation by recruiting immune cells through Toll-like receptor 4 in nonpregnant mice. Mol Hum Reprod 2021; 27:gaab004. [PMID: 33508081 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a hallmark in the human cervix remodelling. A possible candidate inducing the inflammatory driven ripening of the cervix is the matrix component heparan sulphate, which has been shown to be elevated in late pregnancy in the cervix and uterus. Heparin and a glycol-split low molecular weight heparin (gsHep) with low anticoagulant potency has been shown to enhance myometrial contraction and interleukin (IL)-8 production by cervical fibroblasts. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which heparin promotes cervical inflammation. Wild-type, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) and Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)-deficient mice were treated by deposition of gsHep into the vaginas of nonpregnant mice. To identify which cells that responded to the heparin fragments, a rhodamine fluorescent construct of gsHep was used, which initially did bind to the epithelial cells and were at later time points located in the sub-mucosa. The heparin fragments induced a strong local inflammatory response in wild-type mice shown by a rapid infiltration of neutrophils and to a lesser extent macrophages into the epithelium and the underlying extracellular matrix of the cervix. Further, a marked migration into the cervical and vaginal lumen was seen by both neutrophils and macrophages. The induced mucosal inflammation was strongly reduced in TLR4- and IRF3-deficient mice. In conclusion, our findings suggest that a TLR4/IRF3-mediated innate immune response in the cervical mucosa is induced by gsHep. This low anticoagulant heparin version, a novel TLR4 agonist, could contribute to human cervical ripening during the initiation of labour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Åkerud
- Division of Matrixbiology, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jakob Axelsson
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Manisha Yadav
- Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology (MIG), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Universitye, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonas Erjefält
- Division of Airway Inflammation, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gunvor Ekman-Ordeberg
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Women and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Malmström
- Division of Matrixbiology, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hans Fischer
- Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology (MIG), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Universitye, Lund, Sweden
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7
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Chiarantin GMD, Delgado-Garcia LM, Zamproni LN, Lima MA, Nader HB, Tersariol ILS, Porcionatto M. Neuroprotective effect of heparin Trisulfated disaccharide on ischemic stroke. Glycoconj J 2021; 38:35-43. [PMID: 33411076 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-020-09966-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cells undergoing hypoxia experience intense cytoplasmic calcium (Ca2+) overload. High concentrations of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) can trigger cell death in the neural tissue, a hallmark of stroke. Neural Ca2+ homeostasis involves regulation by the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX). Previous data published by our group showed that a product of the enzymatic depolymerization of heparin by heparinase, the unsaturated trisulfated disaccharide (TD; ΔU, 2S-GlcNS, 6S), can accelerate Na+/Ca2+ exchange via NCX, in hepatocytes and aorta vascular smooth muscle cells. Thus, the objective of this work was to verify whether TD could act as a neuroprotective agent able to prevent neuronal cell death by reducing [Ca2+]i. Pretreatment of N2a cells with TD reduced [Ca2+]i rise induced by thapsigargin and increased cell viability under [Ca2+]I overload conditions and in hypoxia. Using a murine model of stroke, we observed that pretreatment with TD decreased cerebral infarct volume and cell death. However, when mice received KB-R7943, an NCX blocker, the neuroprotective effect of TD was abolished, strongly suggesting that this neuroprotection requires a functional NCX to happen. Thus, we propose TD-NCX as a new therapeutic axis for the prevention of neuronal death induced by [Ca2+]i overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielly M D Chiarantin
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lina M Delgado-Garcia
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Laura N Zamproni
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Lima
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Helena B Nader
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivarne L S Tersariol
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marimélia Porcionatto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), an enveloped partially double-stranded DNA virus, is a widespread human pathogen responsible for more than 250 million chronic infections worldwide. Current therapeutic strategies cannot eradicate HBV due to the persistence of the viral genome in a special DNA structure (covalently closed circular DNA, cccDNA). The identification of sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) as an entry receptor for both HBV and its satellite virus hepatitis delta virus (HDV) has led to great advances in our understanding of the life cycle of HBV, including the early steps of infection in particular. However, the mechanisms of HBV internalization and the host factors involved in this uptake remain unclear. Improvements in our understanding of HBV entry would facilitate the design of new therapeutic approaches targeting this stage and preventing the de novo infection of naïve hepatocytes. In this review, we provide an overview of current knowledge about the process of HBV internalization into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Herrscher
- Inserm U1259, Morphogénèse et Antigénicité du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites (MAVIVH), Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 37032 Tours, France;
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- Inserm U1259, Morphogénèse et Antigénicité du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites (MAVIVH), Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 37032 Tours, France;
- Plate-Forme IBiSA des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 37032 Tours, France
- Correspondence: (P.R.); (E.B.); Tel.: +33-2-3437-9646 (E.B.)
| | - Emmanuelle Blanchard
- Inserm U1259, Morphogénèse et Antigénicité du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites (MAVIVH), Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 37032 Tours, France;
- Plate-Forme IBiSA des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 37032 Tours, France
- Correspondence: (P.R.); (E.B.); Tel.: +33-2-3437-9646 (E.B.)
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9
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Hogwood J, Pitchford S, Mulloy B, Page C, Gray E. Heparin and non-anticoagulant heparin attenuate histone-induced inflammatory responses in whole blood. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233644. [PMID: 32469940 PMCID: PMC7259574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory histones are present in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and are elevated in blood in several inflammatory conditions, sepsis being a major example. Compounds which can attenuate activities of histones are therefore of interest, with heparin being one such material that has previously been shown to bind to histones. Heparin, a successful anticoagulant for nearly a century, has been shown experimentally to bind to histones and exhibit a protective effect in inflammatory conditions. In the present study carried out in whole blood, heparin and selectively desulfated heparin reduced histone induced inflammatory markers such as interleukin 6 (IL 6), interleukin 8 (IL 8) and tissue factor and C3a, a complement component. The selectively desulfated heparins, with reduced anticoagulant activities, retained a high degree of effectiveness as an anti-histone agent, whereas fully desulfated heparin was found to be ineffective. The results from this study indicate that the presence of sulfate and other specific structural features are required for heparin to attenuate the inflammatory action of histones in whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hogwood
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Ridge, Herts, United Kingdom
- Sacker Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Simon Pitchford
- Sacker Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- Sacker Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clive Page
- Sacker Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Gray
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Ridge, Herts, United Kingdom
- Sacker Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Abstract
The chapter will review early and more recent seminal contributions to the discovery and characterization of heparanase and non-anticoagulant heparins inhibiting its peculiar enzymatic activity. Indeed, heparanase displays a unique versatility in degrading heparan sulfate chains of several proteoglycans expressed in all mammalian cells. This endo-β-D-glucuronidase is overexpressed in cancer, inflammation, diabetes, atherosclerosis, nephropathies and other pathologies. Starting from known low- or non-anticoagulant heparins, the search for heparanase inhibitors evolved focusing on structure-activity relationship studies and taking advantage of new chemical-physical analytical methods which have allowed characterization and sequencing of polysaccharide chains. New methods to screen heparanase inhibitors and to evaluate their mechanism of action and in vivo activity in experimental models prompted their development. New non-anticoagulant heparin derivatives endowed with anti-heparanase activity are reported. Some leads are under clinical evaluation in the oncology field (e.g., acute myeloid leukemia, multiple myeloma, pancreatic carcinoma) and in other pathological conditions (e.g., sickle cell disease, malaria, labor arrest).
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC) Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Haifa Israel
| | - Ralph D. Sanderson
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Neta Ilan
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC) Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Haifa Israel
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11
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Du Z, Jia X, Chen J, Zhou S, Chen J, Liu X, Cao X, Zhong S, Hong P. Isolation and Characterization of a Heparin-Like Compound with Potent Anticoagulant and Fibrinolytic Activity from the Clam Coelomactra antiquata. Mar Drugs 2019; 18:E6. [PMID: 31861572 PMCID: PMC7024239 DOI: 10.3390/md18010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin from mollusks with unique sulfated glycosaminoglycan exhibits strong anti-thrombotic activities. This study reports on a purified heparinoid from Coelomactra antiquata, which shows potent anticoagulant and fibrinolytic abilities. Its structure was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, and one-dimensional and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Its fibrinolytic activity was determined in vitro and in vivo. Its anticoagulant activity was determined by activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), and thrombin time (TT). The results indicated that clam heparinoid was a homogeneous glycosaminoglycan with a molecular weight of 30.99 kDa, mainly composed of →4)-α-IdoA2S-(1→4)-α-GlcNS3S6S (or GlcNS6S)-(1→4)-β-GlcA-(1→4)-α-GlcNS6S (or GlcNAC)-(1→. Furthermore, this heparinoid showed a highly anticoagulant titer and fibrinolytic value of 149.63 IU/mg and 1.96 IU/mg, respectively. In summary, clam heparinoid shows great potential for application in the clinic and antithrombotic drugs industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhenXing Du
- School of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Z.D.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (S.Z.); (J.C.); (X.L.); (X.C.); (P.H.)
- Shenzhen institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518108, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - XueJing Jia
- School of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Z.D.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (S.Z.); (J.C.); (X.L.); (X.C.); (P.H.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Z.D.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (S.Z.); (J.C.); (X.L.); (X.C.); (P.H.)
- Shenzhen institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518108, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - SiYi Zhou
- School of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Z.D.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (S.Z.); (J.C.); (X.L.); (X.C.); (P.H.)
- Shenzhen institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518108, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - JianPing Chen
- School of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Z.D.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (S.Z.); (J.C.); (X.L.); (X.C.); (P.H.)
| | - XiaoFei Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Z.D.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (S.Z.); (J.C.); (X.L.); (X.C.); (P.H.)
| | - XiaoHuang Cao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Z.D.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (S.Z.); (J.C.); (X.L.); (X.C.); (P.H.)
| | - SaiYi Zhong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Z.D.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (S.Z.); (J.C.); (X.L.); (X.C.); (P.H.)
- Shenzhen institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518108, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - PengZhi Hong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Z.D.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (S.Z.); (J.C.); (X.L.); (X.C.); (P.H.)
- Shenzhen institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518108, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Zhanjiang 524088, China
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12
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Yu Y, Williams A, Zhang X, Fu L, Xia K, Xu Y, Zhang F, Liu J, Koffas M, Linhardt RJ. Specificity and action pattern of heparanase Bp, a β-glucuronidase from Burkholderia pseudomallei. Glycobiology 2019; 29:572-581. [PMID: 31143933 PMCID: PMC6639543 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The specificity and action pattern of a β-glucuronidase derived from the pathogenic bacteria Burkholderia pseudomallei and expressed in Escherichia coli as a recombinant protein has been evaluated. While this enzyme shows activity on a number of glycosaminoglycans, our study has focused on its action on heparin, heparan sulfate and their biosynthetic intermediates as well as chemoenzymatically synthesized, structurally defined heparan sulfate oligosaccharides. These heparin/heparan sulfate (HP/HS) substrates examined varied in size and structure, but all contained an uronic acid (UA) residue β-(1→4) linked to a glucosamine residue. On the substrates tested, this enzyme (heparanase Bp) acted only on a glucuronic acid residue β-(1→4) linked to an N-acetylglucosamine, N-sulfoglucosamine or N-acetyl-6-O-sulfoglucosamine residue. A substrate was required to have a length of pentasaccharide or longer and heparanase Bp acted with a random endolytic action pattern on HP/HS. The specificity and glycohydrolase mechanism of action of heparanase Bp resembles mammalian heparanase and is complementary to the bacterial heparin lyases, which act through an eliminase mechanism on a glucosamine residue (1→4) linked to a UA residue, suggesting its utility as a tool for the structural determination of HP/HS as well as representing a possible model for the medically relevant mammalian heparanase. The utility heparanase Bp was demonstrated by the oligosaccharide mapping of heparin, which afforded resistant intact highly sulfated domains ranging from tetrasaccharide to >28-mer with a molecular weight >9000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Asher Williams
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Li Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Ke Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mattheos Koffas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
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13
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Malik A, Lopate G, Hayat G, Jones J, Atluri R, Malo B, Pestronk A. Prevalence of Axonal Sensory Neuropathy With IgM Binding to Trisulfated Heparin Disaccharide in Patients With Fibromyalgia. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 2019; 20:103-110. [PMID: 30801480 DOI: 10.1097/cnd.0000000000000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the intraepidermal nerve fiber density in patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia (FM) and to evaluate the role of IgM binding to trisulfated heparin disaccharide (TS-HDS) in these patients. METHODS FM is a poorly understood pain disorder with several proposed pathophysiologic mechanisms. It is characterized by widespread pain, fatigue, and sleep abnormalities. Small fiber neuropathy (SFN) has been proposed as an underlying mechanism, and patients with FM have been shown to have a reduction in the intraepidermal nerve fiber density. An underlying inflammatory process that could be a result of autoimmune phenomena has also been suggested. Non-length-dependent SFN (NLDSFN) has been shown to have a higher incidence of autoimmune disease. Twenty-two patients with established diagnosis of FM underwent skin biopsy at 2 sites; 10 cm above the lateral malleolus and 10 cm above the patella. Serum IgM binding to TS-HDS was assayed using an ELISA method. RESULTS A total of 5/22 patients had positive TS-HDS antibodies; of these, 4 had NLDSFN (P = 0.0393). Comparison with a control group at Washington University showed no significant difference in percentage with TS-HDS antibodies (P = 0.41). When compared with Washington University database of skin biopsy, there was a trend for an increased percentage of NLDSFN in patients with FM (P = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS This study further supports the hypothesis that a subgroup of patients with FM has SFN. We suggest a correlation between the presence of NLDSFN and TS-HDS antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Glenn Lopate
- Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO
| | | | | | | | - Bassam Malo
- Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Alan Pestronk
- Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO
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14
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Weissmann M, Bhattacharya U, Feld S, Hammond E, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. The heparanase inhibitor PG545 is a potent anti-lymphoma drug: Mode of action. Matrix Biol 2018; 77:58-72. [PMID: 30096360 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is now well recognized that heparanase, an endo-β-D-glucuronidase capable of cleaving heparan sulfate (HS) side chains at a limited number of sites, promotes tumorigenesis by diverse mechanisms. Compelling evidence strongly implies that heparanase is a viable target for cancer therapy, thus encouraging the development of heparanase inhibitors as anti-cancer therapeutics. Here, we examined the efficacy and mode of action of PG545, an HS-mimetic heparanase inhibitor, in human lymphoma. We found that PG545 exhibits a strong anti-lymphoma effect, eliciting lymphoma cell apoptosis. Notably, this anti-lymphoma effect involves ER stress response that was accompanied by increased autophagy. The persistent ER stress evoked by PG545 is held responsible for cell apoptosis because apoptotic cell death was attenuated by an inhibitor of PERK, a molecular effector of ER stress. Importantly, PG545 had no such apoptotic effect on naïve splenocytes, further encouraging the development of this compound as anti-lymphoma drug. Surprisingly, we found that PG545 also elicits apoptosis in lymphoma cells that are devoid of heparanase activity (i.e., Raji), indicating that the drug also exerts heparanase-independent function(s) that together underlie the high potency of PG545 in preclinical cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Weissmann
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Udayan Bhattacharya
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sari Feld
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
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15
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Chen J, Verni CC, Jouppila A, Lassila R, Diamond SL. Dual antiplatelet and anticoagulant (APAC) heparin proteoglycan mimetic with shear-dependent effects on platelet-collagen binding and thrombin generation. Thromb Res 2018; 169:143-151. [PMID: 30071479 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heparin proteoglycans (HEP-PGs) carry standard heparin-mediated anticoagulant properties as well as novel antiplatelet functions, a combination that may be significant for targeting multiple pathways in a single therapy. Recent work developing semisynthetic HEP-PG mimetics has shown promising results also in vivo, however flow conditions in vitro that replicate in vivo hemodynamics have not been reported. In this work, we present several assays (platelet calcium mobilization, aggregometry, microfluidic tests at venous and arterial hemodynamics) to characterize specific mechanistic effects of dual antiplatelet and anticoagulant (APAC) constructs as mimetics of HEP-PGs. Three APACs with different conjugation levels of heparin chains (CL10, CL18, HICL) were shown to decrease platelet deposition to collagen surfaces in PPACK-treated whole blood at venous shear rate (200 s-1). FXIIa-inhibited whole blood (CTI: corn trypsin inhibitor, 40 μg/mL) perfused over collagen/tissue factor showed reduced both platelet and fibrin deposition when treated with APACs. IC50 values for platelet and fibrin inhibition were calculated for each molecule at venous shear rate. Increasing the shear rate to arterial flows (1000 s-1) and using APAC as the sole anticoagulant, resulted in a more potent antiplatelet effect of APAC, suggesting an added effect on von Willebrand Factor (vWF) function. Additionally, APAC caused an inhibition of calcium mobilization specific to thrombin and collagen stimulation and a dose-dependent reduction in collagen-mediated platelet aggregation. Understanding the sensitivity of APAC activity to shear rate, platelet signaling and procoagulant pathways is important for applications in which APAC administration may have beneficial therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher C Verni
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Annukka Jouppila
- Helsinki University Central Hospital Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riitta Lassila
- Coagulation Disorders Unit, University of Helsinki, Departments of Hematology and Clinical Chemistry (HUSLAB Laboratory Services), Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Aplagon Oy, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Scott L Diamond
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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16
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Veerapathiran S, Wohland T. Fluorescence techniques in developmental biology. J Biosci 2018; 43:541-553. [PMID: 30002271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Advanced fluorescence techniques, commonly known as the F-techniques, measure the kinetics and the interactions of biomolecules with high sensitivity and spatiotemporal resolution. Applications of the F-techniques, which were initially limited to cells, were further extended to study in vivo protein organization and dynamics in whole organisms. The integration of F-techniques with multi-photon microscopy and light-sheet microscopy widened their applications in the field of developmental biology. It became possible to penetrate the thick tissues of living organisms and obtain good signal-to-noise ratio with reduced photo-induced toxicity. In this review, we discuss the principle and the applications of the three most commonly used F-techniques in developmental biology: Fluorescence Recovery After Photo-bleaching (FRAP), Fo¨ rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), and Fluorescence Correlation and Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS and FCCS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapthaswaran Veerapathiran
- Department of Biological Sciences and NUS Centre for Bio-Imaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117557, Singapore
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17
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Leukocytosis, particularly monocytosis, has been shown to promote atherosclerosis in both diabetic and non-diabetic mouse models. We previously showed that hyperglycemia independently promotes monocytosis and impairs the resolution of atherosclerosis. Since patients with chronic diabetes often develop dyslipidemia and also have increased risk for atherosclerosis, we sought to examine how controlling blood glucose affects atherosclerosis development in the presence of severe hyperlipidemia. METHODS Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin (STZ) in low density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr) knockout (Ldlr-/-) mice after which they were fed a high-cholesterol diet for 4 weeks. Control and diabetic mice were treated with vehicle or sodium glucose cotransporter inhibitor (SGLT2i, Phlorizin or Dapagliflozin) for the duration of the diet. RESULTS Induction of diabetes resulted in a dramatic increase in plasma cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels. These mice also exhibited an increased number of circulating monocytes and neutrophils. Monocytosis was driven by increased proliferation of progenitor cells in the bone marrow. Tighter glycemic control by SGLT2i treatment not only reduced monocytosis and atherosclerosis but also improved plasma lipoprotein profile. Interestingly, improved lipoprotein profile was not due to decreased TG synthesis or clearance via low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (Lrp) 1 or scavenger receptor class B member (Scarb1) pathways, but likely mediated by heparin sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG)-dependent clearance mechanisms in the liver. Further examination of the liver revealed an important role for bile acid transporters (Abcg5, Abcg8) and cytochrome P450 enzymes in the clearance of hepatic cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that tighter glycemic control in diabetes can improve lipoprotein clearance exclusive of Ldlr, likely via HSPG and bile acid pathways, and has an overall net positive effect on atherosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 5/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 8/metabolism
- Animals
- Atherosclerosis/blood
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Benzhydryl Compounds/pharmacology
- Biomarkers/blood
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Cholesterol, Dietary
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Glucosides/pharmacology
- Heparin/analogs & derivatives
- Heparin/metabolism
- Hyperlipidemias/blood
- Hyperlipidemias/drug therapy
- Hyperlipidemias/genetics
- Lipoproteins/blood
- Lipoproteins/metabolism
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Phlorhizin/pharmacology
- Proteoglycans/metabolism
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Streptozocin
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, USA; Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - L A Huggins
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, USA; Dept. of Medicine, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Y Hu
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, USA; Dept. of Medicine, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, USA; Dept. of Medicine, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Prabhakara R Nagareddy
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, USA; Dept. of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.
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18
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Leitgeb AM, Charunwatthana P, Rueangveerayut R, Uthaisin C, Silamut K, Chotivanich K, Sila P, Moll K, Lee SJ, Lindgren M, Holmer E, Färnert A, Kiwuwa MS, Kristensen J, Herder C, Tarning J, Wahlgren M, Dondorp AM. Inhibition of merozoite invasion and transient de-sequestration by sevuparin in humans with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188754. [PMID: 29244851 PMCID: PMC5731734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SEVERE MALARIA Even with the best available treatment, the mortality from severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains high. Typical features at death are high parasite loads and obstructed micro- vasculature. Infected erythrocytes (IE) containing mature parasites bind to the host receptor heparan sulfate, which is also an important receptor for merozoite invasion. To block merozoite invasion has not previously been proposed as an adjunctive therapeutic approach but it may preclude the early expansion of an infection that else leads to exacerbated sequestration and death. SEVUPARIN IN PHASE I STUDY The drug sevuparin was developed from heparin because heparan sulfate and heparin are nearly identical, so the rationale was that sevuparin would act as a decoy receptor during malaria infection. A phase I study was performed in healthy male volunteers and sevuparin was found safe and well tolerated. SEVUPARIN IN PHASE I/II CLINICAL STUDY A phase I/II clinical study was performed in which sevuparin was administered via short intravenous infusions to malaria patients with uncomplicated malaria who were also receiving atovaquone/proguanil treatment. This was a Phase I/II, randomized, open label, active control, parallel assignment study. Sevuparin was safe and well tolerated in the malaria patients. The mean relative numbers of ring-stage IEs decreased after a single sevuparin infusion and mature parasite IEs appeared transiently in the circulation. The effects observed on numbers of merozoites and throphozoites in the circulation, were detected already one hour after the first sevuparin injection. Here we report the development of a candidate drug named sevuparin that both blocks merozoite invasion and transiently de-sequesters IE in humans with P. falciparum malaria. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01442168.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kamolrat Silamut
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Kirsten Moll
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor- and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sue J. Lee
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Anna Färnert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital and Department Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mpungu S. Kiwuwa
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Joel Tarning
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mats Wahlgren
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor- and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arjen M. Dondorp
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Cerşit S, Bayam E, Gündüz S, Özkan M. Early Thrombosis of a Mitral Annuloplasty Ring in a Patient with MTHFR and Factor V Leiden Mutations. J Heart Valve Dis 2017; 26:585-588. [PMID: 29762928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitral annuloplasty ring thrombosis is an extremely infrequent pathology, for which no evidence-based antithrombotic management has yet been described. Herein is presented a case of heterozygous Factor V Leiden (FVL) and hyperhomocysteinemia with homozygous methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) mutations that caused early thrombosis of the mitral annuloplasty ring. The clinical management and antithrombotic treatment of the patient, and the implications of hyperhomocysteinemia, are discussed. Video 1: Mobile 9-mm thrombus of mitral annuloplasty ring on two-dimensional (2D) transesophageal echocardiography. Video 2: Mitral annuloplasty ring thrombus on real time three-dimensional (RT-3D) transesophageal echocardiography. Video 3: 2D video showing the morphologic change of mitral annuloplasty ring thrombus after prolonged UFH infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Cerşit
- Kartal Koşuyolu Heart Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, İstanbul, Turkey. Electronic correspondence:
| | - Emrah Bayam
- Kartal Koşuyolu Heart Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sabahattin Gündüz
- Kartal Koşuyolu Heart Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Özkan
- Kartal Koşuyolu Heart Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, İstanbul, Turkey
- School of Health Sciences, University of Ardahan, Ardahan, Turkey
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20
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Arlov Ø, Skjåk-Bræk G. Sulfated Alginates as Heparin Analogues: A Review of Chemical and Functional Properties. Molecules 2017; 22:E778. [PMID: 28492485 PMCID: PMC6154561 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin is widely recognized for its potent anticoagulating effects, but has an additional wide range of biological properties due to its high negative charge and heterogeneous molecular structure. This heterogeneity has been one of the factors in motivating the exploration of functional analogues with a more predictable modification pattern and monosaccharide sequence, that can aid in elucidating structure-function relationships and further be structurally customized to fine-tune physical and biological properties toward novel therapeutic applications and biomaterials. Alginates have been of great interest in biomedicine due to their inherent biocompatibility, gentle gelling conditions, and structural versatility from chemo-enzymatic engineering, but display limited interactions with cells and biomolecules that are characteristic of heparin and the other glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) of the extracellular environment. Here, we review the chemistry and physical and biological properties of sulfated alginates as structural and functional heparin analogues, and discuss how they may be utilized in applications where the use of heparin and other sulfated GAGs is challenging and limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Arlov
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Richard Birkelands vei 3B, 7034 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Gudmund Skjåk-Bræk
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7034 Trondheim, Norway.
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21
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Rappold M, Warttinger U, Krämer R. A Fluorescent Probe for Glycosaminoglycans Applied to the Detection of Dermatan Sulfate by a Mix-and-Read Assay. Molecules 2017; 22:E768. [PMID: 28486420 PMCID: PMC6154688 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are complex biomolecules of great biological and medical importance. The quantification of glycosaminoglycans, in particular in complex matrices, is challenging due to their inherent structural heterogeneity. Heparin Red, a polycationic, fluorescent perylene diimide derivative, has recently emerged as a commercial probe for the convenient detection of heparins by a mix-and-read fluorescence assay. The probe also detects glycosaminoglycans with a lower negative charge density than heparin, although with lower sensitivity. We describe here the synthesis and characterization of a structurally related molecular probe with a higher positive charge of +10 (vs. +8 of Heparin Red). The superior performance of this probe is exemplified by the quantification of low dermatan sulfate concentrations in an aqueous matrix (quantification limit 1 ng/mL) and the detection of dermatan sulfate in blood plasma in a clinically relevant concentration range. The potential applications of this probe include monitoring the blood levels of dermatan sulfate after administration as an antithrombotic drug in the absence of heparin and other glycosaminoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Rappold
- Inorganic Chemistry Institute, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Warttinger
- Inorganic Chemistry Institute, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Roland Krämer
- Inorganic Chemistry Institute, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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22
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Saiwaew S, Sritabal J, Piaraksa N, Keayarsa S, Ruengweerayut R, Utaisin C, Sila P, Niramis R, Udomsangpetch R, Charunwatthana P, Pongponratn E, Pukrittayakamee S, Leitgeb AM, Wahlgren M, Lee SJ, Day NPJ, White NJ, Dondorp AM, Chotivanich K. Effects of sevuparin on rosette formation and cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172718. [PMID: 28249043 PMCID: PMC5332063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In severe falciparum malaria cytoadherence of parasitised red blood cells (PRBCs) to vascular endothelium (causing sequestration) and to uninfected red cells (causing rosette formation) contribute to microcirculatory flow obstruction in vital organs. Heparin can reverse the underlying ligand-receptor interactions, but may increase the bleeding risks. As a heparin-derived polysaccharide, sevuparin has been designed to retain anti-adhesive properties, while the antithrombin-binding domains have been eliminated, substantially diminishing its anticoagulant activity. Sevuparin has been evaluated recently in patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria, and is currently investigated in a clinical trial for sickle cell disease. The effects of sevuparin on rosette formation and cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Thailand were investigated. Trophozoite stages of P. falciparum-infected RBCs (Pf-iRBCs) were cultured from 49 patients with malaria. Pf-iRBCs were treated with sevuparin at 37°C and assessed in rosetting and in cytoadhesion assays with human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) under static and flow conditions. The proportion of Pf-iRBCs forming rosettes ranged from 6.5% to 26.0% (median = 12.2%). Rosetting was dose dependently disrupted by sevuparin (50% disruption by 250 μg/mL). Overall 57% of P. falciparum isolates bound to HDMECs under static conditions; median (interquartile range) Pf-iRBC binding was 8.5 (3.0–38.0) Pf-iRBCs/1000 HDMECs. Sevuparin in concentrations ≥ 100 μg/mL inhibited cytoadherence. Sevuparin disrupts P. falciparum rosette formation in a dose dependent manner and inhibits cytoadherence to endothelial cells. The data support assessment of sevuparin as an adjunctive treatment to the standard therapy in severe falciparum malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somporn Saiwaew
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Juntima Sritabal
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattaporn Piaraksa
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Srisuda Keayarsa
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Patima Sila
- Mae Ramat Hospital, Mae Ramat, Tak, Thailand
| | - Rangsan Niramis
- Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rachanee Udomsangpetch
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Prakaykaew Charunwatthana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Emsri Pongponratn
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sasithon Pukrittayakamee
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Mats Wahlgren
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sue J. Lee
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas P. J. Day
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. White
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Arjen M. Dondorp
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kesinee Chotivanich
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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23
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Maddineni J, Jeske WP, Baltasar F, Cornelli U, Manoni M, Hoppensteadt DA, Fareed J. Modulatory Effects of Escherichia coli Capsular–Derived Sulfaminoheparosans and Heparins on Tissue Factor–Mediated Activation of Platelets: Flow Cytometric Analysis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2016; 12:311-7. [PMID: 16959684 DOI: 10.1177/1076029606291426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfaminoheparosans (alternatively known as bioheparins) represent sulfated derivatives obtained from the K5 capsular polysaccharide of Escherichia coli. Previous studies have shown that these agents are structurally comparable to heparins and capable of exerting anticoagulant and antiprotease effects like heparins. Furthermore they are also able to release tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI). Tissue factor (TF) plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of thrombotic and cardiovascular disorders. Anticoagulants such as heparins and bioheparins inhibit this thrombogenic mediator and thereby downregulate the activation of prothrombin and factor X. This study was carried out to determine the effects of several bioheparin fractions and heparins on TF-mediated platelet activation and their direct effect on platelets using human whole blood flow cytometry. Four different sulfaminoheparosan fractions with mean molecular weights of 20, 9, 7, and 6 kDa were tested for their inhibitory effects on platelet activation at two different concentrations (100 and 10 µg/mL). Unfractionated heparin and a low-molecular-weight heparin, tinzaparin, were also tested under the same experimental conditions for comparative modulatory responses. Fresh whole blood from healthy female and male volunteers (n = 5) was mixed with each of these agents and incubated with TF (diluted thromboplastin C) to activate platelets. Platelets were labeled with the antibodies CD61 FITC (GP IIIa) and CD62 PE (P-selectin). The data were analyzed in terms of percent platelet aggregation and platelet P-selectin expression. At 100 µg/mL, all of these agents strongly and significantly inhibited (approximately 40%) the platelet activation induced by TF in comparison to saline control. The inhibitory effects of each of these agents were slightly weaker (approximately 24% inhibition) at 10 µg/mL. The inhibitory effects of these agents on P-selectin expression correspond to their effects on platelet aggregation. At 100 µg/mL all the agents produced greater than 80% inhibition of P-selectin expression whereas at 10 µg/mL, the inhibition is greater than 70% except for bio-20 kDa, which produced less than 50% of inhibition. No molecular weight dependence was observed with bioheparin fractions in terms of inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation or P-selectin expression. None of the bioheparins and heparins exhibited any direct effects on platelets. These observations suggest that both the bioheparins and heparins are capable of inhibiting TF-mediated activation of platelets. Thus the therapeutic effects of bioheparins in the TF-mediated pathogenesis of platelet activation may be similar to those of heparins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothi Maddineni
- Department of Pharmacology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
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24
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Nongnuch A, Tangsujaritvijit V, Davenport A. Anticoagulation for renal replacement therapy for patients with acute kidney injury. MINERVA UROL NEFROL 2016; 68:87-104. [PMID: 26473371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Patients with acute kidney injury are generally prothrombotic, and as such prone to increased risk of clotting in extracorporeal renal replacement therapy (RRT) circuits. Although some patients may be adequately treated by intermittent RRT, however due to cardiovascular instability many patients are treated by continuous renal replacement therapy (CCRT) or prolonged intermittent renal replacement therapy (PIRRT). Clotting in the RRT circuit not only reduces the efficiency of solute clearances, affects fluid balance, but also has economic health care costs. The longer duration RRT modes, CRRT and PIRRT are more prone to clotting, and more dependent on adequate anticoagulation. This review will compare the currently available systemic and regional anticoagulation options for CRRT and PIRRT for the patient with acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkom Nongnuch
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand -
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25
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Duckworth CA, Guimond SE, Sindrewicz P, Hughes AJ, French NS, Lian LY, Yates EA, Pritchard DM, Rhodes JM, Turnbull JE, Yu LG. Chemically modified, non-anticoagulant heparin derivatives are potent galectin-3 binding inhibitors and inhibit circulating galectin-3-promoted metastasis. Oncotarget 2015; 6:23671-87. [PMID: 26160844 PMCID: PMC4695144 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Concentrations of circulating galectin-3, a metastasis promoter, are greatly increased in cancer patients. Here we show that 2- or 6-de-O-sulfated, N-acetylated heparin derivatives are galectin-3 binding inhibitors. These chemically modified heparin derivatives inhibited galectin-3-ligand binding and abolished galectin-3-mediated cancer cell-endothelial adhesion and angiogenesis. Unlike standard heparin, these modified heparin derivatives and their ultra-low molecular weight sub-fractions had neither anticoagulant activity nor effects on E-, L- or P-selectin binding to their ligands nor detectable cytotoxicity. Intravenous injection of such heparin derivatives (with cancer cells pre-treated with galectin-3 followed by 3 subcutaneous injections of the derivatives) abolished the circulating galectin-3-mediated increase in lung metastasis of human melanoma and colon cancer cells in nude mice. Structural analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance and synchrotron radiation circular dichroism spectroscopies showed that the modified heparin derivatives bind to the galectin-3 carbohydrate-recognition domain. Thus, these chemically modified, non-anticoagulant, low-sulfated heparin derivatives are potent galectin-3 binding inhibitors with substantial potential as anti-metastasis/cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A. Duckworth
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Scott E. Guimond
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paulina Sindrewicz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley J. Hughes
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Neil S. French
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lu-Yun Lian
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Edwin A. Yates
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - D. Mark Pritchard
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M. Rhodes
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy E. Turnbull
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lu-Gang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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26
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Ortiz D, Enjalbert Q, MacAleese L, Dugourd P, Salpin JY. Effects of calcium complexation on heparin-like disaccharides. A combined theoretical, tandem mass spectrometry and ultraviolet experiment. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2015; 29:1135-1144. [PMID: 25981544 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In order to shed light on the influence of the Ca(2+) metal cation on the structure of heparin-like (Hp) disaccharides, we have explored the gas-phase structures of both [Hp, -2H](2-) and [Ca(Hp), -3H](-) ions by coupling experimental and theoretical methods. METHODS The goal of this work was to (i) provide new evidence of the metal influence on the Hp structure, which can have important biological consequences, and (ii) to study the usefulness of metal complexation for the analytical distinction of Hp isomers. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) and ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) fragments, as well as optical spectra recorded in the gas phase for both [Hp, -2H](2-) and [Ca(Hp), -3H](-) complexes were compared for I-H, II-S and III-S isomers of Hp. RESULTS In the case of CID fragmentation, a change in the fragmentation pattern was observed upon calcium complexation, with respect to deprotonated Hp. CONCLUSIONS Remarkably, when optical spectra are compared in the UV range, the metal effect on the carboxylic group absorption can be detected by an unambiguous blue-shift (~20 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ortiz
- Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, Boulevard François Mitterrand, 91025, Evry, France
- CNRS- UMR 8587
| | - Quentin Enjalbert
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Luke MacAleese
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Jean-Yves Salpin
- Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, Boulevard François Mitterrand, 91025, Evry, France
- CNRS- UMR 8587
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- S Inoue
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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28
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Knelson EH, Gaviglio AL, Nee JC, Starr MD, Nixon AB, Marcus SG, Blobe GC. Stromal heparan sulfate differentiates neuroblasts to suppress neuroblastoma growth. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3016-31. [PMID: 24937430 DOI: 10.1172/jci74270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma prognosis is dependent on both the differentiation state and stromal content of the tumor. Neuroblastoma tumor stroma is thought to suppress neuroblast growth via release of soluble differentiating factors. Here, we identified critical growth-limiting components of the differentiating stroma secretome and designed a potential therapeutic strategy based on their central mechanism of action. We demonstrated that expression of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), including TβRIII, GPC1, GPC3, SDC3, and SDC4, is low in neuroblasts and high in the Schwannian stroma. Evaluation of neuroblastoma patient microarray data revealed an association between TGFBR3, GPC1, and SDC3 expression and improved prognosis. Treatment of neuroblastoma cell lines with soluble HSPGs promoted neuroblast differentiation via FGFR1 and ERK phosphorylation, leading to upregulation of the transcription factor inhibitor of DNA binding 1 (ID1). HSPGs also enhanced FGF2-dependent differentiation, and the anticoagulant heparin had a similar effect, leading to decreased neuroblast proliferation. Dissection of individual sulfation sites identified 2-O, 3-O-desulfated heparin (ODSH) as a differentiating agent, and treatment of orthotopic xenograft models with ODSH suppressed tumor growth and metastasis without anticoagulation. These studies support heparan sulfate signaling intermediates as prognostic and therapeutic neuroblastoma biomarkers and demonstrate that tumor stroma biology can inform the design of targeted molecular therapeutics.
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29
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Ryckx A, Somers JFA, Allaert L. Hereditary multiple exostosis. Acta Orthop Belg 2013; 79:597-607. [PMID: 24563962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary multiple exostosis is an intriguing genetic condition with a clinical impact in the field of orthopaedics, paediatrics and oncology. In this review we highlight the current knowledge about this condition from a clinical and scientific point of view. This gives us more insight into the molecular mechanisms and current models on which therapeutic agents are based. It allows for a multidisciplinary approach to the management of this complex condition. There is currently no exact pathological model that can accurately describe all the findings in the research on Hereditary Multiple Exostosis. Promising treatments with blocking agents are currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan F A Somers
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jan Yperman Hospital, Ypres, Belgium
| | - Lieven Allaert
- Department of Surgery, Jan Yperman Hospital, Ypres, Belgium
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30
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Zhang F, Aguilera J, Beaudet JM, Xie Q, Lerch TF, Davulcu O, Colón W, Chapman MS, Linhardt RJ. Characterization of interactions between heparin/glycosaminoglycan and adeno-associated virus. Biochemistry 2013; 52:6275-85. [PMID: 23952613 PMCID: PMC3859860 DOI: 10.1021/bi4008676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a key candidate in the development of gene therapy. In this work, we used surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy to study the interaction between AAV and heparin and other glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Surface plasmon resonance results revealed that heparin binds to AAV with an extremely high affinity. Solution competition studies showed that binding of AAV to heparin is chain length-dependent. AAV prefers to bind full chain heparin. All sulfo groups (especially N-sulfo and 6-O-sulfo groups) on heparin are important for the AAV-heparin interaction. Higher levels of sulfo group substitution in GAGs enhance their binding affinities. Atomic force microscopy was also performed to image AAV-2 in a complex with heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Javier Aguilera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Julie M. Beaudet
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Thomas F. Lerch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Omar Davulcu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Wilfredo Colón
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Michael S. Chapman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Departments of Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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Salah N, Abd El Dayem SM, El Mogy F, Amin M, Ibrahim M. Egyptian growth hormone deficient patients: demographic, auxological characterization and response to growth hormone therapy. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2013; 26:257-69. [PMID: 23337053 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2012-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study growth response to growth hormone (GH) treatment in growth hormone-deficient (GHD) patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS In total, 477 GHD children were included in the study. Patients were followed up for a minimum of 1 year and up to 6 years, anthropometric assessment was performed every 3 months, while thyroid profile was followed every 6 months. Student's t-test was used for analysis of two quantitative variables. RESULTS Patients with complete GHD and multiple pituitary hormone deficiency were significantly shorter as expressed in their height standard deviation score (SDS), target height - height (SDS) and a more bone age delay. Patients with complete GHD showed better growth response compared with those with partial GHD in the first 2 years of therapy. CONCLUSION We conclude that anthropometric assessment is the cornerstone in GHD diagnosis and follow-up, where catch up growth occurs in the first 2 years of therapy followed by a plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermin Salah
- Pediatrics Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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32
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Laux-Biehlmann A, Gräfe N, Mouheiche J, Stuber D, Welters ID, Delalande F, Poisbeau P, Garnero P, Metz-Boutigue MH, Schneider F, Goumon Y. Comparison of serum and lithium-heparinate plasma for the accurate measurements of endogenous and exogenous morphine concentrations. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 74:381-3. [PMID: 22295933 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Ning TH, Chao CJ, Ying MG, Min X, Shan WF. Preparation, characterization and anti-angiogenesis activity of endostatin covalently modified by polysulfated heparin. Pharmazie 2012; 67:622-627. [PMID: 22888520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To improve the stability and anti-angiogenesis activity of endostatin (ES), ES was modified by polysulfated heparin (PSH). SDS-PAGE and free amino group determination were employed to study purity and modification procedure. The inhibition of ES and PSH-ES on endothelial cell proliferation, chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) angiogenesis and choroidal neovascularization (CNV) were studied. Western blotting was employed to study the effects on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF). Changes of the secondary structure were analyzed by circular dichroism (CD) spectra and heat stability was also studied. Our study indicated that the modified product had a better heat tolerance than ES and its anti-angiogenesis activity in CAM model and CNV model were better than that of ES. More obvious down-regulation of VEGF and up-regulation of PEDF effects of PSH-ES than ES in chorioid tissues were detected. The result of CD analysis suggested that little secondary structure change was detected compared with that of ES. Compared with native ES, PSH-ES is a potential anti-tumor drug with better heat stability and better anti-angiogenesis activity both in CAM and CNV models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Hai Ning
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China, 250012
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Kaeothip S, Demchenko AV. Expeditious oligosaccharide synthesis via selective, semi-orthogonal, and orthogonal activation. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:1371-88. [PMID: 21663897 PMCID: PMC3129461 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traditional strategies for oligosaccharide synthesis often require extensive protecting and/or leaving group manipulations between each glycosylation step, thereby increasing the total number of synthetic steps while decreasing the efficiency of the synthesis. In contrast, expeditious strategies allow for the rapid chemical synthesis of complex carbohydrates by minimizing extraneous chemical manipulations. Oligosaccharide synthesis by selective activation of one leaving group over another is one such expeditious strategy. Herein, the significant improvements that have recently emerged in the area of the selective activation are discussed. The development of orthogonal strategy further expands the scope of the selective activation methodology. Surveyed in this article, are representative examples wherein these excellent innovations have been applied to the synthesis of various oligosaccharide sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophon Kaeothip
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri – St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Alexei V. Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri – St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
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35
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Abstract
Permethylation is a valuable and widely used tool for the mass spectrometry of carbohydrates, improving sensitivity and fragmentation and increasing the amount of information that can be obtained from tandem mass spectrometric experiments. Permethylation of most glycans is easily performed with sodium hydroxide and iodomethane in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). However, permethylation has not been widely used in the mass spectrometry of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) oligosaccharides, partly because it has required the use of the difficult Hakomori method employing the methylsulfinylmethanide ('dimsyl') base, which has to be made in a tedious process. Additionally, the Hakomori method is not as effective as the sodium hydroxide method in making fully methylated derivatives. A further problem in the permethylation of highly sulfated oligosaccharides is their limited solubility in DMSO. This paper describes the use of the triethylammonium counterion to overcome this problem, as well as the application of the sodium hydroxide method to make permethylated heparin disaccharides and their workup to yield fully methylated disaccharides for electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The ease, speed, and effectiveness of the described methodology should open up permethylation of GAG oligosaccharides to a wider circle of mass spectrometrists and enable them to develop further derivatization schemes in the effort to rapidly elucidate the structure of these important molecules. Permethylation may also provide new ways of separating GAG oligosaccharides in LC/MS, their increased hydrophobicity making them amenable for reversed-phase chromatography without the need for ion pairing reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Heiss
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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36
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Liapina LA, Obergan TI, Pastorova VE. [Regulatory role of heparin compounds with low molecular blood ligands in plasma and thrombocyte hemostasis]. Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol 2011:208-219. [PMID: 21506395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the literature and our own research on the physiological effects of complex compounds of heparin with low molecular ligands (amino acids, regulatory peptides) is presented. It is proved that anticoagulative effects in blood flow were conditioned by the interaction of heparin with glioproline, immunopeptides, and other low molecular substances with formation of complex compounds. The presence of structural regions of binding of heparin and other components is established. It is indicated that in the blood of animals heparin complexes with low molecular ligands possess protective anticoagulative and antithrombotic effects. We made an attempt to reveal the possible mechanism of anticoagulative-fibrinolytic and antithrombotic action of complex compounds of heparin in the organism.
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He Y, Li J, Chen Y. Catalytic Effects of Different Heparin Analogs on the Hydrolysis of Auramine O. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 2011; 22:253-261. [PMID: 20557699 DOI: 10.1163/092050609x12601848092242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans, such as heparin, are a class of biomaterials with a variety of important biological functions. They were found to catalyze the hydrolysis of 4,4'-(imidocarbonyl)-bis(N,N-dimethylaniline) monohydrochloride to 4,4'-bis(dimethy-lamino) benzophenone, but the catalytic mechanism of this interesting reaction is poorly understood, mainly due to the structural complexity of polysaccharides. In order to study such an unusual reaction, a pentasaccharide, fondaparinux, with defined chemical structure was chosen as a probe to investigate the hydrolytic characteristics, along with other heparin analogs. The hydrolytic reaction was catalyzed by fondaparinux, low-molecular-weight heparins, heparin and different desulfated heparins at various rates. The present results demonstrated that the length of polysaccharide chain, the N- or O-sulfo groups are critical to the hydrolysis of 4,4'-(imidocarbonyl)-bis(N,N-dimethy-laniline) monohydrochloride in addition to pH and ionic strength, which provides new insights into the catalytic phenomenon of polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunmian He
- a Laboratory of Chemical Biology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P. R. China; Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, P. R. China
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38
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Sangaj N, Kyriakakis P, Yang D, Chang CW, Arya G, Varghese S. Heparin mimicking polymer promotes myogenic differentiation of muscle progenitor cells. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:3294-300. [PMID: 21058638 PMCID: PMC4136807 DOI: 10.1021/bm101041f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heparin and heparan sulfate mediated basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) signaling plays an important role in skeletal muscle homeostasis by maintaining a balance between proliferation and differentiation of muscle progenitor cells. In this study we investigate the role of a synthetic mimic of heparin, poly(sodium-4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS), on myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells. Exogenous supplementation of PSS increased the differentiation of C2C12 cells in a dose-dependent manner, while the formation of multinucleated myotubes exhibited a nonmonotonic dependence with the concentration of PSS. Our results further suggest that one possible mechanism by which PSS promotes myogenic differentiation is by downregulating the mitogen activated extracellular regulated signaling kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway. The binding ability of PSS to bFGF was found to be comparable to heparin through molecular docking calculations and by native PAGE. Such synthetic heparin mimics could offer a cost-effective alternative to heparin and also reduce the risk associated with batch-to-batch variation and contamination of heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Sangaj
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Phillip Kyriakakis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Darren Yang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chien-Wen Chang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gaurav Arya
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shyni Varghese
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic kidney disease (DKD, also called diabetic nephropathy, DN) is the major cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in many countries and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality as compared to other causes of kidney disease. One of the pathological changes of DKD is the thickening of the glomerular basement membrane, mesangial expansion and proliferation. The presence of the glycosaminoglycan side chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycan, an important constituent of the glomerular basement membrane, is decreased in DKD proportionally to the increasing degree of proteinuria. Research on animals has suggested that heparin and related substances may prevent glomerular membrane thickening. However, it is not known whether heparin and related substances can prevent the onset of DKD and, therefore, be recommended for primary prevention of this condition. OBJECTIVES To assess the benefits and harms of heparin and related substances for preventing the onset of DKD. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Renal Group's Specialised Register and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in The Cochrane Library (Issue 2, 2009). We also searched MEDLINE (1966 to June 2009), EMBASE (1980 to June 2009), China Biological Medicine (CBM; 1979 to June 2009), VIP Chinese Science and Technique Journals Database (until June 2009), China National Infrastructure (CNKI) (until June 2009) and Wanfang database (until June 2009). Reference lists of nephrology textbooks, review articles and relevant studies were also searched. SELECTION CRITERIA All relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs looking at the benefits and harms of heparin and related substances for preventing the onset of DKD were eligible. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We planned for two authors to extract data independently using a self-developed data extraction form and enter them into RevMan 5 software; for meta-analyses to be performed when more than one study provided data on a comparable outcome on sufficiently similar patients; for random-effects analyses to be performed whenever heterogeneity between results appeared to be present; and for standardised differences in mean outcome measures to be used due to the use of different scales and periods of treatment. MAIN RESULTS No studies met our inclusion criteria. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Rigorously well-designed, randomised, multi-centre, large-sample studies of heparin and related substances for preventing the onset of DKD are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Xiang Street, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 610041
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40
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Ma DX, Qi XR. [Comparison of mechanisms and cellular uptake of cell-penetrating peptide on different cell lines]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2010; 45:1165-1169. [PMID: 21351574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) can be used in pharmaceutics as a highly efficient drug delivery transporter. In this study, four tumor cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, C6, and B16F10) were used to observe the uptake of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labeled CPP and the effects of time and concentration of CPP on cell penetration was studied. The CPP exocytosis on C6 cell line was observed, and its exocytosis kinetics was described by zero order equation. In addition, low-temperature condition (4 degrees C) and endocytosis inhibitors were utilized to investigate the mechanism of CPP uptake by cells. Low-temperature condition did not show significantly inhibition on CPP uptake. Heparin, a membrane glycoprotein receptor inhibitor, showed strong inhibition effect (only 3%-10% of the control) on CPP uptake. Chlorpromazine, chloroquine and 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)-amiloride (EIPA) showed little effect on CPP uptake. This study indicated that CPP penetration had little selectivity on cell type, but the amount and rate of CPP penetration into cells were related to the type of cell lines. The adsorption of CPP on cell membrane induced by sulfate proteoglycan plays an important role on CPP penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-xu Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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41
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Mahan CE, Pini M, Spyropoulos AC. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis with unfractionated heparin in the hospitalized medical patient: the case for thrice daily over twice daily dosing. Intern Emerg Med 2010; 5:299-306. [PMID: 20177819 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-010-0359-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
For venous thromboembolism (VTE) prevention in the hospitalized medical patient, no head-to-head trials have been performed of unfractionated heparin (UFH) 5,000 U subcutaneously thrice (i.e. q8 h or TID) daily versus twice daily (q12 h or BID). Several meta-analyses have been undertaken in attempts to determine whether one regimen may be more beneficial for safety and efficacy. Currently, not all international guidelines include a recommended frequency for UFH. Delineation of this frequency may be helpful to the practicing clinician. Primary studies (with a modified Jadad score of >or=6 to demonstrate a stronger study design) that compared low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and UFH, and UFH and placebo were evaluated. Meta-analyses evaluating safety and efficacy of LMWH versus UFH, or TID UFH versus BID UFH were also evaluated. Although BID UFH shows some efficacy in one primary study, it is no more beneficial than no prophylaxis in another study. LMWH appears to be more efficacious than BID UFH, but comparable in safety and efficacy to TID UFH. Meta-analytic data demonstrates that BID UFH may have some reduction in deep vein thrombosis. Meta-analytic data also suggests that TID UFH is more efficacious than BID UFH at the cost of more major bleeding. The medical patient with risk factors for the development of VTE appears to be at moderate to high risk. International guidelines for VTE prevention should incorporate a frequency for UFH to guide use. TID UFH is superior in efficacy to BID UFH even when taking into consideration the increased rate of major bleeds. Newly published risk-assessment models may be beneficial in determining which patients would best benefit from BID UFH or TID UFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Mahan
- Cardinal Health Pharmacy Solutions, Lovelace Medical Center, Lovelace Rehabilitation Hospital, Lovelace Health Systems, 601 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Ave. NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87102, USA.
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42
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Shaya D, Zhao W, Garron ML, Xiao Z, Cui Q, Zhang Z, Sulea T, Linhardt RJ, Cygler M. Catalytic mechanism of heparinase II investigated by site-directed mutagenesis and the crystal structure with its substrate. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:20051-61. [PMID: 20404324 PMCID: PMC2888417 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.101071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparinase II (HepII) is an 85-kDa dimeric enzyme that depolymerizes both heparin and heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans through a beta-elimination mechanism. Recently, we determined the crystal structure of HepII from Pedobacter heparinus (previously known as Flavobacterium heparinum) in complex with a heparin disaccharide product, and identified the location of its active site. Here we present the structure of HepII complexed with a heparan sulfate disaccharide product, proving that the same binding/active site is responsible for the degradation of both uronic acid epimers containing substrates. The key enzymatic step involves removal of a proton from the C5 carbon (a chiral center) of the uronic acid, posing a topological challenge to abstract the proton from either side of the ring in a single active site. We have identified three potential active site residues equidistant from C5 and located on both sides of the uronate product and determined their role in catalysis using a set of defined tetrasaccharide substrates. HepII H202A/Y257A mutant lost activity for both substrates and we determined its crystal structure complexed with a heparan sulfate-derived tetrasaccharide. Based on kinetic characterization of various mutants and the structure of the enzyme-substrate complex we propose residues participating in catalysis and their specific roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Shaya
- From the Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Wenjing Zhao
- the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 4005, Troy, New York 12180-3590, and
| | - Marie-Line Garron
- From the Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Zhongping Xiao
- the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 4005, Troy, New York 12180-3590, and
| | - Qizhi Cui
- the Biotechnology Research Institute, NRC, Montréal, Québec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 4005, Troy, New York 12180-3590, and
| | - Traian Sulea
- the Biotechnology Research Institute, NRC, Montréal, Québec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 4005, Troy, New York 12180-3590, and
| | - Miroslaw Cygler
- From the Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
- the Biotechnology Research Institute, NRC, Montréal, Québec H4P 2R2, Canada
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43
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Hudalla GA, Murphy WL. Immobilization of peptides with distinct biological activities onto stem cell culture substrates using orthogonal chemistries. Langmuir 2010; 26:6449-56. [PMID: 20353153 PMCID: PMC2860651 DOI: 10.1021/la1008208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We have used the orthogonal carbodiimide condensation and copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne "click" cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions to prepare self-assembled monolayers that present distinct peptides to stem cells in a bioinert background. The approach involved first forming mixed SAMs with three components: (i) an azide-terminated hexaethylene glycol alkanethiolate (HS-EG6-N3), (ii) a carboxylate-terminated hexaethylene glycol alkanethiolate (HS-EG6-COOH), and (iii) a triethylene glycol alkanethiolate (HS-EG3). An acetylene-bearing peptide and an amine-terminated peptide were then immobilized to these substrates using a "click" CuAAC reaction and a carbodiimide condensation reaction, respectively. Polarization-modulated infrared reflectance-absorbance spectroscopic analysis demonstrated formation of well-ordered, close-packed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), chemoselective conjugation of amine-terminated peptides to surface carboxylate groups, and subsequent conjugation of acetylene-terminated peptides to the azide groups on SAMs. Varying the mole fraction of HS-EG6-N3, HS-EG6-COOH, and HS-EG3 during SAM formation allowed for control over the densities of each peptide on the substrate. Substrates presenting varying surface densities of RGESP (a nonfunctional peptide), RGDSP (a cell adhesion peptide), or TYRSRKY (a heparin/heparan sulfate-binding peptide) were then used to characterize the relationship between peptide surface density and human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) adhesion. Results demonstrate that RGESP does not influence RGDSP-mediated adhesion of hMSCs, which indicates that a second peptide with distinct bioactivity can be immobilized alongside RGDSP to characterize the influence of two peptides on hMSC behavior. Our results also demonstrate that RGDSP and TYRSRKY act synergistically to promote hMSC adhesion in the absence of serum. Interestingly, heparin sequestered by TYRSRKY inhibits cell adhesion on substrates presenting RGDSP = 0.1% and > or = 0.1% TYRSRKY or RGDSP = 1% and > or = 0.5% TYRSRKY. Taken together, these results indicate that two peptides can be controllably presented to stem cells on the same otherwise bioinert SAM substrate, and that multiple, distinct extracellular moieties act in concert to regulate hMSC adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A. Hudalla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706
| | - William L. Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706
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Abstract
Heparin (HP) inhibits pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) growth in vitro and vascular remodeling in vivo. Bârzu et al. (1994) suggested that the antiproliferative effect of HP on rat aortic smooth muscle cell in vitro diminishes with prolonged exposure to heparin. We exposed cultured bovine PASMC (BPASMC) to prolonged pretreatment with 20 microg/ml of 0-hexanoylated HP from passages 3 to13 and compared them to control (no pretreatment) cultures of identical passages. The pretreated BPASMC and control groups were growth arrested for 48 h, followed by treatment of 0-hexanoylated HP at different doses. On day 5, the growth inhibition of BPASMC was determined. The percent inhibition by 1 microg/ml of 0-hexanoylated HP was 46 +/- 14% versus 62 +/- 13%, for control and pretreated BPASMC, respectively. At 10 microg/ml the inhibition was 62 +/- 7% versus 84 +/- 6%. For 100 microg/ml the inhibition increased to 92 +/- 5% versus 100% and at 200 microg/ml the inhibition was 95 +/- 3% versus 100%. BPASMC (with or without preexposure to 0-hexanoylated HP), at passage 13, were sensitive to the growth inhibitory effect of 0-hexanoylated HP with no significant difference among the groups (95 +/- 3% inhibition vs. 100% for pretreated BPASMC). We found that 0-hexanoylated HP-induced necrosis as shown by flow cytometry and only minor apoptosis. Caspase-3 and PARP detection was insignificant between the groups. In summary, no cell subpopulation at long-term treatment exhibited resistance to 0-hexanoylated HP. The HP antiproliferative effect on SMC is potentially important in defining new approaches to the treatment of the remodeled vasculature of pulmonary hypertension. Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Mrabat
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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45
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Plassmeyer ML, Reiter K, Shimp RL, Kotova S, Smith PD, Hurt DE, House B, Zou X, Zhang Y, Hickman M, Uchime O, Herrera R, Nguyen V, Glen J, Lebowitz J, Jin AJ, Miller LH, MacDonald NJ, Wu Y, Narum DL. Structure of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein, a leading malaria vaccine candidate. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:26951-63. [PMID: 19633296 PMCID: PMC2785382 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.013706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP) is critical for sporozoite function and invasion of hepatocytes. Given its critical nature, a phase III human CSP malaria vaccine trial is ongoing. The CSP is composed of three regions as follows: an N terminus that binds heparin sulfate proteoglycans, a four amino acid repeat region (NANP), and a C terminus that contains a thrombospondin-like type I repeat (TSR) domain. Despite the importance of CSP, little is known about its structure. Therefore, recombinant forms of CSP were produced by expression in both Escherichia coli (Ec) and then refolded (EcCSP) or in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris (PpCSP) for structural analyses. To analyze the TSR domain of recombinant CSP, conformation-dependent monoclonal antibodies that recognized unfixed P. falciparum sporozoites and inhibited sporozoite invasion of HepG2 cells in vitro were identified. These monoclonal antibodies recognized all recombinant CSPs, indicating the recombinant CSPs contain a properly folded TSR domain structure. Characterization of both EcCSP and PpCSP by dynamic light scattering and velocity sedimentation demonstrated that both forms of CSP appeared as highly extended proteins (R(h) 4.2 and 4.58 nm, respectively). Furthermore, high resolution atomic force microscopy revealed flexible, rod-like structures with a ribbon-like appearance. Using this information, we modeled the NANP repeat and TSR domain of CSP. Consistent with the biochemical and biophysical results, the repeat region formed a rod-like structure about 21-25 nm in length and 1.5 nm in width. Thus native CSP appears as a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored, flexible rod-like protein on the sporozoite surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Plassmeyer
- From the Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
| | - Karine Reiter
- From the Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
| | - Richard L. Shimp
- From the Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
| | - Svetlana Kotova
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Physical Science, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Paul D. Smith
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Physical Science, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Darrell E. Hurt
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and
| | - Brent House
- United States Navy, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910
| | - Xiaoyan Zou
- United States Navy, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910
| | - Yanling Zhang
- From the Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
| | - Merrit Hickman
- From the Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
| | - Onyinyechukwu Uchime
- From the Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
| | - Raul Herrera
- From the Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
| | - Vu Nguyen
- From the Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
| | - Jacqueline Glen
- From the Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
| | - Jacob Lebowitz
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Physical Science, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Albert J. Jin
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Physical Science, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Louis H. Miller
- From the Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
| | - Nicholas J. MacDonald
- From the Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
| | - Yimin Wu
- From the Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
| | - David L. Narum
- From the Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
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Wang J, Rabenstein DL. Interaction of heparin and heparin-derived oligosaccharides with synthetic peptide analogues of the heparin-binding domain of heparin/heparan sulfate-interacting protein. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1790:1689-97. [PMID: 19747524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2009] [Revised: 08/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although protamine is effective as an antidote of heparin, there is a need to replace protamine due to its side effects. HIP peptide has been reported to neutralize the anticoagulant activity of heparin. The interaction of HIP analog peptides with heparin and heparin-derived oligosaccharides is investigated in this paper. METHODS Seven analogues of the heparin-binding domain of heparin/heparan sulfate-interacting protein (HIP) were synthesized, and their interaction with heparin was characterized by heparin affinity chromatography, isothermal titration calorimetry, and NMR. RESULTS NMR results indicate the imidazolium groups of the His side chains of histidine-containing Hip analog peptide interact site-specifically with heparin at pH 5.5. Heparin has identical affinities for HIP analog peptides of opposite chirality. Analysis by counterion condensation theory indicates the peptide AC-SRPKAKAKAKAKDQTK-NH2 makes on average approximately 3 ionic interactions with heparin that result in displacement of approximately 2 Na+ ions, and ionic interactions account for approximately 46% of the binding free energy at a Na+ concentration of 0.15 M. CONCLUSIONS The affinity of heparin for the peptides is strongly dependent on the nature of the cationic side chains and pH. The thermodynamic parameters measured for the interaction of HIP peptide analogs with heparin are strongly dependent on the peptide sequence and pH. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The information obtained in this research will be of use in the design of new agents for neutralization of the anticoagulant activity of heparin. The site-specific binding of protonated histidine side chains to heparin provides a molecular-level explanation for the pH-dependent binding of beta-amyloid peptides by heparin and heparan sulfate proteoglycan and may have implications for amyloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Viskov C, Just M, Laux V, Mourier P, Lorenz M. Description of the chemical and pharmacological characteristics of a new hemisynthetic ultra-low-molecular-weight heparin, AVE5026. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7:1143-51. [PMID: 19422447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03447.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES AVE5026 is a novel, hemisynthetic, ultra-low-molecular-weight heparin (ULMWH), which is in clinical development for prevention of venous thromboembolism. Its unique structural features result from the highly selective depolymerization of heparin by the phosphazene base that protects the antithrombin (AT)-binding site from destruction. In the present paper, we describe the chemical and biological characteristics of AVE5026, as well as its effects on experimental thrombosis as compared to those of the low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) enoxaparin after a single subcutaneous (s.c.) administration in certain animal models. METHOD AND RESULTS AVE5026 has a higher anti-factor Xa (anti-FXa) activity (approximately 160 U mg(-1)) along with a catalytic anti-thrombin (anti-FIIa) activity (approximately 2 U mg(-1)) as a result of its structure being strongly enriched in specific AT-binding oligosaccharides. In human plasma, potent inhibition of thrombin generation by AVE5026 was closely related to its anti-FXa activity. In a rat venous thrombosis model, AVE5026 showed a dose-dependent antithrombotic activity comparable to that of enoxaparin (ED50-AVE5026 = 1.6 mg kg(-1), ED50-enoxaparin = 2.8 mg kg(-1)). Interestingly, non-occlusive venous thrombosis in rabbits was inhibited by an ED50 of 0.1 mg kg(-1) AVE5026, whereas 0.316 mg kg(-1) enoxaparin was not active. In a canine model, similarly to enoxaparin (ED50 = 1.3 mg kg(-1)), AVE5026 dose-dependently inhibited arterial thrombosis (ED50 = 2.0 mg kg(-1)). At equipotent doses, AVE5026 did not affect bleeding parameters, whereas enoxaparin showed increased hemorrhage in rats, rabbits and dogs. CONCLUSION These unique structural attributes distinguish AVE5026 from the LMWH class. Based on these data in well-established arterial and venous thrombosis models, AVE5026 could represent a valuable alternative in thrombosis prevention with an improved benefit-risk profile as compared to that of enoxaparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Viskov
- Chemical & Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Sanofi-Aventis, Vitry-Sur-Seine, France.
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Lassen MR, Dahl OE, Mismetti P, Destrée D, Turpie AGG. AVE5026, a new hemisynthetic ultra-low-molecular-weight heparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients after total knee replacement surgery--TREK: a dose-ranging study. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7:566-72. [PMID: 19187076 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AVE5026 is a new hemisynthetic ultra-low-molecular-weight heparin, with a novel anti-thrombotic profile resulting from high anti-factor (F)Xa activity and residual anti-FIIa activity. AVE5026 is in clinical development for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prevention, a frequent complication after total knee replacement (TKR) surgery. OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the dose-response of AVE5026 for the prevention of VTE in patients undergoing TKR surgery. PATIENTS/METHODS In this parallel-group, double-blind, double-dummy study, 690 patients were randomized, and 678 treated with once-daily doses of AVE5026 (5, 10, 20, 40, or 60 mg) or enoxaparin 40 mg in the calibrator arm. The primary efficacy end point was VTE until post-operative day 11, defined as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) detected by bilateral venography, symptomatic DVT, non-fatal pulmonary embolism (PE) and VTE-related death. The primary safety outcome was the incidence of major bleeding. RESULTS The primary efficacy outcome was assessed in 464 patients. There was a significant dose-response across the five AVE5026 groups for VTE prevention (P<0.0001), with the incidence of VTE ranging from 5.3% to 44.1% compared with 35.8% in the enoxaparin group and for proximal DVT (P=0.0002). Also, a significant dose-response for AVE5026 was seen for major bleeding (P=0.0231) and any bleeding (P=0.0003). Six patients in the AVE5026 groups, four in the 60 mg group, experienced major bleeding; none did in the enoxaparin group. CONCLUSIONS The safety and efficacy results of this study suggest that a AVE5026 dose of between 20 and 40 mg presents an adequate benefit-to-risk ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Lassen
- Hørsholm Hospital, Spine Clinic, Hørsholm, Denmark.
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Meissen JK, Sweeney MD, Girardi M, Lawrence R, Esko JD, Leary JA. Differentiation of 3-O-sulfated heparin disaccharide isomers: identification of structural aspects of the heparin CCL2 binding motif. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2009; 20:652-7. [PMID: 19185514 PMCID: PMC2758813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 11/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence of 3-O-sulfated glucosamine residues in heparin or heparan sulfate plays a role in binding to antithrombin III and HSV infection. In this study, tandem mass spectrometry was used to differentiate between two heparin disaccharide isomers containing variable sulfate at C6 in a common disaccharide and C3 in a more rare one. The dissociation patterns shown by MS(2) and MS(3) were clearly distinguishable between the isomers, allowing their differentiation and quantitation. Using this technique, we show that an octasaccharide with 11 sulfate groups with high affinity for inflammatory chemokine CCL2 does not contain 3-O-sulfated disaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K. Meissen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Matthew Girardi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Roger Lawrence
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Julie A. Leary
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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