1
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Pei R, He L, Zhao Y, Wang X. The Dynamic Lewis Acid-Carbene Hybrid: Pushing the Electrophilicity of Carbenes to the Limit. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21733-21737. [PMID: 37774109 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
This work describes a Lewis-acid-coordination strategy to efficiently enhance the electrophilicity of a carbene beyond structural modification. A hybrid BCF-DAC is formed by the coordination of a Lewis acid, B(C6F5)3 (BCF), to an N,N'-diamidocarbene (DAC), possessing superior low LUMO energy that is indicated by theoretical calculation. This endows the hybridized carbene with a unique reactivity that speeds up the activation of the sp3-hybridized C-H bond of toluene and the [2+1] cycloaddition with C2H2. More strikingly, the hybrid readily undergoes [2+1] cycloaddition with C2H4 under ambient conditions, which is the first example of a stable carbene reacting with ethylene. The Lewis acid approach also features dynamic behavior and electrophilicity tunability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runbo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liancheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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2
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Roose TR, Verdoorn DS, Mampuys P, Ruijter E, Maes BUW, Orru RVA. Transition metal-catalysed carbene- and nitrene transfer to carbon monoxide and isocyanides. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5842-5877. [PMID: 35748338 PMCID: PMC9580617 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00305d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalysed carbene- and nitrene transfer to the C1-building blocks carbon monoxide and isocyanides provides heteroallenes (i.e. ketenes, isocyanates, ketenimines and carbodiimides). These are versatile and reactive compounds allowing in situ transformation towards numerous functional groups and organic compounds, including heterocycles. Both one-pot and tandem processes have been developed providing valuable synthetic methods for the organic chemistry toolbox. This review discusses all known transition metal-catalysed carbene- and nitrene transfer reactions towards carbon monoxide and isocyanides and in situ transformation of the heteroallenes hereby obtained, with a special focus on the general mechanistic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Roose
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines & Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - D S Verdoorn
- Organic Chemistry, Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167RD Geleen, The Netherlands.
- Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - P Mampuys
- Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - E Ruijter
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines & Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - B U W Maes
- Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - R V A Orru
- Organic Chemistry, Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167RD Geleen, The Netherlands.
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3
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Obanda A, Valerius K, Mague JT, Sproules S, Donahue JP. Group 10 Metal Dithiolene Bis(isonitrile) Complexes: Synthesis, Structures, Properties, and Reactivity. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antony Obanda
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, 6400 Freret Street, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118-5698, United States
| | - Kendra Valerius
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, 6400 Freret Street, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118-5698, United States
| | - Joel T. Mague
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, 6400 Freret Street, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118-5698, United States
| | - Stephen Sproules
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - James P. Donahue
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, 6400 Freret Street, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118-5698, United States
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4
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Lee E, Pietrasiak E. Activation of C–F, Si–F, and S–F Bonds by N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and Their Isoelectronic Analogues. Synlett 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Reactions involving C–F, Si–F, and S–F bond cleavage with N-heterocyclic carbenes and isoelectronic species are reviewed. Most examples involve activation of aromatic C–F bond via an SNAr pathway and nucleophilic substitution of fluorine in electron-deficient olefins. The mechanism of the C–F bond activation depends on the reaction partners and the reaction can proceed via addition–elimination, oxidative addition (concerted or stepwise) or metathesis. The adducts formed upon substitution find applications in organic synthesis, as ligands and as stable radical precursors, but in most cases, their full potential remains unexplored.1 Introduction1.1 The C–F Bond1.2 C–F Bond Activation: A Short Summary1.3 C–F Bond Activation: A Special Case of SNAr1.4 N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs)1.5 The Purpose of this Article2 C–F bond Activation in Acyl Fluorides3 Activation of Vinylic C–F Bonds4 Activation of Aromatic C–F Bonds5 X–F Bond Activation (X = S or Si)6 C–F Bond Activation by Main Group Compounds Isoelectronic with NHCs7 Conclusions and Outlook
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology
- Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology
| | - Ewa Pietrasiak
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology
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5
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Wang B, Koshino K, Kinjo R. Bicyclic (amino)(borata)carbene derived from diazadiborinine and isonitrile. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:13012-13014. [PMID: 31603151 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06453b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of 1,4,2,5-diazadiborinine (1) with two equivalents of an aryl isonitrile afforded a bicyclic product containing an indole unit (2) or ketenimine moiety (3), suggesting the generation of a B,N-carbene intermediate formed via a [4+2] cycloaddition reaction in the initial step. The employment of the tolyl(phenyl isonitrile)gold complex (PhNCAuTol) as the substrate allowed the bicyclic (amino)(borata)carbene gold complexes (4, 5) to be accessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Kota Koshino
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
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6
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Sultane PR, Ahumada G, Janssen‐Müller D, Bielawski CW. Cyclic (Aryl)(Amido)Carbenes: NHCs with Triplet‐like Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash R. Sultane
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM)Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Guillermo Ahumada
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM)Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel Janssen‐Müller
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Münster 48149 Germany
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM)Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
- Department Chemistry and Department of Energy EngineeringUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
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7
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Sultane PR, Ahumada G, Janssen‐Müller D, Bielawski CW. Cyclic (Aryl)(Amido)Carbenes: NHCs with Triplet‐like Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:16320-16325. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash R. Sultane
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Guillermo Ahumada
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel Janssen‐Müller
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Münster 48149 Germany
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
- Department Chemistry and Department of Energy Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
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8
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Kim Y, Liu LL, Stephan DW. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Derived 3-Azabutadiene as a π-Base in Classic and Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry. Chemistry 2019; 25:7110-7113. [PMID: 30968983 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) derived 3-azabutadienes 1 and 2 have been prepared by a single-step reaction of the corresponding NHC with cyclohexyl isocyanide. Compound 1 features π-basic, delocalized nucleophilic sites over the 3-azabutadiene moiety, therefore allowing for coordinating with small Lewis acids, such as AlCl3 , GaCl3 , and Me2 SAuCl, to form diverse classic Lewis adducts 3-5. Combination of 1 with B(C6 F5 )3 or [Ph3 C][B(C6 F5 )4 ] resulted in single-electron transfer and the obtained radical cation was detected by EPR. In addition, a frustrated Lewis pair comprised of the π-basic 1 and BPh3 effects the splitting of the O-H bond of phenol and the N-H bond of imidazole to give 7 and 8, respectively. An intrinsic bond orbital (IBO) analysis of the pathway leading to 8 showcases the transformation of the delocalized π-electrons of 1 to a newly formed C-H localized σ-bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsuk Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St. Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St. Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H6, Canada
| | - Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St. Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H6, Canada
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9
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Zhang L, Liu T, Wang YM, Chen J, Zhao YL. Rhodium-Catalyzed Coupling–Cyclization of Alkenyldiazoacetates with o-Alkenyl Arylisocyanides: A General Route to Carbazoles. Org Lett 2019; 21:2973-2977. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yi-Ming Wang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yu-Long Zhao
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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10
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Yu Y, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Liang YX, Zhao YL. A rhodium-catalyzed three-component reaction of arylisocyanides, trifluorodiazoethane, and activated methylene isocyanides or azomethine ylides: an efficient synthesis of trifluoroethyl-substituted imidazoles. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00856j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel method for the synthesis of trifluoroethyl-substituted imidazoles is reported via a rhodium-catalyzed three-component reaction of isocyanides, 2,2,2-trifluorodiazoethane and activated methylene isocyanides or azomethine ylides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | - Yong-Xin Liang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | - Yu-Long Zhao
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
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11
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Bharadwaz P, Dewhurst RD, Phukan AK. Metal-Free Activation of Enthalpically Strong Bonds: Unraveling the Potential of Hitherto Unexplored Singlet Carbenes. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priyam Bharadwaz
- Department of Chemical Sciences; Tezpur University, Napam -; 784 028 Assam India
| | - Rian D. Dewhurst
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Ashwini K. Phukan
- Department of Chemical Sciences; Tezpur University, Napam -; 784 028 Assam India
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12
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Marchetti F. Constructing Organometallic Architectures from Aminoalkylidyne Diiron Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Marchetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale; University of Pisa; Via Moruzzi 13 I-56124 Pisa Italy
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13
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Nesterov V, Reiter D, Bag P, Frisch P, Holzner R, Porzelt A, Inoue S. NHCs in Main Group Chemistry. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9678-9842. [PMID: 29969239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first stable N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) in the beginning of the 1990s, these divalent carbon species have become a common and available class of compounds, which have found numerous applications in academic and industrial research. Their important role as two-electron donor ligands, especially in transition metal chemistry and catalysis, is difficult to overestimate. In the past decade, there has been tremendous research attention given to the chemistry of low-coordinate main group element compounds. Significant progress has been achieved in stabilization and isolation of such species as Lewis acid/base adducts with highly tunable NHC ligands. This has allowed investigation of numerous novel types of compounds with unique electronic structures and opened new opportunities in the rational design of novel organic catalysts and materials. This Review gives a general overview of this research, basic synthetic approaches, key features of NHC-main group element adducts, and might be useful for the broad research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Nesterov
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Dominik Reiter
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Prasenjit Bag
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Philipp Frisch
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Richard Holzner
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Amelie Porzelt
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
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14
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Hinz A, Hansmann MM, Bertrand G, Goicoechea JM. Intercepting a Transient Phosphino‐Arsinidene. Chemistry 2018; 24:9514-9519. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hinz
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA United Kingdom
| | - Max M. Hansmann
- Georg-August-Universität Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Tammannstr. 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD/CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92521-0403 USA
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA United Kingdom
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15
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Perera TA, Reinheimer EW, Hudnall TW. Photochemically Switching Diamidocarbene Spin States Leads to Reversible Büchner Ring Expansions. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:14807-14814. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tharushi A. Perera
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, Texas 78666, United States
| | - Eric W. Reinheimer
- Rigaku Americas Corporation, 9009 New Trails Drive, The Woodlands, Texas 77381, United States
| | - Todd W. Hudnall
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, Texas 78666, United States
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16
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Kim J, Hong SH. Dual Activation of Nucleophiles and Electrophiles by N-Heterocyclic Carbene Organocatalysis: Chemoselective N-Imination of Indoles with Isocyanides. Org Lett 2017; 19:3259-3262. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jungwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Soon Hyeok Hong
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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17
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Gao XJ, Gao X. Computational Study on the Mechanisms of Multiple Complexation of CO and Isonitrile Ligands to Boron. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:2688-2697. [PMID: 28306260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b01313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The recent experimental realization of compound Tripp-B(CO)2 (denoted as 2a), where Tripp is 2,6-di(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)-phenyl), breaks through conventional knowledge that only transition metals can bind more than one CO to form multicarbonyl adducts. Compound 2a is stable in air but liberates CO under light. The B-CO bonds of 2a are considered to be similar to donor-acceptor bonds of transition metal complexes. To address the formation mechanism and chemical bonding of this novel type of boron compounds, we present a density functional theory study on the formation and photolysis of 2a and similar compounds. The results suggest that the formation of 2a is facile by three consecutive additions of CO to the terminal borylene metal complex, that is, the boron source of the synthesis. These CO additions can be practically accomplished via two different paths: CO direct addition and CO migration followed by addition. Such mechanisms can be excellently rationalized by the donor-acceptor bonding model of the terminal borylene complex, which in turn suggests that using donor-acceptor bonds for 2a is natural for understanding the mechanisms. Liberation of CO from 2a and its similar compounds has higher energy barriers at the ground states than that at the triplet states by 40 kcal/mol. These energy barriers explain the experimentally observed air stability and photolysis of these compounds. The results for the first time provide mechanistic insights for the unprecedented chemical processes; they allow evaluation of the applicability of donor-acceptor bonding in main-group compounds from the new perspective of chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao J Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University , Nanchang 330022, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingfa Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University , Nanchang 330022, China
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18
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Kim J, Hong SH. Organocatalytic activation of isocyanides: N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed enaminone synthesis from ketones. Chem Sci 2017; 8:2401-2406. [PMID: 28451346 PMCID: PMC5369338 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc05266e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first example of the use of an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) as an organocatalyst for the activation of isocyanides was demonstrated. On the basis of previous reports on the interaction between NHCs and isocyanides, we developed a catalytic cycle involving transient imidoyl intermediate. The reaction of ketones with isocyanides produced the corresponding enaminones with high efficiency. Control experiments suggested a novel role for the carbene in the activation of isocyanides, and a proton transfer process was found to be crucial for the generation of two activated species in the catalytic cycle. Various enaminones, some of which are not easily accessible by other methods, were synthesized in excellent yields. This study clearly demonstrates the potential of the nucleophilic activation of isocyanides in the expansion of their reactivity scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry , College of Natural Science , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Seoul 08826 , South Korea .
| | - Soon Hyeok Hong
- Department of Chemistry , College of Natural Science , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Seoul 08826 , South Korea .
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19
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Moerdyk JP, Schilter D, Bielawski CW. N,N'-Diamidocarbenes: Isolable Divalent Carbons with Bona Fide Carbene Reactivity. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:1458-68. [PMID: 27409520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Since the first reported isolation of a carbene just over a quarter century ago, the study of such compounds-including stable derivatives-has flourished. Indeed, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), of which imidazolylidenes and their derivatives are the most pervasive subclass, feature prominently in organocatalysis, as ligands for transition metal catalysts, and as stabilizers of reactive species. However, imidazolylidenes (and many other NHCs) typically lack the reactivity characteristic of electrophilic carbenes, including insertion into unactivated C-H bonds, participation in [2 + 1] cycloadditions, and reaction with carbon monoxide. This has led to debates over whether NHCs are truly carbenic in nature or perhaps better regarded as ylides. The fundamental and synthetic utility of transformations that involve electrophilic carbenes has motivated our group and others to expand the reactivity of NHCs and other stable carbenes to encompass electrophilic carbene chemistry. These efforts have led to the development of the diamidocarbenes (DACs), a stable and unique subset of the NHCs that feature carbonyl groups inserted into the N-heterocyclic scaffold. To date, crystalline five-, six-, and seven-membered DACs have been prepared and studied. Unlike imidazolylidenes, which are often designated as prototypical NHCs, the DACs exhibit a reactivity profile similar to that of bona fide carbenes, reactive species that are less "tamed" by heteroatom π conjugation. The DACs engage in [2 + 1] cycloadditions with electron-rich or -poor alkenes, aldehydes, alkynes, and nitriles, and doing so in a reversible manner in some cases. They also react with isonitriles, reversibly couple to CO, and mediate the dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons. Such rich chemistry may be rationalized in terms of their ambiphilicity: DACs are nucleophilic, as required for some of the reactions above, yet also have electrophilic character, as evidenced by their insertions into unactivated N-H and C-H bonds, including nonacidic derivatives. As will become clear, such reactivity is unique among isolable carbenes. DAC chemistry is expected to find applications in synthesis, dynamic covalent chemistry, and catalysis. For example, the hydrolysis of DAC-derived diamidocyclopropanes and -propenes affords carboxylic acids and cyclopropenones, respectively. These new hydrocarboxylation and carbonylation methodologies are significant in that they represent alternatives to processes that typically involve precious metals and gaseous carbon monoxide. Future efforts in this area may involve modifications that transform the stoichiometric conversions facilitated by DACs into catalytic variants. In this context, the reversible binding of CO to DACs is an indication that the latter may serve as a blueprint for the development of more electrophilic, stable carbenes with the capacity to activate other challenging small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Moerdyk
- Department
of Chemistry, Seton Hill University, Greensburg, Pennsylvania 15601, United States
| | - David Schilter
- Center
for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic
Science (IBS), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Center
for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic
Science (IBS), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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20
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Turner ZR. Chemically Non-Innocent Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Carbenes: Ligand Rearrangement, C−H and C−F Bond Activation. Chemistry 2016; 22:11461-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoë R. Turner
- Chemistry Research Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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21
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Shen W, Li J, Zhang C, Shi M, Zhang J. Copper, Silver and Sodium Salt-Mediated Quaternization by Arylation: Syntheses of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Precursors and 6-H-Phenanthridine Derivatives. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:1883-6. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Shen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; School of Chemistry&Molecular Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Mei Long Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; School of Chemistry&Molecular Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Mei Long Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Caiyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; School of Chemistry&Molecular Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Mei Long Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Min Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; School of Chemistry&Molecular Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Mei Long Road Shanghai 200237 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 354 Fenglin Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; School of Chemistry&Molecular Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Mei Long Road Shanghai 200237 China
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22
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Nasr A, Winkler A, Tamm M. Anionic N-heterocyclic carbenes: Synthesis, coordination chemistry and applications in homogeneous catalysis. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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23
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Martin D, Marx VM, Grubbs RH, Bertrand G. A Ruthenium Catalyst for Olefin Metathesis Featuring an Anti-Bredt N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand. Adv Synth Catal 2016; 358:965-969. [PMID: 27594819 PMCID: PMC5007067 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201501140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A ruthenium complex bearing an "anti-Bredt" N-heterocyclic carbene was synthesized, characterized and evaluated as a catalyst for olefin metathesis. Good conversions were observed at room temperature for the formation of di- and tri-substituted olefins by ring-closing metathesis. It also allowed for the ring-opening metathesis polymerization of cyclooctadiene, as well as for the cross-metathesis of cis-1,4-diacetoxy-2-butene with allyl-benzene, with enhanced Z/E kinetic selectivity over classical NHC-based catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Martin
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0343, USA
| | - Vanessa M. Marx
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Robert H. Grubbs
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0343, USA
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24
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Lastovickova DN, Bielawski CW. Diamidocarbene Induced B–H Activation: A New Class of Initiator-Free Olefin Hydroboration Reagents. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Lv S, Wang J, Zhang C, Xu S, Shi M, Zhang J. Silver‐Catalyzed Amidiniumation of Alkynes: Isolation of a Silver Intermediate, Synthesis of Enamine Amido Carbene Precursors, and an Unprecedented Umpolung of Propiolamide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shichang Lv
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237 (China)
| | - Jiwei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237 (China)
| | - Caiyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237 (China)
| | - Sheng Xu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237 (China)
| | - Min Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237 (China)
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032 (China)
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237 (China)
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26
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Lv S, Wang J, Zhang C, Xu S, Shi M, Zhang J. Silver‐Catalyzed Amidiniumation of Alkynes: Isolation of a Silver Intermediate, Synthesis of Enamine Amido Carbene Precursors, and an Unprecedented Umpolung of Propiolamide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:14941-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shichang Lv
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237 (China)
| | - Jiwei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237 (China)
| | - Caiyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237 (China)
| | - Sheng Xu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237 (China)
| | - Min Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237 (China)
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032 (China)
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237 (China)
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27
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Collins LR, Riddlestone IM, Mahon MF, Whittlesey MK. A Comparison of the Stability and Reactivity of Diamido‐ and Diaminocarbene Copper Alkoxide and Hydride Complexes. Chemistry 2015; 21:14075-84. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee R. Collins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY (UK), Fax: (+44) 1225‐386‐231
| | - Ian M. Riddlestone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY (UK), Fax: (+44) 1225‐386‐231
| | - Mary F. Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY (UK), Fax: (+44) 1225‐386‐231
| | - Michael K. Whittlesey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY (UK), Fax: (+44) 1225‐386‐231
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28
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Petrov AR, Derheim A, Oetzel J, Leibold M, Bruhn C, Scheerer S, Oßwald S, Winter RF, Siemeling U. A Stable Planar-Chiral N-Heterocyclic Carbene with a 1,1'-Ferrocenediyl Backbone. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:6657-70. [PMID: 26098133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the stable, ferrocene-based N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) rac-[Fe{(η(5)-t-BuC5H3)NpN}2C:] (A'-Np, Np = neopentyl), which is planar-chiral due to the two tert-butyl substituents in 3,3'-positions. A'-Np was synthesized in nine steps starting from 1,1'-di-tert-butylferrocene (1), the first step being its 3,3'-dilithiation to afford rac-[Fe(η(5)-t-BuC5H3Li)2] (rac-fc'Li2, 2). The structures of rac-fc'(SiMe3)2 (3), rac-fc'Br2 (4), rac-fc'(N3)2 (5), and the immediate carbene precursor [A'-NpH]BF4 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). The chemical properties of A'-Np were found to be very similar to those of its tert-butyl-free congener A-Np, both being ambiphilic NHCs with rather high calculated HOMO energies (ca. -4.0 eV) and low singlet-triplet gaps (ca. 35 kcal/mol). A Tolman electronic parameter value of 2050 cm(-1) was derived from IR data of cis-[RhCl(A'-Np)(CO)2], indicating the high donicity of A'-Np as a ligand. Consistent with its ambiphilic nature, A'-Np was found to react readily with carbon monoxide, affording the betainic enolate (A'-Np)2CO as four stereoisomers, viz. (RpRp-A'-Np)═C(O(-))(RpRp-A'-Np(+)), (SpSp-A'-Np)═C(O(-))(SpSp-A'-Np(+)), (RpRp-A'-Np)═C(O(-))(SpSp-A'-Np(+)), and (SpSp-A'-Np)═C(O(-))(RpRp-A'-Np(+)). The former two isomers were structurally characterized as a racemic compound by single-crystal XRD. A'-Np was found to react swiftly with dichloromethane, affording the addition product A'-NpH-CHCl2 in a reaction that is unprecedented for diaminocarbenes. A-NpH-CHCl2 was obtained analogously. Both compounds were structurally characterized by single-crystal XRD. An electrochemical investigation of A'-Np by cyclic and square wave voltammetry revealed a reversible oxidation of the carbene at a half-wave potential of -0.310 vs ferrocene/ferrocenium (THF/NBu4PF6). The electrochemical data previously published for A-Np were identified to be incorrect, since unnoticed hydrolysis of the NHC had taken place, affording A-Np(H2O). The hydrolysis products of A-Np and A'-Np were found to be reversibly oxidized at half-wave potentials of -0.418 and -0.437 V, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex R Petrov
- †Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Anatoli Derheim
- †Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Jan Oetzel
- †Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Michael Leibold
- †Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Clemens Bruhn
- †Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheerer
- ‡Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Steffen Oßwald
- ‡Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Rainer F Winter
- ‡Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Siemeling
- †Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
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29
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Yang BM, Xiang K, Tu YQ, Zhang SH, Yang DT, Wang SH, Zhang FM. Spiro-fused six-membered N-heterocyclic carbene: a new scaffold toward unique properties and activities. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:7163-5. [PMID: 24851922 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc01627k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A six-membered N-heterocyclic carbene fused with a spiro-scaffold is designed. The new NHC shows stronger σ-donation ability than typical 5-membered NHCs. This property leads to interesting reactivities of this spiro-fused six-membered NHC. For example, the NHC-BF3 Lewis pair complex can be readily prepared by using LiBF4 as the BF3 source, or through a direct bond-reconstruction of the tetrafluoroborate salt NHC·HBF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Miao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
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30
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Collins LR, Hierlmeier G, Mahon MF, Riddlestone IM, Whittlesey MK. Unexpected Migratory Insertion Reactions of M(alkyl)
2
(M=Zn, Cd) and Diamidocarbenes. Chemistry 2015; 21:3215-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee R. Collins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY (UK), Fax: (+44) 1225‐386‐231
| | - Gabriele Hierlmeier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY (UK), Fax: (+44) 1225‐386‐231
| | - Mary F. Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY (UK), Fax: (+44) 1225‐386‐231
| | - Ian M. Riddlestone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY (UK), Fax: (+44) 1225‐386‐231
| | - Michael K. Whittlesey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY (UK), Fax: (+44) 1225‐386‐231
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31
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Tang Z, Mandal S, Paul ND, Lutz M, Li P, van der Vlugt JI, de Bruin B. Rhodium catalysed conversion of carbenes into ketenes and ketene imines using PNN pincer complexes. Org Chem Front 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5qo00287g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PNN pincer-type rhodium complexes catalyze ketene and ketene imine synthesis, using CO or an isocyanide and a carbene precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Tang
- Supramolecular
- Homogeneous & Bio-inspired Catalysis
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - S. Mandal
- Supramolecular
- Homogeneous & Bio-inspired Catalysis
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - N. D. Paul
- Supramolecular
- Homogeneous & Bio-inspired Catalysis
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - M. Lutz
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research
- Utrecht University
- Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - P. Li
- Supramolecular
- Homogeneous & Bio-inspired Catalysis
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - J. I. van der Vlugt
- Supramolecular
- Homogeneous & Bio-inspired Catalysis
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - B. de Bruin
- Supramolecular
- Homogeneous & Bio-inspired Catalysis
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
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Abstract
In this study, density functional theory calculations, using the M06-2X functional, were performed to investigate the efficiencies of various carbenes in inducing hydrogen abstraction in BH3 through the formation of a Lewis acid–base pair with BH3. The density functional theory results indicate that diamidocarbenes are more efficient in reducing the B–H bond energy of BH3 than diaminocarbenes. Natural bond orbital and combined charge and bond energy analyses were performed to investigate the Lewis acid–base pair formed by BH3 and the title carbenes.
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33
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Lastovickova DN, Moerdyk JP, Kelley AR, Bielawski CW. Assessing the reactivity of the N
,N′
-diamidocarbenes toward compounds containing early p-block elements. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea R. Kelley
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas; Austin Texas 78712 USA
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas; Austin Texas 78712 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Energy Engineering; Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST); Ulsan 689-798 South Korea
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34
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Novel reactivities of 2,2-dichloroimidazolidine-4,5-diones: synthesis of copper(I) diamidocarbene complex, 2-thioxo/selenoxoimidazolidine-4,5-dione, and 2,2-difluoroimidazolidine-4,5-dione. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.06.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Dorsey CL, Mushinski RM, Hudnall TW. Metal-Free Stabilization of Monomeric Antimony(I): A Carbene-Supported Stibinidene. Chemistry 2014; 20:8914-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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Martin D, Canac Y, Lavallo V, Bertrand G. Comparative Reactivity of Different Types of Stable Cyclic and Acyclic Mono- and Diamino Carbenes with Simple Organic Substrates. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:5023-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ja412981x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Martin
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory
(UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0343, United States
| | - Yves Canac
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory
(UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0343, United States
- Laboratoire de Chimie
de Coordination, (CNRS, UPR 8241), 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Lavallo
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory
(UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0343, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory
(UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0343, United States
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37
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Collins LR, Lowe JP, Mahon MF, Poulten RC, Whittlesey MK. Copper diamidocarbene complexes: characterization of monomeric to tetrameric species. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:2699-707. [PMID: 24512071 PMCID: PMC3989936 DOI: 10.1021/ic4031014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of CuCl with 1 equiv of the in situ prepared N-mesityl-substituted diamidocarbene 6-MesDAC produced a mixture of the dimeric and trimeric copper complexes [(6-MesDAC)CuCl]2 (1) and [(6-MesDAC)2(CuCl)3] (2). Combining CuCl with isolated, free 6-MesDAC in 1:1 and 3:2 ratios gave just 1 and 2, respectively, while increasing the ratio to >5:1 allowed the isolation of small amounts of the tetrameric copper complex [(6-MesDAC)2(CuCl)4] (3). Efforts to bring about metathesis reactions of 1 with MO(t)Bu (M = Li, Na, K) proved successful only for M = Li to afford the spectroscopically characterized ate product [(6-MesDAC)CuCl·LiO(t)Bu·2THF] (5). Attempts to crystallize this species instead gave a 1:1 mixture of 1 and the monomer [(6-MesDAC)CuCl] (6). The X-ray structures of 1-3 and 1 + 6, along with the cation [Cu(6-MesDAC)2](+) (4), have been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee R. Collins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - John P. Lowe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Mary F. Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Rebecca C. Poulten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
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César V, Barthes C, Farré YC, Cuisiat SV, Vacher BY, Brousses R, Lugan N, Lavigne G. Anionic and zwitterionic copper(I) complexes incorporating an anionic N-heterocyclic carbene decorated with a malonate backbone: synthesis, structure and catalytic applications. Dalton Trans 2014; 42:7373-85. [PMID: 23361332 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt32919d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The anionic malonate-derived N-heterocyclic carbenes (maloNHCs) react cleanly and rapidly with copper chloride to generate the anionic complexes of type [(maloNHC)CuCl]·Li, which crystallize in the solid state either in an oligomeric trimer arrangement or in polymeric helixes depending on the substitution pattern and the solvent. Ten zwitterionic heteroleptic Cu(I) complexes combining the anionic maloNHC and a neutral imidazol-2-ylidene are also obtained in a very selective manner and fully characterized. Whereas the anionic complexes are relatively active catalysts for the hydrosilylation of carbonyl compounds, the zwitterionic complexes reveal to be efficient and extremely robust pre-catalysts for the intramolecular cyclopropanation reaction of a diazo ester and outperform the corresponding cationic Cu(i) complexes with classical imidazol-2-ylidenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent César
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
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39
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40
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Moerdyk JP, Bielawski CW. Reductive generation of stable, five-membered N,N′-diamidocarbenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:4551-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00846d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Moerdyk JP, Blake GA, Chase DT, Bielawski CW. Elucidation of Carbene Ambiphilicity Leading to the Discovery of Reversible Ammonia Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:18798-801. [DOI: 10.1021/ja411467p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Moerdyk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Garrett A. Blake
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Daniel T. Chase
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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42
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A theoretical study on the hydrogen adducts of diamidocarbenes and diaminocarbenes. J Mol Model 2013; 19:5523-32. [PMID: 24248914 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-013-2052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The hybrid-meta GGA DFT functional M06-2X was used to examine the potential of N,N'-diamidocarbenes for use as hydrogen storage materials. We previously discovered that borylene, which is isoelectronic with an Arduengo-type carbene, was a suitable candidate for a hydrogen storage material. We compared the capabilities of N,N'-diamidocarbenes and N-heterocyclic carbenes as hydrogen storage materials. The results indicate that diamidocarbenes are not suitable hydrogen storage materials because the removal of H₂ is more endothermic for diamidocarbenes than for diaminocarbenes.
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César V, Labat S, Miqueu K, Sotiropoulos JM, Brousses R, Lugan N, Lavigne G. The ambivalent chemistry of a free anionic N-heterocyclic carbene decorated with a malonate backbone: the plus of a negative charge. Chemistry 2013; 19:17113-24. [PMID: 24307368 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The anionic heterocycle "[maloNHC](-)", ([1](-)), is the archetype of a growing family of N-heterocyclic carbenes incorporating an anionic backbone; here, a malonate group. A comprehensive experimental exploration of its chemistry as a free entity (in the form of its lithium salt [1]·Li) is presented, and rationalized using DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6-31+G** level of theory. For the sake of comparison, similar computations were performed on other representative carbene types. Reactions of [1]·Li with a broad series of electrophilic reagents were used to ascertain its intrinsic nature as a nucleophilic carbene. Unexpectedly, [1]·Li was also seen to react with the nucleophilic tert-butylisocyanide, to give an anionic ketenimine, which could be subsequently derivatized, either into an imine by protonation of the ketenimine moiety, or into a neutral ketenimine by alkylation of the intracyclic malonate moiety. Further experiments on the electrophilic behavior of [1]·Li revealed its unexpected reactivity toward p-chlorobenzaldehyde, resulting in a formal C-H activation and the first structurally characterized keto-tautomer of the Breslow intermediate. Finally, [1]·Li remarkably activates polar E-H bonds, including N-H bonds from ammonia and amines, Si-H bonds, and B-H bonds. Importantly, DFT calculations indicate the importance of counterion effects. In particular, the key to the observed reactivity appears to be a modulation of energy levels associated with a dynamic variability of the Li-O distance between the remote malonate group and the counterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent César
- CNRS, LCC (laboratoire de chimie de coordination), 205 route de Narbonne, BP44099, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 (France); Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 31077 Toulouse (France).
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44
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Chen M, Moerdyk JP, Blake GA, Bielawski CW, Lee JK. Assessing the Proton Affinities of N,N′-Diamidocarbenes. J Org Chem 2013; 78:10452-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401902c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mu Chen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Jonathan P. Moerdyk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
United States
| | - Garrett A. Blake
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
United States
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
United States
| | - Jeehiun K. Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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45
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César V, Misal Castro LC, Dombray T, Sortais JB, Darcel C, Labat S, Miqueu K, Sotiropoulos JM, Brousses R, Lugan N, Lavigne G. (Cyclopentadienyl)iron(II) Complexes of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes Bearing a Malonate or Imidate Backbone: Synthesis, Structure, and Catalytic Potential in Hydrosilylation. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400625q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent César
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination),
205 route de Narbonne,
31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Luis C. Misal Castro
- UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, “Institut des Sciences Chimiques
de Rennes”, Centre for Catalysis and Green Chemistry-Team “Organometallics:
Materials and Catalysis”, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes
Cedex, France
| | - Thomas Dombray
- UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, “Institut des Sciences Chimiques
de Rennes”, Centre for Catalysis and Green Chemistry-Team “Organometallics:
Materials and Catalysis”, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes
Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Sortais
- UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, “Institut des Sciences Chimiques
de Rennes”, Centre for Catalysis and Green Chemistry-Team “Organometallics:
Materials and Catalysis”, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes
Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Darcel
- UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, “Institut des Sciences Chimiques
de Rennes”, Centre for Catalysis and Green Chemistry-Team “Organometallics:
Materials and Catalysis”, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes
Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Labat
- Institut
des Sciences Analytiques
et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux
(UMR 5254), Equipe Chimie Physique, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, Hélioparc,
2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 09, France
| | - Karinne Miqueu
- Institut
des Sciences Analytiques
et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux
(UMR 5254), Equipe Chimie Physique, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, Hélioparc,
2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 09, France
| | - Jean-Marc Sotiropoulos
- Institut
des Sciences Analytiques
et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux
(UMR 5254), Equipe Chimie Physique, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, Hélioparc,
2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 09, France
| | - Rémy Brousses
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination),
205 route de Narbonne,
31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Noël Lugan
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination),
205 route de Narbonne,
31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Guy Lavigne
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination),
205 route de Narbonne,
31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 31077 Toulouse, France
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Brown ZD, Power PP. Mechanisms of Reactions of Open-Shell, Heavier Group 14 Derivatives with Small Molecules: n−π* Back-Bonding in Isocyanide Complexes, C–H Activation under Ambient Conditions, CO Coupling, and Ancillary Molecular Interactions†This Award Article summarizes, including more recent results, one of the themes of a lecture presented on March 26th, 2012, at the 243rd Chemical Society National Meeting American in San Diego, CA, in receipt of the 2012 Award in Organometallic Chemistry sponsored by the Dow Corporation. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:6248-59. [DOI: 10.1021/ic4007058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D. Brown
- University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616,
United States
| | - Philip P. Power
- University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616,
United States
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47
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Yan X, Liao J, Lu Y, Liu J, Zeng Y, Cai Q. Pd-Catalyzed One-Pot Synthesis of Polysubstituted Acrylamidines from Isocyanides, Diazo Compounds, and Imines. Org Lett 2013; 15:2478-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ol4009552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, No. 36 Lushan Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China, and Key State Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Jinxi Liao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, No. 36 Lushan Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China, and Key State Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Yongzhi Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, No. 36 Lushan Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China, and Key State Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, No. 36 Lushan Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China, and Key State Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Youlin Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, No. 36 Lushan Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China, and Key State Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Qian Cai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, No. 36 Lushan Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China, and Key State Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China
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48
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Dorsey CL, Squires BM, Hudnall TW. Isolation of a Neutral P8Cluster by [2+2] Cycloaddition of a Diphosphene Facilitated by Carbene Activation of White Phosphorus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:4462-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201301137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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49
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Dorsey CL, Squires BM, Hudnall TW. Isolation of a Neutral P8Cluster by [2+2] Cycloaddition of a Diphosphene Facilitated by Carbene Activation of White Phosphorus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201301137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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50
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Makhloufi A, Wahl M, Frank W, Ganter C. A New Mixed Amino–Amido N-Heterocyclic Carbene Based on Anthranilic Acid. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om301152n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz Makhloufi
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225
Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michaela Wahl
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225
Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Walter Frank
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225
Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Ganter
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225
Düsseldorf, Germany
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