1
|
Martyka M, Jankowska J. New insights into the photocyclization reaction of a popular diarylethene switch: a nonadiabatic molecular dynamics study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:13383-13394. [PMID: 38646878 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06256b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Diarylethene (DAE) molecular switches have continued to attract the attention of researchers for over 20 years. Their remarkable photophysical properties endow them with countless applications in photonics and molecular technologies. However, despite extensive experimental and theoretical research, the mechanism of DAE photoswitching is not yet fully rationalized. In this work, we investigate the ring closure dynamics of a popular DAE switch, 1,2-bis(3-methyl-5-phenyl-2 thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene (PT), using nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NAMD) simulations. Employing the fewest switches surface hopping protocol, along with the semi-empirical multireference ODM2/MRCI-SD method, we investigate possible reaction pathways for this photoprocess, as well as their timescales and resulting photoproducts. Furthermore, using a dynamic configuration-space sampling procedure, we elucidate the role of triplet states in the photocyclization of PT, supporting available experimental data for the closely related DMPT molecule, which indicate an ultrafast intersystem crossing (ISC) transition competing with the singlet-driven photoswitching reaction. Our findings not only corroborate experimental studies on DAE switches, but also provide new mechanistic insights into the potential use in the rational design of DAE switches tailored for specific technological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Martyka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland.
- Interdisciplinary Doctoral School, University of Warsaw, Dobra 56/66, Warsaw, 00-312, Poland
| | - Joanna Jankowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Buntine JT, Carrascosa E, Bull JN, Muller G, Jacovella U, Glasson CR, Vamvounis G, Bieske EJ. Photo-induced 6π-electrocyclisation and cycloreversion of isolated dithienylethene anions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:16628-16636. [PMID: 35766319 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01240e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The diarylethene chromophore is commonly used in light-triggered molecular switches. The chromophore undergoes reversible 6π-electrocyclisation (ring closing) and cycloreversion (ring opening) reactions upon exposure to UV and visible light, respectively, providing bidirectional photoswitching. Here, we investigate the gas-phase photoisomerisation of meta- (m) and para- (p) substituted dithienylethene carboxylate anions (DTE-) using tandem ion mobility mass spectrometry coupled with laser excitation. The ring-closed forms of p-DTE- and m-DTE- are found to undergo cycloreversion in the gas phase with maximum responses associated with bands in the visible (λmax ≈ 600 nm) and the ultraviolet (λmax ≈ 360 nm). The ring-open p-DTE- isomer undergoes 6π-electrocyclisation in the ultraviolet region at wavelengths shorter than 350 nm, whereas no evidence is found for the corresponding electrocyclisation of ring-open m-DTE-, a situation attributed to the fact that the antiparallel geometry required for electrocyclisation of m-DTE- is energetically disfavoured. This highlights the influence of the carboxylate substitution position on the photochemical properties of DTE molecules. We find no evidence for the formation in the gas phase of the undesirable cyclic byproduct, which causes fatigue of DTE photoswitches in solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack T Buntine
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Eduardo Carrascosa
- Bruker Daltonics GmbH & Co. KG, Fahrenheitstrasse 4, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - James N Bull
- School of Chemistry, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Giel Muller
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Ugo Jacovella
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Christopher R Glasson
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Science, University of Waikato, Tauranga, 3110, New Zealand
| | - George Vamvounis
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Evan J Bieske
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nagasaka T, Sotome H, Morikawa S, Uriarte LM, Sliwa M, Kawai T, Miyasaka H. Restriction of the conrotatory motion in photo-induced 6π electrocyclic reaction: formation of the excited state of the closed-ring isomer in the cyclization. RSC Adv 2020; 10:20038-20045. [PMID: 35520419 PMCID: PMC9054205 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03523h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrocyclic reaction dynamics of a photochromic dithiazolylarylene derivative, 2,3-dithiazolylbenzothiophene (DTA) was investigated by using time-resolved transient absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies. The closed-ring isomer of DTA undergoes cycloreversion through the conical intersection mediating the potential energy surfaces of the excited and ground states, which is in agreement with the Woodward–Hoffmann rules for the electrocyclic reactions of 6π electron systems. On the other hand, a large portion of the open-ring isomer undergoes cyclization along the distinct reaction scheme, in which the cyclization takes place in the excited state manifold leading to the formation of the excited state of the closed-ring isomer. The suppression of the geometrical motion of DTA due to the intramolecular interaction could open a new efficient reaction pathway resulting in the formation of the electronically excited state of the product. Restriction of the molecular geometry opens up a novel pathway in the cyclization reaction of a photochromic dithiazolylarylene derivative.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro Nagasaka
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Hikaru Sotome
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Soichiro Morikawa
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Lucas Martinez Uriarte
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, LASIR, Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman Lille 59000 France
| | - Michel Sliwa
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, LASIR, Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman Lille 59000 France
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyasaka
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sotome H, Une K, Nagasaka T, Kobatake S, Irie M, Miyasaka H. A dominant factor of the cycloreversion reactivity of diarylethene derivatives as revealed by femtosecond time-resolved absorption spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:034301. [PMID: 31968954 DOI: 10.1063/1.5134552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamics of the cycloreversion reaction of a photochromic diarylethene derivative with a small ring-opening reaction yield (∼1%) was investigated by using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. The reaction rate constant and activation barrier on the reaction coordinate were quantitatively analyzed on the basis of the temperature and excitation wavelength dependencies of the reaction yield and excited state dynamics. From the comparison of the present results with those in a more reactive derivative, we concluded that a key factor regulating the overall reaction yield is the branching ratio at the conical intersection where the excited state population is split into the product and the initial reactant. The excitation wavelength dependence of the dynamics indicated that the geometrical relaxation and vibrational cooling proceed in a few picosecond time scale behind the cycloreversion process, and the vibrational excess energy assists the molecule to climb up the energy barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Sotome
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kanako Une
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Nagasaka
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Seiya Kobatake
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiro Irie
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyasaka
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jarota A, Pastorczak E, Abramczyk H. A deeper look into the photocycloreversion of a yellow diarylethene photoswitch: why is it so fast? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:5408-5412. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05452a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The DMT photoswitch features an efficient ring-opening reaction at a sub-picosecond timescale owing to a single-channel relaxation from the S1 state which leads to a conical intersection with the ground state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Jarota
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry
- Lodz University of Technology
- 93-590 Łódź
- Poland
| | - Ewa Pastorczak
- Institute of Physics
- Lodz University of Technology
- Łódź
- Poland
| | - Halina Abramczyk
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry
- Lodz University of Technology
- 93-590 Łódź
- Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li Y, Pérez Lustres JL, Volpp HR, Buckup T, Kolmar T, Jäschke A, Motzkus M. Ultrafast ring closing of a diarylethene-based photoswitchable nucleoside. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 20:22867-22876. [PMID: 30152514 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03549k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Deoxyuridine nucleosides embodied into diarylethenes form an especial class of photoswitchable compounds that are designed to stack and pair with DNA bases. The molecular geometry can be switched between "open" and "closed" isomers by a pericyclic reaction that affects the stability of the surrounding double helix. This potentially enables light-induced control of DNA hybridization at microscopic resolution. Despite its importance for the optimization of DNA photoswitches, the ultrafast photoisomerization mechanism of these diarylethenes is still not well understood. In this work, femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy is applied to study the ring closing reaction upon UV excitation with 45 fs pulses. Excited-state absorption decays rapidly and gives rise to the UV-Vis difference spectrum of the "closed" form within ≈15 ps. Time constants of 0.09, 0.49 and 6.6 ps characterize the multimodal dynamics, where a swift recurrence in the signal anisotropy indicates transient population of the intermediate 21A-like state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Physikalisch Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Weber J, Clennan EL. Origin of the Preferential Formation of Helicenes in Mallory Photocyclizations. Temperature as a Tool to Influence Reaction Regiochemistry. J Org Chem 2019; 84:817-830. [PMID: 30540468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The regiochemistry of four bis-Mallory photocyclization substrates has been examined from experimental and computational perspectives. Formation of all three possible regioisomers was only observed in the reaction of one of the substrates. In the other three substrates, only the two C2-symmetric products, but not the C1 product, were formed. In the three reactions that only formed two products, the photocyclization temperature could be used to select for exclusive formation of one or the other regioisomer. The use of temperature to select between two regioisomers also worked in the photocyclization of the substrate that formed three products. However, no temperature was located for exclusive formation of the third component, one of the C2-symmetric products, which always formed alongside either one or both of its regioisomers. B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p) calculations were used to determine the energies of all of the dihydrophenanthrene (DHP), tetrahydrophenanthrene (THP), and mono-Mallory photocyclization intermediates. The oscillator strengths of the DHP precursors to the helicene products were a factor of 4.8-9.2 smaller than those of competitively formed DHPs. This observation suggests that establishment of a photostationary state is responsible for the preferential formation of helicenes that has been observed as a unique and useful feature of many Mallory photocyclizations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Weber
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wyoming , Laramie , Wyoming 82071 , United States
| | - E L Clennan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wyoming , Laramie , Wyoming 82071 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jarota A, Pastorczak E, Tawfik W, Xue B, Kania R, Abramczyk H, Kobayashi T. Exploring the ultrafast dynamics of a diarylethene derivative using sub-10 fs laser pulses. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:192-204. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05882b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The fast internal conversion S1 → S0 of a diarylethenes photoswitch, facilitated by two vibrational stretching modes, results in a low quantum yield of the ring-opening reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Jarota
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology
- 93-590 Łódź
- Poland
- Advanced Ultrafast Laser Research Center, University of Electro-Communications
- Chofu
| | - Ewa Pastorczak
- Institute of Physics, Lodz University of Technology
- 90-924 Łódź
- Poland
| | - Walid Tawfik
- Advanced Ultrafast Laser Research Center, University of Electro-Communications
- Chofu
- Japan
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences NILES, Cairo University
- Cairo
| | - Bing Xue
- Advanced Ultrafast Laser Research Center, University of Electro-Communications
- Chofu
- Japan
| | - Rafał Kania
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology
- 93-590 Łódź
- Poland
| | - Halina Abramczyk
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology
- 93-590 Łódź
- Poland
| | - Takayoshi Kobayashi
- Advanced Ultrafast Laser Research Center, University of Electro-Communications
- Chofu
- Japan
- Brain Science Inspired Life Support Research Center, The University of Electro-Communications
- Chofu
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sotome H, Nagasaka T, Une K, Morikawa S, Katayama T, Kobatake S, Irie M, Miyasaka H. Cycloreversion Reaction of a Diarylethene Derivative at Higher Excited States Attained by Two-Color, Two-Photon Femtosecond Pulsed Excitation. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17159-17167. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Sotome
- Division
of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary
Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Nagasaka
- Division
of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary
Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kanako Une
- Division
of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary
Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Soichiro Morikawa
- Division
of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary
Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Katayama
- Division
of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary
Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Seiya Kobatake
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi,
Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiro Irie
- Department
of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1
Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyasaka
- Division
of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary
Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shao L, Zhao J, Cui B, Fang C, Liu D. A first-principles study of overcrowded alkene-based light-driven rotary molecular motor as a possible optical molecular switch. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
11
|
Khodko A, Khomenko V, Shynkarenko Y, Mamuta O, Kapitanchuk O, Sysoiev D, Kachalova N, Huhn T, Snegir S. Ultrafast ring-closing reaction dynamics of a photochromic furan-based difurylethene. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
12
|
Kumpulainen T, Lang B, Rosspeintner A, Vauthey E. Ultrafast Elementary Photochemical Processes of Organic Molecules in Liquid Solution. Chem Rev 2016; 117:10826-10939. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatu Kumpulainen
- Department of Physical Chemistry,
Sciences II, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Lang
- Department of Physical Chemistry,
Sciences II, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Arnulf Rosspeintner
- Department of Physical Chemistry,
Sciences II, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry,
Sciences II, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Molloy MS, Snyder JA, DeFrancisco JR, Bragg AE. Structural Control of Nonadiabatic Photochemical Bond Formation: Photocyclization in Structurally Modified ortho-Terphenyls. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:3998-4007. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b02925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Molly S. Molloy
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Joshua A. Snyder
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Justin R. DeFrancisco
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Arthur E. Bragg
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang ZX, Bai FQ, Li L, Zhang HX. Theoretical investigation on a series of novel S,S-dioxide diarylethenes with abnormal photochromic properties and design of new dyads. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj01471e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel diarylethene shows an abnormal conjugation system switch in a photochromic reaction, according to which new dyads were designed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- P. R. China
| | - Fu-Quan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- P. R. China
| | - Hong-Xing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Matis JR, Schönborn JB, Saalfrank P. A multi-reference study of the byproduct formation for a ring-closed dithienylethene photoswitch. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:14088-95. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00987a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Description of a ground state reaction path for the formation of a detrimental byproduct in the photo reaction of dithienylethene.
Collapse
|
16
|
Irie M, Fukaminato T, Matsuda K, Kobatake S. Photochromism of Diarylethene Molecules and Crystals: Memories, Switches, and Actuators. Chem Rev 2014; 114:12174-277. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500249p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1755] [Impact Index Per Article: 175.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Irie
- Research
Center for Smart Molecules, Rikkyo University, Nishi-Ikebukuro 3-34-1, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Tuyoshi Fukaminato
- Research
Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, N20, W10, Kita-ku,
Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuda
- Department
of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of
Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Seiya Kobatake
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Photochromism and fluorescence properties of 1,2-bis(2-alkyl-1-benzothiophene-3-yl)perhydrocyclopentenes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
18
|
Pontecorvo E, Ferrante C, Elles CG, Scopigno T. Structural Rearrangement Accompanying the Ultrafast Electrocyclization Reaction of a Photochromic Molecular Switch. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:6915-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5051047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Pontecorvo
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Università di Roma “Sapienza”, P.le Aldo Moro 2, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Carino Ferrante
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Università di Roma “Sapienza”, P.le Aldo Moro 2, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Christopher G. Elles
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Tullio Scopigno
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Università di Roma “Sapienza”, P.le Aldo Moro 2, I-00185 Roma, Italy
- Centre
for Life Nano Science IIT@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, I-00161 Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Woywod C, Csehi A, Halász GJ, Ruud K, Vibók Á. Theoretical investigation of two model systems for molecular photoswitch functionality. I. 2-(4-nitropyrimidin-2-yl)ethenol. Mol Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2013.869362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
20
|
Arruda BC, Sension RJ. Ultrafast polyene dynamics: the ring opening of 1,3-cyclohexadiene derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:4439-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54767a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
21
|
Jean-Ruel H, Gao M, Kochman MA, Lu C, Liu LC, Cooney RR, Morrison CA, Miller RJD. Ring-closing reaction in diarylethene captured by femtosecond electron crystallography. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:15894-902. [PMID: 24117385 DOI: 10.1021/jp409245h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The photoinduced ring-closing reaction in diarylethene, which serves as a model system for understanding reactive crossings through conical intersections, was directly observed with atomic resolution using femtosecond electron diffraction. Complementary ab initio calculations were also performed. Immediately following photoexcitation, subpicosecond structural changes associated with the formation of an open-ring excited-state intermediate were resolved. The key motion is the rotation of the thiophene rings, which significantly decreases the distance between the reactive carbon atoms prior to ring closing. Subsequently, on the few picosecond time scale, localized torsional motions of the carbon atoms lead to the formation of the closed-ring photoproduct. These direct observations of the molecular motions driving an organic chemical reaction were only made possible through the development of an ultrabright electron source to capture the atomic motions within the limited number of sampling frames and the low data acquisition rate dictated by the intrinsically poor thermal conductivity and limited photoreversibility of organic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Jean-Ruel
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Csehi A, Illés L, Halász GJ, Vibók Á. The effect of chemical substituents on the functionality of a molecular switch system: a theoretical study of several quinoline compounds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:18048-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52812j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
23
|
Ward CL, Elles CG. Controlling the Excited-State Reaction Dynamics of a Photochromic Molecular Switch with Sequential Two-Photon Excitation. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:2995-3000. [PMID: 26292240 DOI: 10.1021/jz301330z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sequential two-photon excitation increases the cycloreversion yield of a diarylethene-type photochromic molecular switch compared with one-photon excitation. This letter shows for the first time that an optimal delay of ∼5 ps between primary and secondary excitation events gives the largest enhancement of the ring-closing reaction. Pump-probe (PP) and pump-repump-probe (PReP) measurements also provide detailed new information about the excited-state dynamics. The initially excited molecule must first cross a barrier on the excited-state potential energy surface before secondary excitation enhances the reaction. The PReP experiments demonstrate that the reaction path of a photochromic molecular switch can be selectively controlled through judicious use of time-delayed femtosecond laser pulses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Christopher G Elles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Synthesis and photochromism of isomeric unsymmetrical diarylethenes bearing both naphthalene and thiophene moieties. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
25
|
Tuned CAM-B3LYP functional in the time-dependent density functional theory scheme for excitation energies and properties of diarylethene derivatives. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
26
|
Femtosecond dynamics of photocyclization of 1-[(4-{5-[4-chloromethyl-2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl]-2-oxo-1,3-dioxol-4-yl}-2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)methyl]pyridinium chloride. Russ Chem Bull 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-011-0176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
27
|
Meng S, Ma J. Solvent Effects on Isomerization and Spectral Properties of Photochromic-Switching Diarythene Derivatives in Polar and Apolar Solutions. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:913-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jp210846b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suci Meng
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People’s Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Ma
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zheldakov IL, Wasylenko JM, Elles CG. Excited-state dynamics and efficient triplet formation in phenylthiophene compounds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:6211-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23602h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
29
|
Jean-Ruel H, Cooney RR, Gao M, Lu C, Kochman MA, Morrison CA, Miller RJD. Femtosecond dynamics of the ring closing process of diarylethene: a case study of electrocyclic reactions in photochromic single crystals. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:13158-68. [PMID: 21939249 DOI: 10.1021/jp205818h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cyclization reaction of the photochromic diarylethene derivative 1,2-bis(2,4-dimethyl-5-phenyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene was studied in its single crystal phase with femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. The transient absorption measurements were performed with a robust acquisition scheme that explicitly exploits the photoreversibility of the molecular system and monitors the reversibility conditions. The crystalline system demonstrated 3 × 10(4) repeatable cycles before significant degradation was observed. Immediately following photoexcitation, the excited state absorption associated with the open-ring conformation undergoes a large spectral shift with a time constant of approximately 200 fs. Following this evolution on the excited state potential energy surface, the ring closure occurs with a time constant of 5.3 ps, which is significantly slower than previously reported measurements for similar derivatives in the solution phase. Time resolved electron diffraction studies were used to further demonstrate the assignment of the transient absorption dynamics to the ring closing reaction. The mechanistic details of the ring closing are discussed in the context of prior computational work along with a vibrational mode analysis using density functional theory to give some insight into the primary motions involved in the ring closing reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Jean-Ruel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Motoyama K, Li H, Koike T, Hatakeyama M, Yokojima S, Nakamura S, Akita M. Photo- and electro-chromic organometallics with dithienylethene (DTE) linker, L2CpM-DTE-MCpL2: Dually stimuli-responsive molecular switch. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:10643-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt10727e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
31
|
Rode MF, Sobolewski AL. Effect of Chemical Substituents on the Energetical Landscape of a Molecular Photoswitch: An Ab Initio Study. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:11879-89. [DOI: 10.1021/jp105710n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał F. Rode
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Aloïse S, Sliwa M, Pawlowska Z, Réhault J, Dubois J, Poizat O, Buntinx G, Perrier A, Maurel F, Yamaguchi S, Takeshita M. Bridged photochromic diarylethenes investigated by ultrafast absorption spectroscopy: evidence for two distinct photocyclization pathways. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:7379-90. [PMID: 20455540 DOI: 10.1021/ja910813x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two photochromic diarylethenes blocked by alkyl bridges in an ideal conformation for photocyclization are studied by stationary and femtosecond transient spectroscopy in order to depict the photocyclization processes: the bistable 1,2-dicyano[2.n]metacyclophan-1-ene with n = 2, abbreviated as [2.2], and its non-bistable analogue with n = 4, abbreviated as [2.4]. The data are interpreted in the light of AM1-CIS calculations and state correlation diagrams based on conclusive TD-DFT calculations. For [2.2], a solvent-sensitive excitation wavelength threshold governing the photocyclization yield is clearly evidenced between the S(1) and S(2) singlet states. Excitation above and beyond this threshold induces two distinct photochemical pathways. The S(1) vertical excitation induces direct efficient (phi approximately = 0.9-1), and ultrafast (approximately 120 fs) photocylization from S(1) open form that leads to a ground-state transition structure, probably through a conical intersection, then to a hot cyclized ground state that relaxes by vibrational cooling. Upon higher excitation energy, the system undergoes internal conversion to the hot S(1) state, then evolves toward the cyclized S(1) state and relaxes by ultrafast S(1)-S(0) internal conversion. Alternatively, the possibility for a second conical intersection near hot S(1) state is discussed. This second photoclosure reaction is less efficient and both the photocylization yield and overall kinetics depend on solvent polarity (phi = 0.49, tau = 2.5 ps in nonpolar solvent; phi = 0.7, tau = 1.5 ps in polar solvent). In the case of [2.4], for which the distance between the two reactive carbons is larger, a unique photoclosure mechanism is found and a structural effect is reported. Indeed, this mechanim is similar to the above second reaction of [2.2] but characterized by much slower kinetics ranging from 12 to 20 ps (depending on the excitation wavelength and solvent polarity). All polarity effects are rationalized in terms of stabilization of the transient states of charge-transfer character involved in the photocyclization process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Aloïse
- Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman (UMR 8516 du CNRS), Centre d'études et de recherches Lasers et Applications (FR 2416 du CNRS), Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Bat C5, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Odell A, Delin A, Johansson B, Rungger I, Sanvito S. Investigation of the conducting properties of a photoswitching dithienylethene molecule. ACS NANO 2010; 4:2635-2642. [PMID: 20411946 DOI: 10.1021/nn100217r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Photoswitching molecules are attractive candidates as organic materials for optoelectronics applications because light impulses can switch them between states with different conducting characteristics. Here, we report a fully self-consistent density functional theory calculation of the electron transport properties of photoswitching dithienylethene attached to Au leads in both the open and closed conformations. The molecule is found to be a good conductor in both conformations, with the low-bias current for the closed one being about 20 times larger than that of the open. Importantly, the current-voltage characteristics away from the linear response are largely determined by molecular orbital rehybridization in an electric field, in close analogy to what happens for Mn(12) molecules. However, in the case of dithienylethene attached to Au, such a mechanism is effective also in conditions of strong electronic coupling to the electrodes. This makes the dithienylethene family an intriguing materials platform for constructing highly conducting organic optoelectronics switches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Odell
- Applied Materials Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Laurent AD, Assfeld X, Jacquemin D, André JM, Perpète EA. Substitution effects on the optical spectra of diarylethene photochroms:ab initioinsights. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/08927020903124551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
35
|
Klajn R, Stoddart JF, Grzybowski BA. Nanoparticles functionalised with reversible molecular and supramolecular switches. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:2203-37. [DOI: 10.1039/b920377j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
36
|
Ishibashi Y, Okuno K, Ota C, Umesato T, Katayama T, Murakami M, Kobatake S, Irie M, Miyasaka H. Multiphoton-gated cycloreversion reactions of photochromic diarylethene derivatives with low reaction yields upon one-photon visible excitation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2010; 9:172-80. [DOI: 10.1039/b9pp00116f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
37
|
Yun C, You J, Kim J, Huh J, Kim E. Photochromic fluorescence switching from diarylethenes and its applications. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
38
|
Ishibashi Y, Katayama T, Ota C, Kobatake S, Irie M, Yokoyama Y, Miyasaka H. Ultrafast laser spectroscopic study on photochromic cycloreversion dynamics in fulgide derivatives: one-photon and multiphoton-gated reactions. NEW J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b900999j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
39
|
Santos AR, Ballardini R, Belser P, Gandolfi MT, Iyer VM, Moggi L. Photochemical investigation of a photochromic diarylethene compound that can be used as a wide range actinometer. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:1734-42. [DOI: 10.1039/b9pp00037b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
40
|
Maurel F, Perrier A, Perpète EA, Jacquemin D. A theoretical study of the perfluoro-diarylethenes electronic spectra. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2008.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
41
|
Substituent position effect on the properties of new unsymmetrical isomeric diarylethenes having a chlorine atom. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
42
|
Indelli MT, Carli S, Ghirotti M, Chiorboli C, Ravaglia M, Garavelli M, Scandola F. Triplet pathways in diarylethene photochromism: photophysical and computational study of dyads containing ruthenium(II) polypyridine and 1,2-bis(2-methylbenzothiophene-3-yl)maleimide units. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:7286-99. [PMID: 18479107 DOI: 10.1021/ja711173z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 1,2-bis(2-methylbenzothiophene-3-yl)maleimide model ( DAE) and two dyads in which this photochromic unit is coupled, via a direct nitrogen-carbon bond ( Ru-DAE) or through an intervening methylene group ( Ru-CH 2-DAE ), to a ruthenium polypyridine chromophore have been synthesized. The photochemistry and photophysics of these systems have been thoroughly characterized in acetonitrile by a combination of stationary and time-resolved (nano- and femtosecond) spectroscopic methods. The diarylethene model DAE undergoes photocyclization by excitation at 448 nm, with 35% photoconversion at stationary state. The quantum yield increases from 0.22 to 0.33 upon deaeration. Photochemical cycloreversion (quantum yield, 0.51) can be carried out to completion upon excitation at lambda > 500 nm. Photocyclization takes place both from the excited singlet state (S 1), as an ultrafast (ca. 0.5 ps) process, and from the triplet state (T 1) in the microsecond time scale. In Ru-DAE and Ru-CH 2-DAE dyads, efficient photocyclization following light absorption by the ruthenium chromophore occurs with oxygen-sensitive quantum yield (0.44 and 0.22, in deaerated and aerated solution, respectively). The photoconversion efficiency is almost unitary (90%), much higher than for the photochromic DAE alone. Efficient quenching of both Ru-based MLCT phosphorescence and DAE fluorescence is observed. A complete kinetic characterization has been obtained by ps-ns time-resolved spectroscopy. Besides prompt photocyclization (0.5 ps), fast singlet energy transfer takes place from the excited diarylethene to the Ru(II) chromophore (30 ps in Ru-DAE, 150 ps in Ru-CH 2-DAE ). In the Ru(II) chromophore, prompt intersystem crossing to the MLCT triplet state is followed by triplet energy transfer to the diarylethene (1.5 ns in Ru-DAE, 40 ns in Ru-CH 2-DAE ). The triplet state of the diarylethene moiety undergoes cyclization in a microsecond time scale. The experimental results are complemented with a combined ab initio and DFT computational study whereby the potential energy surfaces (PES) for ground state (S 0) and lowest triplet state (T 1) of the diarylethene are investigated along the reaction coordinate for photocyclization/cycloreversion. At the DFT level of theory, the transition-state structures on S 0 and T 1 are similar and lean, along the reaction coordinate, toward the closed-ring form. At the transition-state geometry, the S 0 and T 1 PES are almost degenerate. Whereas on S 0 a large barrier (ca. 45 kcal mol (-1)) separates the open- and closed-ring minima, on T 1 the barriers to isomerization are modest, cyclization barrier (ca. 8 kcal mol (-1)) being smaller than cycloreversion barrier (ca. 14 kcal mol (-1)). These features account for the efficient sensitized photocyclization and inefficient sensitized cycloreversion observed with Ru-DAE. Triplet cyclization is viewed as a nonadiabatic process originating on T 1 at open-ring geometry, proceeding via intersystem crossing at transition-state geometry, and completing on S 0 at closed-ring geometry. A computational study of the prototypical model 1,2-bis(3-thienyl)ethene is used to benchmark DFT results against ab initio CASSCF//CASPT2 results and to demonstrate the generality of the main topological features of the S 0 and T 1 PES obtained for DAE. Altogether, the results provide strong experimental evidence and theoretical rationale for the triplet pathway in the photocyclization of photochromic diarylethenes.
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
|
45
|
Ryo S, Ishibashi Y, Murakami M, Miyasaka H, Kobatake S, Irie M. Multiphoton-gated photochromic reaction of diarylethene derivatives in PMMA solid film. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
46
|
Shim S, Eom I, Joo T, Kim E, Kim KS. Ring closure reaction dynamics of diarylethene derivatives in solution. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:8910-7. [PMID: 17722888 DOI: 10.1021/jp0715528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photochromic ring closure reaction dynamics of 1,2-bis(2-methylbenzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)hexafluoro cyclopentene and its derivatives in solution has been studied by femtosecond time-resolved fluorescence. Time-resolved spontaneous fluorescence of the open isomer reveals a fast component of around 1 ps and a slow component on the order of 100 ps. Fluorescence time profiles, reaction quantum yields, and relative populations of the parallel (C(s) symmetry) and antiparallel (C(2) symmetry) conformations indicate that both time components are attributable mostly to the C(2) conformer that undergoes the ring closure reaction. The fast component is assigned to the direct ring closure reaction, and the slow component is assigned to the reaction through conformation change. Time constants of the slow component for the derivatives are inversely proportional to the reaction quantum yields, suggesting that the rate of the conformational dynamics is comparable to the rate of other population relaxation processes. The relative amplitude and exact time constant of the fast component depend on the detection wavelength displaying a higher relative amplitude with shorter time constant at longer wavelengths. The results allow us to propose a conformational inhomogeneity model, in which a broad distribution of conformations of the open isomers in the ground state is projected into two minima in the excited electronic potential surface to lead to the slow and the fast reaction pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangdeok Shim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Rinia HA, Bonn M, Müller M. Quantitative multiplex CARS spectroscopy in congested spectral regions. J Phys Chem B 2007; 110:4472-9. [PMID: 16509751 DOI: 10.1021/jp0564849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel procedure is developed to describe and reproduce experimental coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) data, with particular emphasis on highly congested spectral regions. The approach, exemplified here with high-quality multiplex CARS data, makes use of spontaneous Raman scattering results. It is shown that the underlying vibrational Raman response can be retrieved from the multiplex CARS spectra, so that the Raman spectrum can be reconstituted, provided an adequate signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is present in the experimental data and sufficient a priori knowledge of the vibrational resonances involved exists. The conversion of CARS to Raman data permits a quantitative interpretation of CARS spectra. This novel approach is demonstrated for highly congested multiplex CARS spectra of adenosine mono-, di-, and triphosphate (AMP, ADP, and ATP), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), and small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC). Quantitative determination of nucleotide concentrations and composition analysis in mixtures is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilde A Rinia
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94062, 1090 GB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hania PR, Pugzlys A, Lucas LN, de Jong JJD, Feringa BL, van Esch JH, Jonkman HT, Duppen K. Ring closure dynamics of BTE-based photochromic switches: perfluoro- versus perhydrocyclopentene derivatives. J Phys Chem A 2007; 109:9437-42. [PMID: 16866392 DOI: 10.1021/jp053386e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The switching behavior of 1,2-bis(5-phenyl-2-methylthien-3-yl)perfluorocyclopentene and its nonfluorinated (perhydro) analogue are compared. For both molecules, the dynamics after optical excitation can be separated into three regimes: preswiching due to excited state mixing; the ring closure itself; postswitching related to vibrational cooling. The fluorinated version switches faster than its nonfluorinated analogue by about a factor of 4.7. This is explained by electronic level shifts near the crossing region between the S(1) and S(0) potential energy surfaces. In the nonfluorinated molecule the various levels involved in the switching have well-separated transition frequencies, which allow for a clear interpretation of experimental data. Thus, the fluorinated molecule makes a better (more efficient and faster) switch, but the nonfluorinated molecule provides a better model system for fundamental studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P R Hania
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Clark AE. Time-dependent density functional theory studies of the photoswitching of the two-photon absorption spectra in stilbene, metacyclophenadiene, and diarylethene chromophores. J Phys Chem A 2007; 110:3790-6. [PMID: 16526664 DOI: 10.1021/jp056904u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Photochromophores such as cis-stilbene (1a), metacyclophenadiene (2a), and the diarylethene 3a undergo photoinduced conrotatory opening and closing of a central bond and are currently being sought out as potential candidates for media within 3D optical information storage devices. Strong molecular two-photon absorption (inducing the reversible photoisomerization) is a necessary feature for this application due to the need for high 3D spatial resolution. Here, the one- and two-photon absorption (OPA and TPA) characteristics of the open- and closed-ring isomers of 1-3 have been investigated using time-dependent density functional theory. It was determined that the excited states populated by two-photon absorption were nearly 1 eV higher in energy than the lowest energy excited state populated by one-photon absorption. The electronic structures of the TPA and OPA accessed states were then compared utilizing natural transition orbital analysis. There, it was found that states excited by OPA had pipi* character about the C-C framework associated with the bond formation/scission of the central C-C bond. In contrast, the states populated by TPA have pipi* character along the C-C skeletal periphery, including phenyl excitations. It is postulated that these differences in excited state electronic structure may lead to reaction pathways alternative to photoisomerization about the central C-C bond, impacting the utility of these compounds as 3D information storage media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurora E Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Perpète EA, Maurel F, Jacquemin D. TD-DFT investigation of diarylethene dyes with cyclopentene, dihydrothiophene, and dihydropyrrole bridges. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:5528-35. [PMID: 17552502 DOI: 10.1021/jp071458r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the visible spectra of closed-ring diarylethenes presenting cyclopentene, dihydrothiophene, and dihydropyrrole bridging structures. Our simulations have been performed with an ab initio time-dependent density functional theory approach that takes into account bulk environmental effects. The computed lambda(max) agree qualitatively with experiment, and once a simple statistical treatment is performed, a quantitative agreement is reached. Indeed, after linear fitting correction, the mean absolute error is limited to 6 nm or 0.03 eV for the 57 diarylethenes considered. To unravel the most important parameters for this photochromic class, several structural parameters are correlated to the UV/vis spectra. It turns out that the bond length alternation in the chromogenic unit allows a fast and accurate prediction of the color of these dyes. In addition, we compare our results to available electrochemical data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Perpète
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique Appliquée, Groupe de Chimie Physique Théorique et Structurale, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|