1
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Jiang Y, van de Ven TGM. Cations and Anions Affect the Speed of Sound in Water Oppositely. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:4125-4129. [PMID: 38593181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Identifying the composition of a solution using acoustics remains a challenge. It is known that for low salt concentrations the speed of sound in water increases linearly with the concentration of the electrolyte, but the contribution of individual cations and anions is unknown. We introduce the concept of intrinsic sound speed Ai to quantify the contribution of ions to the speed of sound. We found that cations increase the speed of sound in water whereas anions decrease the speed of sound. Hydration layers around the ions play a major role. Because cations have a hydration layer thicker than that of anions, their contribution to the speed of sound is larger than that of anions. Experimental data on salts not used to determine the contribution of individual ions are in quantitative agreement with the predicted values. Our method can be applied to various systems containing small quantities of ions, molecules, or particles. With the knowledge that cations increase the speed of sound, we were able to explain previously unexplained data in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Jiang
- Pulp & Paper Research Centre and Quebec Centre for Advanced Materials (QCAM) Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 3420 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2A7, Canada
| | - Theo G M van de Ven
- Pulp & Paper Research Centre and Quebec Centre for Advanced Materials (QCAM) Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 3420 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2A7, Canada
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2
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Lei Z, Chen B, Brooks SD. Effect of Acidity on Ice Nucleation by Inorganic-Organic Mixed Droplets. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2023; 7:2562-2573. [PMID: 38148991 PMCID: PMC10749479 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol acidity significantly influences heterogeneous chemical reactions and human health. Additionally, acidity may play a role in cloud formation by modifying the ice nucleation properties of inorganic and organic aerosols. In this work, we combined our well-established ice nucleation technique with Raman microspectroscopy to study ice nucleation in representative inorganic and organic aerosols across a range of pH conditions (pH -0.1 to 5.5). Homogeneous nucleation was observed in systems containing ammonium sulfate, sulfuric acid, and sucrose. In contrast, droplets containing ammonium sulfate mixed with diethyl sebacate, poly(ethylene glycol) 400, and 1,2,6-hexanetriol were found to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation, exhibiting core-shell morphologies with observed initiation of heterogeneous freezing in the cores. Our experimental findings demonstrate that an increased acidity reduces the ice nucleation ability of droplets. Changes in the ratio of bisulfate to sulfate coincided with shifts in ice nucleation temperatures, suggesting that the presence of bisulfate may decrease the ice nucleation efficiency. We also report on how the morphology and viscosity impact ice nucleation properties. This study aims to enhance our fundamental understanding of acidity's effect on ice nucleation ability, providing context for the role of acidity in atmospheric ice cloud formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Lei
- Department of Atmospheric
Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Atmospheric
Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Sarah D. Brooks
- Department of Atmospheric
Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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3
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Baco S, Klinksiek M, Ismail Bedawi Zakaria R, Antonia Garcia-Hernandez E, Mignot M, Legros J, Held C, Casson Moreno V, Leveneur S. Solvent effect investigation on the acid-catalyzed esterification of levulinic acid by ethanol aided by a Linear Solvation Energy Relationship. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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4
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Kinnibrugh T, Fister T. Structure of Sulfuric Acid Solutions Using Pair Distribution Function Analysis. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:3099-3106. [PMID: 35435687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Solvation and mesoscale ordering of sulfuric acid and other strong acid solutions leads to suppressed freezing points and strong rheological changes with varying concentration. While the solid-state structures are well-understood, studies focused on the evolving solvation structure in the solution phase have probed a limited concentration range (∼1-6 M). This study applies a total scattering approach in both the wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and pair distribution function (PDF) regimes to elucidate the evolving solvation structure over its full range of acid concentration (0-18 M). The emergence of a prepeak in the WAXS regime at intermediate concentrations indicates a transition from noninteracting sulfate molecules in the dilute limit to sterically limited sulfates at concentrations near its deep eutectic point. Fits to the PDF data quantify this trend, showing a transition from octahedrally hydrated sulfates up to 6-7 M concentrations, followed by gradual dehydration, and eventually reaching a solution structure similar to that of water-in-salt electrolyte systems at high acid concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Kinnibrugh
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Tim Fister
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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5
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Yacyshyn MB, Applegarth LMSGA, Cox JS, Tremaine PR. Deuterium Isotope Effects on the Second Ionization Constant of Aqueous Sulfuric Acid from 25 °C to 200 °C using Raman Spectroscopy. J SOLUTION CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-021-01134-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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6
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Computer simulation study of ion-water and water-water hydrogen bonds in sulfuric acid solutions at low temperatures. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Bazak JD, Wong AR, Duanmu K, Han KS, Reed D, Murugesan V. Concentration-Dependent Solvation Structure and Dynamics of Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Using Multinuclear NMR and DFT. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:5089-5099. [PMID: 33970627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sulfuric acid is a ubiquitous compound for industrial processes, and aqueous sulfate solutions also play a critical role as electrolytes for many prominent battery chemistries. While the thermodynamic literature on it is quite well-developed, comprehensive studies of the solvation structure, particularly molecular-scale dynamical and transport properties, are less available. This study applies a multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) approach to the elucidation of the solvation structure and dynamics over wide temperature (-10 to 50 °C) and concentration (0-18 M) ranges, combining the 17O shift, line width, and T1 relaxation measurements, 33S shift and line width measurements, and 1H pulsed-field gradient NMR measurements of proton self-diffusivity. In conjunction, these results indicate a crossover between two regimes of solvation structure and dynamics, occurring above the concentration associated with the deep eutectic point (∼4.5 M), with the high-concentration regime dominated by a strong water-sulfate correlation. This description was borne out in detail by the activation energy trends with increasing concentration derived from the relaxation of both the H2O/H3O+ and H2SO4/HSO4-/SO42- 17O resonances and the 1H self-diffusivity. However, the 17O chemical shift difference between the H2O/H3O+ and H2SO4/HSO4-/SO42- resonances across the entire temperature range is nevertheless strikingly linear. A computational approach coupling molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory NMR shift calculations to reproduce this trend is presented, which will be the subject of further development. This combination of multinuclear, dynamical NMR, and computational methods, and the results furnished by this study, will provide a platform for future studies on battery electrolytes where aqueous sulfate chemistry plays a central role in the solution structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Bazak
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Allison R Wong
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Kaining Duanmu
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Kee Sung Han
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - David Reed
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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8
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Echtermeyer A, Marks C, Mitsos A, Viell J. Inline Raman Spectroscopy and Indirect Hard Modeling for Concentration Monitoring of Dissociated Acid Species. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 75:506-519. [PMID: 33107761 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820973275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We propose an approach for monitoring the concentration of dissociated carboxylic acid species in dilute aqueous solution. The dissociated acid species are quantified employing inline Raman spectroscopy in combination with indirect hard modeling (IHM) and multivariate curve resolution (MCR). We introduce two different titration-based hard model (HM) calibration procedures for a single mono- or polyprotic acid in water with well-known (method A) or unknown (method B) acid dissociation constants pKa. In both methods, spectra of only one acid species in water are prepared for each acid species. These spectra are used for the construction of HMs. For method A, the HMs are calibrated with calculated ideal dissociation equilibria. For method B, we estimate pKa values by fitting ideal acid dissociation equilibria to acid peak areas that are obtained from a spectral HM. The HM in turn is constructed on the basis of MCR data. Thus, method B on the basis of IHM is independent of a priori known pKa values, but instead provides them as part of the calibration procedure. As a detailed example, we analyze itaconic acid in aqueous solution. For all acid species and water, we obtain low HM errors of < 2.87 × 10-4mol mol-1 in the cases of both methods A and B. With only four calibration samples, IHM yields more accurate results than partial least squares regression. Furthermore, we apply our approach to formic, acetic, and citric acid in water, thereby verifying its generalizability as a process analytical technology for quantitative monitoring of processes containing carboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Marks
- Process Systems Engineering (AVT.SVT), 9165RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Mitsos
- Process Systems Engineering (AVT.SVT), 9165RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Energy Systems Engineering, Institute for Energy and Climate Research IEK-10, Jülich, Germany
- JARA-ENERGY, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jörn Viell
- Process Systems Engineering (AVT.SVT), 9165RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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9
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Concentrated hydrogel electrolyte for integrated supercapacitor with high capacitance at subzero temperature. Sci China Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-020-9950-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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10
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Kohns M, Lazarou G, Kournopoulos S, Forte E, Perdomo FA, Jackson G, Adjiman CS, Galindo A. Predictive models for the phase behaviour and solution properties of weak electrolytes: nitric, sulphuric, and carbonic acids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:15248-15269. [PMID: 32609107 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06795g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of ionic species in electrolyte systems is important in many fields of science and engineering, ranging from the study of degradation mechanisms to the design of systems for electrochemical energy storage. Often, other phenomena closely related to ionic speciation, such as ion pairing, clustering and hydrogen bonding, which are difficult to investigate experimentally, are also of interest. Here, we develop an accurate molecular approach, accounting for reactions as well as association and ion pairing, to deliver a predictive framework that helps validate experiment and guides future modelling of speciation phenomena of weak electrolytes. We extend the SAFT-VRE Mie equation of state [D. K. Eriksen et al., Mol. Phys., 2016, 114, 2724-2749] to study aqueous solutions of nitric, sulphuric, and carbonic acids, considering complete and partially dissociated models. In order to incorporate the dissociation equilibria, correlations to experimental data for the relevant thermodynamic equilibrium constants of the dissociation reactions are taken from the literature and are imposed as a boundary condition in the calculations. The models for water, the hydronium ion, and carbon dioxide are treated as transferable and are taken from our previous work. We present new molecular models for nitric acid, and the nitrate, bisulfate, sulfate, and bicarbonate anions. The resulting framework is used to predict a range of phase behaviour and solution properties of the aqueous acids over wide ranges of concentration and temperature, including the degree of dissociation, as well as the activity coefficients of the ionic species, and the activity of water and osmotic coefficient, density, and vapour pressure of the solutions. The SAFT-VRE Mie models obtained in this manner provide a means of elucidating the mechanisms of association and ion pairing in the systems studied, complementing the experimental observations reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Kohns
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Process Systems Engineering and Institute for Molecular Science and Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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11
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Krzelj V, Ferreira Liberal J, Papaioannou M, van der Schaaf J, Neira d’Angelo MF. Kinetic Model of Xylose Dehydration for a Wide Range of Sulfuric Acid Concentrations. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladan Krzelj
- Chemical Reactor Engineering Laboratory, Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, MB 5600, Netherlands
| | - Julia Ferreira Liberal
- Chemical Reactor Engineering Laboratory, Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, MB 5600, Netherlands
| | - Myrto Papaioannou
- Chemical Reactor Engineering Laboratory, Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, MB 5600, Netherlands
| | - John van der Schaaf
- Chemical Reactor Engineering Laboratory, Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, MB 5600, Netherlands
| | - Maria Fernanda Neira d’Angelo
- Chemical Reactor Engineering Laboratory, Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, MB 5600, Netherlands
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12
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Shen L, Sippola H, Li X, Lindberg D, Taskinen P. Thermodynamic Modeling of Calcium Sulfate Hydrates in a CaSO 4-H 2SO 4-H 2O System from 273.15 to 473.15 K up to 5 m Sulfuric Acid. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA 2020; 65:2310-2324. [PMID: 32440025 PMCID: PMC7233307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jced.9b00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To prevent scaling and to recycle aqueous solutions in industrial processes, the thermodynamic properties of the CaSO4-H2SO4-H2O system are studied by thermodynamic modeling with the Pitzer model. The published solubility data of calcium sulfate hydrates in sulfuric acid solutions were collected and reviewed critically. Then, the CaSO4-H2SO4-H2O system was modeled using the Pitzer activity coefficient approach from critically selected experimental data to obtain optimized parameters. The model reproduces the solubility data with good accuracy up to 5 m sulfuric acid at temperatures of 283.15-368.15, 283.15-473.15, and 298.15-398.15 K for gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O), anhydrite (CaSO4), and hemihydrate (CaSO4·0.5H2O), respectively. However, at temperatures above 398.15 K and sulfuric acid concentration above 0.5 mol/kg, the solubility of anhydrite predicted by our model deviates significantly from the literature data. Our model predicts that the solubility of anhydrite would first increase but then decrease in more concentrated sulfuric acid solutions, which is in disagreement with the experimental data showing constantly increasing solubilities as a function of increasing sulfuric acid concentration. This discrepancy has been discussed. The transformations of gypsum to anhydrite and hemihydrate were predicted in sulfuric acid solutions. With increasing H2SO4 concentration, the transformation temperatures of gypsum to anhydrite and hemihydrate will decrease. Thus, gypsum is stable at low temperatures in solutions of low H2SO4 concentrations and transforms to anhydrite at high temperatures and in concentrated H2SO4 solutions, while hemihydrate is always a metastable phase. Furthermore, the predicted results were compared with previous experimental studies to verify the accuracy of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiting Shen
- Metallurgical
Thermodynamics and Modeling Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
- School
of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South
University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Hannu Sippola
- FCG
Design and Engineering, Osmontie 34, FI-00601 Helsinki, Finland
- Clean
Technologies Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Xiaobin Li
- School
of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South
University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Daniel Lindberg
- Metallurgical
Thermodynamics and Modeling Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Pekka Taskinen
- Metallurgical
Thermodynamics and Modeling Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
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13
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Jung H, Shin T, Cho N, Kim TK, Kim J, Ryu TI, Song KB, Hwang SR, Ryu BH, Han B. Thermochemical study for remediation of highly concentrated acid spill: Computational modeling and experimental validation. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 247:126098. [PMID: 32088008 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The release of concentrated acid solutions by chemical accidents is disastrous to our environmental integrity. Alkaline agents applied to remedy the acid spill catastrophe may lead to secondary damages such as vaporization or spread out of the fumes unless substantial amount of neutralization heat is properly controlled. Using a rigorous thermodynamic formalism proposed by Pitzer to account short-range ion interactions and various subsidiary reactions, we develop a systematic computational model enabling quantitative prediction of reaction heat and the temperature change over neutralization of strongly concentrated acid solutions. We apply this model to four acid solutions (HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, and HF) of each 3 M-equivalent concentration with two neutralizing agents of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Predicted reaction heat and temperature are remarkably consistent with the outcomes measured by our own experiments, showing a linear correlation factor R2 greater than 0.98. We apply the model to extremely concentrated acid solutions as high as 50 wt% where an experimental approach is practically restricted. In contrast to the extremely exothermic Ca(OH)2 agent, NaHCO3 even lowers solution temperatures after neutralization reactions. Our model enables us to identify a promising neutralizer NaHCO3 for effectively controlling concentrated acid spills and may be useful for establishment of proper strategy for other chemical accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwook Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesub Shin
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, 1600 Chungjeol-ro, Byeongcheon-myeon, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31253, Republic of Korea
| | - Namjun Cho
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, 1600 Chungjeol-ro, Byeongcheon-myeon, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31253, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyung Kim
- Chemical Safety Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwoon Kim
- Chemical Safety Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae In Ryu
- Accident Coordination and Training Division, National Institute of Chemical Safety (NICS), 90 Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Bong Song
- Accident Coordination and Training Division, National Institute of Chemical Safety (NICS), 90 Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ryul Hwang
- Accident Coordination and Training Division, National Institute of Chemical Safety (NICS), 90 Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Beyong-Hwan Ryu
- Chemical Safety Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byungchan Han
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Pye HOT, Nenes A, Alexander B, Ault AP, Barth MC, Clegg SL, Collett JL, Fahey KM, Hennigan CJ, Herrmann H, Kanakidou M, Kelly JT, Ku IT, McNeill VF, Riemer N, Schaefer T, Shi G, Tilgner A, Walker JT, Wang T, Weber R, Xing J, Zaveri RA, Zuend A. The Acidity of Atmospheric Particles and Clouds. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2020; 20:4809-4888. [PMID: 33424953 PMCID: PMC7791434 DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-4809-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Acidity, defined as pH, is a central component of aqueous chemistry. In the atmosphere, the acidity of condensed phases (aerosol particles, cloud water, and fog droplets) governs the phase partitioning of semi-volatile gases such as HNO3, NH3, HCl, and organic acids and bases as well as chemical reaction rates. It has implications for the atmospheric lifetime of pollutants, deposition, and human health. Despite its fundamental role in atmospheric processes, only recently has this field seen a growth in the number of studies on particle acidity. Even with this growth, many fine particle pH estimates must be based on thermodynamic model calculations since no operational techniques exist for direct measurements. Current information indicates acidic fine particles are ubiquitous, but observationally-constrained pH estimates are limited in spatial and temporal coverage. Clouds and fogs are also generally acidic, but to a lesser degree than particles, and have a range of pH that is quite sensitive to anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides, as well as ambient ammonia. Historical measurements indicate that cloud and fog droplet pH has changed in recent decades in response to controls on anthropogenic emissions, while the limited trend data for aerosol particles indicates acidity may be relatively constant due to the semi-volatile nature of the key acids and bases and buffering in particles. This paper reviews and synthesizes the current state of knowledge on the acidity of atmospheric condensed phases, specifically particles and cloud droplets. It includes recommendations for estimating acidity and pH, standard nomenclature, a synthesis of current pH estimates based on observations, and new model calculations on the local and global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havala O. T. Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, GR-26504, Greece
| | - Becky Alexander
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Andrew P. Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA
| | - Mary C. Barth
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80307, USA
| | - Simon L. Clegg
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Jeffrey L. Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Fahey
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Christopher J. Hennigan
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - Maria Kanakidou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion Crete, 71003, Greece
| | - James T. Kelly
- Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - I-Ting Ku
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Nicole Riemer
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - Guoliang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - John T. Walker
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rodney Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jia Xing
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Rahul A. Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Andreas Zuend
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B9, Canada
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15
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Chen W, Kang J. Optimization of electrolyte flow and vanadium ions conversion by utilizing variable porosity electrodes in vanadium redox flow batteries. Chem Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2019.110577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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17
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Framework development and modeling of the thermodynamics for aqueous sulfuric acid decomposition. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Mael LE, Busse H, Grassian VH. Measurements of Immersion Freezing and Heterogeneous Chemistry of Atmospherically Relevant Single Particles with Micro-Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11138-11145. [PMID: 31373198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the atmosphere, there are several different trajectories by which particles can nucleate ice; two of the major pathways are deposition and immersion freezing. Single particle depositional freezing has been widely studied with spectroscopic methods while immersion freezing has been predominantly studied either for particles within bulk aqueous solutions or using optical imaging of single particles. Of the few existing spectroscopic methods that monitor immersion freezing, there are limited opportunities for investigating the impact of heterogeneous chemistry on freezing. Herein, we describe a method that couples a confocal Raman spectrometer with an environmental cell to investigate single particle immersion freezing along with the capability to investigate in situ the impact of heterogeneous reactions with ozone and other trace gases on ice nucleation. This system, which has been rigorously calibrated (temperature and relative humidity) across a large dynamic range, is used to investigate low temperature water uptake and heterogeneous ice nucleation of atmospherically relevant single particles deposited on a substrate. The use of Raman spectroscopy provides important insights into the phase state and chemical composition of ice nuclei and, thus, insights into cloud formation.
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Wermink WN, Spinu D, Versteeg GF. The oxidation of Fe(II) with Cu(II) in acidic sulfate solutions with air at elevated pressures. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2018.1499017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Geert F. Versteeg
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Cai X, Zheng JL, Aguilera AF, Vernières-Hassimi L, Tolvanen P, Salmi T, Leveneur S. Influence of ring-opening reactions on the kinetics of cottonseed oil epoxidation. INT J CHEM KINET 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang Cai
- Normandie Université LSPC-Laboratoire de Sécurité des Procédés Chimiques, EA4704; INSA/Université Rouen; Saint-Etienne-du-Rouvray France
| | - Jun Liu Zheng
- Normandie Université LSPC-Laboratoire de Sécurité des Procédés Chimiques, EA4704; INSA/Université Rouen; Saint-Etienne-du-Rouvray France
| | - Adriana Freites Aguilera
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction Engineering; Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre; Åbo Akademi University; Åbo Finland
| | - Lamiae Vernières-Hassimi
- Normandie Université LSPC-Laboratoire de Sécurité des Procédés Chimiques, EA4704; INSA/Université Rouen; Saint-Etienne-du-Rouvray France
| | - Pasi Tolvanen
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction Engineering; Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre; Åbo Akademi University; Åbo Finland
| | - Tapio Salmi
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction Engineering; Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre; Åbo Akademi University; Åbo Finland
| | - Sébastien Leveneur
- Normandie Université LSPC-Laboratoire de Sécurité des Procédés Chimiques, EA4704; INSA/Université Rouen; Saint-Etienne-du-Rouvray France
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction Engineering; Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre; Åbo Akademi University; Åbo Finland
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21
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Yaftian MR, Almeida MIG, Cattrall RW, Kolev SD. Selective extraction of vanadium(V) from sulfate solutions into a polymer inclusion membrane composed of poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) and Cyphos® IL 101. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Kozlov VA, Ivanov SN, Koifman OI. Solvated proton as the main reagent and a catalyst in the single-stage aromatic sulfonation and protodesulfonation of sulfonic acids. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A. Kozlov
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Compounds; Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology; Ivanovo Russia
| | - Sergey N. Ivanov
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry; Ivanovo State University; Ivanovo Russia
| | - Oskar I. Koifman
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Compounds; Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology; Ivanovo Russia
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23
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Wermink WN, Versteeg GF. The Oxidation of Fe(II) in Acidic Sulfate Solutions with Air at Elevated Pressures. Part 1. Kinetics above 1 M H2SO4. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b04606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wouter N. Wermink
- Procede Gas Treating, Vlierstraat
111, 7544 GG, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Geert F. Versteeg
- University of Groningen, P.O. Box 72, 9700 AB, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Krishna SH, Walker TW, Dumesic JA, Huber GW. Kinetics of Levoglucosenone Isomerization. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:129-138. [PMID: 27863100 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201601308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We studied the acid-catalyzed isomerization of levoglucosenone (LGO) to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and developed a reaction kinetics model that describes the experimental data across a range of conditions (100-150 °C, 50-100 mm H2 SO4 , 50-150 mm LGO). LGO and its hydrated derivative exist in equilibrium under these reaction conditions. Thermal and catalytic degradation of HMF are the major sources of carbon loss. Within the range of conditions studied, higher temperatures and shorter reaction times favor the production of HMF. The yields of HMF and levulinic acid decrease monotonically as tetrahydrofuran is added to the aqueous solvent system, indicating that water plays a role in the LGO isomerization reaction. Initial-rate analyses show that HMF is produced solely from LGO rather than from the hydrated derivative of LGO. The results of this study are consistent with a mechanism for LGO isomerization that proceeds through hydration of the anhydro bridge, followed by ring rearrangement analogous to the isomerization of glucose to fructose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddarth H Krishna
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Theodore W Walker
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - James A Dumesic
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - George W Huber
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
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26
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Niskanen J, Sahle CJ, Ruotsalainen KO, Müller H, Kavčič M, Žitnik M, Bučar K, Petric M, Hakala M, Huotari S. Sulphur Kβ emission spectra reveal protonation states of aqueous sulfuric acid. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21012. [PMID: 26888159 PMCID: PMC4757876 DOI: 10.1038/srep21012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we report an X-ray emission study of bulk aqueous sulfuric acid. Throughout the range of molarities from 1 M to 18 M the sulfur Kβ emission spectra from H2SO4 (aq) depend on the molar fractions and related deprotonation of H2SO4. We compare the experimental results with results from emission spectrum calculations based on atomic structures of single molecules and structures from ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. We show that the S Kβ emission spectrum is a sensitive probe of the protonation state of the acid molecules. Using non-negative matrix factorization we are able to extract the fractions of different protonation states in the spectra, and the results are in good agreement with the simulation for the higher part of the concentration range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Niskanen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Christoph J. Sahle
- University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, ESRF, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Harald Müller
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, ESRF, Grenoble, France
| | - Matjaž Kavčič
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Žitnik
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska ulica 19, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klemen Bučar
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Petric
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mikko Hakala
- University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Simo Huotari
- University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
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Rindelaub JD, Craig RL, Nandy L, Bondy AL, Dutcher CS, Shepson PB, Ault AP. Direct Measurement of pH in Individual Particles via Raman Microspectroscopy and Variation in Acidity with Relative Humidity. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:911-7. [PMID: 26745214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosol acidity is an important characteristic of aqueous particles, which has been linked to the formation of secondary organic aerosol by catalyzing reactions of oxidized organic compounds that have partitioned to the particle phase. However, aerosol acidity is difficult to measure and traditionally estimated using indirect methods or assumptions based on composition. Ongoing disagreements between experiments and thermodynamic models of particle acidity necessitate improved fundamental understanding of pH and ion behavior in high ionic strength atmospheric particles. Herein, Raman microspectroscopy was used to determine the pH of individual particles (H2SO4+MgSO4) based on sulfate and bisulfate concentrations determined from νs(SO4(2-)) and νs(HSO4(-)), the acid dissociation constant, and activity coefficients from extended Debye-Hückel calculations. Shifts in pH and peak positions of νs(SO4(2-)) and νs(HSO4(-)) were observed as a function of relative humidity. These results indicate the potential for direct spectroscopic determination of pH in individual particles and the need to improve fundamental understanding of ion behavior in atmospheric particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Rindelaub
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Rebecca L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Lucy Nandy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Amy L Bondy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Cari S Dutcher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Paul B Shepson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Purdue Climate Change Research Center , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Niskanen J, Sahle CJ, Juurinen I, Koskelo J, Lehtola S, Verbeni R, Müller H, Hakala M, Huotari S. Protonation Dynamics and Hydrogen Bonding in Aqueous Sulfuric Acid. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:11732-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b04371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Niskanen
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christoph J. Sahle
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- ESRF—The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Iina Juurinen
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Koskelo
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susi Lehtola
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roberto Verbeni
- ESRF—The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Harald Müller
- ESRF—The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Mikko Hakala
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simo Huotari
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
High-sensitivity Raman spectra of aqueous H2SO4 indicate that the acid in water is H4SO5 dissociating to 3H3O+ and 1HSO53−.
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Hardy M, Doherty MD, Krstev I, Maier K, Möller T, Müller G, Dawson P. Detection of Low-Concentration Contaminants in Solution by Exploiting Chemical Derivatization in Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9006-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5014095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mike Hardy
- Centre
for Nanostructured Media, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast, BT7 1NN, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew D. Doherty
- Centre
for Nanostructured Media, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast, BT7 1NN, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Krstev
- Airbus Group Innovations, D-81663, Munich, Germany
| | - Konrad Maier
- Airbus Group Innovations, D-81663, Munich, Germany
| | - Torgny Möller
- Serstech AB, Ideon Science Park,
Scheelev 15, SE-223 70, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Paul Dawson
- Centre
for Nanostructured Media, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast, BT7 1NN, Belfast, United Kingdom
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Wan Q, Spanu L, Gygi F, Galli G. Electronic Structure of Aqueous Sulfuric Acid from First-Principles Simulations with Hybrid Functionals. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:2562-2567. [PMID: 26277943 DOI: 10.1021/jz501168p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Wan
- †Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
- ‡The Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, 5801 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Leonardo Spanu
- †Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Francois Gygi
- §Department of Computer Science, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Giulia Galli
- ‡The Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, 5801 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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Knopf DA, Alpert PA. A water activity based model of heterogeneous ice nucleation kinetics for freezing of water and aqueous solution droplets. Faraday Discuss 2014; 165:513-34. [PMID: 24601020 DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00035d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Immersion freezing of water and aqueous solutions by particles acting as ice nuclei (IN) is a common process of heterogeneous ice nucleation which occurs in many environments, especially in the atmosphere where it results in the glaciation of clouds. Here we experimentally show, using a variety of IN types suspended in various aqueous solutions, that immersion freezing temperatures and kinetics can be described solely by temperature, T, and solution water activity, a(w), which is the ratio of the vapour pressure of the solution and the saturation water vapour pressure under the same conditions and, in equilibrium, equivalent to relative humidity (RH). This allows the freezing point and corresponding heterogeneous ice nucleation rate coefficient, J(het), to be uniquely expressed by T and a(w), a result we term the a(w) based immersion freezing model (ABIFM). This method is independent of the nature of the solute and accounts for several varying parameters, including cooling rate and IN surface area, while providing a holistic description of immersion freezing and allowing prediction of freezing temperatures, J(het), frozen fractions, ice particle production rates and numbers. Our findings are based on experimental freezing data collected for various IN surface areas, A, and cooling rates, r, of droplets variously containing marine biogenic material, two soil humic acids, four mineral dusts, and one organic monolayer acting as IN. For all investigated IN types we demonstrate that droplet freezing temperatures increase as A increases. Similarly, droplet freezing temperatures increase as the cooling rate decreases. The log10(J(het)) values for the various IN types derived exclusively by Tand a(w), provide a complete description of the heterogeneous ice nucleation kinetics. Thus, the ABIFM can be applied over the entire range of T, RH, total particulate surface area, and cloud activation timescales typical of atmospheric conditions. Lastly, we demonstrate that ABIFM can be used to derive frozen fractions of droplets and ice particle production for atmospheric models of cirrus and mixed phase cloud conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Knopf
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres/School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA.
| | - Peter A Alpert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres/School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA
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Murdachaew G, Gaigeot MP, Halonen L, Gerber RB. First and second deprotonation of H2SO4on wet hydroxylated (0001) α-quartz. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:22287-98. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02752c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We present anab initiomolecular dynamics study of deprotonation of sulfuric acid on wet quartz, a topic of atmospheric interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garold Murdachaew
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
- FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marie-Pierre Gaigeot
- LAMBE
- CNRS UMR 8587
- Université d'Evry val d'Essonne
- Boulevard François Mitterrand
- 91025 Evry, France
| | - Lauri Halonen
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
- FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - R. Benny Gerber
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
- FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Research Center
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Rkiouak L, Tang MJ, Camp JCJ, McGregor J, Watson IM, Cox RA, Kalberer M, Ward AD, Pope FD. Optical trapping and Raman spectroscopy of solid particles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:11426-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00994k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stable levitation and spectroscopic interrogation of solid particles is achieved, over extended time periods, using a new optical trap design.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Rkiouak
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 3RA, UK
- Department of Chemistry
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences
| | - M. J. Tang
- Department of Chemistry
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences
| | - J. C. J. Camp
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 3RA, UK
| | - J. McGregor
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- University of Sheffield
- Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - I. M. Watson
- Department of Earth Sciences
- University of Bristol
- Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
| | - R. A. Cox
- Department of Chemistry
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - M. Kalberer
- Department of Chemistry
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - A. D. Ward
- Central Laser Facility
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Didcot, UK
| | - F. D. Pope
- School of Geography
- Earth and Environmental Sciences
- University of Birmingham
- Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Dey J, Saha M, Pal AK, Ismail K. Regioselective nitration of aromatic compounds in an aqueous sodium dodecylsulfate and nitric acid medium. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40185e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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36
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Glaser R, Jost M. Disproportionation of bromous acid HOBrO by direct O-transfer and via anhydrides O(BrO)2 and BrO-BrO2. An ab initio study of the mechanism of a key step of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky oscillating reaction. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:8352-65. [PMID: 22871057 DOI: 10.1021/jp301329g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The results are reported of an ab initio study of the thermochemistry and of the kinetics of the HOBrO disproportionation reaction 2HOBrO (2) ⇄ HOBr (1) + HBrO(3) (3), reaction ( R4' ), in gas phase (MP2(full)/6-311G*) and aqueous solution (SMD(MP2(full)/6-311G*)). The reaction energy of bromous acid disproportionation is discussed in the context of the coupled reaction system R2-R4 of the FKN mechanism of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction and considering the acidities of HBr and HOBrO(2). The structures were determined of ten dimeric aggregates 4 of bromous acid, (HOBrO)(2), of eight mixed aggregates 5 formed between the products of disproportionation, (HOBr)(HOBrO(2)), and of four transition states structures 6 for disproportionation by direct O-transfer. It was found that the condensation of two HOBrO molecules provides facile access to bromous acid anhydride 7, O(BrO)(2). A discussion of the potential energy surface of Br(2)O(3) shows that O(BrO)(2) is prone to isomerization to the mixed anhydride 8, BrO-BrO(2), and to dissociation to 9, BrO, and 10, BrO(2), and their radical pair 11. Hence, three possible paths from O(BrO)(2) to the products of disproportionation, HOBr and HOBrO(2), are discussed: (1) hydrolysis of O(BrO)(2) along a path that differs from its formation, (2) isomerization of O(BrO)(2) to BrO-BrO(2) followed by hydrolysis, and (3) O(BrO)(2) dissociation to BrO and BrO(2) and their reactions with water. The results of the potential energy surface analysis show that the rate-limiting step in the disproportionation of HOBrO consists of the formation of the hydrate 12a of bromous acid anhydride 7 via transition state structure 14a. The computed activation free enthalpy ΔG(act)(SMD) = 13.6 kcal/mol for the process 2·2a → [14a](‡) → 12a corresponds to the reaction rate constant k(4) = 667.5 M(-1) s(-1) and is in very good agreement with experimental measurements. The potential energy surface analysis further shows that anhydride 7 is kinetically and thermodynamically unstable with regard to hydrolysis to HOBr and HOBrO(2) via transition state structure 14b. The transition state structure 14b is much more stable than 14a, and, hence, the formation of the "symmetrical anhydride" from bromous acid becomes an irreversible reaction for all practical purposes because 7 will instead be hydrolyzed as a "mixed anhydride" to afford HOBr and HOBrO(2). The mixed anhydride 8, BrO-BrO(2), does not play a significant role in bromous acid disproportionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States.
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Lara RH, Briones R, Monroy MG, Mullet M, Humbert B, Dossot M, Naja GM, Cruz R. Galena weathering under simulated calcareous soil conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:3971-3979. [PMID: 21774966 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Exploitation of polymetallic deposits from calcareous mining sites exposes galena and others sulfides to weathering factors. Galena weathering leads to the formation of lead phases (e.g., PbSO(4), PbCO(3)) with a higher bioaccessibility than galena, thus increasing the mobility and toxicity of lead. Despite the environmental impacts of these lead phases, the mechanisms of galena oxidation and the transformation of lead secondary phases, under neutral-alkaline carbonated conditions, have rarely been studied. In this work, an experimental approach, combining electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques, was developed to examine the interfacial processes involved in the galena weathering under simulated calcareous conditions. The results showed an initial oxidation stage with the formation of an anglesite-like phase leading to the partial mineral passivation. Under neutral-alkaline carbonated conditions, the stability of this phase was limited as it transformed into a cerussite-like one. Based on the surface characterization and the formation of secondary species, the weathering mechanisms of galena in calcareous soil and its environmental implications were suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- René H Lara
- Instituto de Metalurgia, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona # 550, Lomas 2a. Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
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Knope KE, Wilson RE, Skanthakumar S, Soderholm L. Synthesis and Characterization of Thorium(IV) Sulfates. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:8621-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ic201175u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karah E. Knope
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Richard E. Wilson
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - S. Skanthakumar
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - L. Soderholm
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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39
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Knopf DA, Forrester SM. Freezing of water and aqueous NaCl droplets coated by organic monolayers as a function of surfactant properties and water activity. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:5579-91. [PMID: 21568271 DOI: 10.1021/jp2014644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study presents heterogeneous ice nucleation from water and aqueous NaCl droplets coated by 1-nonadecanol and 1-nonadecanoic acid monolayers as a function of water activity (a(w)) from 0.8 to 1 accompanied by measurements of the corresponding pressure-area isotherms and equilibrium spreading pressures. For water and aqueous NaCl solutions of ~0-20 wt % in concentration, 1-nonadecanol exhibits a condensed phase, whereas the phase of 1-nonadecanoic acid changes from an expanded to a condensed state with increasing NaCl content of the aqueous subphase. 1-Nonadecanol-coated aqueous droplets exhibit the highest median freezing temperatures that can be described by a shift in a(w) of the ice melting curve by 0.098 according to the a(w)-based ice nucleation approach. This freezing curve represents a heterogeneous ice nucleation rate coefficient (J(het)) of 0.85 ± 0.30 cm(-2) s(-1). The median freezing temperatures of 1-nonadecanoic acid-coated aqueous droplets decrease less with increasing NaCl content compared to the homogeneous freezing temperatures. This trend in freezing temperature is best described by a linear function in a(w) and not by the a(w)-based ice nucleation approach most likely due to an increased ice nucleation efficiency of 1-nonadecanoic acid governed by the monolayer state. This freezing curve represents J(het) = 0.46 ± 0.16 cm(-2) s(-1). Contact angles (α) for 1-nonadecanol- and 1-nonadecanoic acid-coated aqueous droplets increase as temperature decreases for each droplet composition, but absolute values depend on employed water diffusivity and the interfacial energies of the ice embryo. A parametrization of log[J(het)(Δa(w))] is presented which allows prediction of freezing temperatures and heterogeneous ice nucleation rate coefficients for water and aqueous NaCl droplets coated by 1-nonadecanol without knowledge of the droplet's composition and α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Knopf
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres/School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA.
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40
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Non-existence of the linear relation between TH (homogeneous nucleation temperature) and Tm (melting temperature) for aqueous H2SO4 solution. Chem Phys Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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41
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Knopf DA, Rigg YJ. Homogeneous Ice Nucleation From Aqueous Inorganic/Organic Particles Representative of Biomass Burning: Water Activity, Freezing Temperatures, Nucleation Rates. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:762-73. [DOI: 10.1021/jp109171g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Knopf
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres/School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Yannick J. Rigg
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres/School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
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42
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Koop T, Bookhold J, Shiraiwa M, Pöschl U. Glass transition and phase state of organic compounds: dependency on molecular properties and implications for secondary organic aerosols in the atmosphere. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:19238-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22617g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 503] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Alpert PA, Aller JY, Knopf DA. Initiation of the ice phase by marine biogenic surfaces in supersaturated gas and supercooled aqueous phases. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:19882-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21844a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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Dutcher CS, Wexler AS, Clegg SL. Surface Tensions of Inorganic Multicomponent Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions and Melts. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:12216-30. [DOI: 10.1021/jp105191z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cari S. Dutcher
- Air Quality Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, United States, and School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony S. Wexler
- Air Quality Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, United States, and School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Simon L. Clegg
- Air Quality Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, United States, and School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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45
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Friese E, Ebel A. Temperature Dependent Thermodynamic Model of the System H+−NH4+−Na+−SO42−−NO3−−Cl−−H2O. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:11595-631. [DOI: 10.1021/jp101041j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elmar Friese
- Rhenish Institute of Environmental Research, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Adolf Ebel
- Rhenish Institute of Environmental Research, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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46
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Ruas A, Pochon P, Simonin JP, Moisy P. Nitric acid: modeling osmotic coefficients and acid–base dissociation using the BIMSA theory. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:10148-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00343c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Leveneur S, Wärnå J, Salmi T, Murzin DY, Estel L. Interaction of intrinsic kinetics and internal mass transfer in porous ion-exchange catalysts: Green synthesis of peroxycarboxylic acids. Chem Eng Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2009.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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48
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Abstract
Abstract
This review provides an introduction to ice nucleation processes in supercooled water and aqueous solutions. Concepts for experimental techniques suitable to study homogeneous ice nucleation are addressed, in particular differential scanning calorimetry of inverse emulsions. Ice nucleation data from aqueous solutions have been analyzed using two approaches, and the interrelations between those are examined. It is argued that the ice nucleation process is driven entirely by thermodynamic quantities and how this can be understood in the context of three proposed theories for supercooled liquid water. Ice nucleation data for pure water droplets surrounded by a gas have been compiled and evaluated; within experimental uncertainty neither a volume dependent nucleation process nor a surface dependent nucleation process is convincingly supported by the analysis. Finally, open questions in the area of supercooled aqueous solutions and ice nucleation are discussed.
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49
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State of water and its implications for supersaturated structures in Mg(NO3)2 aerosols. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-008-0508-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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50
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Knopf DA, Lopez MD. Homogeneous ice freezing temperatures and ice nucleation rates of aqueous ammonium sulfate and aqueous levoglucosan particles for relevant atmospheric conditions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:8056-68. [DOI: 10.1039/b903750k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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