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Huang H, Cong HT, Lin Z, Liao L, Shuai CX, Qu N, Luo Y, Guo S, Xu QC, Bai H, Jiang Y. Manipulation of Conducting Polymer Hydrogels with Different Shapes and Related Multifunctionality. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309575. [PMID: 38279627 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Maneuver of conducting polymers (CPs) into lightweight hydrogels can improve their functional performances in energy devices, chemical sensing, pollutant removal, drug delivery, etc. Current approaches for the manipulation of CP hydrogels are limited, and they are mostly accompanied by harsh conditions, tedious processing, compositing with other constituents, or using unusual chemicals. Herein, a two-step route is introduced for the controllable fabrication of CP hydrogels in ambient conditions, where gelation of the shape-anisotropic nano-oxidants followed by in-situ oxidative polymerization leads to the formation of polyaniline (PANI) and polypyrrole hydrogels. The method is readily coupled with different approaches for materials processing of PANI hydrogels into varied shapes, including spherical beads, continuous wires, patterned films, and free-standing objects. In comparison with their bulky counterparts, lightweight PANI items exhibit improved properties when those with specific shapes are used as electrodes for supercapacitors, gas sensors, or dye adsorbents. The current study therefore provides a general and controllable approach for the implementation of CP into hydrogels of varied external shapes, which can pave the way for the integration of lightweight CP structures with emerging functional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- College of Materials, College of Physical Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramic Fibers, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Tao Cong
- College of Materials, College of Physical Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramic Fibers, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Zewen Lin
- College of Materials, College of Physical Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramic Fibers, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Longhui Liao
- College of Materials, College of Physical Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramic Fibers, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Xi Shuai
- College of Materials, College of Physical Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramic Fibers, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Nuo Qu
- College of Materials, College of Physical Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramic Fibers, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yujiao Luo
- College of Materials, College of Physical Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramic Fibers, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Shengshi Guo
- College of Materials, College of Physical Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramic Fibers, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Chi Xu
- College of Materials, College of Physical Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramic Fibers, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Hua Bai
- College of Materials, College of Physical Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramic Fibers, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- College of Materials, College of Physical Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramic Fibers, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
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Kang Y, Kwak DH, Kwon JE, Kim BG, Lee WH. NO 2-Affinitive Conjugated Polymer for Selective Sub-Parts-Per-Billion NO 2 Detection in a Field-Effect Transistor Sensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:31910-31918. [PMID: 34197091 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers (CPs) have provided versatile semiconducting implements for the development of soft electronic devices. When three CPs with the same conjugated framework but different side chains were adopted in the field-effect transistor (FET) sensor for NO2 detection, the response to NO2 showed an opposite tendency to the charge carrier mobility of each CP. Morphological and structural characterizations revealed that the flexible glycol side chain enhances NO2 affinity as well as prevents the formation of lamellar stacking of the CP chains, thereby providing routes for the facile diffusion of NO2. Additionally, theoretical calculations for CP-NO2 complex formation at the molecular level support the relatively low energy barrier for inter-chain transition of NO2 between the glycol-based conjugated frameworks, which implies the spontaneous internal diffusion of NO2 to the semiconductor-dielectric interface in the FET-based sensor. As a result, the CP with a NO2-affinitive morphology exhibited an exceptional sensitivity of 13.8%/ppb upon NO2 (100 ppb) exposure for 50 s and provided excellent selectivity to the FET-based sensor toward other environmentally abundant harmful gases, such as SO2, CO2, and NH3. In particular, the theoretic limit of detection reached down to 0.24 ppb, which is the lowest value ever reported for organic FET-based NO2 gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongkwon Kang
- Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hun Kwak
- Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eon Kwon
- Functional Composite Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Gi Kim
- Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Wi Hyoung Lee
- Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Wang Y, Zhang J, Zhang S, Huang J. OFET chemical sensors: Chemical sensors based on ultrathin organic field‐effect transistors. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Junyao Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Shiqi Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Jia Huang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai P. R. China
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Meresa AA, Kim FS. Selective Ammonia-Sensing Platforms Based on a Solution-Processed Film of Poly(3-Hexylthiophene) and p-Doping Tris(Pentafluorophenyl)Borane. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E128. [PMID: 31948128 PMCID: PMC7022764 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we fabricate ammonia sensors based on organic transistors by using poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) blended with tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (TPFB) as an active layer. As TPFB is an efficient p-type dopant for P3HT, the current level of the blend films can be easily modulated by controlling the blend ratio. The devices exhibit significantly increased on-state and off-state current levels owing to the ohmic current originated from the large number of charge carriers when the active polymer layer contains TPFB with concentrations up to 20 wt % (P3HT:TPFB = 8:2). The current is decreased at 40 wt % of TPFB (P3HT:TPFB = 6:4). The P3HT:TPFB blend with a weight ratio of 9:1 exhibits the highest sensing performances for various concentrations of ammonia. The device exhibits an increased percentage current response compared to that of a pristine P3HT device. The current response of the P3HT:TPFB (9:1) device at 100 ppm of ammonia is as high as 65.8%, 3.2 times that of the pristine P3HT (20.3%). Furthermore, the sensor based on the blend exhibits a remarkable selectivity to ammonia with respect to acetone, methanol, and dichloromethane, owing to the strong interaction between the Lewis acid (TPFB) and Lewis base (ammonia).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felix Sunjoo Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea;
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Conducting Polymer Nanocomposite-Based Gas Sensors. MATERIALS HORIZONS: FROM NATURE TO NANOMATERIALS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-4810-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Yaqoob S, Rahim S, Bhayo AM, Shah MR, Hameed A, Malik MI. A Novel and Efficient Colorimetric Assay for Quantitative Determination of Amlodipine in Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Samples. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sana Yaqoob
- H.E.J. Research Institute of ChemistryInternational Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)University of Karachi Karachi 75270 Pakistan
| | - Sana Rahim
- H.E.J. Research Institute of ChemistryInternational Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)University of Karachi Karachi 75270 Pakistan
| | - Adnan Murad Bhayo
- H.E.J. Research Institute of ChemistryInternational Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)University of Karachi Karachi 75270 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Raza Shah
- H.E.J. Research Institute of ChemistryInternational Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)University of Karachi Karachi 75270 Pakistan
| | - Abdul Hameed
- H.E.J. Research Institute of ChemistryInternational Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)University of Karachi Karachi 75270 Pakistan
- Department of ChemistryForman Christian Colle (A Chartered University) Ferozepur Road Lahore 54600 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Malik
- H.E.J. Research Institute of ChemistryInternational Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS)University of Karachi Karachi 75270 Pakistan
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Zhang S, Zhao Y, Du X, Chu Y, Zhang S, Huang J. Gas Sensors Based on Nano/Microstructured Organic Field-Effect Transistors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1805196. [PMID: 30730106 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201805196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Benefiting from the advantages of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), including synthetic versatility of organic molecular design and environmental sensitivity, gas sensors based on OFETs have drawn much attention in recent years. Potential applications focus on the detection of specific gas species such as explosive, toxic gases, or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that play vital roles in environmental monitoring, industrial manufacturing, smart health care, food security, and national defense. To achieve high sensitivity, selectivity, and ambient stability with rapid response and recovery speed, the regulation and adjustment of the nano/microstructure of the organic semiconductor (OSC) layer has proven to be an effective strategy. Here, the progress of OFET gas sensors with nano/microstructure is selectively presented. Devices based on OSC films one dimensional (1D) single crystal nanowires, nanorods, and nanofibers are introduced. Then, devices based on two dimensional (2D) and ultrathin OSC films, fabricated by methods such as thermal evaporation, dip-coating, spin-coating, and solution-shearing methods are presented, followed by an introduction of porous OFET sensors. Additionally, the applications of nanostructured receptors in OFET sensors are given. Finally, an outlook in view of the current research state is presented and eight further challenges for gas sensors based on OFETs are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Yiwei Zhao
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowen Du
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Yingli Chu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Shen Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
| | - Jia Huang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, P. R. China
- Putuo District People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200060, P. R. China
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8
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Li H, Shi W, Song J, Jang HJ, Dailey J, Yu J, Katz HE. Chemical and Biomolecule Sensing with Organic Field-Effect Transistors. Chem Rev 2018; 119:3-35. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Hyun-June Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Jennifer Dailey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Junsheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, People’s Republic of China
| | - Howard E. Katz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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9
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Gas Sensors Based on Polymer Field-Effect Transistors. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17010213. [PMID: 28117760 PMCID: PMC5298784 DOI: 10.3390/s17010213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on polymer field-effect transistor (PFET) based gas sensor with polymer as the sensing layer, which interacts with gas analyte and thus induces the change of source-drain current (ΔISD). Dependent on the sensing layer which can be semiconducting polymer, dielectric layer or conducting polymer gate, the PFET sensors can be subdivided into three types. For each type of sensor, we present the molecular structure of sensing polymer, the gas analyte and the sensing performance. Most importantly, we summarize various analyte–polymer interactions, which help to understand the sensing mechanism in the PFET sensors and can provide possible approaches for the sensor fabrication in the future.
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10
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Dumitru L, Irimia-Vladu M, Sariciftci N. Biocompatible Integration of Electronics Into Food Sensors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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11
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Wang X, Hou S, Goktas H, Kovacik P, Yaul F, Paidimarri A, Ickes N, Chandrakasan A, Gleason K. Small-Area, Resistive Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Sensors Using Metal-Polymer Hybrid Film Based on Oxidative Chemical Vapor Deposition (oCVD). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:16213-16222. [PMID: 26176840 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b05392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel room temperature methanol sensor comprised of gold nanoparticles covalently attached to the surface of conducting copolymer films. The copolymer films are synthesized by oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD), allowing substrate-independent deposition, good polymer conductivity and stability. Two different oCVD copolymers are examined: poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-co-thiophene-3-aceticacid)[poly(EDOT-co-TAA)] and poly(3,4-ehylenedioxythiophene-co-thiophene-3-ethanol)[poly(EDOT-co-3-TE)]. Covalent attachment of gold nanoparticles to the functional groups of the oCVD films results in a hybrid system with efficient sensing response to methanol. The response of the poly(EDOT-co-TAA)/Au devices is found to be superior to that of the other copolymer, confirming the importance of the linker molecules (4-aminothiophenol) in the sensing behavior. Selectivity of the sensor to methanol over n-pentane, acetone, and toluene is demonstrated. Direct fabrication on a printed circuit board (PCB) is achieved, resulting in an improved electrical contact of the organic resistor to the metal circuitry and thus enhanced sensing properties. The simplicity and low fabrication cost of the resistive element, mild working temperature, together with its compatibility with PCB substrates pave the way for its straightforward integration into electronic devices, such as wireless sensor networks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sichao Hou
- ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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12
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Huynh TP, Sharma PS, Sosnowska M, D'Souza F, Kutner W. Functionalized polythiophenes: Recognition materials for chemosensors and biosensors of superior sensitivity, selectivity, and detectability. Prog Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Feng P, Shao F, Shi Y, Wan Q. Gas sensors based on semiconducting nanowire field-effect transistors. SENSORS 2014; 14:17406-29. [PMID: 25232915 PMCID: PMC4208231 DOI: 10.3390/s140917406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional semiconductor nanostructures are unique sensing materials for the fabrication of gas sensors. In this article, gas sensors based on semiconducting nanowire field-effect transistors (FETs) are comprehensively reviewed. Individual nanowires or nanowire network films are usually used as the active detecting channels. In these sensors, a third electrode, which serves as the gate, is used to tune the carrier concentration of the nanowires to realize better sensing performance, including sensitivity, selectivity and response time, etc. The FET parameters can be modulated by the presence of the target gases and their change relate closely to the type and concentration of the gas molecules. In addition, extra controls such as metal decoration, local heating and light irradiation can be combined with the gate electrode to tune the nanowire channel and realize more effective gas sensing. With the help of micro-fabrication techniques, these sensors can be integrated into smart systems. Finally, some challenges for the future investigation and application of nanowire field-effect gas sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Feng
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electronic Materials, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Feng Shao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electronic Materials, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Yi Shi
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electronic Materials, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Qing Wan
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electronic Materials, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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Manoli K, Dumitru LM, Mulla MY, Magliulo M, Di Franco C, Santacroce MV, Scamarcio G, Torsi L. A comparative study of the gas sensing behavior in P3HT- and PBTTT-based OTFTs: the influence of film morphology and contact electrode position. SENSORS 2014; 14:16869-80. [PMID: 25215940 PMCID: PMC4208205 DOI: 10.3390/s140916869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bottom- and top-contact organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) were fabricated, using poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and poly[2,5-bis(3-tetradecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene] (PBTTT-C16) as p-type channel semiconductors. Four different types of OTFTs were fabricated and investigated as gas sensors against three volatile organic compounds, with different associated dipole moments. The OTFT-based sensor responses were evaluated with static and transient current measurements. A comparison between the different architectures and the relative organic semiconductor was made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Manoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Liviu Mihai Dumitru
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Mohammad Yusuf Mulla
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Maria Magliulo
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Di Franco
- CNR-IFN and Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Bari "A. Moro"-Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Maria Vittoria Santacroce
- CNR-IFN and Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Bari "A. Moro"-Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Gaetano Scamarcio
- CNR-IFN and Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Bari "A. Moro"-Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Luisa Torsi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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15
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Mehrabani S, Maker AJ, Armani AM. Hybrid integrated label-free chemical and biological sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 14:5890-928. [PMID: 24675757 PMCID: PMC4029679 DOI: 10.3390/s140405890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Label-free sensors based on electrical, mechanical and optical transduction methods have potential applications in numerous areas of society, ranging from healthcare to environmental monitoring. Initial research in the field focused on the development and optimization of various sensor platforms fabricated from a single material system, such as fiber-based optical sensors and silicon nanowire-based electrical sensors. However, more recent research efforts have explored designing sensors fabricated from multiple materials. For example, synthetic materials and/or biomaterials can also be added to the sensor to improve its response toward analytes of interest. By leveraging the properties of the different material systems, these hybrid sensing devices can have significantly improved performance over their single-material counterparts (better sensitivity, specificity, signal to noise, and/or detection limits). This review will briefly discuss some of the methods for creating these multi-material sensor platforms and the advances enabled by this design approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Mehrabani
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Ashley J Maker
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Andrea M Armani
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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16
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Hammock ML, Chortos A, Tee BCK, Tok JBH, Bao Z. 25th anniversary article: The evolution of electronic skin (e-skin): a brief history, design considerations, and recent progress. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:5997-6038. [PMID: 24151185 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201302240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 875] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Human skin is a remarkable organ. It consists of an integrated, stretchable network of sensors that relay information about tactile and thermal stimuli to the brain, allowing us to maneuver within our environment safely and effectively. Interest in large-area networks of electronic devices inspired by human skin is motivated by the promise of creating autonomous intelligent robots and biomimetic prosthetics, among other applications. The development of electronic networks comprised of flexible, stretchable, and robust devices that are compatible with large-area implementation and integrated with multiple functionalities is a testament to the progress in developing an electronic skin (e-skin) akin to human skin. E-skins are already capable of providing augmented performance over their organic counterpart, both in superior spatial resolution and thermal sensitivity. They could be further improved through the incorporation of additional functionalities (e.g., chemical and biological sensing) and desired properties (e.g., biodegradability and self-powering). Continued rapid progress in this area is promising for the development of a fully integrated e-skin in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory L Hammock
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 381 N. South Axis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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17
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Liao C, Yan F. Organic Semiconductors in Organic Thin-Film Transistor-Based Chemical and Biological Sensors. POLYM REV 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2013.808665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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18
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Shaymurat T, Tang Q, Tong Y, Dong L, Liu Y. Gas dielectric transistor of CuPc single crystalline nanowire for SO₂ detection down to sub-ppm levels at room temperature. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:2269-2376. [PMID: 23355347 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201204509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Talgar Shaymurat
- Key Laboratory of UV Light Emitting Materials and Technology under Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China
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Di CA, Zhang F, Zhu D. Multi-functional integration of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs): advances and perspectives. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:313-330. [PMID: 22865814 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201201502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Multi-functional organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), an emerging focus of organic optoelectronic devices, hold great potential for a variety of applications. This report introduces recent progress on multi-functional OFETs including OFETs based sensors, phototransistors, light-emitting transistors, memory cells, and magnetic field-effect OFETs. Key strategies towards multi- functional integration of OFETs, which involves the exploration of functional materials, interfaces modifications, modulation of condensed structures, optimization of device geometry, and device integration, are summarized. Furthermore, remaining challenges and perspectives are discussed, giving a comprehensive overview of multi-functional OFETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-an Di
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China.
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Torsi L, Magliulo M, Manoli K, Palazzo G. Organic field-effect transistor sensors: a tutorial review. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:8612-28. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60127g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 617] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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Kim ZS, Lim SC, Kim SH, Yang YS, Hwang DH. Biotin-functionalized semiconducting polymer in an organic field effect transistor and application as a biosensor. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2012; 12:11238-48. [PMID: 23112654 PMCID: PMC3472882 DOI: 10.3390/s120811238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This report presents biotin-functionalized semiconducting polymers that are based on fluorene and bithiophene co-polymers (F8T2). Also presented is the application of these polymers to an organic thin film transistor used as a biosensor. The side chains of fluorene were partially biotinylated after the esterification of the biotin with corresponding alcohol-groups at the side chain in F8T2. Their properties as an organic semiconductor were tested using an organic thin film transistor (OTFT) and were found to show typical p-type semiconductor curves. The functionality of this biosensor in the sensing of biologically active molecules such as avidin in comparison with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was established through a selective decrease in the conductivity of the transistor, as measured with a device that was developed by the authors. Changes to the optical properties of this polymer were also measured through the change in the color of the UV-fluorescence before and after a reaction with avidin or BSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zin-Sig Kim
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), 218 Gajeongno, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-700, Korea; E-Mails: (S.C.L.); (S.H.K.); (Y.S.Y.)
| | - Sang Chul Lim
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), 218 Gajeongno, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-700, Korea; E-Mails: (S.C.L.); (S.H.K.); (Y.S.Y.)
| | - Seong Hyun Kim
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), 218 Gajeongno, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-700, Korea; E-Mails: (S.C.L.); (S.H.K.); (Y.S.Y.)
| | - Yong Suk Yang
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), 218 Gajeongno, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-700, Korea; E-Mails: (S.C.L.); (S.H.K.); (Y.S.Y.)
| | - Do-Hoon Hwang
- Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea; E-Mail:
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22
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Tanese MC, Fine D, Dodabalapur A, Torsi L. Organic Thin-Film Transistor Sensors: Interface Dependent and Gate Bias Enhanced Responses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-871-i8.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOrganic Thin Film Transistors are a new class of sensors potentially capable of outperforming chemiresistors. They can be operated at room temperature, offer the advantage of remarkable response repeatability and can function as multi-parameter sensors. In this paper evidence of OTFT response dependence on important parameters such as the chemical nature of the organic semiconductor active layer and the gate-dielectric/organic-semiconductor interface are produced. A sizable response enhancement of an OTFT sensor operated in the enhancement mode is also presented indicating that an OTFT can in principle lead to a lower detection limit than a resistor-type sensor with the same organic semiconductor.
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Guo Y, Yu G, Liu Y. Functional organic field-effect transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:4427-47. [PMID: 20853375 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201000740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Functional organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have attracted increasing attention in the past few years due to their wide variety of potential applications. Research on functional OFETs underpins future advances in organic electronics. In this review, different types of functional OFETs including organic phototransistors, organic memory FETs, organic light emitting FETs, sensors based on OFETs and other functional OFETs are introduced. In order to provide a comprehensive overview of this field, the history, current status of research, main challenges and prospects for functional OFETs are all discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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25
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Someya T, Dodabalapur A, Huang J, See KC, Katz HE. Chemical and physical sensing by organic field-effect transistors and related devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:3799-3811. [PMID: 20603885 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200902760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductor films are susceptible to noncovalent interactions, trapping and doping, photoexcitation, and dimensional deformation. While these effects can be detrimental to the performance of conventional circuits, they can be harnessed, especially in field-effect architectures, to detect chemical and physical stimuli. This Review summarizes recent advances in the use of organic electronic materials for the detection of environmental chemicals, pressure, and light. The material features that are responsible for the transduction of the input signals to electronic information are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Someya
- Department of Applied Physics, Tokyo University, Japan
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26
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Sokolov AN, Roberts ME, Johnson OB, Cao Y, Bao Z. Induced sensitivity and selectivity in thin-film transistor sensors via calixarene layers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:2349-2353. [PMID: 20376848 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200903305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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27
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Ghule V, Radhakrishnan S, Jadhav P, Soman T. Molecular dynamics simulations on polythiophenes for chemical sensing applications. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/08927020903115245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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28
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Synthesis and characterization of α,ω-disubstituted quaterthiophenes functionalized with polar groups for solution processed OTFTs. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Osío Barcina J, Colorado Heras MDR, Mba M, Gómez Aspe R, Herrero-García N. Efficient electron delocalization mediated by aromatic homoconjugation in 7,7-diphenylnorbornane derivatives. J Org Chem 2009; 74:7148-56. [PMID: 19697898 DOI: 10.1021/jo901648d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Efficient electron delocalization by aromatic homoconjugated 7,7-diphenylnorbornane (DPN) in alternated homoconjugated-conjugated block copolymers and reference compounds is revealed by photophysical and electrochemical measurements. The synthesis of the polymers was achieved by Suzuki polycondensation reaction. Effective electron delocalization by DPN is demonstrated by the significant red shifts observed in the absorption and emission spectra and the variation of the energy band gap of the polymers and monomeric model compounds in comparison to a series of oligophenylenes used as references (p-quaterphenyl, p-terphenyl, and biphenyl). The electron delocalization is also clearly demonstrated by the lower oxidation potential measured for homoconjugated model compound in comparison to p-terphenyl. The results show that the electron delocalization caused by two homoconjugated aryl rings is comparable to the effect produced by one conjugated aryl ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Osío Barcina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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30
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Roberts ME, Sokolov AN, Bao Z. Material and device considerations for organic thin-film transistor sensors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b816386c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Li B, Lambeth DN. Chemical sensing using nanostructured polythiophene transistors. NANO LETTERS 2008; 8:3563-3567. [PMID: 18954129 DOI: 10.1021/nl072314r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We show that the chemical sensing responses of organic field-effect transistors based on nanostructured regioregular polythiophene are strongly dependent upon the gate biasing field. With different applied gate voltages, the source-drain current response can be different both in sign and magnitude for the same analyte. This implies that multiple competing sensing mechanisms exist at the same time. We propose that the sensing mechanisms for polycrystalline semiconducting polymer thin films are mainly an intragrain effect, which yields a positive response, and a grain boundary effect, which yields a negative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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Torsi L, Farinola GM, Marinelli F, Tanese MC, Omar OH, Valli L, Babudri F, Palmisano F, Zambonin PG, Naso F. A sensitivity-enhanced field-effect chiral sensor. NATURE MATERIALS 2008; 7:412-417. [PMID: 18425136 DOI: 10.1038/nmat2167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Organic thin-film transistor sensors have been recently attracting the attention of the plastic electronics community for their potential exploitation in novel sensing platforms. Specificity and sensitivity are however still open issues: in this respect chiral discrimination-being a scientific and technological achievement in itself--is indeed one of the most challenging sensor bench-tests. So far, conducting-polymer solid-state chiral detection has been carried out at part-per-thousand concentration levels. Here, a novel chiral bilayer organic thin-film transistor gas sensor--comprising an outermost layer with built-in enantioselective properties-is demonstrated to show field-effect amplified sensitivity that enables differential detection of optical isomers in the tens-of-parts-per-million concentration range. The ad-hoc-designed organic semiconductor endowed with chiral side groups, the bilayer structure and the thin-film transistor transducer provide a significant step forward in the development of a high-performance and versatile sensing platform compatible with flexible organic electronic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Torsi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari, 70126, Bari, Italy.
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35
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Demeter D, Blanchard P, Grosu I, Roncali J. Poly(thiophenes) derivatized with linear and macrocyclic polyethers: from cation detection to molecular actuation. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-008-9432-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Lange U, Roznyatovskaya NV, Mirsky VM. Conducting polymers in chemical sensors and arrays. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 614:1-26. [PMID: 18405677 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2007] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The review covers main applications of conducting polymers in chemical sensors and biosensors. The first part is focused on intrinsic and induced receptor properties of conducting polymers, such as pH sensitivity, sensitivity to inorganic ions and organic molecules as well as sensitivity to gases. Induced receptor properties can be also formed by molecularly imprinted polymerization or by immobilization of biological receptors. Immobilization strategies are reviewed in the second part. The third part is focused on applications of conducting polymers as transducers and includes usual optical (fluorescence, SPR, etc.) and electrical (conductometric, amperometric, potentiometric, etc.) transducing techniques as well as organic chemosensitive semiconductor devices. An assembly of stable sensing structures requires strong binding of conducting polymers to solid supports. These aspects are discussed in the next part. Finally, an application of combinatorial synthesis and high-throughput analysis to the development and optimization of sensing materials is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Lange
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
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37
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Horie M, Luo Y, Morrison JJ, Majewski LA, Song A, Saunders BR, Turner ML. Triarylamine polymers by microwave-assisted polycondensation for use in organic field-effect transistors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b808840c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Saragi TPI, Spehr T, Siebert A, Fuhrmann-Lieker T, Salbeck J. Spiro compounds for organic optoelectronics. Chem Rev 2007; 107:1011-65. [PMID: 17381160 DOI: 10.1021/cr0501341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 596] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobat P I Saragi
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Molecular Materials (mmCmm), Institute of Chemistry, Department of Science and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), University of Kassel, Germany
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40
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Efimov I, Hillman AR. Correlation of Viscoelastic Properties with Solvation of Regioregular Poly(3-decylthiophene) Films. Anal Chem 2006; 78:3616-23. [PMID: 16737215 DOI: 10.1021/ac052153g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Viscoelastic properties of regioregular poly(3-decylthiophene) films cast on gold electrodes and exposed to acetonitrile/LiClO4 solution were studied using high-frequency acoustic impedance. Values of shear moduli, G = G' + jG'', were determined under conditions of potentiodynamic and potentiostatic electrochemical control, as functions of potential (0.0 < E/V < 0.8), temperature (5 < T/ degrees C < 70), and angular frequency (omega = 2pi f; 10 < f/MHz < 110). The effect of potential was small, of temperature was significant, and of frequency was dominant. The principle of time-temperature equivalence was used to construct master relaxation curves. Application of activation, Williams-Landel-Ferry, and Rouse-Zimm models shows the material to be quite different from other thiophene-based conducting polymers, namely, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene). Detailed exploration of the data reveals novel insights into the compositional origins--notably with regard to solvation--of the shear modulus behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Efimov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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41
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Dell'Aquila A, Mastrorilli P, Nobile CF, Romanazzi G, Suranna GP, Torsi L, Tanese MC, Acierno D, Amendola E, Morales P. Synthesis and field-effect properties of α,ω -disubstituted sexithiophenes bearing polar groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1039/b515583e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Locklin J, Bao Z. Effect of morphology on organic thin film transistor sensors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 384:336-42. [PMID: 16328249 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0137-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a general introduction to organic field-effect transistors and their application as chemical sensors. Thin film transistor device performance is greatly affected by the molecular structure and morphology of the organic semiconductor layer. Various methods for organic semiconductor deposition are surveyed. Recent progress in the fabrication of organic thin film transistor sensors as well as the correlation between morphology and analyte response is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Locklin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 381 North South Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Wang L, Fine D, Sharma D, Torsi L, Dodabalapur A. Nanoscale organic and polymeric field-effect transistors as chemical sensors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 384:310-21. [PMID: 16315016 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0150-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Revised: 09/26/2005] [Accepted: 09/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews recently published work concerning improved understanding of, and advancements in, organic and polymer semiconductor vapor-phase chemical sensing. Thin-film transistor sensors ranging in size from hundreds of microns down to a few nanometers are discussed, with comparisons made of sensing responses recorded at these different channel-length scales. The vapor-sensing behavior of nanoscale organic transistors is different from that of large-scale devices, because electrical transport in a nanoscale organic thin-film transistor depends on its morphological structure and interface properties (for example injection barrier) which could be modulated by delivery of analyte. Materials used in nanoscale devices, for example nanoparticles, nanotubes, and nanowires, are also briefly summarized in an attempt to introduce other relevant nano-transducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78758, USA.
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44
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Tanese MC, Fine D, Dodabalapur A, Torsi L. Interface and gate bias dependence responses of sensing organic thin-film transistors. Biosens Bioelectron 2005; 21:782-8. [PMID: 16242618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2004] [Revised: 01/17/2005] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the exposure of organic thin-film transistors, comprising different organic semiconductors and gate dielectrics, to 1-pentanol are investigated. The transistor sensors exhibited an increase or a decrease of the transient source-drain current in the presence of the analyte, most likely as a result of a trapping or of a doping process of the organic active layer. The occurrence of these two effects, that can also coexist, depend on the gate-dielectric/organic semiconductor interface and on the applied gate field. Evidence of a systematic and sizable response enhancement for an OTFT sensor operated in the enhanced mode is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Tanese
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centro di Eccellenza TIRES, Università degli Studi di Bari, 4 via Orabona, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Mabeck JT, Malliaras GG. Chemical and biological sensors based on organic thin-film transistors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 384:343-53. [PMID: 16079978 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3390-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Revised: 06/07/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The application of organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) to chemical and biological sensing is reviewed. This review covers transistors that are based on the modulation of current through thin organic semiconducting films, and includes both field-effect and electrochemical transistors. The advantages of using OTFTs as sensors (including high sensitivity and selectivity) are described, and results are presented for sensing analytes in both gaseous and aqueous environments. The primary emphasis is on the major developments in the field of OTFT sensing over the last 5-10 years, but some earlier work is discussed briefly to provide a foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T Mabeck
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1501, USA
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46
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Katz H. Chemically Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors and Chemiresistors: New Materials and Device Structures. ELECTROANAL 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200403071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Marcon V, Raos G. Molecular Modeling of Crystalline Oligothiophenes: Testing and Development of Improved Force Fields. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp047128d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Marcon
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Guido Raos
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
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