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Strehl J, Abraham ML, Hilt G. Lineare gepaarte Elektrolyse – Realisierung von 200 % Stromausbeute in stöchiometrischen Umsetzungen – die elektrochemische Bromierung von Alkenen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Strehl
- Institut für Chemie Universität Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26111 Oldenburg Deutschland
| | - Marvin L. Abraham
- Institut für Chemie Universität Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26111 Oldenburg Deutschland
| | - Gerhard Hilt
- Institut für Chemie Universität Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26111 Oldenburg Deutschland
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Strehl J, Abraham ML, Hilt G. Linear Paired Electrolysis-Realising 200 % Current Efficiency for Stoichiometric Transformations-The Electrochemical Bromination of Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9996-10000. [PMID: 33656769 PMCID: PMC8251945 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The generation of bromine by oxidation of bromide anions at the anode and reduction of molecular oxygen at the cathode to hydrogen peroxide resulted in the overall formation of two molecules of Br2 (=four electron oxidation) by passing just two electrons through the solution. The bromine was used for the bromination of alkenes and thereby a linear paired electrolysis was attained which resulted in current efficencies of up to 200 %. Also, the diiodination of cyclohexene as well as the electrophilic aromatic bromination of an electron‐rich arene were realised both in 168 % current efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Strehl
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Marvin L Abraham
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hilt
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
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Gully TA, Voßnacker P, Schmid JR, Beckers H, Riedel S. Conductivity and Redox Potentials of Ionic Liquid Trihalogen Monoanions [X 3 ] - , [XY 2 ] - , and [BrF 4 ] - (X=Cl, Br, I and Y=Cl, Br). ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:255-264. [PMID: 33507623 PMCID: PMC7874256 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The ionic liquid (IL) trihalogen monoanions [N2221 ][X3 ]- and [N2221 ][XY2 ]- ([N2221 ]+ =triethylmethylammonium, X=Cl, Br, I, Y=Cl, Br) were investigated electrochemically via temperature dependent conductance and cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements. The polyhalogen monoanions were measured both as neat salts and as double salts in 1-butyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium trifluoromethane-sulfonate ([BMP][OTf], [X3 ]- /[XY2 ]- 0.5 M). Lighter IL trihalogen monoanions displayed higher conductivities than their heavier homologues, with [Cl3 ]- being 1.1 and 3.7 times greater than [Br3 ]- and [I3 ]- , respectively. The addition of [BMP][OTf] reduced the conductivity significantly. Within the group of polyhalogen monoanions, the oxidation potential develops in the series [Cl3 ]- >[BrCl2 ]- >[Br3 ]- >[IBr2 ]- >[ICl2 ]- >[I3 ]- . The redox potential of the interhalogen monoanions was found to be primarily determined by the central halogen, I in [ICl2 ]- and [IBr2 ]- , and Br in [BrCl2 ]- . Additionally, tetrafluorobromate(III) ([N2221 ]+ [BrF4 ]- ) was analyzed via CV in MeCN at 0 °C, yielding a single reversible redox process ([BrF2 ]- /[BrF4 ]- ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A. Gully
- Freie Universität BerlinFachbereich Biologie, Chemie, PharmazieInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie – Anorganische ChemieFabeckstr. 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Patrick Voßnacker
- Freie Universität BerlinFachbereich Biologie, Chemie, PharmazieInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie – Anorganische ChemieFabeckstr. 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Jonas R. Schmid
- Freie Universität BerlinFachbereich Biologie, Chemie, PharmazieInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie – Anorganische ChemieFabeckstr. 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Helmut Beckers
- Freie Universität BerlinFachbereich Biologie, Chemie, PharmazieInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie – Anorganische ChemieFabeckstr. 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Freie Universität BerlinFachbereich Biologie, Chemie, PharmazieInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie – Anorganische ChemieFabeckstr. 34/3614195BerlinGermany
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Fransen S, Ballet S, Fransaer J, Kuhn S. Overcoming diffusion limitations in electrochemical microreactors using acoustic streaming. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-019-00074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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5
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Sayyar R, Makarem S, Mirza B. Organic Electrosynthesis as a New Facile and Green Method for One‐pot Synthesis of Nanosized Particles of Octahydro‐imidazo[1,2‐
a
]quinolin‐6‐one Derivatives
via
a Multicomponent Reaction. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rana Sayyar
- Department of Chemistry, Karaj BranchIslamic Azad University Karaj Iran
| | - Somayeh Makarem
- Department of Chemistry, Karaj BranchIslamic Azad University Karaj Iran
| | - Behrooz Mirza
- Department of Chemistry, Karaj BranchIslamic Azad University Karaj Iran
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Kärkäs MD. Electrochemical strategies for C-H functionalization and C-N bond formation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5786-5865. [PMID: 29911724 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00619e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods for carrying out carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation are typically conducted at elevated temperatures, and rely on expensive catalysts as well as the use of stoichiometric, and perhaps toxic, oxidants. In this regard, electrochemical synthesis has recently been recognized as a sustainable and scalable strategy for the construction of challenging carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Here, electrosynthesis has proven to be an environmentally benign, highly effective and versatile platform for achieving a wide range of nonclassical bond disconnections via generation of radical intermediates under mild reaction conditions. This review provides an overview on the use of anodic electrochemical methods for expediting the development of carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation strategies. Emphasis is placed on methodology development and mechanistic insight and aims to provide inspiration for future synthetic applications in the field of electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus D Kärkäs
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Yazdely TM, Ghorbanloo M, Hosseini-Monfared H. Polymeric ionic liquid material-anchored Mn-porphyrin anion: Heterogeneous catalyst for aerobic oxidation of olefins. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Mokary Yazdely
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; University of Zanjan; 45371-38791 Zanjan Iran
| | - Massomeh Ghorbanloo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; University of Zanjan; 45371-38791 Zanjan Iran
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8
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Detection of an Unstable Intermediate in Br − Electro-oxidation to Br 3 − on a Platinum Electrode in Nitrobenzene by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Mechanism of the Br − /Br 2 Redox Reaction on Platinum and Glassy Carbon Electrodes in Nitrobenzene by Cyclic Voltammetry. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.09.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Saikia I, Borah AJ, Phukan P. Use of Bromine and Bromo-Organic Compounds in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:6837-7042. [PMID: 27199233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bromination is one of the most important transformations in organic synthesis and can be carried out using bromine and many other bromo compounds. Use of molecular bromine in organic synthesis is well-known. However, due to the hazardous nature of bromine, enormous growth has been witnessed in the past several decades for the development of solid bromine carriers. This review outlines the use of bromine and different bromo-organic compounds in organic synthesis. The applications of bromine, a total of 107 bromo-organic compounds, 11 other brominating agents, and a few natural bromine sources were incorporated. The scope of these reagents for various organic transformations such as bromination, cohalogenation, oxidation, cyclization, ring-opening reactions, substitution, rearrangement, hydrolysis, catalysis, etc. has been described briefly to highlight important aspects of the bromo-organic compounds in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arun Jyoti Borah
- Department of Chemistry, Gauahti University , Guwahati-781014, Assam, India
| | - Prodeep Phukan
- Department of Chemistry, Gauahti University , Guwahati-781014, Assam, India
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Kulangiappar K, Ramaprakash M, Vasudevan D, Raju T. Electrochemical bromination of cyclic and acyclic enes using biphasic electrolysis. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2015.1125498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Kulangiappar
- CSIR, Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, India
| | - M. Ramaprakash
- CSIR, Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, India
| | - D. Vasudevan
- CSIR, Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, India
| | - T. Raju
- CSIR, Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, India
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Kathiresan M, Velayutham D. Ionic liquids as an electrolyte for the electro synthesis of organic compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:17499-516. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06961k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of ionic liquids (ILs) as a solvent and an electrolyte for electro organic synthesis has been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugavel Kathiresan
- Electro Organic Division
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute
- Karaikudi-630003
- India
| | - David Velayutham
- Electro Organic Division
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute
- Karaikudi-630003
- India
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Polenz I, Tchernook I, Friedrich J, Schmidt FG, Spange S. Kinetic Study on the Catalytic Effect of Ionic Liquids on the Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate Co-initiated by Imine Bases. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201400469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingmar Polenz
- Max-Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization; Am Faßberg 17 D-37077 Göttingen Germany
- Polymer Chemistry Laboratory; Chemnitz University of Technology; Straße der Nationen 62 D-09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Ivan Tchernook
- Theoretical Chemistry; Chemnitz University of Technology; Straße der Nationen 62 D-09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Joachim Friedrich
- Theoretical Chemistry; Chemnitz University of Technology; Straße der Nationen 62 D-09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | | | - Stefan Spange
- Polymer Chemistry Laboratory; Chemnitz University of Technology; Straße der Nationen 62 D-09107 Chemnitz Germany
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Polenz I, Georg Schmidt F, Spange S. Acceleration of the imine base/isocyanate (IBI)-mediated polymerization of MMA caused by ionic liquid traces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Šegan D, Vukićević RD, Šegan S, Sojic N, Buriez O, Manojlović D. Kinetic investigations of the electrochemical bromination of peracetylated d-glucal in organic solvents. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.08.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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16
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Martindale BCM, Aldous L, Rees NV, Compton RG. Towards the electrochemical quantification of the strength of garlic. Analyst 2011; 136:128-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00706d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Barrosse-Antle L, Bond A, Compton R, O'Mahony A, Rogers E, Silvester D. Voltammetry in Room Temperature Ionic Liquids: Comparisons and Contrasts with Conventional Electrochemical Solvents. Chem Asian J 2010; 5:202-30. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.200900191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Damljanović I, Vukićević M, Manojlović D, Sojic N, Buriez O, Vukićević RD. Electrochemical bromination of peracetylated d-glucal: Effect of DMSO on chemoselectivity. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Campbell PS, Santini CC, Bouchu D, Fenet B, Rycerz L, Chauvin Y, Gaune-Escard M, Bessada C, Rollet AL. Synthesis and characterisation of ionic liquids based on 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and MCl4, M = Hf and Zr. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:1379-88. [DOI: 10.1039/b919094e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Silvester DS, Compton RG. Electrochemistry in Room Temperature Ionic Liquids: A Review and Some Possible Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2006.220.10.1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A review of electrochemistry in ionic liquids is presented, highlighting some particular examples, with the aim to compare any similarities and differences observed in RTILs to that observed in conventional solvents. The presence of impurities such as halide and water on the electrochemical window and viscosity of RTILs is discussed. Some fundamental electrochemical studies relating to mass transport, heterogeneous electron transfer kinetics and double-layer capacitance are compared to similar studies in conventional solvents, and the suitability of RTILs as solvents in electrochemical experiments is considered. The application of RTILs as replacements for conventional solvents in gas sensors is reviewed, focussing on the electrochemistry observed in RTILs for the following gases: oxygen, a mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and ammonia. The low volatility and high thermal stability of RTILs renders them advantageous for the development of robust sensors under extreme conditions. Finally, the possibility for use of RTILs as solvents in electrosynthesis is discussed, focussing on two examples: the reactivity of electrogenerated bromine with cyclohexene, and the reduction of 4-nitrophenol. It is obvious that RTILs have the ability to offer many advantages over traditional solvents in the field of electrochemistry.
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Pavlinac J, Zupan M, Laali KK, Stavber S. Halogenation of organic compounds in ionic liquids. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Ghilane J, Fontaine O, Martin P, Lacroix JC, Randriamahazaka H. Formation of negative oxidation states of platinum and gold in redox ionic liquid: Electrochemical evidence. Electrochem commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2008.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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23
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Bhatt AI, Bond AM. Electrodeposition of silver from the ‘distillable’ ionic liquid, DIMCARB in the absence and presence of chemically induced nanoparticle formation. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2008.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Liu L, Chen C, Hu X, Mohamood T, Ma W, Lin J, Zhao J. A role of ionic liquid as an activator for efficient olefinepoxidation catalyzed by polyoxometalate. NEW J CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b710444h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasile I Pârvulescu
- Department of Chemical Technology and Catalysis, University of Bucharest, B-dul Regina Elisabeta 4-12, Bucharest 030016, Romania. v_parvulescu@ chem.unibuc.ro
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Zhang D, Chi D, Okajima T, Ohsaka T. Catalytic activity of dual catalysts system based on nano-manganese oxide and cobalt octacyanophthalocyanine toward four-electron reduction of oxygen in alkaline media. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Silvester DS, Broder TL, Aldous L, Hardacre C, Crossley A, Compton RG. Using XPS to determine solute solubility in room temperature ionic liquids. Analyst 2007; 132:196-8. [PMID: 17325751 DOI: 10.1039/b700212b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) was used to quantify the amount of bromide ions present in two samples of [C(4)mpyrr]Br dissolved in the room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) [C(4)mpyrr][N(Tf)2]. One sample was of a known concentration (0.436 Br atom%); the other was a saturated solution. The results obtained from quantitative XPS analysis indicated that the saturated sample had a concentration, or solubility, of 0.90 Br atom% (746 mM) at 298 K, which was then independently confirmed by potential-step chronoamperometry of the same solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie S Silvester
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UKOX1 3QZ
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Paddon CA, Bhatti FL, Donohoe TJ, Compton RG. Electrocatalytic reduction of alkyl iodides in tetrahydrofuran at silver electrodes. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lagunas M, Silvester D, Aldous L, Compton R. The Electrochemistry of Vitamin B12 in Ionic Liquids and Its Use in the Electrocatalytic Reduction of Vicinal Dibromoalkanes. ELECTROANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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30
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Silvester DS, Wain AJ, Aldous L, Hardacre C, Compton RG. Electrochemical reduction of nitrobenzene and 4-nitrophenol in the room temperature ionic liquid [C4dmim][N(Tf)2]. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Mellah M, Zeitouny J, Gmouh S, Vaultier M, Jouikov V. Oxidative self-coupling of aromatic compounds in ionic liquids. Electrochem commun 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2005.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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